--- /dev/null
+ckaaaa.txt 10 Apr 2004
+
+ C-KERMIT VERSION 8.0.211
+ OVERVIEW OF FILES
+
+ Communications software for UNIX and (Open)VMS.
+
+ And in former versions also for:
+ Stratus VOS, AOS/VS, QNX,
+ Plan 9, OS-9, Apollo Aegis, and the Commodore Amiga.
+ The Apple Macintosh, the Atari ST.
+
+ The Kermit Project - Columbia University
+
+ http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ - kermit@columbia.edu
+
+
+ Copyright (C) 1985, 2004,
+ Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York.
+ All rights reserved. See the C-Kermit COPYING.TXT file or the
+ copyright text in the ckcmai.c module for disclaimer and permissions.
+
+
+DOCUMENTATION
+
+ C-Kermit is documented in the book "Using C-Kermit", Second Edition, by
+ Frank da Cruz and Christine M. Gianone, Digital Press, ISBN 1-55558-164-1,
+ supplementated by Web-based updates for C-Kermit 7.0 and 8.0.
+
+PLATFORMS
+ Security
+ Name Included Last Updated
+
+ Unix Yes 8.0.211 10 Apr 2004
+ (Open)VMS No 8.0.208 10 Apr 2004
+ Windows (K95) Yes 8.0.208 14 Mar 2003 (K95 2.1)
+ OS/2 (K95) Yes 8.0.208 14 Mar 2003 (K95 2.1)
+ DG AOS/VS No 7.0.196 1 Jan 2000
+ Stratus VOS No 7.0.196 1 Jan 2000
+ Bell Plan 9 No 7.0.196 1 Jan 2000
+ Microware OS-9 No 7.0.196 1 Jan 2000
+ Commodore Amiga No 7.0.196 1 Jan 2000
+ Macintosh No 5A(190) 16 Aug 1994 (Mac Kermit 0.991)
+ Atari ST No 5A(189) 30 Jun 1993
+
+QUICK START FOR FTP USERS
+
+ If you have a Web browser, go to:
+
+ http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+
+ And take it from there. Otherwise...
+
+ The definitive FTP source for Kermit software is kermit.columbia.edu.
+ Kermit software obtained from other FTP sites is not necessarily complete
+ or up to date, and may have been modified.
+
+C-Kermit for UNIX computers that have a C compiler and 'make' program:
+
+ Directory kermit/archives, binary mode, file cku211.tar.Z or cku211.tar.gz
+
+ This is a compressed tar archive of UNIX C-Kermit source code, makefile, and
+ other files. It unpacks into its current directory, so download it into a
+ fresh directory. Transfer in binary mode, uncompress (or gunzip), untar (tar
+ xvf cku211.tar), and then give the appropriate "make" command to build for
+ your UNIX system; read the comments in the makefile and ckuins.txt for
+ further info.
+
+C-Kermit for VMS:
+
+ If you have VMS UNZIP, get the file kermit/archives/ckv211.zip in binary
+ mode, unzip, and build with CKVKER.COM.
+
+Others: In the kermit/f or kermit/test directories under the appropriate
+prefixes, explained below.
+
+
+INSTALLATION
+
+Installation procedures depend on the system. Please read the CK?INS.TXT,
+if any, file for your system (?=U for UNIX, V for VMS, etc). Please note
+the naming and placement for the initialization files:
+
+ CKERMIT.INI
+ The standard initialization file. Please leave it as is unless you
+ know what you are doing and (if you are changing it or replacing it
+ for others to use) you are prepared to support it. Rename this file
+ to .kermrc in UNIX, OS-9, BeBox, or Plan 9. In Stratus VOS, rename
+ it ckermit.ini (lowercase). On multiuser systems, it goes either in the
+ (or EACH) user's home (login) directory, or else in a common shared
+ place if C-Kermit has been configured to look in that place (see
+ ckccfg.txt for details).
+
+ CKERMOD.INI
+ A *sample* customization file. On multiuser OS's, a copy of this file
+ goes in each user's home directory, and then each user edits it to suit
+ her needs and preferences; e.g. by defining macros for their common
+ connections.
+
+ DIALING DIRECTORIES
+ Dialing directory files can be system-wide, per-group, or per-user, or
+ any combination. For example, there can be a corporate wide directory
+ shared by all users, a supplemental directory for each division or
+ department, and a personal directory for each user. Simply be sure the
+ dialing directory files are identified a SET DIAL DIRECTORY command in
+ the user's (or the system-wide) C-Kermit initialization file, or in the
+ environment variable (logical name, symbol) K_DIAL_DIRECTORY. (The
+ standard initialization file looks by default in the user's home or login
+ directory.) When installing C-Kermit on multiuser platforms from which
+ users will dial out, you can also set environment variables for area
+ code, country code, and the various dialing prefixes as described on page
+ 478 of "Using C-Kermit" (second edition), so users don't have to worry
+ about defining these items themselves. Network directories and service
+ directories can also be set up in a similar manner.
+
+ DOCUMENTATION
+ In UNIX, the general C-Kermit man page (or one of the versions tailored
+ for a specific platform, like HP-UX or Solaris) should be installed in
+ the appropriate place. In VMS, the VMS help topic (CKVKER.HLP) should
+ be installed as described in CKVINS.TXT. Plain-text documentation such
+ as CKERMIT2.TXT should be put in whatever place people are accustomed
+ to looking.
+
+FILES AND FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS
+
+C-Kermit is a family of Kermit programs for many different computer systems.
+The program shares a common set of system-independent file transfer protocol
+modules, written in the C language. System-dependent operations are collected
+into system-specific modules for each system.
+
+C-Kermit file names all start with the letters "CK", followed by a single
+letter indicating the subgroup. When referring to these files in the UNIX,
+AOS/VS, or VOS environments, use lowercase letters, rather than the uppercase
+letters shown here. Subgroups:
+
+ _: Security/Authentication/Encryption code, possibly regulated by law
+ a: General descriptive material and documentation
+ b: BOO file encoders and decoders (obsolete)
+ c: All platforms with C compilers
+ d: Data General AOS/VS
+ e: Reserved for "ckermit" files, like CKERMIT.INI, CKERMIT80.TXT
+ f: (reserved)
+ g: (reserved)
+ h: (reserved)
+ i: Commodore Amiga (Intuition)
+ j: (unused)
+ k: (unused)
+ l: Stratus VOS
+ m: Macintosh with Mac OS
+ n: Microsoft Windows NT
+ o: OS/2 and/or Microsoft Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP/...
+ p: Bell Labs Plan 9
+ q: (reserved)
+ r: DEC PDP-11 with RSTS/E (reserved)
+ s: Atari ST GEMDOS (last supported in version 5A(189))
+ t: DEC PDP-11 with RT-11 (reserved)
+ u: UNIX or environments with UNIX-like C libraries
+ v: VMS and OpenVMS
+ w: Wart (Lex-like preprocessor, used with all systems)
+ x: (reserved)
+ y: (reserved)
+ z: (reserved)
+ 0-3: (reserved)
+ 4: IBM AS/400 (reserved)
+ 5-8: (reserved)
+ 9: Microware OS-9
+
+Examples:
+
+ ckaaaa.txt - This file
+ ckufio.c - File i/o for UNIX
+ ckstio.c - Communications i/o for the Atari ST
+ makefile - makefile for building UNIX C-Kermit
+ ckpker.mk - makefile for building Plan 9 C-Kermit
+ ckvker.com - build procedure for VMS C-Kermit
+
+IMPORTANT FILES (use lowercase names on UNIX, VOS, or AOS/VS):
+
+ ckaaaa.txt - This file (overview of the C-Kermit files).
+ For system-specific distributions, this will normally
+ be replaced by a system-specific READ.ME file.
+
+ ckermit70.txt - Updates: Supplement to "Using C-Kermit", 2nd Ed, for 7.0.
+ ckermit80.txt - Updates: Supplement to "Using C-Kermit", 2nd Ed, for 8.0.
+ ckututor.txt - C-Kermit Tutorial for Unix (plain text)
+ ckcbwr.txt - "Beware file" (limitations, known bugs, hints), general.
+ ckermit.ini - Standard initialization file (rename to .kermrc in UNIX, OS-9)
+ ckermod.ini - Sample customization file (rename to .mykermrc in UNIX, OS-9)
+
+The following can be found at the Kermit FTP site:
+
+ ckermit.kdd - Sample dialing directory file (rename to .kdd in UNIX, OS-9)
+ ckermit.knd - Sample dialing directory file (rename to .knd in UNIX, OS-9)
+ ckermit.ksd - Sample services directory file (rename to .ksd in UNIX, OS-9)
+ ckedemo.ksc - Demonstration macros from "Using C-Kermit"
+ ckepage.ksc - Ditto
+ ckevt.ksc - Ditto
+
+UNIX-specific files:
+
+ ckuins.txt - UNIX-specific installation instructions.
+ ckubwr.txt - UNIX-specific beware file.
+ ckuker.nr - "man page" for UNIX.
+
+VMS-specific files:
+
+ ckvins.txt - VMS-specific installation instructions.
+ ckvbwr.txt - VMS-specific beware file
+ ckvker.hlp - VMS C-Kermit HELP topic (needs updating).
+
+DG AOS/VS-specific files:
+
+ ckdins.txt - Data General AOS/VS C-Kermit installation instructions
+ ckdbwr.txt - AOS/VS "beware" file
+ ckd*.cli - Procedures for building AOS/VS C-Kermit
+
+The following files are of interest mainly to programmers and historians
+(find them at the Kermit ftp site):
+
+ ckcker.ann - Release announcements.
+ ckccfg.txt - Configuration information (feature selection), general.
+ ckcplm.txt - Program logic manual (for programmers).
+ ckc211.txt - Program update history for edit 201-211.
+ ckc200.txt - Program update history for edit 198-200 (big)
+ ckc197.txt - Program update history for edit 195-197 (big)
+ ckc190.txt - Program update history for edits 189-190 (big).
+ ckc188.txt - Program update history, edits 179-188 (big).
+ ckc178.txt - Program edit history, 5A edits through 178 (very big).
+ ckcv4f.txt - Program edit history, version 4F.
+ ckcv4e.txt - Program edit history, version 4E.
+
+BINARIES
+
+If you have FTP access to kermit.columbia.edu (also known as
+kermit.cc.columbia.edu, ftp.cc.columbia.edu), you can also retrieve various
+C-Kermit binaries from the directory kermit/bin/ck*.*, or more conventiently
+from the web page:
+
+ http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck80binaries.html
+
+Test versions would be in kermit/test/bin/ck*.*. Be sure to transfer these
+files in binary mode. The READ.ME file in that directory explains what's
+what.
+
+SOURCE FILES
+
+The source files for the UNIX version (all UNIX versions) are available in
+kermit/archives/ckuNNN.tar.Z, approximately 1MB in size. Transfer this file
+in binary mode. This is a compressed tar archive. There is also a gzip'd
+version, cku211.tar.gz. To get the binary tar archive:
+
+ mkdir kermit (at shell prompt, make a Kermit directory)
+ cd kermit (make it your current directory)
+
+ ftp kermit.columbia.edu (make an ftp connection)
+ user: anonymous (log in as user "anonymous", lower case!)
+ password: (use your email id as a password)
+ cd kermit/archives (go to the archives directory)
+ type binary (specify binary file transfer)
+ get cku211.tar.Z (get the tar archive) (or get cku192.tar.gz)
+ bye (disconnect and exit from ftp)
+
+ uncompress cku211.tar.Z (at the shell prompt, uncompress the archive)
+ tar xvf cku211.tar (extract the files from the tar archive)
+ make xxx (build C-Kermit for your system)
+
+(where "xxx" is the makefile entry appropriate for your system.)
+
+All C-Kermit source and other text files are also kept separately in the
+kermit/f directory. The files necessary to build a particular implementation
+of C-Kermit are listed in the appropriate makefile or equivalent:
+
+ UNIX: makefile (or rename ckuker.mak to makefile)
+ 2.11 BSD: ckubs2.mak (rename to makefile), ckustr.sed
+ Plan 9: ckpker.mk (rename to mkfile)
+ Macintosh: ckmker.mak (rename to kermit.make, use MPW C 3.2)
+ VMS: CKVKER.COM (DCL) (and optionally also CKVKER.MMS)
+ or CKVOLD.COM (for VMS 4.x)
+ Amiga: CKIKER.MAK (Aztec C) or CKISAS.MAK (SAS C)
+ Atari ST: CKSKER.MAK
+ OS-9: ck9ker.mak or ck9ker.gcc
+ AOS/VS: ckdmak.cli, ckdcc.cli, ckdlnk.cli
+Stratus VOS: cklmak.cm
+
+Minimal source files for building selected versions (these patterns get all
+the files you need, and in some cases maybe a few extra):
+
+ UNIX: ck[cuw]*.[cwh] (including QNX, Plan 9, and BeBox)
+ UNIX: ck[cuw_]*.[cwh] (Unix with security modules)
+ VMS: ck[cuwv]*.[cwh]
+ Mac: ck[cuwm]*.[cwhr]
+ AOS/VS: ck[cuwd]*.[cwh]
+ VOS: ck[cwhl]*.[cwh]
+ Amiga: ck[cuwi]*.[cwh]
+ Atari: ck[cuws]*.[cwh]
+ OS-9: ck[cuw9]*.[cwha]
+
+For a detailed, specific source file list for this C-Kermit release, see the
+file ckcxxx.txt, where xxx is the current C-Kermit edit number, such as 211.
+
+Finally, here is a more detailed description of the C-Kermit file naming
+conventions. A C-Kermit filename has the form:
+
+ CK<system><what>.<type>
+
+where:
+
+<system> is described earlier in this file;
+
+<type> is the file type (use lowercase on UNIX, VOS, or AOS/VS):
+
+ c: C language source
+ h: Header file for C language source
+ w: Wart preprocessor source, converted by Wart (or Lex) to a C program
+ r: Macintosh resource file (8-bit text)
+ a: Assembler source
+
+ txt: Plain text.
+ nr: Nroff/Troff text formatter source for UNIX "man page"
+ mss: Scribe text formatter source
+ ps: Typeset material to be printed on a PostScript printer
+ hlp: A VMS Help topic
+
+ ini: Initialization file
+ ksc: A Kermit Script to be executed by the TAKE command
+ kdd: A Kermit Dialing Directory
+ knd: A Kermit Network Directory
+ ksd: A Kermit Services Directory
+
+ mak: A Makefile or other build procedure (often needs renaming)
+ com: (VMS only) a DCL command procedure
+ cli: (AOS/VS only) a command procedure
+ cmd: (OS/2 only) a Rexx command procedure
+
+ boo: "boo"-encoded executable program, decode with CKBUNB program.
+ hex: "hex"-encoded executable program, decode with CKVDEH program (VMS only).
+ hqx: BinHex'd Macintosh Kermit program, decode with BinHex version 4.0.
+ uue: A uuencoded binary file, decode with uudecode or (DG only) CKDECO.
+
+ def: An OS/2 linker definitions file.
+ sh: A UNIX shell script.
+ sed: A UNIX sed (editor) script.
+ str: A file of character strings extracted from C-Kermit (BSD 2.1x only).
+
+<what> is mnemonic (up to 3 characters) for what's in the file:
+
+NOTE: After C-Kermit 6.0, text filetypes such as .DOC and .HLP were changed
+to .TXT to avoid confusion in Windows-based Web browsers, which would
+otherwise mistake them for Microsoft Word or Windows Help documents.
+
+ aaa: A "read-me" file, like this one
+ ins: Installation instructions or procedures
+ bwr: "Beware" file -- things to watch out for, hints and tips
+ plm: Program Logic Manual
+ ker: General C-Kermit definitions, information, documentation
+
+ nnn: Digits: C-Kermit edit number (e.g. cku211.tar.gz)
+ cmd: Command parsing
+ con: CONNECT command
+ cns: CONNECT command (UNIX only - version that uses select(), not fork())
+ deb: Debug/Transaction Log formats, Typedefs
+ dia: Modem/Dialer control
+ fio: System-depdendent File I/O
+ fns: Protocol support functions
+ fn2: More protocol support functions (and FN3, ...)
+ lib: Common library routines module
+ mai: Main program
+ net: Network i/o module
+ pro: Protocol
+ scr: SCRIPT command
+ tel: Telnet protocol module
+ tio: System-dependent communications i/o & control and interrupt handing
+ sig: Signal handling module
+ usr: Interactive/script user interface
+ us2: More user interface (mainly help text)
+ us3: Still more user interface (and USR4, USR5, USR6, USR7)
+ usx: Common user interface functions
+ usy: Command-line parsing
+ xla: Character set translation module
+ uni: Unicode support
+ pty: Pseudoterminal support
+ mdb: Malloc-debugging module (not included in real builds)
+ str: Strings module (only for 2.xBSD)
+
+(End of ckaaaa.txt)
--- /dev/null
+C-KERMIT CHANGE LOG (Changes since 8.0.200 of 12 Dec 2001)
+
+Chronological order: Go to the bottom to find the newest edits.
+
+---8.0.200---
+
+Known bugs (+ = fixed after release):
+
+ + 1. tilde_expand() can call getcwd() with NULL arg.
+ + 2. getexedir() called too early (fatal in combination with (1)).
+ + 3. Kermit "get blah" where blah is a symlink; server refuses to send it.
+ Should not do this if GET not recursive.
+ ? 4. Dave Sneddon's report about VMS fore/background confusion.
+ + 5. FTP GET path/file doesn't work - path not stripped - but MGET works.
+ + 6. IRIX 5.3 compilation problems (have patches from Marcus Herbert)
+ X 7. Filename completion bug (see below) (deferred).
+ + 8. QNX6 herald and other problems.
+
+-------------
+
+Merged Jeff's changes, 20 Dec 2001:
+
+ . Changed all occurrences of "ttnproto == NP_TELNET" to "IS_TELNET()" to
+ account for the difference between SSH and Telnet. ckuscr.c,
+ ckuus[3457].c, ckcnet.h, ckcfns.c, ckudia.c, ckutio.c, ckucon.c, ckucns.c.
+
+ . Moved SSH pty failure warnings. ckuusr.c.
+
+ . Security adjustments to FTP module, plus fix an error message. ckcftp.c.
+
+ . Adjustment of some security-related #ifdefs. ckcdeb.h, ckuus2.c, ckctel.c.
+
+ . Guard against calling getpwnam() with a NULL arg in tilde_expand() ckufio.c.
+
+ . Moved getexedir() call to later, where it's safe. ckcmai.c.
+
+Added SSH ADD and many SSH SET commands from Jeff's spec. Fixed SHOW SSH
+to not dump core if variables weren't set. ckcker.h, ckuus[r3].c, 20 Dec 2001.
+
+C-Kermit in server mode, client says "get foo" where foo is a symlink.
+Server says "no files meet selection criteria" instead of sending the file.
+It should only refuse to follow symlinks if it's a recursive get. Fixed
+in sgetinit(): ckcpro.w, 21 Dec 2001.
+
+More work on SSH and SET/SHOW SSH commands. ckuus[r3].c, 21 Dec 2001.
+
+Undid Jeff's replacement of the SSH pseudoterminal allocation failure
+message, because now it comes out any time an SSH command has to be
+reparsed (in the non-SSHBUILTIN case). ckuusr.c, 21 Dec 2001.
+
+More SSH and SET SSH command work back & forth with Jeff, plus Jeff added
+SET HOST /NET:SSH. ckcmai.c, ckuus[r37].c, ckcdeb.h, ckuusr.h, 22 Dec 2001.
+
+Added SSH OPEN switches. ckuusr.c, 22 Dec 2001.
+
+Added SSH CLEAR, HELP SSH, and HELP SET SSH. ckuus[r2].c, 23 Dec 2001.
+
+From Jeff:
+ . SET TCP commands now apply to SSH
+ . SSH V2 REKEY and FORWRD-{LOCAL,REMOTE}-PORT commands now implemented
+ . Missing DLLs automatically disable appropriate authentication mechanisms.
+ckuusr.c ckcnet.c ckuus3.c ckcmai.c ckcnet.h ckuus4.c, 26 Dec 2001.
+
+From Jeff:
+ . Remove SET SSH KEEPALIVES.
+ . Add help text for SSH AGENT { ADD, DELETE, LIST }.
+ckuus[23].c, 28 Dec 2001.
+
+Added parsing for SSH AGENT { ADD, DELETE, LIST }. ckuusr.c, 28 Dec 2001.
+
+From Jeff:
+ . Fixed a crash that can happen when making an SSH connection.
+ . Filled in SSH AGENT actions.
+ . Changed default for strict host key check (to ASK) and help text.
+ . uploaded new binaries include ~kermit/os2test/beta/ssh-agent.exe
+ . Read man ssh-agent on ftp.kermit.columbia.edu for details on what it does.
+ckuus[r23].c, 28 Dec 2001.
+
+"ftp get path/filename" didn't work; the FTP client did not strip the path
+from the local copy of the filename when doing a GET, even though it did
+for MGET. Diagnosis: in doftpget(), the "if (!getone && !skipthis)" statement
+lacked an "else" part for the getone case. ckcftp.c, 28 Dec 2001.
+
+A while back Jeff reported that in FTP MGET, if you cancel a file with 'x',
+all the rest of the files arrive truncated to 0 bytes. I tried this on both
+Unix and Windows and couldn't reproduce it.
+
+In the last-minute flurry to release C-Kermit 8.0, I thought I noticed the FTP
+client failing to update the fullscreen file-transfer display. But it seems
+to work right, at least in Unix. When downloading a big file with FTP, all
+the display fields are updated as expected. But smaller files might go by too
+fast for the display to do anything. HOWEVER, in K95 the file transfer
+display does not update itself until the end of the file, even if the file
+takes a long time to transfer. This happens in both the Console and GUI
+versions. A thread thing? (Jeff says no.) Yet the same display works fine
+on Telnet connections.
+
+In IRIX 5.3, the select()-based CONNECT module had to include <sys/time.h>
+or else it blew up with "struct timeval" unknown. Since there already was
+a SYSTIMEH CFLAG, I added the #include within #ifdef SYSTIMEH..#endif and
+rebuilt with KFLAGS=-DSYSTIMEH, only to discover that the irix5* targets
+didn't bother to propogate KFLAGS. Fixed in ckucns.c, makefile, 30 Dec 2001.
+
+Increased IRIX5x Olimit from 2400 to 3000 because of ckuus[34].c. Added
+-ansi, since (Marcus Herbert reported) we were not actually getting ANSI-C
+compilation even though CK_ANSIC was defined. But now that we are, we get
+warnings in <netinet/tcp.h>, which is included by ckcnet.h:
+
+ bit-field 'th_off' type required to be int, unsigned int, or signed int.
+ (3.5.2.1(30))
+ u_char th_off:4,
+ ------ ^
+Tough. makefile, 30 Dec 2001.
+
+But adding -ansi to the IRIX 5x targets also make compilation bomb whenever we
+referenced fdopen() or popen(), which evidently don't have prototypes in any
+of the header files. Luckily we already have CFLAGS for this occasion too:
+DCLFDOPEN and DCLPOPEN. Added these to the irix51 target. Also had to copy
+the fdopen()-popen() prototype section to ckuusx.c, which has a new reference
+to fdopen() in a workaround for the curses console buffering bug. makefile,
+ckuusx.c, 30 Dec 2001.
+
+The QNX6 version did not receive a proper herald (it announced itself as
+"unknown version". Reshuffled #ifdefs in ckuver.h, added display of QNX6
+and NEUTRINO symbols to ckuus5.c, 30 Dec 2001.
+
+Lucas Hart sent in a patch for the VMS problem. Apparently it was even worse
+than Dave Sneddon had reported: 8.0 couldn't run at all under Batch. ckvtio.c,
+31 Dec 2001.
+
+A major obstacle to the usability of the FTP client is that certain commands
+don't behave as FTP users expect: CD, DIR, DELETE, MKDIR, etc, which are local
+rather remote, and there are no LCD (etc), USER, or ACCOUNT commands. We
+could fix this by adding an FTP command-language personality, but file
+management commands can also be remote or local on connections to Kermit
+servers too. So:
+
+SET LOCUS { LOCAL, REMOTE, AUTO }
+ Sets the locus for unprefixed file management commands.
+ When LOCAL, a REMOTE (or R) prefix is required for
+ to send file management commands to a remote server (e.g. RCD, RDIR).
+ When REMOTE, an L prefix is required to issue local file management
+ commands (e.g. LCD, LDIR). The word LOCAL can't be used as a prefix
+ since it is used for declaring local variables.
+
+This applies to all types of connections, and thus is orthogonal to SET
+GET-PUT-REMOTE, which selects between Kermit and FTP for remote file-transfer
+and management commands.
+
+The default LOCUS is AUTO, which means we switch to REMOTE whenever an FTP
+connection is made, and to LOCAL whenever a non-FTP connection is made,
+and switch back accordingly whenever a connnection is closed.
+
+Implementation (31 Dec 2001):
+ . None of this is compiled if LOCUS is not defined.
+ . Added XYLOCUS (SET LOCUS) and LOCUS definitions: ckuusr.h.
+ . Override by defining NOLOCUS (which inhibits definition of LOCUS).
+ . Added LOCUS to SET keyword table: ckuusr.c.
+ . Added locus & autolocus variables: ckuusr.c.
+ . Added SET LOCUS parsing and variable setting: ckuus3.c.
+ . Added display of LOCUS setting to SHOW COMMAND: ckuus5.c.
+ . Added automatic locus setting to setlin(): ckuus7.c.
+ . Added automatic locus setting to ftpopen() and ftpclose(): ckcftp.c.
+
+How to catch all the places where a Kermit connection is closed? Turns out
+we've done this before, when we added the connection log. So I made
+dologend() take care of locus switching. But dologend() was not compiled in
+if certain symbols were defined, such as NOLOCAL, or not defined, such as
+CKLOGDIAL. So I (a) rearranged the #ifdefs so that even if these would
+otherwise have obliviated dologend(), now they leave a piece of it for
+locus-setting; (b) moved the prototype out of #ifdefs; and (c) took all calls
+to it out of #ifdefs. ckcker.h, ckcfn2.c, ckcmai.c, ckucns.c, ckucon.c,
+ckuus[r347x].c, 31 Dec 2001.
+
+Added locus checking to the following commands: DIRECTORY, CD/CWD, CDUP,
+DELETE, PWD, MKDIR, RMDIR, RENAME. ckuusr.c, 31 Dec 2001.
+
+Added LDIRECTORY, LCD/LCWD, LCDUP, LDELETE, LPWD, LMKDIR, LRMDIR,
+LRENAME. ckuusr.[ch], 31 Dec 2001.
+
+Added USER and ACCOUNT commands, which are the same as FTP USER and FTP
+ACCOUNT. ckuusr.[ch], ckcftp.c, 31 Dec 2001.
+
+Since automatic locus switching could be a big surprise for most people, I
+printed message any time it changed. ckcftp.c, ckuus[37].c, 31 Dec 2001.
+
+Added help text for the new L commands and filled in missing HELP text for
+SET GET-PUT-REMOTE, CDUP, MKDIR, and RMDIR. ckuus2.c, 31 Dec 2001.
+
+Changed help text of CD, DIR, etc, for LOCUS. Changed the help text for
+RCD, RPWD, RDEL, RDIR, etc, to mention that they also work with FTP servers.
+Updated HELP REMOTE for this too. ckuus2.c, 31 Dec 2001.
+
+Made sure code builds with NOLOCAL, NOLOGDIAL, and NOLOCUS (it does).
+
+The IKSD command, when given with a /USER: switch, sends the user ID to the
+IKSD. But the SET HOST /USER: command does not, when making a connection to a
+Kermit service. This makes it impossible to script IKSD interactions using
+only client commands. Furthermore, even if you include a /PASSWORD switch
+with the IKSD command, it does not send the password. I added code near the
+bottom of setlin() to do this. If we have a connection to a Kermit service
+and a /USER: switch was given, then we attempt a REMOTE LOGIN. If a
+/PASSWORD: switch was not given then if the username is "ftp" or "anonymous",
+we automatically supply a password of user@host; otherwise we prompt for a
+password. If a /USER: switch was not given, it acts like before. It all
+works, but it might not be the best way (or place) to do it. setlin():
+ckuus7.c, 31 Dec 2001.
+
+ NOTE: The above change doesn't help with IKSD /USER:anonymous,
+ the server prompts for password anyway, not sure why.
+
+ NOTE 2: What about secure authentication? We have to test to see
+ if user was already authenticated before sending the login packet.
+
+Added /opt/kermit and /opt/kermit/doc to info_dir[] list (for Solaris).
+ckuus5.c, 31 Dec 2001.
+
+From Jeff: new Help text for SET TERM FONT (K95 GUI). ckuus2.c, 1 Jan 2002.
+
+More work on help text for file management commands -- e.g. we can't lump
+the L-commands together with the unprefixed ones; they need separate entries.
+Also: added missing HELP REMOTE PWD, improved the default case (in which
+help text had been omitted for a valid command). ckuus2.c, 1 Jan 2002.
+
+It seems VMS C-Kermit was pretty much ignoring the -B (force background) and
+-z (force foreground) command-line options. Fixed in congm(): ckvtio.c,
+1 Jan 2002.
+
+Tested the SET LOCUS business with VMS C-Kermit, which does not have a
+built-in FTP client. Of course in this case there is no automatic locus
+switching, but SET LOCUS REMOTE works nicely on IKSD connections.
+
+From Jeff:
+ . #ifdef adjustments for LOCUS changes.
+ . SSH KEY CREATE /TYPE:SRP.
+ . Fix \v(serial) to not be 8N2 by default if speed is 0.
+ . Don't let doexit() run if sysinit() hasn't been called first.
+ckuus[r247x].c, 2 Jan 2002.
+
+Made SET BACKGROUND { ON, OFF } do exactly the same as -B and -z options.
+ckuus3.c, 2 Jan 2002.
+
+Updated user-visible copyright dates to 2002 (but still need to do all the
+source-module comments). ckcmai.c, ckuus[25].c, 2 Jan 2002.
+
+Rearranged #include <sys/time.h> in ckucns.c that was done for IRIX 5.3,
+to avoid conflicts in SV/68 R3v6. 3 Jan 2002.
+
+From Dave Sneddon: Code changes in VMS sysinit() and congm() to work around
+problems in batch, SPAWN'd, etc, and change CTTNAM from TT: to SYS$INPUT:.
+ckcdeb.h, ckvtio.c, 3 Jan 2002.
+
+From Jeff:
+ . Fixed typo in definition of CTTNAM for VMS. ckcdeb.h
+ . Moved macro definitions for SSHBUILTIN from ckuus3.c to ckuusr.h
+ so they can be referenced in ckuus7.c
+ . Added SSH functionality to SET HOST:
+ SET HOST /NET:SSH /CONNECT hostname [port] /switches
+ . Fixed SET NET TYPE so it won't reject SSH if SSH is installed.
+ . Changes to allow IKSD to continue functioning. Somehow this minor change
+ to ckcmai.c got lost in one of the back and forth exchanges.
+ . HELP TEXT for UCS2 kverb
+ . Fix a problem in K95 where multiple threads could be attempting to
+ send a telnet negotiation simultaneously.
+ckcmai.c ckcdeb.h ckuus2.c ckuus3.c ckuusr.c ckuusr.h ckuus7.c ckctel.c
+ck_crp.c ckuat2.h ckuath.c, 4 Jan 2002.
+
+From Jeff:
+
+ Peter Runestig complaining that the Telnet Forward X code was corrupting
+ data. This resulted in a very thorough examination of the telnet module
+ code and a discovery of some rather significant problems. The root of the
+ problems is the lack of thread safety. To correct this problem the
+ following was done.
+
+ All code (regardless of module) which outputs telnet commands is placed
+ into a mutex region to ensure that competing output threads do not result
+ in interleaving their output. This could happen for instance when the
+ forward-x thread is forwarding data and the user changes the window size
+ or sends an AYT or BREAK. Next the buffer used for input and output
+ processing were identical. This means that output data could be treated
+ as input or vice versa. Ugh....
+
+ I also spent some more time cleaning up setlin(). Mostly reorganizing the
+ code into single if (...) blocks so that breaking it up will be easier.
+
+ckctel.c ckuus7.c, 4 Jan 2002.
+
+Updated internal copyright notices. All modules, 5 Jan 2002.
+
+From Jeff:
+ More of same, plus new makefile target and changes from Spike Gronim
+ for freebsd44+srp+openssl.
+ckcdeb.h ckcnet.c ckctel.c ckuus7.c ck_ssl.c makefile, 5 Jan 2002.
+
+Some minor updates and fixes to SSH and SET SSH help text.
+ckuus2.c, 6 Jan 2002.
+
+Added SET RGB-COLORS for GUI. ckuusr.[ch], ckuus3.c, 6 Jan 2002.
+
+From Jeff: More Telnet changes, Debug semaphores for K95, etc: ckcdeb.h,
+ckuusr.h, ckuus[r35x].c, ckctel.[ch], ckuath.c, 7 Jan 2002.
+
+Added --xpos:n --ypos:n, SET GUI WINDOW POSITION x y, and changed SET
+RGB-COLORS to SET GUI RGBCOLOR. Action needs to be filled in (in setguiwin()
+in ckuus3.c), and gui_xpos and gui_ypos need to be defined in cko???.c.
+ckuusr.h, ckuus[r3y].c, 7 Jan 2002.
+
+Added --fontname:name --fontsize:name (and facename as synonym for fontname).
+ckuusr.h, ckuus[7y].c, 7 Jan 2002.
+
+Moved GUI (not OS/2) SET TERM FONT code in ckuus7.c to its own routine,
+setguifont(), in ckuus3.c, and made GUI SET TERM FONT call this routine,
+and also made SET GUI FONT call the same routine. ckuus[37].c, 7 Jan 2002.
+
+Added --termtype:, --height:, --width:, --user:. Also added symbols for
+--telnet:, --ssh:, --ftp:, --[remote-]charset, and --password:, but didn't
+fill them in. --password: is probably not a good idea (but we allow it for
+FTP); the others involve a lot of code-shuffling and reconciliation, which
+I'll try to do when I get a chance (especially the connection ones, which
+can be done as part of the setlin() restructuring). ckuusr.h, ckuusy.c,
+8 Jan 2002.
+
+Also I tried commenting out the #ifndef KUI..#endif's around SET TERMINAL
+CHARACTER-SET (easier said than done because a crucial #endif was mislabeled).
+Let's see if it compiles & works... ckuus7.c, 8 Jan 2002
+
+Added FTP [ OPEN ] /NOINIT, meaning don't send REST, STRU, and MODE commands
+upon making an FTP connection. This allows connection to servers that close
+the connection (or worse) when given these commands (e.g. Linux 2.4 TUX 2.0
+FTP server). ckcftp.c, 8 Jan 2002.
+
+Looked at adding caller ID support for the ANSWER command:
+
+ . SET ANSWER CALLER-ID { ON, OFF }
+ . SET ANSWER RINGS <number>
+ . \v(callid_xxx) xxx = { date, time, name, nmbr, mesg }
+ . CKD_CID modem capability
+ . Set CKD_CID for modems that have it.
+ . A quick survey shows:
+ - USR V.90: No (but Jeff says some USRs have it).
+ - V.250: No
+ - Lucent Venus: No
+ - USR: #CID=1 (the ones that have it -- X2?)
+ - Diamond Supra: #CID=1
+ - Rockwell 56K: #CID=1
+ - PCTEL: #CID=1
+ - Zoltrix: +VCID=1
+ - Conexant: +VCID=1
+ . Since there are different commands to enable caller ID reporting,
+ we need a new field in struct MDMINF.
+ . SHOW MODEM and SHOW DIAL would need updating.
+ . etc etc...
+
+This is all way too much for now so I just did the setting of the \v(callid_*)
+variables. These are reset at the beginning of an ANSWER command, and then
+set by the ANSWER command if they come in; thus they persist from the time
+they are collected until another ANSWER command is given. To take advantage
+of autoanswer, the user has to enable it in the modem (all the modems I found
+that support it have it disabled by default), and also has to set the number
+of rings to at least 2. This can be done with (depending on the modem):
+
+ set modem command autoanswer on ATS0=2#CID=1\{13}
+ set modem command autoanswer on ATS0=2+VCID=1\{13}
+
+and undone with:
+
+ set modem command autoanswer on ATS0=1#CID=0\{13}
+ set modem command autoanswer on ATS0=1+VCID=0\{13}
+
+The variables can be accessed only after the call is answered. Therefore the
+only way to refuse a call is to answer it, inspect the variables, and then
+hang it up if desired. Future Kermit releases can do this more nicely (as
+sketched out above.) Also while I was in the dialing code, I added result
+code VCON (= VOICE), used by several of the newer modems. These changes are
+untested. The SET ANSWER command is written but commented out. ckuusr.h,
+ckcker.h, ckuus[r3].c, ckudia.c, 8 Jan 2002.
+
+From Jeff: fixes to --termtype:, --height:, --width:, --user:, and filling in
+of --rcharset:, which required extracting code from settrm() into a separate
+parse-method-independent remote character-set setting routine. ckuus[7y].c,
+8 Jan 2002.
+
+From Jeff: More work on TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET code reorganization, and
+reinstatement of SET TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET in K95G. Also, fix char/CHAR
+warnings in Telnet module. ckuus7.c, ckctel.c, 9 Jan 2002.
+
+Made SET TERM CHARACTER-SET visible for all builds, including K95G, and filled
+in HELP text for it. ckuus[27].c, 9 Jan 2002.
+
+Added help text for new extended options. ckuusy.c, 9 Jan 2002.
+
+Commented out the return(-2) statement at the end of xgnbyte() to make the
+"Statement not reached" errors go away, after checking to make sure that there
+was no path that could fall through to the end. I'm 99.99% sure there isn't,
+but that doesn't mean that some compilers might not still complain. ckcfns.c,
+9 Jan 2002.
+
+From Jeff: fix typo in the K95 extended-option help text; add more
+semaphores to network i/o. ckuusy.c, ckcnet.c, 10 Jan 2002.
+
+Undid ansiisms in set{lcl,rem}charset() declarations. ckuus7.c, 10 Jan 2002.
+
+Removed a duplicated clause from the install target. makefile, 10 Jan 2002.
+
+From Jeff: more semaphores. ckcnet.c, 11 Jan 2002.
+
+Moved references to tmpusrid and tmpstring out of NOSPL #ifdefs -- they can
+be used with NOSPL. setlin(): ckuus7.c, 13 Jan 2002.
+
+Made a dummy dologend() routine outside of #ifndef NOICP, so we don't have
+to enclose every reference to dologend in #ifdefs. (I had added a bunch of
+calls to dologend() throughout the code to handle automatic LOCUS switching.)
+ckuus3.c, 13 Jan 2002.
+
+Moved "extern int nettype" outside of NOICP #ifdefs in ckuus4.c for NOICP
+builds. 13 Jan 2002.
+
+Moved a misplaced #ifdef in the VERSION command. ckuusr.c, 13 Jan 2002.
+
+Did 81 different feature-selection builds on Linux (RH 7.0), all OK after the
+changes listed above for today. 13 Jan 2002.
+
+Added prototypes for set{rem,lcl}charset(). ckcxla.h, 13 Jan 2002.
+
+Added ckcxla.h to dependencies for ckuusy.c. ckvker.com, 13 Jan 2002.
+
+Made a correction to the HELP SET LOCUS text and supplied a missing comma
+for HELP REMOTE. ckuus2.c, 13 Jan 2002.
+
+Built OK on HP-UX 11.11 (K&R and ANSI), Solaris 8 (cc), Solaris 2.5.1 (gcc),
+SunOS 4.1.3 (cc and gcc), VMS 7.1 (DEC C, net and nonet), Unixware 7.1.1,
+Tru64 4.0G, HP-UX 10.20 (K&R), AIX 4.3.3, FreeBSD 2.2.8, Slackware 8.0, IRIX
+6.5.13f, IRIX 5.3 (??? Can't tell -- the computer ran out of swap space -- but
+it was OK a few days ago), VMS 5.5-2 (VAX C, UCX + nonet)... HP-UX 9.05, ...
+
+Some corrections to comments in HP targets from PeterE. makefile, 14 Jan 2002.
+
+Corrections to prototypes for set{rem,lcl}charset() (VOID, not void) from Jeff.
+ckcxla.h, 14 Jan 2002.
+
+Builds, cont'd... SINIX 5.42, Red Hat Linux 5.2 on i386, SuSE 7.0 on S/390,
+Red Hat 7.1 on IA64, QNX 4.25, HP-UX 5.21/WinTCP, ...,
+
+Dell Coleman <dell@aleph.tum.com> noticed that in AIX, the COPY command always
+says "Source and destination are the same file" when the destination file
+doesn't exist. This is because in AIX, realpath() fails with ENOENT (errno
+2). The zfnqfp() code already accounts for this, but evidently not well
+enough. So I did what I should have done long ago. zfnqfp() was originally
+accomplished with do-it-yourself code. Later I added support for realpath(),
+and partitioned the routine into mutually exclusive compile-time sections:
+#ifdef CKREALPATH realpath()... #else do-it-yourself... #endif. But if
+realpath() failed, there was no recourse to the do-it-yourself code. Today I
+replaced the #else with the #endif, so the do-it-yourself part is always
+included and is executed if the realpath() call fails. Built and tested on
+AIX 4.3.3 and Solaris 2.5.1, as well as on Linux with and without the
+realpath() code included. zfnqfp(): ckufio.c, 16 Jan 2002.
+
+Separated K95 and C-Kermit test version numbers, so C-Kermit can be RC.02
+while K95 is Beta.01. ckcmai.c, 16 Jan 2002.
+
+Inhibited 0-length writes by conol() and conoll(), since they cause big
+trouble with the AIX 4.3.3 pty driver, e.g. when you have an SSH connection
+into AIX and run C-Kermit there. ckutio.c, 16 Jan 2002.
+
+Suppressed "Switching LOCUS..." messages from FTP client when it was invoked
+from the command line. ckcfns.c, 17 Jan 2002.
+
+Dave Sneddon noticed that FOPEN /APPEND gets "?Write access denied" in VMS
+if the file exists. This is apparently because VMS zchko() does the wrong
+thing. Commenting out the call zchko() in the VMS case gets past this but
+then the appended part of the file has different attributes than the orignal
+part, e.g.:
+
+ abc <- original line (horizontal, normal)
+ d <- appended line (vertical)
+ e
+ f
+
+VMS fopen() takes an optional 4th argument: a series of RMS keyword=value
+pairs. Kermit doesn't give any. Experimentation shows that appending to
+a Stream_LF works fine. That'll be a restriction for now, until somebody
+sends in code to get the RMS attributes of the original file and feed them
+to fopen(). Also need code to fix VMS zhcko() to say whether it's OK to
+append to a file. ckuus7.c, 17 Jan 2002.
+
+Somebody suggested I could get a working Kermit for Neutrino 2+ by doing the
+QNX6 build on Neutrino itself. I verified that this can't be done -- at least
+not by me -- since Netutrino 2+ doesn't have a compiler, and we already know
+the version cross-built for it on QNX4 doesn't work. 17 Jan 2002.
+
+From Jeff: SET SSH GSSAPI KEY-EXCHANGE { ON, OFF } parsing, SHOW SSH.
+ckuus3.c, 18 Jan 2002.
+
+PeterE suggested that SET ESCAPE allow 8-bit escape characters because of the
+difficulty in entering Ctrl-\ on European keyboards and the hardship (e.g. to
+EMACS and VI users) of sacrificing another C0 control character. Like
+everything these days, this turns out to be rather a bigger deal than it would
+seem. The SET ESCAPE parser calls setcc(), which accepts control characters
+in various formats (literal, ^X notation, or numbers), and gives an error
+return if the value is not 0-31 or 127. This is changed easily enough to also
+allow numbers between 128 and 255. But who else calls setcc()? The commands
+for setting Kermit packet start and end characters. No big deal, this gives
+people a bit more flexibility in case they need it, but it won't be
+documented. setcc(): ckuus7.c, 18 Jan 2002.
+
+Since code to display the escape character is scattered all over the place,
+and some of it indexes into an array based on the character value (which would
+now dump core if the escape character was > 128), I put the code in one place,
+a new shoesc() routine in ckuusx.c (which needs to be outside #ifndef NOICP,
+since the CONNECT modules use it even in command-line only builds). Also
+discovered that this code was indexing into the nm[] array with tt_escape to
+get "enabled" or "disabled", which is no longer appropriate, so fixed this
+too. ckuusr.h, ckuus[5x].c, 18 Jan 2002.
+
+Made SHOW ESCAPE, SHOW TERM, and the various CONNECT modules call shoesc(),
+and updated HELP SET ESC. ckuus[25].c, ckucns.c, ck[cuvd9]con.c, 18 Jan 2002.
+
+After all that, it occurred to me that this is a really bad idea for K95,
+with all the confusion about Console code pages, OEM code pages, Windows
+code pages, and Unicode. But I tried "echo \161" at the K95 prompt and got
+the expected 8-bit character in both the Console version and the GUI, so
+maybe it's OK after all.
+
+Removed the automatic IKSD login code from setlin() since it complicates
+interactive anonymous login. ckuus7.c, 20 Jan 2002.
+
+An #ifdef clause from Matthew Clarke to avoid "redeclaration of free" error
+when building a curses version of C-Kermit for AIX 2.2.1 on RT PC. ckuusx.c,
+22 Jan 2002.
+
+Took care of one detail I omitted when adding the 8-bit escape character:
+not stripping the 8th bit before comparing the keyboard char with the escape
+char. ck[uv]con.c, ckucns.c, 24 Jan 2002.
+
+Started to go through Jeff's changes of the last week but he had run trim -t
+on them, which untabifies, so the diffs were huge. Retabifying Jeff's files
+only makes matters worse. So instead of comparing each old and new source
+file in EMACS windows with M-X Compare-Windows like I usually do (which can't
+be told to ignore whitespace), I had to work from the diff -c -b listings.
+In ascending order of size of diffs:
+
+ckcker.h: Add I_AM_SSHSUB definition.
+ckuusr.h: XXLINK and VN_PERSONAL, etc, definitions.
+ckuusy.c: Support for "I Am SSHSUB" invocation.
+ckuus5.c: Support for new K95 directory structure.
+ckcmai.c: Init endianness earlier (K95 TYPE was broken), "I Am SSHSUB" support.
+ckuus7.c: Security #ifdefs, SSH OPEN /PASSWORD, SSHSUB support
+ckcftp.c: <-- SAVE TIL LAST
+ckuus6.c: Add LINK command for K95 on NT.
+ckuus4.c: Support for new K95 directory structure; SSHSUB support
+ckuus3.c: Support for new K95 directory structure; some SSH changes
+ckuus2.c: Changes to SSH related help text, add HELP LINK text
+ckuusr.c: LINK command, SSH OPEN /PASSWORD: /SUBSYSTEM: switches,
+ Pattern-management fixes.
+ckctel.c, ck_ssl.c, ckuath.c, ckcnet.c:
+ Took Jeff's without looking.
+ckuusx.c, ckucns.c, ckucon.c, ckwart.c:
+ My changes from weeks ago that were never picked up.
+
+Built OK on Solaris with gcc and on SunOS with (K&R non-ANSI) cc.
+31 Jan 2002.
+
+Meanwhile, Jeff had made various changes in response to Jaya Natarajan at IBM,
+whose basic complaint was that numerous failure conditions were not being
+detected if the fullscreen file-transfer display was active. Jeff found that
+this was because big blocks of code were skipped in that case and changed the
+code not to do that, which fixed the reported problems. But later Jaya said
+that "ftp mget file1 file2" acted like "ftp mget *", so it seemed that Jeff's
+fixes broke file selection. After taking Jeff's fixes for ckcftp.c, however,
+I still could not reproduce the problem. ckcftp.c, 31 Jan 2002. <-- Later,
+it turned out the problem was with IBM's custom FTP server.
+
+Fixed updates that I missed yesterday in ckcftp.c, ckuusr.c. Moved misplaced
+#ifdef in ckuusy.c breaking nonet builds. Added #ifdefs to sysinit() for
+nonet builds in ckutio.c. Ran through build-in-many-configurations script
+in Linux, all builds OK. 1 Feb 2002.
+
+Moved shoesc() definition outside of NOXFER to fix NOXFER builds.
+ckuusx.c, 1 Feb 2002.
+
+Added MYCUSTOM definition alongside KERMRC and changed KERMCL to be the
+same as CKMAXPATH, instead of some random hardwired number. ckuusr.h,
+1 Feb 2002.
+
+Changed ckcdeb.h to define DIRSEP and ISDIRSEP(), and put #ifndef
+[IS]DIRSEP..#endif around all [IS]DIRSEP definitions in ck[udso]fio.c, so we
+can finally put away the many repeated #ifdef chains when we get around to it.
+1 Feb 2002.
+
+Make VMS zkermini() return 1 on success, 0 on failure, rather than 0 always.
+ckvfio.c, 1 Feb 2002.
+
+Added code to doinit(), just before it goes to execute the init file. If the
+init file name we are about to open is empty or fails zchki(), substitute the
+customization filename. For now this code is in #ifdef USE_CUSTOM..#endif,
+which is not defined by default. It does the trick in Unix and VMS. Also
+included code from Jeff for K95, but this needs verification and testing.
+Also used DIRSEP and ISDIRSEP() throughout doinit() instead of the long #ifdef
+chains. ckuus5.c, 1 Feb 2002.
+
+Moved shoesc() prototype from ckuusr.h to ckcker.h so modules that need it
+don't have to include ckuusr.h just for this one thing (example: ckvcon.c).
+1 Feb 2002.
+
+Defined USE_CUSTOM by default, except if NOCUSTOM is defined. ckuusr.h,
+1 Feb 2002.
+
+Fixed kermit-sshsub code to really enter server mode, and to print
+"KERMIT READY TO SERVE..." so scripts can wait for it. Also bumped the
+C-Kermit test ID to RC.03 and the K95 one to Beta.02. ckcpro.w, ckcmai.c,
+2 Feb 2002.
+
+I was thinking about adding SET COMMAND BUFFER-SIZE to let people allocate
+as big a buffer as they wanted at runtime, mainly for defining huge macros.
+Moved the SCMD_blah definitions from ckuusr.h to ckuus3.c, since they aren't
+used anywhere else. But stopped there since the rest turns out to be a rather
+big deal. ckuusr.h, ckuus3.c, 2 Feb 2002.
+
+From Jeff, 3 Feb 2002:
+ . Fix an out-of-order modem name in the SET MODEM TYPE table: ckudia.c.
+ . Use SET LOGIN USER and PASSWORD if present. ckcftp.c.
+
+Cody Gould noticed that array declarations had become case sensitive, and
+upper case didn't work. Diagnosis: misplaced case conversion in xarray().
+Fixed in ckuus5.c, 4 Feb 2002.
+
+SHOW VAR dumps core on \v(sexpression) or \v(svalue) -- failure to check for
+NULL pointer. I wonder why this didn't happen before (answer: because I was
+doing it on SunOS; now I'm doing it on Solaris). ckuus4.c, 6 Feb 2002.
+
+I've had several requests for "show var name name name...". I added this to
+doshow(), such that SHOW VAR works exactly as it did before (if you don't give
+it an arg, it lists all variables; if you give it an arg, it appends "*" to it
+and lists all matching variables) but now you can also give more than one arg
+and it works the same way with each one as it did before if you gave it a
+single item (i.e., "*" is appended, so "show var os cmd" shows all variables
+whose names begin with "os" or "cmd". You can also freely use pattern
+notation, including anchors. Hmmm, no, actually it's different in that now
+each includes an implied * before AND after, so "show var version" shows all
+variables whose name contain "version" rather than all variables whose names
+start with it. ckuus5.c, 6 Feb 2002.
+
+Cody Gould reported that WRITE FILE blah blah \fexec(anything) ... got a
+spurious "File or Log not open" error. This turns out to be a rather
+pervasive problem -- whenever you use \fexec() it calls the parser recursively
+and this can run roughshod over global variables, such as our innocent little
+x, y, and s. The fix in this case was to put x and y on the stack. The same
+thing probably needs doing in about 10,000 other places. Too bad C isn't
+Algol. ckuusr.c, 6 Feb 2002.
+
+Minor fix to SHO VAR -- the "^" anchor wasn't working (e.g. "show var ^os").
+ckuus5.c, 6 Feb 2002.
+
+Fixes from Jeff for FTP file-transfer character-set translation in K95 and
+in WIKSD, plus updated K95 SSH help text. ckcftp.c, ckcfns.c, ckuus2.c,
+7 Feb 2002.
+
+Server has its date set in the past. Client says "remote dir". Server sends
+A packet containing old date. If client has FILE COLLISION UPDATE, it
+rejects the directory listing. Changed gattr() to only reject real files
+(introduced by F packet), not X-packet material like directory listings.
+ckcfn3.c, 7 Feb 2002.
+
+Up-down arrow keys for command recall. People have been asking for it for
+years but now it's actually important because of PDAs that don't have Ctrl
+keys. Would have been trivial except that we use getchar() rather than
+coninc() for reading from the keyboard in Unix so conchk() doesn't help. In
+fact there are lots of other places where conchk() is used this way and works
+only by accident. The only reason we never noticed a problem before is that
+characters don't usually arrive from the keyboard that fast. But when an
+arrow key sends "ESC [ A" all once, the stdin buffer gets some extra stuff in
+it, which getchar() will return next time, but which coninc()/conchk() will
+never see. So I added a new cmdconchk() routine which, if the keyboard is
+being read with getchar() rather than coninc(), looks at the stdin buffer.
+Unfortunately, however, there is no API for this, nor is there any standard
+way to access the stdin buffer directly. So first I did it for Solaris. Then
+to make it portable requires a survey of the headers for every platform. I
+found four major variations:
+
+ stdin->_r:
+ {Free,Open,Net}BSD, BSDI
+ stdin->_cnt:
+ SunOS, Solaris, HP-UX 5-6, AIX, VMS, SINIX, IRIX 5.3-6.5, DGUX
+ 4.2BSD, 4.3BSD, OSF/1..Tru64, QNX4, Unixware 1.0-2.1.0
+ stdin->__cnt:
+ HP-UX 7-11, SCO: OSR5.0.6a, Unixware 2.1.3-7.x, OU8, UNIX 3.2v4.x
+ Subtract read from end pointer (_IO_file_flags defined):
+ Linux (tested on RH 5.2 thru 7.1)
+
+The Linux method is new and different to account for multibyte characters.
+All the others assume character == byte.
+
+For docs: ANSI only, 7-bit only; both application and cursor modes are
+accepted. Only up and down arrow are handled; left and right arrows cause
+a beep. ckucmd.c, 8 Feb 2002.
+
+Build-all: Discovered that changing CTTNAM from TT: to SYS$INPUT: in VMS
+(which was done on 3 Jan 2002 to work around problems starting Kermit in
+batch, spawn'd, etc) breaks Kermit on VMS 5.5/VAX (concb() fails with "lacks
+sufficient privilege"; if you enable all privs Kermit starts but then spews
+out a constant stream of BEL characters). If you put dftty back to "TT:",
+everything is fine -- I have no idea why, so I used #ifdef VMSV70 to decide,
+which is totally crude. Next I had to find where the boundary really is: VAX
+vs Alpha? VAX C vs DEC C? Or between VMS releases? Built on:
+ . VMS 6.2 Alpha (DEC C) - OK with TT:
+ . VMS 6.2 Alpha (DEC C) - OK with SYS$INPUT: <-- keep this one
+ . VMS 7.1 VAX (DEC C)
+So the final condition is #ifdef VMSV60. ckvker.com, ckvtio.c, ckuus5.c.
+
+QNX 6 needed some attention too:
+ . Whoever did the makefile target made the default port "/dev/ser1".
+ . Arrow keys...
+But I gave up on getting arrow keys to work -- it should be just like *BSD,
+but for some reason gcc complains that struct FILE has no _r member, even
+though it does (getchar uses it).
+
+Checked stdio.h on Mac OS X and it looks like the *BSDs.
+
+--- C-Kermit 8.0.201 ---
+
+Removed -g from solaris2xg+krb5+krb4+openssl+shadow makefile target -- it
+was producing a 15MB binary! makefile, 14 Feb 2002.
+
+Fixed a couple thinkos in "make install": $(DESTDIR) should not have been
+included in the tests for whether INFODIR or SRCDIR were desired. makefile,
+14 Feb 2002.
+
+(tarball refreshed 16 Feb 2002)
+
+--- C-Kermit 8.0.201 ---
+
+From Jeff: Better seeding of \frandom(): ckcmai.c, ckuus4.c, 18 Feb 2002.
+
+From Jeff: Make arrow keys work in WIKSD, but now also unconditionally
+compile arrow-key code in all versions. ckucmd.c, 18 Feb 2002.
+
+From Jeff: ckuath.c, ck_ssl.c, ckcnet.c (didn't look). 18 Feb 2002.
+
+Added ORIENTATION command, that lists the various important directories, and
+\flongpathname() and \fshortpathname(), which do path format conversions in
+Windows, and are just synonynyms for \fpathname() elsewhere. The new functions
+need building and testing in Windows. ckuusr.h, ckuus[r24].c, 18 Feb 2002.
+
+Changed PWD for Windows only to show both short and long paths (but only if
+they are different; otherwise it behaves as before). ckuusr.c, 18 Feb 2002.
+
+Changed default Windows prompt to show long pathname. ckuus5.c, 18 Feb 2002.
+
+Updated INTRO command to mention FTP, HTTP, and SSH. ckuus2.c, 18 Feb 2002.
+
+From Jeff: fixes for typos in GetLongPathName() code: ckuus[r4].c, 22 Feb 2002.
+
+From Jeff: net/auth updates: ckcnet.c, ckuath.c, 22 Feb 2002.
+
+Added -DUSE_FILE__CNT to NCR MPRAS targets, George Gilmer: makefile,
+24 Feb 2002.
+
+From Jeff: Add support for GetLongPathName() in Win95 and NT: ckcdeb.h,
+ckuus[r4].c, 24 Feb 2002.
+
+From Jeff: More fixes for FTP SIGINT, plus fix [M]PUT /MOVE. ckcftp.c,
+24 Feb 2002.
+
+Fixed an unguarded reference to inserver, gtword(): ckucmd.c, 24 Feb 2002.
+
+Adapted RETRIEVE for use with FTP connections; this one was missed when
+adapting GET, REGET, MOVE, etc. ckuus6.c, ckcftp.c, 24 Feb 2002.
+
+Added special COPYRIGHT command text for the free version of WIKSD.
+ckcmai.c, ckuusr.c, 24 Feb 2002.
+
+C-Kermit, when in CONNECT mode and given the <Esc-Char>U sequence, would
+unconditionally close the connection if it was a network connection. This
+is bad when Telnetting to a modem server. I added to code to prevent this
+in the RFC2117 TELNET COMPORT case but I'm not sure how to exend this to the
+general case (or whether it would be a good idea). ckucns.c, 24 Feb 2002.
+
+During file transfer, chktimo() calls ttgspd() for every packet, which clearly
+doesn't make sense on network connections, especially since on Telnet COMPORT
+connections it results in a network speed query for every packet. Rearranged
+the code so this happens only on true serial-port connections. ckcfn2.c,
+24 Feb 2002.
+
+From Jeff: Fix reversed ANSI/non-ANSI function declarations clauses in
+ckcftp.c, 26 Feb 2002.
+
+Changed Unix CONNECT module to call kstart() only when it has a chance of
+doing anything (i.e. a Kermit packet has been partially detected, or the
+packet start character just came in), rather than unconditionally on every
+incoming character. ckucns.c, 8 Mar 2002.
+
+FTP PUT /SERVER-RENAME:, /RENAME-TO:, /MOVE-TO: were sticky. Patch: In
+ckcftp.c, near the top of doftpput(), add the lines marked with "+":
+
+ makestr(&filefile,NULL); /* No filename list file yet. */
++ makestr(&srv_renam,NULL); /* Clear /SERVER-RENAME: */
++ makestr(&snd_rename,NULL); /* PUT /RENAME */
++ makestr(&snd_move,NULL); /* PUT /MOVE */
+ putpath[0] = NUL; /* Initialize for syncdir(). */
+
+ckcftp.c, 26 Mar 2002.
+
+\fday() and \fnday() were broken for dates prior to 17 Nov 1858. Fixed in
+fneval(): ckuus4.c, 28 Mar 2002.
+
+From Jeff:
+ . New calling convenion for demoscrn(): ckucmd.c, ckuusx.c
+ . Fix for host-initiated 80/132 col screen mode change. ckuus7.c.
+ . New \v(desktop) variable: K95 user desktop directory, ckuusr.h, ckuus4.c
+ . New \v(rfc2717_signature) var: Telnet Com Port, ckuusr.h, ckuus4.c
+ . Uncomment "not-reached" return(-2) in xgnbyte(): ckcfns.c
+ . New dates: ckcmai.c.
+ . Telnet Com Port fixes: ckutio.c
+ . SET PRINTER fixes for K95: ckuus3.c
+ . Session limit adjustments: ckuus3.c
+ . New directory layout for K95 (TAKE, ORIENT): ckuusr.c
+ . Fixes for Telnet Com Port, recycling SSH connections: ckuusr.c
+
+From me, not picked up by Jeff previously:
+ . kstart() speedup: ckucns.c.
+
+1 Apr 2002.
+
+---K95 1.1.21---
+
+From Jeff, 4 Apr 2002:
+ . More fixes for Telnet Com Port: ckuus4.c, ckudia.c, ckutio.c, ckcnet.c:
+ . network connections will check for carrier detect if SET
+ CARRIER-WATCH is ON. This could have a potential conflict if
+ the option is negotiated and the carrier is off, but the site
+ requires login.
+ . modem hangup message generated since the dial module did not
+ believe that network modems could be reset with a DTR drop.
+ . Version number adjustments: 8.0.203, 1.1.99: ckcmai.c.
+ . Security: ck_ssl.[ch], ckuath.c.
+
+---C-Kermit 8.0.203---
+
+From Jeff, 6 Apr 2002:
+ . Fix typo in HELP REMOTE HOST: ckuus2.c.
+ . More Telnet Com Port fixes: ckctel.c, ckcnet.c, ckudia.c, ckutio.c
+
+From Jeff, 9 Apr 2002:
+ . Fix autodownload problem: ckcfn[2s].c.
+
+Chiaki Ishikawa reported that in Linux (two different kinds), if you choose
+hardware parity, CONNECT, then escape back, the speed can change. I tracked
+this down to the following statement in ttvt():
+
+ tttvt.c_cflag &= ~(IGNPAR); /* Don't discard incoming bytes */
+
+Somehow execution of this statement corrupted the speed words of the termios
+struct, which are entirely separate words that are nowhere near the c_cflag
+member. Anyway, the statement is wrong; it should be:
+
+ tttvt.c_cflag |= IGNPAR; /* Don't discard incoming bytes */
+
+Fixing it cured the problem; don't ask me why. ckutio.c, 9 Apr 2002.
+
+From Jeff:
+ fixes the problem reported by robi@hastdeer.com.au. The request to
+ enter server mode was received while we were entering server mode.
+ But the server was waiting for the response to REQ_STOP sent to the
+ client. Therefore, we weren't quite in server mode yet and the
+ request to enter server mode was rejected. A check for the sstate
+ value solves the problem. ckctel.c, 10 Apr 2002.
+
+Chiaki Ishikawa (CI) discovered the real cause for the speed changing problem.
+I was setting the IGNPAR bit in the wrong flag word: it should have been
+c_iflag instead of c_oflag, silly me. Fixed in ttvt() and ttpkt(): ckutio.c.
+I also did a thorough census of all the termio[s] flags to ensure each was
+applied to the right flag word -- they were, IGNPAR in the HWPARITY case was
+the only mistake. CI also discovered that the speed words in the Linux
+termios struct are not used at all -- the speeds are encoded in an
+undocumented field of c_cflag, which explains the problem. 10 Apr 2002.
+
+Any use of \{nnn} character notation in a macro definition, loop, or other
+braced block caused an "unbalanced braces" parse error. The backslash in this
+case is not quoting the open brace; it's introducing a balanced braced
+quantity. Special-cased in getncm(): ckuus5.c, 12 Apr 2002.
+
+The semantics of "if defined \v(xxx)" were changed in 8.0 to avoid obnoxious
+error messages when xxx was not a built-in variable (see notes of 19 Nov
+2000), such that "if defined \v(xxx)" would always succeed if there were such
+a variable, even if it had no value. The behavior that is documented in the
+book (and also in ckermit70.html) and that we had in versions 6 and 7, was
+that IF DEFINED \v(xxx) would fail if \v(xxx) was defined but had an empty
+value OR if it was not defined, and would succeed only if it was defined and
+had a value. Fixed in boolexp(): ckuus6.c, 12 Apr 2002.
+
+What about \function()s? IF DEF \fblah() presently succeeds if the function
+exists; you don't even have to give arguments. I think this behavior is more
+useful than if I required valid arguments and then evaluated the function --
+you can do that anyway with 'if not eq "\fxxx(a,b)" "" ...' Of course this
+argument applies to "if def \v(xxx)" too, except that the current behavior is
+consistent with the 7.0 behavior, so there is no need for a change.
+
+Kent Martin discovered that if a macro contains a LOCAL statement for a
+variable whose name is the same as, or a unique left substring of, the macro's
+name, then undefining the local variable makes the macro disappear:
+
+ define DateDiff {
+ echo {DateDiff(\%1) executing...}
+ }
+ define Kent {
+ do DateDiff {2}
+ local date
+ assign date {}
+ do DateDiff {3} <-- This fails (A)
+ }
+ do DateDiff {1}
+ do Kent
+ do DateDiff {4} <-- So does this (B)
+
+The first part of the problem is that "assign date {}" called delmac with
+exact=0, so delmac evidently deleted first macro whose name started with
+"date" -- and since the only one was DateDiff, that's the one that was
+deleted. Fixing this (change "delmac(vnp,0)" to "delmac(vnp,1)" in dodef())
+got us past A. The second part was making the same fix to the delmac()
+call in popclvl(). ckuus[56].c, 13 Apr 2002.
+
+The INPUT command ignored the parity setting, thus SET PARITY EVEN,
+INPUT 10 "login:" didn't work. Fixed in doinput(): ckuus4.c. Also fixed a
+bogus #ifdef COMMENT section that messed up the block structure of the module
+and therefore EMACS's indenting. 18 Apr 2002.
+
+Added sco32v500net+ssl and Added sco32v505net+ssl targets, from Scott Rochford
+at Dell (not sure yet if they work). Makefile, 19 Apr 2002.
+
+From Jeff, 22 Apr 2002:
+ . Added "darkgray" color and made "dgray" an invisible synonym: ckuus3.c.
+ . Fix carrier sense on Telnet Com Port immediately after dial: ckudia.c.
+ . Change krb5_des_blah() arg list: ckutio.c.
+ . Fix ttgmdm() for Telnet Com Port: ckutio.c.
+ . Fix tthang() return code: ckutio.c.
+ . Add aix43gcc+openssl target: makefile.
+
+From Jeff, 25 Apr 2002:
+ . Fix SET GUI keyword table: ckuus[37].c.
+ . A final fix to Telnet Com Port: ckctel.c, ckcnet.c.
+
+From Jeff, 26 Apr 2002:
+ . Another final fix to Telnet Com Port: ckctel.c, ckudia.c.
+
+From Jeff, 27 Apr 2002:
+ . separate the wait mechanism for TELNET SB COMPORT synchronous messages
+ from the asynchronous TELNET SB COMPORT MODEMSTATUS messages: ckctel.[ch]
+ . fix debug messages in Certificate verify functions: ck_ssl.c, ckcftp.c.a
+
+Frank, 27 Apr 2002:
+ . Fixed VMS zgetfs() to fail when file doesn't exist: ckvfio.c.
+ . Fixed UNIX zgetfs() to check for null or empty arg: ckufio.c.
+ . Added #include <time.h> for time() call: ckcmai.c.
+ . Add casts to args in tn_wait() calls: ckctel.c.
+
+SINIX-P 5.42 (Pyramid architecture) makefile target from Igor Sobrado.
+makefile (no source-code changes), 1 May 2002.
+
+From Jeff, 5 May 2002,
+ . Fix some "unknown host" messages: ckcftp.c.
+ . Add more casts to tnc_wait() calls: ckudia.c.
+ . Improvements to SHOW SSH, SHOW GUI: ckuus3.c.
+ . Fixes to SET COMMAND { WIDTH, HEIGHT }: ckuus3.c.
+ . Updates to ck_ssl.[ch], ckctel.c, ckcnet.c.
+
+Fixed the erroneous setting of ssh_cas during switch parsing rather than
+after cmcfm() in setlin(): ckuus7.c, 5 May 2002.
+
+setlin() decomposition (2300 lines), Part One:
+
+ . Copied a big chunk from the end of setlin(), beginning with net directory
+ lookup, but only the network-specific and common parts, to a new routine,
+ cx_net(), 900 lines.
+
+ . Extracted many repetitious lines of error-message code from cx_net()
+ to a new routine, cx_fail(). Error messages are stored in slmsg, and
+ also printed but only if we were not called from a GUI dialog (and
+ QUIET wasn't set, etc etc). Any adjutments in this policy can now be
+ made in one place.
+
+ . I put a call to cx_net() in setlin() just before all the code it replaced.
+ It works for TELNET and SET HOST /TELNET.
+
+ . Built with mkwatsol-k5k4ssl; after a couple fixes it builds OK and makes
+ Kerberized connections OK.
+
+ . Copied the serial-port and common parts of the setlin() post-cmcfm()
+ code to another new routine, cx_serial(), about 275 lines. Fixed
+ messages not to come out when called from GUI dialog, etc. Inserted
+ a call to cx_serial() at the appropriate spot in setlin(). Tested
+ serial connections on watsun with "set line /dev/ttyh6", works OK.
+
+ . Removed all the code from setlin() that was copied to cx_*(). This slims
+ setlin() down to 1120 lines. Tested regular Telnet, Kerberized Telnet, and
+ serial connections again, all OK. The Unix version of the SSH command is
+ OK too.
+
+setlin() deconstruction, Part Two:
+
+Now that we have the common network and serial connection pieces moved out of
+setlin(), we still need to move out the little code snippets for each network
+type that take place between command confirmation and the common code we just
+replaced. As far as I can tell, this needs doing only for SSH. The code
+labeled "Stash everything" copied to cx_ssh() but I didn't remove the original
+code since I can't test this. I think I'm done -- maybe I'm overlooking
+something but I don't know what... First we need to test the heck out of it
+in all command-line versions (K95 and C-Kermit). Then to use this from
+the GUI, see the calling sequences for cx_serial(), cx_net(), and cx_ssh():
+
+ . For serial or TAPI connections, the GUI should call cx_serial().
+ . For SSH connections, it should call cx_ssh() and then cx_net().
+ . For all other network connections, just calls cx_net().
+
+ckuus7.c, Cinco de Mayo de 2002.
+
+New ckuus7.c from Jeff, 8 May 2002. Merge cx_ssh() into cx_net(). Also: I
+had made line[] an automatic variable, since the global line[] buffer is used
+by almost every parsing routine in C-Kermit to hold string fields between
+parsing and execution but Jeff says he found that some code somewhere depended
+on line[] containing the hostname after setlin() was finished.
+
+From Jeff, 10 May 2002:
+ . Fix SET SSH STRICT-HOST-CHECKING parse: ckuus3.c.
+ . Add prototypes for cx_net() and cx_serial(): ckuusr.h.
+ . Add ANSI versions of cx_net() and cx_serial() declarations and supply a
+ missing parameter in the cx_serial() invocation, change SSHCMD cx_net()
+ invocation to new form.
+
+From Jeff, 16 May 2002:
+ . ANSI strictness changes: ck_ssl.[ch]
+ . New DIALER command: ckuusr.[ch]
+ . Correction to how -0 turns off autodownload: ckuusy.c
+ . Prototypes for GUI menu action functions: ckuusr.h.
+ . Replace setting of GUI-action variables by function calls: ckuus[3457x].c
+ . Fix FTP -z switch parsing: ckcftp.c.
+ . Fix SET HOST testing of setlin() return code: ckuus3.c
+
+From Jeff, 18 May 2002:
+ . Allow half-size GUI fonts: ckuus[35y].c.
+
+Fixed setguifont() to parse fractional font sizes and round to nearest half
+point. ckuus3.c, 18 May 2002.
+
+For GUI, wrote front ends for getyesno(), readtext(), and readpass():
+
+ . uq_ok() prints text and gets Yes/No, OK/Cancel, or just OK response.
+ This replaces getyesno() and can also be used for alert or help boxes.
+
+ . uq_txt() prints text and gets a single text response. Replaces
+ readtext() and readpass().
+
+ . uq_mtxt() is like uq_txt() but allows multiple text fields. Replaces
+ any combination of readtext() and readpass().
+
+Obviously the #ifdef KUI portions of the uq_blah() routines need filling in.
+ckuusr.h, ckuus3.c, 18 May 2002.
+
+Converted selected getyesno() calls to uq_ok(): ckcftp.c, ckuus3.c, ckuus6.c.
+Some were not converted because it was inappropriate, e.g. DELETE /ASK; others
+because they're in Jeff's code. The most interesting conversions are in the
+DIAL command when DIAL CONFIRMATION is ON. Here there is a dialog for each
+phone number asking if it's OK (ug_ok()) and if not, asking for a replacement
+(uq_txt()); seems to work fine in C-Kermit. All the candidates for uq_mtxt()
+are in Jeff's code. 18 May 2002.
+
+From Jeff: Convert remaining getyesno/readtext/readpass calls to uq_blah()
+so they can be GUI dialogs. ckuus[37].c, ckcftp.c, ckuath.c, ck_ssl.c,
+21 May 2002.
+
+Added KCD command = CD to symbolic directory name (EXEDIR, COMMON, APPDATA,
+TMPDIR, etc etc). ckuusr.h, ckuus[r25].c, 21 May 2002.
+
+From Jeff, 28 May 2002:
+ . --title: commandline option: ckuusr.h, ckuusy.c
+ . Fix some #includes, move some declarations: ckcfns.c
+ . Change K95 version from Dev.00 to Beta.01
+ . ASK[Q] /GUI: ckuus6.c.
+ . Various GUI screen updates and #ifdefs: ckuus7.c
+ . Add missing cx_net() calls to new setlin() for file SuperLAT..: ckuus7.c
+ . Updated uq_*() routines for GUI dialogs: ckuus3.c.
+
+Added GETOK switches (/TIMEOUT for all; /POPUP and /GUI for K95G):
+ckuus6.c, 29 May 2002.
+
+Added HELP SET GUI text. ckuus2.c, 29 May 2002.
+
+From Jeff:
+ . Another K95-specific #include for ckcfns.c.
+ . More items for K95G Actions menu.
+ . Change K95G Locus switching to call setlocus() rather than set variable.
+ . Ditto for several other variables now settable from Actions menu.
+ . Fix SET HOST /NET:SSH status code so IF SUCCESS works.
+ . Fix SHOW SSH port-forwarding.
+ckcfns.c, ckuus[r367].c, ckcftp.c, ckcmai.c, 30 May 2002.
+
+Changed SET LOCUS to have a new value, ASK, corresponding to new autolocus
+value of 2, K95G only. Changed setlocus() to not do anything if the new and
+old loci are the same, otherwise to invoke a GUI dialog in K95G if autolocus
+is 2, and also to handle any text messages. Changed SHOW COMMAND to show ASK
+value for SET LOCUS. Rewrote HELP SET LOCUS. ckuusr.[ch], ckuus[23].c,
+ckcftp.c, 30 May 2002.
+
+Add a missing space to Locus popup, and fix Jeff's version of the code to
+compile in C-Kermit. ckuusr.c, 31 May 2002.
+
+From Jeff, for K95 GUI, 6 June 2002:
+ . Force some GUI popups to be in foreground: ckuus3.c.
+ . Fix SHOW TERM font display: ckuus5.c.
+ . Update K95 version numbers and date (4 June 2002): ckcmai.c.
+ . Add note about encrypted private keys vs scripts to HELP SET AUTH: ckuus2.c.
+ . Fix SET HOST for DECnet: ckuus7.c.
+
+--- K95 2.0 ---
+
+From Jeff, 7 June 2002:
+ . Fix some #ifdefs for Unix builds (locus, dial, etc): ckuus7.c
+ . Add gui_resize_scale_font() prototype: ckuus3.c
+ . Add some missing SET GUI commands: ckuus3.c
+ . Update version numbers: ckcmai.c
+
+--- K95 2.0.1 ---
+
+From Jeff, 11 June 2002:
+ . Conditionalize Locus-switching popup text for GUI/Console: ckuusr.c.
+ . Fix the SRP_installed_as_server() function. The new API returns TRUE even
+ if the SRP config and password files cannot be found. Went back to the old
+ API. This bug affects C-Kermit 8 when built with SRP as well as 1.1.21
+ through 2.0.1. Since iksdnt.exe has not been shipped yet I fixed it and
+ uploaded a new non-beta build of it. ckuath.c.
+
+From Jeff, 12 June 2002:
+ . Fix SSH AGENT ADD: ckuusr.c.
+ . Fix --facename: option to not fail if name unknown: ckuusy.c.
+ . Fixes for OpenSSL 0.9.7 and OpenBSD 3.1: ck_ssl.c.
+ . Fix SET AUTH TLS VERIFY NO to prevent a dialog but still a warning if
+ SET AUTH TLS VERBOSE ON is set: ck_ssl.c.
+ . Fix FTP code to verify the hostname as specified by the user and not
+ the hostname discovered by the reverse DNS lookup. For example,
+ FTP OPEN kermit.columbia.edu
+ should produce a dialog because that name is not in the certificate
+ even though ftp.kermit.columbia.edu (the reverse DNS name) is: ckcftp.c.
+
+Add support for Solaris 9 and NetBSD 1.6. makefile, ckuver.h, ckcdeb.h,
+13 Jun 2002.
+
+Discovered that Solaris 9 wants to hide the members of struct FILE, and
+enforces this for 64-bit builds. They offer some functions like __fbufsize()
+to get the info, but not the info we need for reading escape sequences (the
+_cnt member). Let's hear it for political correctness. Created new solaris9g
+(32-bit) and solaris9g64 (64-bit) targets. Sorry, no arrow keys in 64-bit
+mode. Also no more direct access to sys_errlist[]; must use strerror().
+makefile, ckucmd.c, 13 Jun 2002.
+
+Added solaris9g+openssl+zlib+pam+shadow, which in turn required adding
+solaris2xg32+openssl+zlib+pam+shadow, needed for gcc 3.1 in which you have
+to specify 32-bit. Fails for some mysterious reason in link step
+(can't find libssl.so.0.9.6 even though it's there). makefile, 13 Jun 2002.
+
+Solaris 8 empty socket problems again -- tthang() times out, subsequent
+tcsetattr() calls do horrible things. Added a bandaid to ttclos(): don't
+call tcsetattr() any more if hangup timed out. ckutio.c, 14 June 2002.
+
+Gerry B reported the bandaid got us bit farther but Kermit still disappears.
+Added code to reassert the alarm signal handler, since it is likely that
+Solaris has become stricter about this since last time I looked. (Later
+Gerry reported back that this did the trick -- C-Kermit now exits normally
+and releases the lockfile). ttclos(): ckutio.c, 17 Jun 2002.
+
+If you use Kermit to copy a file to a destination file that already exists and
+is longer than the source file, the destination file is not truncated. I had
+mistakenly assumed that setting O_CREAT in the open() call in zcopy() would
+create a new copy of the file. Fixed by also setting O_TRUNC. ckufio.c,
+17 Jun 2002.
+
+Updated HELP INPUT and MINPUT text to explain 0 and -1 timeout values, and
+HELP DIAL to explain about entering CONNECT mode automatically. ckuus2.c,
+17 Jun 2002.
+
+Got rid of client-side "Press the X or E key to cancel" message when giving
+a REMOTE command if QUIET is set or if XFER DISPLAY is NONE. ckuus7.c,
+17 Jun 2002.
+
+From Jeff 25 Jun 2002:
+ . Add SUN terminal type: ckuusr.h, ckuus[57].c.
+ . Add GUI file transfer display: ckcker.h, ckuus[47x].c.
+ . Changes to allow C-Kermit to build with OpenSSL 0.9.7. Current
+ C-Kermit code is designed to compile with 0.9.6 and earlier. To
+ compile with 0.9.7 you must specify -DOPENSSL_097. This avoids
+ missing symbols in the DES library. The functions in OpenSSL were
+ renamed in 0.9.7 to avoid link time conflicts with Kerberos 4.
+ ckufio.c ck_crp.c ckuath.c ck_ssl.h ck_ssl.c, makefile.
+
+From Jeff 26 Jun 2002:
+ . apparently the SSL Passphrase Callback function was not converted
+ from readpass() to uq_txt()
+ . FTP Authentication failure errors were not being reported to the
+ user. So a failure would appear to be a successful completion
+ unless FTP DEBUG was ON. Now the message is reported unless
+ the QUIET flag is set.
+ck_ssl.c, ckcftp.c.
+
+SET TRANSFER MODE MANUAL didn't work for FTP; fixed in putfile() and getfile():
+ckcftp.c, 1 Jul 2002.
+
+Changed debug log for FTP to log "FTP SENT" and "FTP RECD" for protocol
+messages, just like we do for Telnet, to make it easy to grep them out of
+the log. ckcftp.c, 1 Jul 2002.
+
+In FTP MGET /UPDATE, equal times spuriously caused download. doftpget() was
+misinterpreting chkmodtime()'s return code. ckcftp.c, 3 Jul 2002.
+
+In FTP MGET /RECOVER, recovery is skipped if the local file is newer than
+the remote. This would seem to make sense, but when a download is
+interrupted, the partial file never gets the date of the remote file, so
+the partial file is always newer, and recovery never works. Fixed in
+recvrequest() by commenting out the date check. ckcftp.c, 3 Jul 2002.
+
+A better way to fix the previous problem is to always set the file date from
+the server and then only allow /RECOVER to work when the dates are equal.
+But that's not possible because MDTM is not implemented universally, and it
+conflicts with how Kermit currently works, namely that FTP DATES are OFF by
+default. Also, checking dates prevents [M]GET /RECOVER from working with
+files that were incompletely downloaded by some other FTP client.
+
+In FTP MGET /RECOVER <wildcard> <wildcard> ..., the first file in each group
+is always downloaded. Diagnosis: Kermit sends "TYPE A" prior to NLST (as it
+must). Then when it sends its first SIZE command, it's still in ASCII mode,
+so the server sends the "ASCII size" rather than the binary size, which does
+not agree with the size of the local file (which was downloaded in binary
+mode), so recovery is always attempted even when the files are identical. The
+TYPE A command is sent by initconn(). After the remote_files() call, we have
+to change the type back to the prevailing type before sending the first SIZE
+command. Fixed in cmdlinget() and doftpget(): ckcftp.c, 3 Jul 2002.
+
+In FTP MGET /EXCEPT:<pattern> used with SET XFER DISPLAY brief, files that
+are skipped just say ERROR instead of saying why they were skipped. Fixed
+in doftpget(): ckcftp.c, 3 Jul 2002.
+
+Added EXIT to top-level HELP text. ckuus2.c, 13 Jul 2002.
+
+Strip braces in REINPUT n {string}. ckuusr.c, 13 Jul 2002.
+
+Added /QUIET switch to ASK-class commands. This means not to print any error
+messages when an ASK-class command times out waiting for a response. Made
+sure that when a timeout occurs, the command fails. Also made sure the
+c-Kermit prompt doesn't write over the ASK prompt if ASK times out. Also
+fixed ASK, when it times out, not to return -9, which it did in one case,
+which causes a command-stack dump. ckuus[267].c, ckucmd.c, 13 Jul 2002.
+
+Fixed SET FILE INCOMPLETE help text, which said that both KEEP and AUTO were
+the default. ckuus2.c, 13 Jul 2002.
+
+If you SET FTP DEB ON and then turn it OFF, the MGET temp file is still kept.
+Fixed by getting rid of ftp_knf variable and using ftp_deb to control whether
+temp file is deleted (ftp_knf was being set from ftp_deb anyway, but then
+wasn't being reset by SET FTP DEB OFF). ckcftp.c, 13 Jul 2002.
+
+If an FTP transfer was in progress but the FTP connection drops and automatic
+locus switching is enabled, the locus does not change; thus (for example) a
+subsequent DELETE command makes Kermit send a REMOTE DELETE packet on stdout.
+Fixed in lostpeer(): ckcftp.c, 13 Jul 2002.
+
+For docs: FTP CD with no arg might not be accepted by the server; e.g. the
+Kermit FTP server says "501 Invalid number of arguments".
+
+The FTP module never handled SET INCOMPLETE. Fixed in doftprecv2(). ckcftp.c,
+13 Jul 2002.
+
+When FTP DATES is ON, we set an incoming file's date only if the file was
+received successfully. Changed the code to set the file's date even if it was
+received only partially (assuming we can get the date from server). ckcftp.c,
+13 Jul 2002.
+
+Suppose we were doing FTP MGET /UPDATE from a server directory of 100,000
+files. Kermit would send a SIZE command for every file unconditionally. On
+some connections, e.g. to the Red Hat Rawhide server, each one could take up
+to 30 seconds. That would be 3 million seconds = 34 days. Don't send a SIZE
+command during the selection phase unless a /SMALLER or /LARGER selector was
+given. Once the file is selected, send a SIZE command only if one hadn't been
+sent for that file already. ckcftp.c, 13 Jul 2002.
+
+Made [M]GET and [M]PUT /UPDATE switch imply FTP DATES ON, since they didn't
+work unless it was. ckcftp.c, 13 Jul 2002.
+
+Added FTP [M]GET /DATES-DIFFER, which is like /UPDATE except it selects files
+that are newer or older, rather than only newer. This allows updates from
+sources where files might be rolled back to earlier versions. It's a bit
+dangerous if you use it without knowing what it's for, since it allows older
+files to overwrite newer ones. (Code is also in place for [M]PUT
+/DATES-DIFFER, and it works, but I commented it out because it's either
+useless or dangerous since when uploading, you can't set the the file dates
+when they are arrive on the server.) ckcftp.c, 13 Jul 2002.
+
+Changed chkmodtime() to remember if MDTM fails on a particular connection
+because it's an unknown command (500, 502, or 202), and if so, not to ask
+again. ckcftp.c, 13 Jul 2002.
+
+With this last change, I think it's safe to change the default for FTP DATES
+from OFF to ON. ckcftp.c, 13 Jul 2002.
+
+Increased max number of /EXCEPT: patterns from 8 to 64 for file transfer (not
+necessarily for other things). This is now a compile-time symbol NSNDEXCEPT.
+ckcker.h, ckcmai.c, ckclib.c, ckcfns.c, ckcftp.c, ckuus[rx].c. 13 Jul 2002.
+
+Fixed FTP MGET to not send SIZE command when there is a name collision and
+FILE COLLISION is DISCARD, even if /SMALLER or /LARGER were also specified.
+ckcftp.c, 15 Jul 2002.
+
+MGET fails if no files were transferred, even if the reason is that no files
+met the selection critieria: /COLLISION:DISCARD, /UPDATE, /SMALLER, etc.
+Changed MGET to succeed in that case. domget(): ckcftp.c, 16 Jul 2002.
+
+Big problems with canceling MGET; Ctrl-C cancels the current file, but we
+don't break out of the file loop, we just go on to the next file. Worse, if
+we're executing a command file that has a series of MGETs, Ctrl-C doesn't
+break us out of the command file. Fixed by making failftprecv() and
+failftprecv2() "chain" to the main SIGINT handler, trap(). This is fine in
+Unix, but I'd be really surprised if it works in K95 so I put it in #ifndef
+OS2. Ditto for MPUT: Added the same treatment to failftpsend() and
+failftpsend2(). Ditto for cmdcancel(). To adapt to K95, search for "TEST ME
+IN K95" (5 places). ckcftp.c, 16 Jul 2002.
+
+Fixed previous fix to account for the fact that failftpblah() can be called
+not only upon Ctrl-C, but also if transfer interrupted with X or Z.
+ckcftp.c, 16 Jul 2002.
+
+Yesterday's fixes revealed another problem: Interrupt MGET with Ctrl-C, start
+another MGET, and the file list is total garbage. Diagnosis: secure_getc()
+and secure_getbyte() use internal static buffer pointers. The only way they
+ever get reset is when the data connection is closed by the server, so if you
+interrupt a GET, the pointers are not reset and the next network read (e.g. of
+an NLST response) returns whatever junk was lying around in the old buffer.
+ckcftp.c, 17 Jul 2002.
+
+FTP MGET temp file is kept only if FTP DEBUG is ON. Changed FTP module to
+also keep it if the regular debug log is active. ckcftp.c, 17 Jul 2002.
+
+Fixed version test in ckermit.ini: should be 6 digits, not 5. 17 Jul 2002.
+
+Changed C-Kermit version number to 8.0.205 so scripts can test for the
+recent changes. ckcmai.c, 18 Jul 2002.
+
+---8.0.205---
+
+SET FILE COLLISION UPDATE would unset FTP DATES due to a typo in the recent
+changes. ckcftp.c, 21 Jul 2002.
+
+FTP [M]GET /DATES-DIFFER really should have been a collision option. Added
+this option (implemented for FTP only) to both SET FTP COLLISION and the
+FTP [M]GET /COLLISION: table, so this way if you have lots of [M]GETs, you
+don't have to put /DATES-DIFFER on each one. ckcker.h, ckcftp.c, 21 Jul 2002.
+
+"FTP MGET a* b* c*" would fail to get any c*'s if no b*'s existed.
+ckcftp.c, 21 Jul 2002.
+
+From Jeff, 22 Jul 2002:
+ . Beginnings of Ann Arbor Ambassador terminal emulation for K95;
+ ckuus[57].c, ckuusr.h.
+ . Bump K95 version number to 2.0.2: ckcmai.c
+
+Added -DCK_PAM -DCK_SHADOW to all Solaris targets, 2.6 and above. makefile,
+23 Jul 2002.
+
+Discovered that CK_SCRIPTS path search for TAKE files was #ifdef'd out
+except for K95. Fixed in ckuusr.c, 25 Jul 2002.
+
+From Jeff: changes to support K95 italics: ckuus[57].c, 25 Jul 2002.
+
+Fixed path search for TAKE to not search the CK_SCRIPTS path if the filespec
+contains any directory or path parts. Added a new function to check for
+this: int hasnopath(filespec) in ckucmd.c: 26 Jul 2002.
+
+Update HP-UX build instructions from PeterE: makefile, 26 Jul 2002.
+
+Commented out "const" from struct pam_message declarations because it
+causes "initialization type mismatch" warnings. ckufio.c, 26 Jul 2002.
+
+Suppose you have a network directory containing a listing for host "foo":
+
+ foo tcp/ip foo.bar.com
+
+Then in K95 you give a command "set host /network-type:ssh foo". This
+results in the directory lookup replacing the "ssh" network type with TCP/IP,
+and making a Telnet connection. Fix attempted at about line 8625 of ckuus7.c
+in cx_net(); needs testing in K95. 26 Jul 2002.
+
+FTP Password: prompt in Unix was not allowing editing. The code looked right;
+I put in some debugging and suddenly it worked. Took out the debugging and
+it still worked. Maybe I dreamed it. Anyway, I fixed the "FTP SENT" debug
+log entry to not record the password, and removed a redundant section above
+to log the same thing, but prior to any charset conversion. ckcftp.c,
+27 Jul 2002.
+
+From Jeff, 28 Jul 2002:
+ . Fix typo in initxlist(): ckcmai.c.
+ . Fix typo in Friday's set-host fix: ckuus7.c.
+ . Move parsing of --height/width command-line args after prescan(): ckuusy.c.
+
+Added invisible top-level SITE and PASSIVE commands for FTP as a convenience
+for habituated FTP client users. ckuusr.[ch], ckcftp.c, 28 Jul 2002.
+
+A while back a user asked if it was possible to MGET a bunch of files from
+an FTP server and have them all appended to each other upon arrival. The
+obvious way to do this would have been:
+
+ mget /collision:append /as-name:bigfile *.*
+
+But to make this work, I had to get rid of the "as-name must contain
+variables" check in the MGET parser. doftpget(): ckcftp.c, 28 Jul 2002.
+
+Verified that it was possible to do the same thing (GET a bunch of files
+and append them all into one result file) with Kermit protocol. It works
+fine but in this case there is no /COLLISION switch; you have to SET FILE
+COLLISION APPEND first. 30 Jul 2002.
+
+Changed COPY /APPEND to allow wild source to single destination file, e.g.
+"copy /append *.* bigfile". ckuus6.c, 30 Jul 2002.
+
+From Mark Berryman: a replacement for zchkpath(), the VMS routine that checks
+whether a file is in the current directory; the old one (that I wrote) was
+a hack that only worked sometimes. Martin Vorlaender verified Mark's code in
+the situation where mine was breaking (server running in captive account).
+ckvfio.c, 30 Jul 2002.
+
+PeterE reported a problem with SWITCH case labels that start with '#':
+The problem is that the SWITCH variable contents in this case happens to be
+a comment, e.g.:
+
+ CMD(M)[_forward # Stand: 24.07.2002<CR>]
+
+so the GOTO target is null. The solution would be for SWITCH to put the GOTO
+(_FORWARD) target in quotes. But GOTO does not strip quotes or braces from
+around its target. Fixed in ckuusr.c, 30 Jul 2002.
+
+Fixed the SWITCH macro definition to put the _FORWARD target in quotes.
+ckuus5.c, 30 Jul 2002.
+
+PeterE also reported that an empty SWITCH case label did not work. There's no
+particular reason why it should, but after a brief look, it wasn't that hard
+so I did it. It required commenting out the check for empty labels and fixing
+the comparison in dogoto(). Now it's possible to read lines from a file and
+use each line as a SWITCH variable, with patterns as case labels, including an
+empty label to match empty lines, #* labels to match comment lines, etc.
+ckuus[r6].c, 30 Jul 2002.
+
+PeterE also reported the value of \%* acquiring a trailing blank when
+referenced inside a SWITCH statment. This happens because \%* is formed using
+\fjoin() on the \&_[] array based on its dimension, and at some point the
+dimension is spuriously increased by one. As a workaround, I made \fjoin()
+ignore trailing empty \&_[] array elements and oddly enough this also fixed
+the growing dimensions problem. The many script torture tests reveal no ill
+effects, so it seems like a keeper. ckuus4.c, 30 Jul 2002.
+
+Some of Peter's sample scripts made C-Kermit 8.0.201 dump core, but no more.
+
+Fixed "delete xxx" to print an error message and fail if if xxx does not exist.
+Ditto for when xxx is a directory. ckuus6.c, 30 Jul 2002.
+
+Patches to SSL modules from Jeff based on yesterday's advisory. ck_ssl.[ch],
+31 Jul 2002.
+
+Fixed some typos affecting the filename collision action during command-line
+FTP [M]GET. ckcftp.c, 31 Jul 2002.
+
+Fixed SHOW FTP to handle FTP COLLISION DATES-DIFFER. ckcftp.c, 31 Jul 2002.
+
+A while back someone pointed out that SET CONTROL UNPREFIX ALL and SET
+PREFIXING NONE gave different results. Fixed them to use the same code.
+Also made "set prefixing none" visible. ckuus3.c, 4 Aug 2002.
+
+Added SET CD HOME <path>, to let the user specify which directory is intended
+when "CD" or "KCD" is given by itself. This is because in Windows, some
+applications set up their own HOME environment variable that isn't necessarily
+where the user wants "cd" to go, but redefining HOME can interfere with the
+application (example: Windows EMACS). SET CD HOME was done by adding a myhome
+variable, initially a NULL pointer, and then changing homepath() to use it if
+it is set. zhome() is not affected. Also the homepath() prototype had been
+missing from header files. ckcmai.c, ckuusr.h, ckuus[2345].c, 4 Aug 2002.
+
+PeterE got another core dump with his SWITCH statement. Found a place where
+an out-of-bounds array reference could occur if the switch variable was
+empty. ckuus6.c, 5 Aug 2002.
+
+PeterE noticed that if the switch variable contained a comma, spurious matches
+could occur with the label pattern. The real problem turns out to be what
+happens when the SWITCH variable doesn't match any of the case labels and
+there is no DEFAULT label. Fixed by having dogoto() in the SWITCH (_FORWARD)
+case pop the command stack before returning failure, i.e. by moving the
+"if (stopflg) return(0);" statement down a few lines. ckuus6.c, 5 Aug 2002.
+
+PeterE noticed that a SWITCH case label of :* did not match an empty SWITCH
+variable. Fixed in doswitch(): ckuus6.c, 6 Aug 2002.
+
+In testing the previous fix, I found it only worked sometimes. Inspection
+of the debug log showed that a statement like:
+
+ if (y == -3) s = "{}";
+
+was assigning "{" rather than "{}" to s. Replacing the string constant by a
+buffer containing the same string fixed it. The reason (guessed correctly by
+PeterE) was the following sequence:
+
+ y = cmfld("Variable name","",&s,xxstring);
+ if (y == -3) s = "{}";
+ len = ckstrncpy(tmpbuf,brstrip(s),TMPBUFSIZ);
+
+brstrip() (by design and as documented) affects the string in place. But in
+this case the string is a constant, not data in a buffer, so all further uses
+of "{}" get the wrong string (at least in optimized builds). The only real
+cure is to change brstrip() to make a copy of its argument if it has to do
+anything to it. This will slow down some scripts, but it's too risky to
+leave it as it was. ckclib.c, 6 Aug 2002.
+
+The previous change required an audit of the C-Kermit code to make sure that
+no references to brstrip() depended the result buffer being persistent, or the
+result pointer indicating a position in the source buffer. Oops, it turns out
+that thousands of places rely on brstrip() working in place. Therefore the
+change had to be undone. There's no good way to write a dummy-proof brstrip();
+programmers either have be sure they're not calling it with a pointer to a
+string constant, or else they have to copy the result back to the right place
+each time. Better to leave it as it was and audit the code to fix any calls
+that refer to string constants (turns out there were only two). Restored the
+original fix to doswitch() (replacing the string constant by a buffer holding
+the same string), plus minor fixes to ckcftp.c, ckuus[r36].c, 6 Aug 2002.
+
+We need file dialogs in several situations in the K95 GUI. I added a "user
+query" routine for this, uq_file(), in ckuus3.c, filling it in only for Unix.
+Then I added code to call it from rcvfil() when (a) it's an autodownload, and
+(b) SET TERM AUTODOWNLOAD is ASK (I just added this option; it needs to be set
+to see it in action -- maybe it should be the default for KUI, in which case
+initialize "int autodl = ?" to TAD_ASK in ckcmai.c). Works fine, except of
+course it interferes with the file-transfer display, but that won't be a
+problem in K95G. ckuusr.h, ckuus[37].c, ckcfns.c, ckucns.c, 6 Aug 2002.
+
+Another place we need a file dialog is when Kermit is a URL interpreter. The
+problem is: how can we let the user decide whether Kermit should ask? There
+really isn't any way. Either it always asks or it never does. In this case I
+think it makes sense to always ask if it's KUI, otherwise never. I added the
+code for ftp: URLs to to doftprecv2(), which I tested successfully in Unix
+before putting it into #ifdef KUI..#endif. Also added code for http[s] to
+ckuusy.c in #ifdef KUI..#endif, not tested.
+
+Still need this added for K95G Actions->Capture. The clearest example is the
+FTP one. Just search for KUI in the FTP module.
+
+Some minor adjustments to yesterday's work, mainly just comments, plus
+generate the full pathname for the default file. ckuus3.c, ckcftp.c,
+7 Aug 2002.
+
+Note: for some reason cmofi() is not supplying the default value if user
+enters an empty name... (but that won't affect the Windows version).
+
+Added /USER: and /PASSWORD: switches to SET TCP { HTTP-PROXY, SOCKS-SERVER }.
+ckuus3.c, 7 Aug 2002.
+
+New 'uninstall' target from PeterE, works by having the 'install' target
+write an UNINSTALL shell script. makefile, 8 Aug 2002.
+
+Added some debugging statements to the VMS communications i/o module to try
+to track down a problem that occurs when the controlling terminal is a LAT
+device. ckvtio.c, 10 Aug 2002.
+
+Fixed the non-K95 uq_file() to respect the given default name, but still show
+the fully qualified absolute pathname for the default in the dialog. The
+reason to not use the fully qualifed name as the default in the cmxxx() calls
+is that this can easily result in a whole directory tree being created due to
+directory aliases, symlinks, etc. So when you get a file by referring to its
+URL (e.g. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/READ.ME), uq_file() converts the
+READ.ME part to (e.g.) /home/fdc/tmp/READ.ME but gives just "READ.ME" as the
+default when parsing the name. This way the user knows where it will go and
+gets an opportunity to change it, and if the default is accepted, it goes into
+the current directory. uq_file(): ckuus3.c, 10 Aug 2002.
+
+Found the spot for calling uq_file() for kermit:// URL downloads. Added
+prefatory text to filename prompts for Kermit and FTP downloads. ckcfns.c,
+ckcftp.c, 10 Aug 2002.
+
+Now with kermit:// or ftp:// URL downloads there's no way to disable the
+prompting. I could easily make SET TERMINAL AUTODOWNLOAD ASK cover these
+cases too (even though "terminal" has nothing to do with FTP or URL
+downloads). OK, I did this, but now prompting is disabled by default.
+ckcftp.c, ckcfns.c. 10 Aug 2002.
+
+Enabled file prompting (adl_ask) by default in K95G, disabled it by default
+everywhere else. So now FTP and Kermit URL downloads as well as terminal-mode
+Kermit (but not Zmodem) downloads are prompted for if TERMINAL AUTODOWNLOAD is
+ASK, which is it by default only in K95G. But this will happen only if
+uq_file() is filled in for K95G; otherwise everything should work as before.
+ckcmai.c, 10 Aug 2002.
+
+Notes:
+ . Need a better command to control this.
+ . FTP URL downloads are almost instantaneous, whereas Kermit URL downloads
+ take a really long time to set up (logging in takes at least 10 seconds).
+
+From Jeff, 13 Aug 2002:
+ . Increase K95 version to 2.1.0: ckcmai.c.
+ . SET TCP { HTTP-PROXY, SOCKS-SERVER } /USER: /PASSWORD: actions: ckuus3.c.
+
+From PeterE: a new install target that's only about half as a big as the
+previous one, yet still generates an UNINSTALL script. makefile, 13 Aug 2002.
+
+Vace wanted to be able to give the FTP client an offset for the server time,
+in case the server's time (or timezone) is set incorrectly. I added this by
+building on all the date/time parsing/arithmetic code -- notably delta times
+-- that was done for C-Kermit 8.0. The new command is SET FTP
+SERVER-TIME-OFFSET delta-time; shows up in SHOW FTP and HELP SET FTP.
+ckcftp.c, 13 Aug 2002.
+
+Fixed HELP ASK and HELP GETOK text. ckuus2.c, 14 Aug 2002.
+
+Fixed GETOK to accept /GUI switch even in K95.EXE and C-Kermit, just like ASK
+does (in which case, it just ignores it). ckuus6.c, 14 Aug 2002.
+
+SET XFER CHAR TRANSPARENT no longer disables character-set translation because
+file-scanning turns it back on. The "new way" to disable character-set
+translation is SET XFER TRANSLATION OFF. This needlessly confuses users who
+expect the old way to still work. So I fixed SET XFER CHAR TRANSPARENT to set
+XFER TRANSLATION OFF, and SET XFER CHAR anything-else to set it back ON.
+ckuus3.c, 15 Aug 2002.
+
+Fixed SET TERM AUTODOWNLOAD { ON, OFF } to turn off the ASK flag (adl_ask).
+ckuus7.c, 16 Aug 2002.
+
+Added FEAT query to FTP client from draft-ietf-ftpext-mlst-13.txt. FEAT is
+sent along with REST 0, MODE S, and STRU F if /NOINIT is not included in the
+FTP OPEN command. Parsing the FEAT result is handled by turning the "auth"
+argument to getreply() into a function code: GRF_AUTH to parse AUTH reply;
+GRF_FEAT to parse FEAT reply. For GRF_FEAT, getreply() fills in a flag array,
+sfttab[] (server feature table); sfttab[0] > 0 means server responded to the
+FEAT query, in which case individual elements are set > 0 for each supported
+feature. ckcftp.c, 18 Aug 2002.
+
+If server sends a feature list, display it if FTP DEBUG is on, then set mdtmok
+and sizeok (the flags that say whether it's OK to send MDTM and SIZE commands)
+accordingly. If user gives an [M]PUT /RECOVER command and server has
+announced it doesn't support REST, print a warning but try anyway (maybe
+change this later). Responses about other features that we use such as AUTH
+and PBSZ are ignored for now -- i.e. we try them anyway. And of course
+responses for features we don't care about (LANG, TVFS, PROT) are ignored.
+ckcftp.c, 18 Aug 2002.
+
+If the server says it supports MLST, use MLSD instead of NLST to get the file
+list. This is done in remote_files() with some simple string-twiddling. Then
+replace the relevant (but not all) SIZE commands with code to first check if
+we already got the size from the MLSD response and use that instead rather
+than asking again. Same deal for MDTM. ckcftp.c, 18 Aug 2002.
+
+Checked that this works when giving pathnames in the MGET filespec. Checked
+to make sure everything works as before with servers that don't support FEAT
+or MLSD. Checked to make sure FTP OPEN blah /NOINIT worked with servers that
+do support FEAT and MLSD. Checked that FTP CHECK works. It's all OK.
+
+Tested only with Ipswitch server; need to find and test with others.
+
+The stack of temp files needed for MGET /RECURSIVE is annoying because what
+if we run out of file descriptors... But the spec doesn't provide a way to
+request a recursive listing.
+
+Supplied a missing comma in HELP SET CD text. ckuus2.c, 19 Aug 2002.
+
+Generalized parsing of MLST/MLSD file facts and values. Got file type from
+server and had MGET skip non-regular files. ckcftp.c, 19 Aug 2002.
+
+Kirk Turner-Rustin <ktrustin@owu.edu> reported that if Unix C-Kermit has a SET
+HOST PTY connection (e.g. SSH) open, local window size changes are not
+propogated through the connection to the host. I imagine that must be because
+the SIGWINCH signal is caught by Kermit and its children don't see it; maybe
+if I pass it along to the child fork, all will be OK. Began by exporting
+"slavepid" from the pty module and changing its name to pty_fork_pid. Moved
+the SIGWINCH handler, winchh(), from ckctel.c to ckutio.c. Armed it from Unix
+sysinit() so it's always armed. This way window changes affect Unix C-Kermit
+no matter what mode it's in: tt_rows, tt_cols, cmd_rows, and cmd_cols are all
+kept in sync. Then if we're not in remote mode (i.e. we have a ttyfd), we
+call tn_snaws() and rlog_snaws() (which should be ok since they return right
+away if the appropriate kind of connection is not open) and then if
+(pty_fork_pid > -1), a SIGWINCH signal is sent to it. ckupty.c, ckctel.c,
+ckutio.c, 20 Aug 2002.
+
+All this works fine except the PTY part; in other words, the original problem
+is not fixed. The "kill(pty_fork_pid,SIGWINCH)" call executes without error
+but has no effect because the size of the PTY never changed. To make this
+work I had to add an ioctl() to change the size of the PTY before sending it
+the SIGWINCH. Compiles and works ok on Linux and Solaris; Kirk also confirmed
+it for AIX 4.3.3. ckutio.c, 20 Aug 2002.
+
+Fixed xlookup() to work for uppercase keywords. ckucmd.c, 20 Aug 2002.
+
+Fixed FTP parsefeat() and parsefacts() to use xlookup() instead of lookup(),
+since abbreviated keywords are not allowed. ckcftp.c, 20 Aug 2002.
+
+Adjusted some lines from yesterday's window-size code for platforms I hadn't
+tried yet. ckutio.c, 21 Aug 2002.
+
+EXIT from K95 when it has an FTP connection open and it pops up the
+Locus dialog. Made it not do this if it knows it's in the act of EXITing.
+ckuus[rx].c, 22 Aug 2002.
+
+In K95, FTP GET in ASCII mode results in a file with Unix line terminators
+even though the protocol is correct:
+
+ RETR smjulie.txt
+ 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for smjulie.txt (1878 bytes).
+
+The source file is a regular Unix text file with LF at the end of each line.
+It's incredible that nobody noticed this before. It only came to light when
+somebody tried to open a downloaded text file with Notepad, which doesn't
+handle Unix-format files (Wordpad and Emacs have no problems with them). The
+problem was in doftprecv2() in the FTT_ASC section. There was no conditional
+code for Unix vs Windows. In all cases, the code discarded incoming CR's in
+ASCII mode. I put the CR-discarding code in #ifdef UNIX..#endif. ckcftp.c,
+22 Aug 2002.
+
+Removed super-verbose debugging from gtword(): ckucmd.c, 23 Aug 2002.
+
+Gregory Bond reported a problem with "if defined \$(BLAH) ..." inside of a
+SWITCH statement. It wasn't really the SWITCH that was doing it, it was the
+fact that he had enclosed the SWITCH case in braces, which made it an
+"immediate macro" (XXMACRO). The XXMACRO code parsed the macro definition
+(the part inside the braces) with cmtxt(...,xxstring), which should have been
+cmtxt(...,NULL) to defer the evaluation of the interior of the macro until it
+was executed. This is better illustrated with the following example:
+
+ { echo START, for \%i 1 3 1 { echo \%i }, echo STOP }
+
+which totally fell on its face prior to the fix. Also fixed ?-help for
+immediate macros, which was broken too. ckuusr.c, 23 Aug 2002.
+
+RFC959 says STOU does not take an argument. But every FTP server I've
+encountered but one accepts the arg and constructs the unique name from it,
+which is better than making up a totally random name for the file, which is
+what RFC959 calls for. Especially because there is no way for the client to
+find out the name chosen by the server (because RFC 959 and 1123 are
+contradictory, plus no servers follow either one of them for this anyway). So
+we try STOU with the argument first, which works with most servers, and if it
+fails, we retry it without the arg, for the benefit of the one picky server
+that is not "liberal in what it accepts" UNLESS the first STOU got a 502 code
+("not implemented") which means STOU is not accepted, period (which happens
+with ProFTPD). ckcftp.c, 25 Aug 2002.
+
+Added SET FTP ANONYMOUS-PASSWORD (plus help text and show value). ckcftp.c,
+25 Aug 2002.
+
+Made FTP command "not available" if NOFTP is defined. ckuusr.c, 25 Aug 2002.
+
+Forced client to send a TYPE command upon initial connection, since given
+the variable quality of FTP servers, it's not safe to assume the server is
+in ASCII or any other particular mode. ckcftp.c, 25 Aug 2002.
+
+SET FTP CHARACTER-SET-TRANSLATION ON is completely broken in K95, although it
+works fine in C-Kermit. Furthermore it is broken in both the GUI and Console
+versions, so it's not a Unicode vs OEM console-character-set issue.
+
+Added Concurrent PowerMAX OS target from Tom Horsley. makefile, ckuver.h,
+27 Aug 2002.
+
+Minor fixes to FTP module from Jeff. ckcftp.c, 27 Aug 2002.
+
+New Makefile target for Mac OS X 10.2, needs -DNDSYSERRLIST added, from
+William Bader. 2 Sep 2002.
+
+SET OPT DIR /DOTFILES didn't work for server listings. A few years ago when
+I front-ended zxpand() with nzxpand(), I missed a couple places where
+traverse() needed to refer to xmatchdot (nzxpand's argument flag) rather than
+global matchdot. Fixed in traverse(): ckufio.c, 2 Sep 2002.
+
+From Jeff, 4 Sep 2002:
+ . setautodl(x) -> setautodl(x,y): ckuusr.h, ckuus[7y].c
+ . Add another parameter to popup_readblah(): ckuus6.c
+ . Sort out some confusion in scanfile() where a parameter was also used as a
+ local flag. ckuusx.c.
+ . Protect restoring of saved terminal idle parameters with a flag that says
+ they were actually saved. ckuusr.c.
+ . Rework uq_text() and uq_mtxt(). ckuus3.c.
+ . Fix FTP charset translation for little-endian hardware: ckcftp.c.
+
+The latter still doesn't work in Linux:
+
+ (/home/fdc/kermit/) C-Kermit>set ftp server-character-set latin1-iso
+ (/home/fdc/kermit/) C-Kermit>set file character-set utf8
+ (/home/fdc/kermit/) C-Kermit>get latin1.txt
+
+Results in "????????: file not found". But it works fine on the Sun.
+
+Jeff's patch removed a little-endian byte-swap (LEBS) from doftpsend2(). But
+the real problem was that LEBS was not being done consistently throughout the
+module. There were similar xgnbyte()/xpnbyte() loops elsewhere in the code,
+and all of them needed to work the same way. Undoing Jeff's fix and then
+adding the LEBS to the loop in getreply() makes downloads work right, but the
+messages are still messed up (they come out in Chinese :-) Begin by moving all
+byte-swapping operations that occur in ckcftp.c itself into a new function,
+bytswap(). It's either right to do it all the time, or to do it never; this
+way we can turn it on and off in one place.
+
+xp/gnbyte() include behavior that depends on what Kermit is doing: W_SEND,
+etc. xpnbyte() tests W_KERMIT, which is a combination of W_SEND, W_RECV, etc.
+Defined a new symbol W_XFER, which is like W_KERMIT but includes W_FTP. These
+are all the "whats" in which character sets might need to be converted.
+Changed the W_KERMIT reference in xpnbyte() to W_XFER. Fixed the inderminate
+"what" state after an FTP command by moving "what = W_COMMAND;" from before
+the main parse loop to inside it (this didn't matter before the addition of
+FTP but now it does). ckcker.h, ckcftp.c, ckuus5.c, 6 Sep 2002.
+
+Finally I changed xlatec() to be consistent with all the other xgnbyte() /
+xpnbyte() usage throughout the FTP module and, poof, everything worked in
+Linux (and still works on the Sun). We still need some work in Windows (where
+the file character-set is not necessarily the console character set for
+messages) but we can tackle that next. ckcftp.c, 6 Sep 2002.
+
+Checking yesterday's work:
+
+Kermit file transfers with charset translation work fine in both directions.
+
+FTP GET with charset translation works fine on both BE and LE
+
+Fixed a typo in yesterday's changes that made FTP PUT with charset translation
+always upload 0-length files. ckcftp.c, 7 Sep 2002.
+
+FTP PUT (after the typo was fixed) with charset translation works fine on BE,
+but on LE the message comes out in Chinese and the resulting file gets ? or
+nothing for all for the accented letters:
+
+ FTP... Kermit
+ Up Dn Up Dn Term
+ BE OK OK OK OK xx
+ LE no OK OK OK xx
+
+xx = C-Kermit CONNECT mode with translation doesn't seem to do anything, not
+only in today's code, but also in the 8.0 release version: "set term char
+latin1 utf8" -- SHOW CHAR shows the right stuff, but no translation is done.
+Ditto for the 7.0 release. That can't be right...
+
+But one problem at a time -- what's wrong with LE FTP uploads? Note that
+XLATE works on the same machine, so it's obviously confusion in xgnbyte()
+about "what". Suppose we make xgnbyte() ALWAYS return bytes in BE order.
+This makes sense because xgnbyte() is almost always used to feed xpnbyte(),
+and xpnbyte() requires its bytes to come in BE order. This means that all
+code that uses xgnbyte()/xpnbyte() loops can be simplifed, which I did for
+the FTP module. ckcfns.c, ckcftp.c, 7 Sep 2002.
+
+Of course Kermit protocol uses xgnbyte() too, but only for filling
+packets, and packets never contain UCS2 and even if they did, it would have
+to be big-endian, so no changes needed for getpkt(). Now we have:
+
+ FTP... Kermit
+ Up Dn Up Dn
+ BE OK OK OK OK
+ LE OK OK OK OK
+
+Now let's look at the remaining xgnbyte() calls in the rest of the code:
+
+ckuus4.c:
+ xlate() uses it of course. I simplified the general-case loop.
+ Works OK on both Sun and Linux.
+
+ckuus6.c:
+ typegetline() uses it. I commented out the byte swap. Seems OK.
+
+Built and tested on Linux, Solaris, and SunOS. I'm sure I must have broken
+something, but the main things are better than they were. Kermit and FTP
+transfers need testing in K95, as well as the TYPE command (there's a bunch of
+special K95 code in there). C-Kermit charset translation during CONNECT is
+still broken, or else I forgot how to use it, but that's a separate issue
+since xgnbyte()/xpnbyte() are not involved. And we still need to do something
+in FTP getreply() for K95 to convert messages to the console character set for
+display, rather than the file character set (should be trivial). Also there's
+still a lot of extra debugging and commented-out junk in ckcftp.c to be
+cleaned up after more testing.
+
+During yesterday's testing, I noticed that REMOTE SET { FILE, XFER }
+CHARACTER-SET didn't work. The server accepted these commands but they didn't
+seem to do anything. In fact, they did work, but they were undone later by
+code in sfile() that restored the global settings in case they had been
+temporarily overridden by autoswitching or whatever. The solution is to
+"unsave" the saved values whenever a global setting is performed explicitly.
+Tested successfully against Sun and Linux servers. Also the server end of
+REMOTE SET needed updating for Unicode. ckcfn[s3].c, ckuus3.c, 8 Sep 2002.
+
+Cleaned commented-out cruft and extra debugging from ckcftp.c. 8 Sep 2002.
+
+Kermit autodownload with ASK file dialog: if user supplied an absolute
+pathname, it was treated like a relative one. Fixed the invocation of
+uq_file() in rcvfil() to temporarily override the RECEIVE PATHNAMES setting.
+ckcfns.c, 10 Sep 2002.
+
+Added SET TERMINAL ROLL KEYSTROKES { SEND, RESTORE-AND-SEND, IGNORE }, parse
+only. Needs implementation (search for tt_rkeys and rollkeytab in ckuus7.c).
+ckuusr.h, ckuus[27].c, 10 Sep 2002.
+
+If FILE INCOMPLETE is DISCARD and a file is being received by IKSD but IKSD
+gets a Telnet LOGOUT command, the partial file is not deleted. In fact this
+happens any time doexit() is called for any reason during file reception,
+e.g. because of SIGHUP. Added code to doclean() to check if a download
+output file was open, and if so, to delete it after closing it if keep==0.
+ckuusx.c, 10 Sep 2002.
+
+Added a brief one-line message after remote-mode file transfer saying
+what (or how many) file(s) were transferred, where they went, and whether
+the transfer was successful -- kind of an automatic WHERE command, useful
+with autodownloads so you know what happened. ckcpro.w, 11 Sep 2002.
+
+The Unix and VMS C-Kermit CONNECT modules have botched remote-charset to
+local-UTF8 translation ever since the Unicode was first added in v7.0. Fixed
+in ckucns.c, ckucon.c, ckvcon.c, 11 Sep 2002.
+
+On to pattern-matching... The matchdot business should apply only for (Unix)
+filename matching, not for general string matching. Fixed in ckmatch():
+ckclib.c, 11 Sep 2002.
+
+A bigger problem occurs in filename matching. Somehow the dirsep == fence
+business interferes with matching {foo,bar,baz} segments. For example, I have
+a filename "foo" and I want to match it with the pattern "{foo,bar}". Somehow
+the segment pattern becomes "*/foo" and doesn't match the string. Where does
+the '/' get tacked on? I don't even know how to explain this, but the short
+story was that ckmatch(), under certain circumstances, would back up to before
+the beginning of the filename string, which just happened to contain a "/"
+(and before that a ".") because of who was calling it. Obviously this is not
+how to write a pattern matching function... Ensuring that it never backs up
+beyond the beginning of a string fixed the immediate problem and does not seem
+to have broken any other matching scenarios (I have 150 of them in my test
+script). ckclib.c, 11 Sep 2002.
+
+There's still a problem though. Suppose the a client sends "dir {{.*,*}}" to
+a server. This asks for a directory listing of all files that begin with
+dot as well as all files. Still doesn't work because we don't normally show
+dot-files, but in this case it SHOULD work because ".*" was explicitly
+requested. Staring at the ckmatch() code revealed how to fix this, and I did,
+but that was only half the problem. The other half was that the list of
+files being fed to ckmatch() did not include the dotfiles in the first place.
+The cure here is to change nzxpand() to prescan the pattern to see if it
+includes a leading dot, and if so to set the "xmatchdot" flag itself, even
+if it wasn't set by the caller. ckclib.c, ckufio.c, 11 Sep 2002.
+
+Now that {foo,bar,...} patterns work better, I added a quick hack to the
+DIRECTORY command to allow multiple filespecs to be given, in which case we
+combine them into a {file1,file2,...} pattern before calling nzxpand(). Works
+fine but it's a hack because you don't get file lists upon "?" in the second
+and subsequent filespec fields, but I doubt anyone will notice. So now,
+finally, people can do "dir .* *" like they do in Unix (except with ls) to get
+a listing of all files in a directory without having to know about or use the
+/DOTFILES switch. This was NOT done for the server end of RDIR because of
+ambiguity of spaces as separators versus filename characters.) domydir():
+ckuus6.c, ckuus[r2].c, 11 Sep 2002.
+
+Added a CONTINUE command. In a script, this does whatever CONTINUE did before
+(e.g. in a FOR or WHILE loop). At the prompt, it calls popclvl(), which gives
+a more natural way to continue a script that has "shelled out" to the prompt.
+ckuusr.[ch], 11 Sep 2002.
+
+Added help text for CONTINUE. ckuus2.c, 12 Sep 2002.
+
+From Jeff, 16 Sep 2002:
+ . SET TERM ROLL KEYSTROKES for K95: ckuusr.h, ckuus7.c
+ . Remove the doexit() call from the Telnet TELOPT_LOGOUT handler: ckctel.c
+
+Fixed an FTP debug message to be consistent with Kermit ones.
+ckcftp.c, 16 Sep 2002.
+
+Added SET/SHOW TRANSFER REPORT to turn the post-transfer report off and on.
+ckuusr.h, ckuus[234].c, 16 Sep 2002.
+
+Fixed Solaris (and maybe some other SVORPOSIX builds) to find out their full
+hostname rather than just short form (e.g. watsol.cc.columbia.edu rather than
+just watsol). ckhost(): ckuusx.c, 16 Sep 2002.
+
+"cat somefile | kermit -Ts -" is supposed to send stdin in text mode, but
+K95's file transfer display reports BINARY. Looked at C-Kermit code; it seems
+fine. Looked at packet and debug logs; C-Kermit was indeed sending in text
+mode and announcing it correctly. K95 gattr() is doing the right thing:
+
+ gattr file type[AMJ]=3
+ gattr attribute A=text=0
+ gattr sets tcharset TC_TRANSP[A]
+
+Same thing happens when C-Kermit is receiving. Yet when I send an actual
+file, rather than stdin, it's received in text mode. The only difference is
+that stdin does not have a Length attribute in its A-packet, so in this case
+the receiver skips any calls to screen() that show the length or percent done.
+Aha, so maybe it's just a display problem -- scrft() is not being called to
+repaint the file type if the size was not known. Fixed in opena() by
+removing the IF clause from "if (fsize > -1L) xxscreen(SCR_FS,0,fsize,"");".
+ckcfn3.c, 18 Sep 2002.
+
+K95 user has a listfile containing some regular filenames and then some
+filenames that include paths and has all kinds of problems with MGET /LISTFILE
+(pieces of different names concatenated to each other, etc). Setting up the
+same scenario here, I don't see the same problems but I do see "Refused: Name"
+when we go to get a path/name file. This happens because (a) we had already
+got a top-level file with a certain name, (b) a file in a subdirectory has the
+same name, (c) we are stripping the path before calling zchki(), and (d)
+FTP COLLISION is set to DISCARD. How do we make FTP not strip the path?
+
+This is an interesting question... The answer depends on where the user
+wants the file to go. Normally if you tell an FTP client to "get foo/bar",
+you want the file "bar" to be downloaded to the current directory.
+
+Anyway, it turns out the FTP module uses paths locally during MGET only if
+/RECURSIVE was specified. So:
+
+ mget /listfile:blah /recursive
+
+should have made this work, but it didn't because in the /LISTFILE case,
+we have effectively turned an MGET into a series of GETs, where the code to
+check whether to strip the path didn't check the recursive flag because how
+could a GET (as opposed to an MGET) be recursive? Adding this exception to
+the if-condition got us a bit farther but now when we try to open the output
+file in doftprecv2(), zopeno() fails because the name contains a dirsep.
+We have to call zmkdir() first but that wasn't happening because some other
+flag wasn't set right in this case. Finally zmkdir was called, but with
+the wrong string. After fixing that, it works. Now we should be able
+to use /RECURSIVE to force the pathname to be used on the local end.
+ckcftp.c, 19 Sep 2002.
+
+Checked FTP filename conversion issues. FTP FILENAMES AUTO is supposed to
+mean LITERAL if "wearealike" OR server is UNIX or Windows, otherwise
+CONVERTED, but there were places where this rule was not applied consistently,
+fixed now. ckcftp.c, 21 Sep 2002.
+
+Added SET FTP DISPLAY, which is like SET TRANSFER DISPLAY but applies only to
+FTP, mainly because I tended to type it all the time. Now if you have dual
+sessions, each session can have its own transfer display style. ckcftp.c,
+ckuusr.h, ckuus[347].c, 21 Sep 2002.
+
+Back to FTP MLSD. We're supposed to match the pattern locally, not rely on
+the server to filter its list according to the client's pattern. Thus we must
+also allow an empty argument to MGET and must not send a filespec with MLSD.
+Actually this is tricky -- how is the client supposed to know whether to send
+a filespec. For example, if the user's command is "mget foo*bar", and the
+server supports MLSD, then what should the client do? The client does not
+know the wildcard syntax on the server, so for all the client knows, this
+might be a valid directory name, in which case it should be sent. On the
+other hand, the user might intend it as a wildcard, in which case it should
+NOT be sent. But the FTP client can't read the user's mind. This is another
+serious flaw in the Elz/Hethmon draft. Anyway, I got the local matching
+business working for MLSD as long as the user's MGET arg is really a pattern
+and not a directory name. To be continued... ckcftp.c, 21 Sep 2002.
+
+Added FTP { ENABLE, DISABLE } { FEAT, MLST }. If we always send FEAT, we
+usually get a complaint. If we send FEAT and MLST is negotiated, there is a
+good chance it is misimplemented or will have undesirable side effects, such
+as sending huge file lists. NOTE: /NOINIT on the FTP OPEN command also
+disables both of these. ckcftp.c, 22 Sep 2002.
+
+Fixed mkstemp() code in FTP remote_files(). mktemp() does not open the file,
+mkstemp() does open it; previously we had been opening it again and never
+closing the first instance so every MGET would create another open file
+descriptor. ckcftp.c, 22 Sep 2002.
+
+Added debug messages for temp-file creation and lines read from the temp file.
+ckcftp.c, 22 Sep 2002.
+
+Eliminated sending of some extraneous TYPE commands, but there's still room
+for improvement. ckcftp.c, 22 Sep 2002.
+
+Moved definition of build date to top of ckcmai.c. 22 Sep 2002.
+
+Added recursion to MGET with MLSD... It's all done in remote_files().
+Temp-file pointers are on a stack (max size 128). When parsing MLSD lines
+from the temp file and we see "type=dir", we create the local directory by
+calling zmkdir(), change to the remote by sending CWD, increment the depth,
+and call ourselves. When reading from a temp file, upon EOF we close and
+dispose of the temp file, return -3 if currently at top level, otherwise we
+free the tmpfile name, decrement the depth, send CDUP to the server, "cd .."
+locally, and go back and read the next line from the previous but now current
+temp file. Conceptually simple but needed hours of debugging -- what must
+be static, what must be on the stack... Seems OK now but still needs some
+heavy testing. ckcftp.c, 22 Sep 2002.
+
+Added FTP { ENABLE, DISABLE } { SIZE, MDTM } and add help text for FTP
+ENABLE and DISABLE. ckcftp.c, 23 Sep 2002.
+
+Don't allow restart if SIZE disabled. ckcftp.c, 23 Sep 2002.
+
+Make sure all implicit SIZE commands are surpressed if SIZE disabled.
+ckcftp.c, 23 Sep 2002.
+
+If an explicit FTP MODTIME command is sent when MDTM is DISABLED, and it
+succeeds, re-ENABLE MDTM. Ditto for SIZE. ckcftp.c, 23 Sep 2002.
+
+If an explicit FTP FEATURES command is sent during an FTP session, redo the
+features database from it. ckcftp.c, 23 Sep 2002.
+
+After further discussion with Robert Elz, I realized I had to expose the
+underlying MGET mechanisms to the user; the draft isn't going to change, and
+the new spec will result in undesirable effects if the client tries to "do the
+right thing" by magic in all situations; thus the user must have some new
+controls:
+
+ MGET [ /MLST, /NLST, /MATCH:xxx ] [ filespec [ filespec [ ... ] ] ]
+
+These switches let the user force the use of MLSD or NLST when there's a
+choice, and to force local use of a pattern rather than sending it to the
+server, and even to send a directory name to the server at the same time as
+specifying a pattern for local matching, and of course by default we try to do
+the right thing in all scenarios. Symbols only; not coded yet. ckuusr.h,
+23 Sep 2002.
+
+Added the three new switches to MGET, plus /MLST is an invisible synonym for
+/MLSD. If /NLST or /MLSD is given it, it forces the corresponding FTP protocol
+directive. ckcftp.c, 25 Sep 2002.
+
+Now for the tricky part: now we have two separate concepts for what to send to
+the server: a filename or wildcard to be interpreted by the server (NLST only)
+or a directory from which to get a list of all the files (NLST or MLSD),
+possibly together with a pattern to be used by the client to match filenames
+returned by the server. This required giving remote_files() an additional
+argument. Now it uses "pattern" (if any) strictly for local pattern matching
+(because now it is the /MATCH: switch argument, not the MGET filespec), and
+"arg" (the MGET filespec) is what it sends to the server, maybe (see the
+comments in the code for the actual details); either or both these can be
+null. ckcftp.c, 25 Sep 2002.
+
+Discovered that "mget foo", where foo is a directory name, never worked.
+Fixed in remote_files(): ckcftp.c, 25 Sep 2002.
+
+Going through every combination of NLST, MLSD, /MATCH:, and MGET arg and
+debugging each case until OK... Then also with the panix.com NetBSD server
+(lukemftpd 1.0) which also supports MLSD.... 11 test cases all debugged and
+tested OK. ckcftp.c, 26 Sep 2002.
+
+Added /NODOTFILES switch to FTP MGET, to control what happens with dot-files
+if the server includes their names in the list (as lukemftpd does). There's
+no point in adding a /DOTFILES switch because what could it possibly do?
+ckcftp.c, 26 Sep 2002.
+
+Changed a bunch of "skipthis++" to "continue" in doftpget(), to avoid
+error messages when skipping files that user said she wanted to skip.
+ckcftp.c, 26 Sep 2002.
+
+Added help text for the new MGET switches. ckcftp.c, 26 Sep 2002.
+
+Don't switch LOCUS when making an FTP connection until logged in.
+ckcftp.c, 26 Sep 2002.
+
+Fixed LDIR to run Kermit's built-in DIRECTORY code rather than the external
+directory program. ckuusr.c, 26 Sep 2002.
+
+Protect iswild() against NULL args. ckufio.c, 26 Sep 2002.
+
+From Jeff: SET GUI WINDOW RUN-MODE { MAXIMIZE, MINIMIZE, RESTORE },
+plus variables for GUI Window X position, GUI Window Y position, GUI
+Window X resolution, GUI Window Y resolution, GUI Window Run mode.
+ckuusr.h, ckuus[24].c, 27 Sep 2002.
+
+From Ronan Flood: updated FreeBSD 1.0 makefile entry, plus an #ifdef to protect
+sysconf() calls. makefile, ckutio.c, 28 Sep 2002.
+
+Change ftp_auth() to return(0) if an AUTH command gets a 500 response, so it
+doesn't keep sending other kinds of AUTH commands. ckcftp.c, 29 Sep 2002.
+
+Changes from Jeff to yesterday's changes. ckcftp.c, 30 Sep 2002.
+
+From Jeff: SSH command-line personality. Uses same command line as the Telnet
+personality. ckcker.h, ckcmai.c, ckuus[4y].c, 3 Oct 2002.
+
+From Jeff, 7 Oct 2002:
+ . SET PRINTER CHARACTER-SET. ckuxla.c, ckuusr.h, ckuus[25].c
+ . Promotion of K95 to Beta.01. ckcmai.c
+ . Promotion of SET GUI { MENUBAR, TOOLBAR } to visible. ckuus3.c
+
+Changed the URL parser as follows: if the username and/or password fields are
+present but empty, as in:
+
+ ftp://@ftp.xyzcorp.com/somepath
+ or: ftp://:@ftp.xyzcorp.com/somepath
+ but not: ftp://:ftp.xyzcorp.com/somepath
+
+the pointer for these items becomes a pointer to an empty string, rather than
+a NULL pointer. Then when we go to open the connection, if the username
+string pointer points to an empty string, we prompt for the username (and/or
+password). ckuusy.c 9 Oct 2002.
+
+Jason Heskett reported an interesting bug involving a core dump when an
+ON_EXIT macro is defined that executes another macro. Sometimes. He was able
+to send a short command file that always crashed. Diagnosis: ON_EXIT, when it
+is called, pokes itself out of the macro table by setting its own entry in the
+macro name list to an empty string. But this interferes with any macro
+lookups that are done while executing ON_EXIT's body and also evidently some
+code is not happy with empty macro names... To fix: replace "on_exit" with
+"on_exxx", so the replacement keyword is (a) nonempty, and (b) doesn't wreck
+the alphabetical sorting of the table. ckuusx.c, 9 Oct 2002.
+
+Added makefile targets for FreeBSD 4.6 and 5.0. Built and tested on 4.6;
+don't know about 5.0. ckuver.h, makefile, 9 Oct 2002.
+
+Added targets for AIX 5.2 and 5.3; totally untested. ckuver.h, makefile,
+9 Oct 2002.
+
+Built current source on Unixware 7.1.3 (make uw7); it's fine. 9 Oct 2002.
+
+Promoted C-Kermit to 8.0.206 Beta.01 in hopes of a simultaneous release
+with K95 2.1. ckcmai.c, 9 Oct 2002.
+
+From Jeff: Change KERMITFONT definitions to use the new (Unicode 3.1) code
+points for the terminal graphics characters (such as VT100 horizontal scan
+lines), rather than private-use codes. ckcuni.c, 10 Oct 2002.
+
+Jason Heskett also complained that REMOTE CD would print the name of the new
+directory returned by the server even if he SET QUIET ON. This is a tricky
+one. Which server replies should the QUIET settings apply to? If I give a
+REMOTE DIRECTORY command, it means I want to see the directory listing,
+period. But if I give a REMOTE CD command, I get an "unsolicited" response
+message that SET QUIET ON should suppress. Adding message suppression to
+rcv_shortreply() is close, but not totally right; for example, it also
+suppresses the response to REMOTE PWD, which is not helpful. The only right
+way to do this is to suppress for REMOTE CD only, which can be done only by
+setting a (new) global flag, rcdactive. ckuus[r57].c, ckcpro.w, 10 Oct 2002.
+
+Ditto for REMOTE LOGIN response message ("Logged in"). ckuus7.c, 11 Oct 2002.
+
+From Jeff: SET GUI WINDOW FONT { NAME, SIZE }. ckuusr.h, ckuus4.c, 11 Oct 2002.
+
+Quick preliminary 8.0.206 build-all:
+
+ OK SunOS 4.1.3
+ OK Solaris 2.5.1
+ OK Solaris 9
+ OK AIX 4.3.3
+ OK HP-UX 10.20
+ OK VMS 7.1 Alpha + TCP/IP
+ OK VMS 7.1 Alpha nonet
+ OK VMS 5.5 VAX + TCP/IP
+ OK VMS 5.5 VAX nonet
+ OK Unixware 7.1.3
+ OK FreeBSD 3.1
+ OK FreeBSD 4.6
+ OK NetBSD 1.5.2 MVME (Gerry B)
+ OK Sinix 5.42
+
+Sinix build got stuck on ckuusr.c even though we're not optimizing on Sinix
+any more. Rebooting the machine fixed it.
+
+Fixed some #ifdefs for VMS in new incomplete-file deletion code in doclean().
+ckuusx.c, 11 Oct 2002.
+
+Moved uq_blah() prototypes from ckuusr.h to ckcker.h because these routines
+are called in modules that don't (and shouldn't have to) include ckuusr.h.
+11 Oct 2002.
+
+Jeff verified secure builds on Linux and Solaris.
+
+Custom-build workout: 80 different feature-selection combinations:
+ . Fixed yesterday's change for NOSPL: ckcfns.c.
+ . Fixed conflict between NORECALL and USE_ARROWKEYS: ckucmd.c.
+ . Moved setseslog() from ckuus5.c to ckuusx.c to avoid link-time foulups.
+ . Fixed an unguarded reference to zmkdir() in ckcftp.c.
+ . Protected rmsg() by #ifndef NOXFER: ckuus7.c.
+ . Protected initxlist() by #ifndef NOXFER: ckcmai.c.
+ . Fixed unguarded references to g_url struct in xx_ftp(): ckuusy.c.
+ . Fixed unguarded references to tt_snaws() in winchh(): ckutio.c.
+
+--- 8.0.206 Beta.01 11 Oct 2002 ---
+
+From Jeff, 16 Oct 2002:
+ . Fix K95 RMDIR: ckcfn3.c.
+ . Makefile targets for Red Hat 7.2, 7.3, 8.0: ckuver.h, makefile.
+ . Added \v(log_xxx) for each kind of log for PeterE: ckuusr.h, ckuus4.c.
+ . Added SET TERM ATTRIBUTE DIM { ON, OFF }: ckuus[27].c.
+ . Change "const" to "CONST" in some PAM declarations. ckufio.c.
+
+Added SET MATCH { DOTFILE, FIFO } { ON, OFF }. A FIFO special file is a named
+pipe, used for interprocess communication. It must be opened at both ends, so
+it's silly to match them by default; opening a FIFO and attempting to read
+will block forever unless somebody is writing into the other end. Made the
+MATCH FIFO default OFF in all cases. The dotfile default is the same as
+always (OFF for UNIX, ON elsewhere); SET MATCH DOTFILE is simply a more
+untuitive and findable command than SET WILD KERMIT /MATCH-DOT-FILES. Note
+that SET MATCH DOTFILE undoes SET OPTIONS DIRECTORY /[NO]DOTFILES, and vice
+versa. ckcmai.c, ckuusr.h, ckuus[23].c, ckufio.c. 17 Oct 2002.
+
+Added client and server end of REMOTE SET MATCH { DOTFILE, FIFO } { ON, OFF }.
+The new protocol codes are 330 and 331, respectively. ckuus[367].c, ckcfns.c,
+17 Oct 2002.
+
+Adjusted the "match dot if pattern starts with dot" heuristic in nzxpand()
+to not kick in if the filespec is "./foo". This probably needs more work.
+ckufio.c, 17 Oct 2002.
+
+Fixed typo in transcribing Jeff's ckcfn3.c code from yesterday. 18 Oct 2002.
+
+Moved some help text out of #ifdef ANYSSH that had nothing to do with SSH.
+(Idea for a new EMACS feature: M-X list-ifdef-environment.)
+ckuus2.c, 18 Oct 2002.
+
+Removed "set file { permission, protection }" keywords, which led nowhere.
+ckuus7.c, 18 Oct 2002.
+
+Added -DSV68 to all SV/68 targets. Make ckgetfqhostname() just return its
+argument in SV/68; it dumps core otherwise. In case this happens anywhere
+else, add -DNOCKGETFQHOST to CFLAGS. makefile, ckcnet.c, 18 Oct 2002.
+
+For PeterE, added SET { SEND, RECEIVE } PERMISSIONS { ON, OFF } so incoming and
+outbound permission attributes can be set separately. ckuus[27].c, 18 Oct 2002.
+
+Changed SHOW ATTRIBUTES to show In and Out permissions separately.
+ckuus5.c, 18 Oct 2002.
+
+Fixed REDO to display the command it's redoing and to add it to the bottom
+of the recall buffer. ckuusr.c, 18 Oct 2002.
+
+Discovered that DATE SATURDAY dumps core... Apparently it always did; this
+case was not included in the date-time torture test script. The crash happens
+because the DATE parsing code doesn't check for a NULL date-converion
+error-message pointer. Fixed in ckuusr.c, 18 Oct 2002.
+
+The reason DATE SATURDAY got a date-conversion error was that this path thru
+the code left a result pointer unset. Fixed in cmcvtdate(): ckucmd.c,
+19 Oct 2002.
+
+DATE SUNDAY +1DAY returned incorrect results (for any day-of-week name, any
+delta time), even though DATE TODAY +1DAY worked fine. Fixed in cmcvtdate():
+ckucmd.c, 19 Oct 2002.
+
+SET TAKE ECHO ON counted each line twice when GOTO was active. Fixed in
+dogoto(): ckuus6.c, 19 Oct 2002.
+
+Jeff noticed:
+"KERMIT READY TO GET...
+ RCVD: (2 files) Last: [/amd/prost/p/kd/jaltman/.src/ckonet.c] (OK)
+the last file attempted may have been ckonet.c but it certainly was
+not the last file received" (similarly for sending). Fixed by having two
+pointers for each name; a preliminary pointer, which is set for each file at
+the beginning of the transfer (when we have all the needed info), and a final
+one that is set from the preliminary one only after the file was transferred
+successfully. This corrects not only the automatic "wheremessage" at the end
+of a remote-mode transfer, but also the WHERE and SHOW FILE command results.
+ckuusx.c, ckcfn[s3].c, ckcpro.w, 19 Oct 2002.
+
+From Jeff: Improve ORIENTATION message for K95 to say which directories are
+for which INI files. ckuusr.c, 23 Oct 2002.
+
+Removed Beta designation from herald. ckcmai.c, 23 Oct 2002.
+
+Put final dates and ID strings in Unix and VMS build procedures.
+Makefile, ckvker.com, 23 Oct 2002.
+
+Build-all... #ifdef adjustments: ckcfns.c... 83 different feature-set
+combinations build OK on Linux. 23 Oct 2002.
+
+From Jeff: SET WIN95 HORIZONTAL-SCAN-LINE-SUBSTITUTIONS. ckuusr.h, ckuus7.c,
+24 Oct 2002.
+
+Fixed Heath-19 graphic character-set table to use new Unicode 3.1 values
+if WIN95 HORIZ OFF. ckcuni.c, 24 Oct 2002.
+
+Changed tx_usub() to return Unicode 3.1 values if WIN95 HORIZ OFF.
+ckcuni.c, 24 Oct 2002. <-- No backed off on this.
+
+Some problems during build-all:
+
+ . VMS 7.1 TGV 4.2: If I make a Telnet connection with it, then try to send
+ a file (itself. wermit.exe) over the connection, the connection drops
+ after about 20%, the thermometer zooms out to 100% and SUCCESS is reported.
+ This doesn't happen with UCX.
+
+ . VMS 7.3 TGV 4.3: ckcmai.c won't compile because of a complaint about the
+ declaration of select() (which ckcmai.c doesn't use) in
+ SYS$COMMON:[SYSLIB]DECC$RTLDEF.TLB. Ditto in VMS 7.2 TGV 4.3.
+ Adding NOSELECT to CFLAGS doesn't help. I don't think the VMS version
+ even uses select(). But the TGV 4.3 builds were OK in 8.0.201, so what
+ changed? I don't see anything in ckcnet.h that would have done it.
+
+It builds OK with VMS 7.1 / TGV 4.2 but sending files on Telnet connections
+fails in a strange way: the connection drops, but the thermomoter goes to 100%
+and success is reported. I don't know why the connection is dropping (s_errno
+is 32 == "broken pipe"), but the spurious success indication is because of
+a double failure in sdata(): (1) The packet-sending loop index could go
+negative without breaking the loop when streaming; (2) if spack() fails,
+sdata() should return -2, not -1 (which means EOF). Also if any ttchk() in
+sdata() returns < 0, sdata should return -2. I fixed this code (which has
+been this way for YEARS) and now VMS C-Kermit properly fails when it gets
+the spack() error, but ttchk() in this case still doesn't think the connection
+is lost, but that must be our new problem with MultiNet. ckcfns.c,
+27 Oct 2002.
+
+The compilation failure in ckcmai.c is a clue... The problem was that I added
+#ifdef VMS / #include <time.h> / #endif to shut up complaints about the time()
+call. Evidently something in VMS <time.h> gives MultiNet a bad case of
+indigestion; removing it fixes the compilation and the result works fine. The
+transmission failures in the other case seem to be a coincidence -- something
+to do with the U of Arizona (probably some obscure VMS quota on my IDs there,
+or some kind of network connection throttling), since it doesn't happen
+anywhere else. ckcmai.c, 27 Oct 2002.
+
+Changed four occurrences of "void" to "VOID" in ckcftp.c, 27 Oct 2002.
+
+Defined NOCKFQHOSTNAME for HPUXPRE65. Might also need this for HP-UX 7
+and maybe 8. ckcnet.c, 27 Oct 2002.
+
+From Jeff: PAM_CONST definition to clear up warnings caused by different
+vendors' definitions of PAM structs. ckufio.c, 28 Oct 2002.
+
+Unixware 2.1.0 build bombs immediately with "UX:make: ERROR: line too long"
+(which line?) Not worth chopping up the makefile to fix but in a pinch it
+could be done. 2.1.3 builds OK.
+
+Did another 20-some platform builds, bringing the total to 83, plus a final
+runthrough of the build-with-84-different-feature-set-combinations script on
+Linux. Should be good to go!
+
+--- 8.0.206 24 Oct 2002 ---
+
+Finally got access to Linux on IA64 again. Builds OK but dumps core
+immediately on startup. Adding -DNOCKGETFQHOST was necessary but not
+sufficient. In this case, the very call to ckgetfqhostname() from ckhost()
+(which is in ckuusx.c) was dumping core; thus I had to move the definition of
+NOCKGETFQHOST from ckcnet.c to ckcdeb.h, add an #ifdef __ia64__ clause to it,
+and protect the call to ckgetfqhostname() with it. Obviously there has to be
+a better fix but this will have to for now. ckcnet.c, ckuusx.c, ckcdeb.h,
+31 Oct 2002.
+
+Link step fails in Mandrake 9.0 with undefined references to res_search,
+dn_expand, and crypt. Turns out the linux makefile target tests for the
+existence of libcrypt.a and libresolv.a, but in Mandrake 9.0 they exist
+only as *.so. Changed linux target to look for both. makefile, 1 Nov 2002.
+
+Vace reported that "ftp mget a b c" would get ALL files from the server's
+directory if c did not exist. Diagnosis: off-by-one error in counting MGET
+args processed. Naturally fixing this bug revealed another (this time
+cosmetic) one, which resulted in spurious error messages when hitting MGET
+args that have no match on the server. Fixed in ckcftp.c, 1 Nov 2002.
+
+Rebuilt about 60 of the most important Unix binaries to pick up the fixes
+31 Oct - 1 Nov 2002, and refreshed the FTP site with new sources, tarballs,
+ZIP files, etc. Sat Nov 2 19:11:30 2002
+
+From Martin Vorlaender and Jeff, SSL/TLS support for VMS:
+ckuusr.h, ckuath.h, ckcnet.c, ckctel.c, ckuath.c, 10 Nov 2002.
+
+Added PASV as invisible synonym for PASSIVE. ckcftp.c, 10 Nov 2002.
+
+--- 8.0.206 24 Oct 2002 #2 ---
+
+More work on SSL in VMS: Jeff + Martin Vorlaender: ck_ssl.c ckcmai.c ckcnet.c
+ckctel.c ckuath.h ckvcon.c ckvtio.c ckvker.com 10-15 Nov 2002.
+
+Discovered that ckvfio.c would not compile on VMS 6.1 with UCX 4.1 because
+<conv$routines.h> was missing, which is explicitly included. Enclosed the
+#include in #ifdef NOCONVROUTINES..#endif and rebuilt with
+@[users.fdc.src]ckvker.com "" "" "NOCONVROUTINES". 16 Nov 2002.
+
+Fixed the "ftp mget */data/*" problem with two small changes to doftpget():
+ckcftp.c, 16 Nov 2002. Placed a copy of ckcftp.patch in ~kermit/f.
+
+From Lucas Hart: Fixes for VAX C 2.x and CMU TCP/IP. "Can't guarantee that
+the revised CKVOLD will work for all combinations of more recent
+VMS/compiler/TCPIP releases, but I've tested it for compatibility on our AXP
+VMS 6.2, UCX 4.0, DECC 5.6, your AXP VMS 7.1, DEC TCPIP 5.1, DECC 6.0 as well
+as with VAX VMS 5.4, VAX C 3.2, CMU12 and VAX VMS 4.7, VAX C 2.4." ckvfio.c,
+ckvtio.c, ckuus5.c, ckvker.com, ckvold.com, 17 Nov 2002.
+
+From Jeff: More work on VMS SSL. Now it actually works, even in CONNECT mode,
+except it hangs when it gets an error alert or the remote closes the
+connection. ckcnet.c. ckvtio.c, 17 Nov 2002.
+
+NOTE: Lucas's changes should go into the 8.0.206 source code but it's too
+late since ckvtio.c (upon which he based his changes) is already full of
+SSL code.
+
+MGET in K95 in totally broken FOR SOME PEOPLE (mainly me) if the TMP (or TEMP)
+value is too long. It works fine if you set these to C:\TMP. Diagnosis: (1)
+we were malloc'ing only 16 bytes for the temp file name (I think this was my
+fault -- I was only looking at the "ckXXXXXX" part and forgetting that this
+was appended to the TMP path); (2) the Windows version of mktemp() wants you
+to use the value pointed to by the pointer it returns, rather than assuming
+the mktemp() arg will be modified in place. The code was changed to malloc a
+longer string and to use the return value from mktemp() (if any) rather than
+assuming that mktemp() modified its argument string (in K95 only -- not sure
+about Unix platforms; the man pages differ on this, but at least this way if
+some mktemp() version does NOT alter its argument, we still have a usable
+filename (like /tmp/ckXXXXXX)). Of course this won't be good for recursive
+MLSD downloads, but we can always issue patches for the Unix version later if
+needed. The Linux and BSD versions use mkstemp() anyway. There is, however,
+a danger of a memory leak in the Unix version if the user has defined a TMPDIR
+or CK_TMP environment variable whose value is longer than 9 bytes. All this
+is highly unlikely so we should be OK. ckcftp.c, 17 Nov 2002.
+
+--- K95 2.1.1 and updated ck[uv]206.{tar,zip} but not C-Kermit binaries ---
+
+From Jeff: Fixes for Telnet Com Port Control, update to a newer release of
+OpenSSL: ck_ssl.c ck_ssl.h ckcdeb.h ckcftp.c ckcmai.c ckcnet.c ckctel.c
+ckuath.c ckuath.h ckucns.c ckuus4.c ckuus5.c ckuusr.c ckuusr.h ckvcon.c
+ckvfio.c ckvker.com ckvtio.c ckvvms.h, 25 Nov 2002.
+
+--- K95 2.1.2 and C-Kermit 8.0 CDROM ---
+
+From Jeff, 28 Nov 2002:
+ . Updated SSL modules: ck_ssl.[ch].
+ . Fixed cipher-list display in SHOW AUTH & FTP ssl_auth(): ckuus7.c. ckcftp.c
+ . Some minor tn_wait() fixes: ckctel.c.
+ . Preliminary SSL support for VMS CONNECT: ckvcon.c.
+
+Bumped C-Kermit edit number to 207.
+
+From Jeff, 29 Nov 2002: "[C-Kermit was dumping core on SCO OSR5 Telnet Com Port
+connections because] the SCO compiler treats all characters as signed. This
+was causing 'sprintf(buf,"02x ",ch);' to produce strings such as "ffffffc2"
+instead of "c2" for values between 128 and 255. This wrote beyond the end of
+a buffer and blew away the stack. Having fixed this I also noticed that
+conect() did not properly check for carrier when TN CPC was negotiated. This
+has now been fixed as well." ckucns.c, ckucon.c, ckctel.c, 29 Nov 2002.
+
+From Jeff, 30 Nov 2002: Fix SSL for VMS and also carry forward the CPC fixes
+to VMS. ckcnet.c, ckvtio.c, ckvcon.c, 30 Nov 2002.
+
+Changed copyright dates that are displayed (but not yet all the internal
+ones) from 2002 to 2003. ckcmai.c, 3 Jan 2003.
+
+Fixed the FTP module's brief-format transaction log, which had the status
+inverted: OK for FAILED and v.v. ckcftp.c 3 Jan 2003.
+
+From Jeff, 4 Jan 2003:
+ . Make /MOVE-TO:xxx convert xxx to full pathname: ckuus[r67].c,
+ . Make SHOW OPTIONS ALL show both kinds of options: ckuus2.c.
+ . More command-line personalities: ckcmai.c, ckuusy.c.
+ . New NOSCROLL command for K95: ckuusr.[ch], ckuus2.c.
+ . New lockdown and other command-line options: ckuusr.h, ckuusy.c.
+ . SSL interface updated to OpenSSL 0.9.7: ck_ssl.c.
+ . SET TERM LINE-SPACING and CURSOR xxx NOBLINK: ckuus[27]c.
+ . Expanded SHOW GUI command: ckuus3.c
+ . New SHOW TABS code: ckuus5.c.
+
+Updated SUPPORT (BUG), NEWS, and INTRO texts. ckuus[26].c. 5 Jan 2003.
+
+Fixed FTP module to suppress "'FEAT': Command not understood" message
+unless FTP DEBUG is ON. ckcftp.c, 6 Jan 2003.
+
+Got a report that C-Kermit dumps core on Solaris when executing a certain
+script. Seems to be related to changing vnambuf[] in zzstring() from an
+automatic array to a malloc'd buffer (see notes from 29 Jun 2000). Changed
+it to an automatic buffer except for K95. ckuus4.c, 6 Jan 2003.
+
+Nope, that's not it. It evidently happens only after FTP PUT has been used.
+Fixed solaris9g makefile target to include -funsigned-char and built a new
+binary. Determined that building with gcc and -funsigned-char makes no
+difference. makefile, 7 Jan 2003.
+
+I did a preliminary audit, looking at the items in the left column: if used in
+a given routine, are there any obvious mistakes:
+
+ 1 2 3 4 5
+ doftpput->putfile->sendrequest->doftpsend2->secure_write
+malloc OK OK OK OK OK
+makestr OK OK OK OK OK
+automatic arrays OK OK OK OK OK
+[ck]str[n]cpy OK OK OK OK OK
+[ck]str[n]cat OK OK OK OK OK
+sprintf OK OK OK OK OK
+nzltor OK OK OK OK OK
+zfnqfp OK OK OK OK OK
+memcpy OK OK OK OK OK
+bcopy OK OK OK OK OK
+
+secure_write sends the data directly on clear-text connections. On secure
+connections, it calls secure_putbuf(), which calls secure_putbyte(), but we
+aren't using those, so secure_write() is the end of the call chain for FTP
+PUT. doftpsend2 has buf[] as an automatic array, which it reads file data
+into using zxin (binary mode only), but this looks OK. Still, I changed it
+read 1 less than the buffer size (fread) just in case. Also there was one
+debug() statement that referred to an automatic array (fullname[]) before it
+was initialized (but not used in this case), which I fixed. ckcftp.c,
+7 Jan 2003.
+
+FTP GET /RECURSIVE somepath/somefile still didn't work, despite what the
+notes of 19 Sep 2001 say. There are so many paths through the code,
+depending on switch values, GET vs MGET, etc, that a crucial spot was missed.
+Fixed in doftpget(): ckcftp.c, 7 Jan 2003.
+
+Back to the core dump... after two days of full-time debugging, I found the
+culprit: the buffer-full test in the zzout() macro should have been ">="
+rather than just ">", thus Kermit wrote 1 byte past the end of the malloc'd
+FTP PUT output buffer, ucbuf. Why did it never happen in K95? Because, since
+it's a secure build, FUDGE_FACTOR is defined there. But it's not defined in
+Solaris or other clear-text builds. Although the crash wouldn't happen in
+secure builds, the 1-byte leak might have caused errors in the data transfer.
+In non-Solaris clear-text builds, like Linux, I suspect that malloc() tends
+add something for safety (especially given the man page statement that it
+allocates "at least" what you asked for). Another reason the problem escaped
+notice is that zzout() is used only for text-mode PUTs (and then only when
+there is no character-set translation), but most transfers these days are
+binary and/or downloads. Anyway, in the course of debugging, a lot of small
+cleanups were done: sizeof(blah) for all arrays was replaced by the same
+symbolic size that was used to allocate the array, numeric array sizes were
+replaced with symbolic ones, etc. The real fix is one character long.
+ckcftp.c, 9 Jan 2003.
+
+Got a report that "mget /recursive */somedir/*" downloaded the files into
+the current directory, rather than re-creating the remote directory structure.
+Fixed in doftpget(): ckcftp.c, 10 Jan 2003.
+
+Unix C-Kermit did not allow file transfer if started under inetd and accessed
+via Internet raw socket (or whatever). Diagnosis: isatty() and friends would
+fail causing ttopen() to fail. Fixed by adding escape clauses for "-l 0"
+situations (i.e. Kermit invoked with an already-open file descriptor) at the
+appropriate places. ckcmai.c, ckutio.c, 14 Jan 2003.
+
+From Jeff for K95 2.1.3
+ . Add test for startflags & 128 to trap() for ignoring BREAK.
+ . Fix for SHOW TRANSMIT.
+
+--- K95 2.1.3 ---
+
+FTP USER, FTP ACCOUNT, plus the various prompts and switches for FTP username,
+password, and account all neglected to strip quotes, and in most cases quotes
+are necessary to specify a username that contains spaces. ckcftp.c,
+15 Jan 2003.
+
+FTP MPUT f1 f2 f3... gets a parse error if any of the fn's do not match an
+existing file. This is bad for scripts. In doftpput(), cmfdb() looks for
+keywords (switches) or CMIFI. When it hits CMIFI, it exits from the initial
+parse loop and then does additional cmifi()s in a loop until done. The most
+obvious fix is to parse each field with cmfdb(CMIFI,CMFLD), i.e. fall back to
+CMFLD if CMIFI doesn't match anything. Then if CMFLD was used, we don't add
+the filespec to the list. This is a rather big change but it seems to work.
+No error messages or failures happen for non-matching fields, but an error
+message is printed (and the MPUT command fails) if none of the fields match
+any files. This fix got in too late for 2.1.3; workaround: use C-Shell
+like wildcard list (ftp mput "{*.abc,foo.*}"). ckcftp.c, 16 Jan 2003.
+
+GREP did not pass its pattern through the expander, thus variables could
+not be used for patterns. This must have been an oversight -- I can't find
+anything in my notes about it. Fixed in dogrep(): ckuus6.c, 24 Jan 2003.
+
+New makefile target for HP-UX 11.xx with OpenSSL from Tapani Tarvainen.
+makefile, 31 Jan 2003.
+
+From Jeff:
+ . Avoid core dump when dereferencing tnc_get_signature(): ckuus4.c.
+ . Bump version numbers to 8.0.208, 2.1.4: ckcmai.c.
+
+Added /NOLOGIN to FTP [OPEN]. ckcftp.c, 10 Feb 2003.
+
+Don't dump core if FTP DEBUG is ON and FTP OPEN does not include a service.
+openftp(): ckcftp.c, 10 Feb 2003.
+
+HELP PATTERN text incorrectly identified commands and functions with
+floating and anchored patterns. The corrected lists are:
+Floating: GREP, TYPE /MATCH:, /EXCEPT: patterns, \farraylook(),
+Anchored: IF MATCH, file-matching wildcards, \fsearch(), \frsearch()
+ckuus2.c, 10 Feb 2003.
+
+INPUT n \fpattern(xxx) did not work for case-independent comparisons.
+Fixed in doinput(): ckuus4.c, 10 Feb 2003.
+
+It seems \fpattern() didn't work with MINPUT at all. There was no code to
+handle \fpattern() in the MINPUT parse loop, so it never worked. The code
+had to be totally rewritten to use cmfld() in a loop, rather than cmtxt()
+and then cksplit(). Furthermore, whenever any of the fields was an
+\fjoin(), this had to be split. ckuusr.c, 10 Feb 2003.
+
+Macro replacement via \m() and \fdefinition() does not work as advertised
+(i.e. case sensitively) for associative array elements; e.g. \m(xxx<abc>) is
+treated the same as \m(xxx<ABC>), contrary to section 7.10.10 of the C-Kermit
+7.0 update notes, and to the fact that the two really do exist separately.
+Fixed by adding a static function isaarray(s) which succeeds if s is an
+associative array reference and fails otherwise, and then having \m()
+and \fdef() call mxxlook() (case-sensitive lookup) if isaarray(), otherwise
+(as before) mxlook()). ckuus4.c, 11 Feb 2003.
+
+Fixed FTP OPEN to allow the /USER switch to override SET FTP AUTOLOGIN OFF,
+just as /NOLOGIN overrides SET FTP AUTOLOGIN ON. ckcftp.c, 11 Feb 2003.
+
+In K95, "set key \1234 \27H" (any SET KEY command in which the first char of
+the definition was backslash, and the ONLY character after the backslash
+quantity was an uppercase letter, that letter would be lowercased). Diagnosis:
+xlookup() poking its argument (see notes from July 2000). Jeff sent a fix.
+ckucmd.c, 15 Feb 2003.
+
+Ran my S-Expression torture test to make sure Sexps still worked. They do,
+except the bitwise & and | operators were broken, e.g. (& 7 2) and (| 1 2 4)
+get "Invalid operand" errors. Jeff's code had added an early failure return
+from the lookup loop when when a single-byte keyword matched a keyword that
+started with the same byte but was more than one byte long. So "&" would hit
+"&&" and fail instead of continuing its search (xlookup tables aren't sorted
+so there can be no early return). Fixed in xlookup(): ckucmd.c, 16 Feb 2003.
+
+Got rid of "krbmit" target from makefile. It's still there, but we don't
+use it any more. All secure targets now use "xermit", and produce a binary
+called wermit, just like the regular ones do (except the old ckucon.c ones).
+Non-secure targets, since they don't define any of the security symbols,
+wind up compiling and linking to (mostly) empty security modules. makefile,
+15 Feb 2003.
+
+Added \fcvtdate(xxx,3) to format its result in MDTM format (yyyymmddhhmmss,
+all numeric, no spaces or punctuation). Of course these numeric strings
+are too big to be 32-bit numbers and are useless for arithmetic, but they're
+useful for lexical comparison, etc. ckuus[24].c, 16 Feb 2003.
+
+The following FTP commands did not set FAILURE when they failed: RMDIR,
+CD, CDUP, Fixed in the corresponding doftpblah() routines. ckcftp.c,
+16 Feb 2003.
+
+RENAME would sometimes not print an error message when it failed, e.g. in K95
+when the destination file already existed. ckuus6.c, 17 Feb 2003.
+
+Fixed COPY error messages, which did not come out in standard format when
+/LIST was not included. ckuus6.c, 17 Feb 2003.
+
+Fixed #ifdefs in ck_crp.c to allow nonsecure builds on old platforms like
+System V/68 R3. 19 Feb 2003.
+
+Similar treatment for ck_ssl.c. 20 Feb 2003.
+
+From Jeff, 21 Feb 2003:
+ . AIX53 and AIX52 symbols for ckcdeb.h, makefile.
+ . New gcc targets for various AIX 4.x/5.x versions: makefile.
+ . Copyright date updates: ck_crp.c, ck_ssl.c.
+ . ENABLE/DISABLE QUERY broken because keyword table out of order: ckuusr.c.
+ . Fixed the use of HTTP proxies for HTTP [RE]OPEN for Unix: ckcnet.c.
+
+Also for K95 only: Allow file transfer when K95 is invoked on the remote end
+of a connection to a Pragma Systems Terminal Server connection; automatically
+SET EXIT HANGUP OFF when invoked with open port handle ("k95 -l nnnn").
+
+"cd a*" failed even when "a*" matched only one directory. Fixed in cmifi():
+ckucmd.c, 21 Feb 2003.
+
+In the Unix version, replace "extern int errno;" with "#include <errno.h>"
+if __GLIBC__ is defined, since glibc now defines a thread-specific errno.
+ckcdeb.h, 26 Feb 2003.
+
+Added #ifdefs to skip compilation of ckuath.c in nonsecure builds. Tested
+by building both secure and regular versions in Linux. ckuath.c, 26 Feb 2003.
+
+Ran the build-in-84-different-configurations script on Linux to make sure it
+still builds with all different combinations of feature selection options.
+All OK. 26 Feb 2003.
+
+Built on VMS. Needed to add a prototype for mxxlook*() to ckuusr.h; built
+OK otherwise. 26 Feb 2003.
+
+From Jeff: More #ifdef shuffling for nonsecure builds: ckuath.c, ck_ssl.c,
+27 Feb 2003.
+
+Added code to ensure \v(download) ends in a directory separator in Unix,
+Windows, and OS/2. ckuus7.c, 27 Feb 2003.
+
+Added code to K95 zfnqfp() to tack on directory separator when returning
+a directory name. ckofio.c, 27 Feb 2003.
+
+Somehow an old copy of ckuath.c popped to replace the new one. Put the new
+one back. 28 Feb 2003.
+
+From Jeff: Fix typo in my K95 zfnqfp() code from yesterday; fixes for handling
+UNCs uniformly, no matter which way their slashes are leaning. ckofio.c,
+28 Feb 2003.
+
+At Jeff Mezei's suggestion, separate text and binary mode open sequences
+for VMS session log. ckvfio.c, 28 Feb 2003.
+
+Added freebsd48 target for FreeBSD 4.8. makefile, 1 Mar 2003.
+
+Changed Mac OS X entries to include -DUSE_STRERROR. makefile, 2 Mar 2003.
+
+Fixed GETOK /GUI to evaluate its text argument. ckuus6.c, 3 Mar 2003.
+
+Jeff fixed the K95 Dialer QUICK dialog to (a) allow templates, and (b) have
+a Save-As option. 3 Mar 2003.
+
+Jeff fixed a problem with the Xmodem-CRC checksum being crunched whenever
+there was a retransmission. 7 Mar 2003.
+
+Added target/banner for Tru64 5.1B. makefile, ckuver.h, 5 Mar 2003.
+
+In Unix, the zcopy() routine (used by the COPY command) reset the user's umask
+to 0 for the remainder of the Kermit process lifetime. The bug was in
+ckufio.c 8.0.194, 24 Oct 2002, and is fixed in ckufio.c 8.0.195, 6 Mar 2003.
+Of course this happened after building 155 C-Kermit 8.0.208 binaries. (But
+before officially releasing 8.0.208.)
+
+In the VMS version, changed:
+
+ while ((n--) && xx_inc(2) > -1) ;
+to:
+ while ((n--) && xx_inc(2) >= 0) ;
+
+to suppress the "...is being compared with a relational operator to a constant
+whose value is not greater than zero" warning. ckvtio.c, 7 Mar 2002.
+
+Added a debug call to dologend in hopes of catching overzealous Locus
+switching, which seems to happen only in K95. ckuus3.c, 7 Mar 2002.
+
+Rebuilt binaries for some of the more current Unix releases: AIX 4.3.3-5.1,
+Solaris 7-9 , Red Hat 7.0-8.0, Slackware 8.1, Freebsd 4.7-4.8, NetBSD 1.6,
+OpenBSD 3.2, Unixware 7.1.3, Open Unix 8, OSR5.0.6a, etc. A Unix binary with
+COPY umask fix shows a 6 Mar 2003 date for "UNIX File support" in SHOW
+VERSIONS; a binary without the fix shows 24 Oct 2002.
+
+C-Kermit 8.0.208 dated 14 March 2003 released on 10 March 2003.
+
+---8.0.208---
+
+From Jeff 13 Mar 2003:
+ . Updated SSL module allows importation of tickets from host.
+ . freebsd50+openssl target: makefile.
+ . FTP PUT /PERMISSIONS error message for K95: ckcftp.c.
+
+Fixed MINPUT to strip quotes or braces from around targets (this was broken
+on Feb 10th). Thanks to Jason Heskett for discovering and reporting this
+(killer) bug. ckuusr.c, 14 Mar 2003.
+
+Changed version number to 209 Dev.00. ckcmai.c, 14 Mar 2003.
+
+While debugging the alphapage script, I found that the command "minput 8 \6\13
+\21\13 \13\27\4\13 \30\13" gets "?Not confirmed" in 8.0.208 and 8.0.209, but
+not in 206 and earlier. This problem too was introduced on Feb 10th by
+changing MINPUT parsing from cmtxt() followed by cksplit() to cmfld() in a
+loop. cmfld() uses setatm() to return its result and of course setatm()
+breaks on \13. Changing setatm() not to do this would break everything else.
+But cmfld() has no arguments that let us tell it to do anything different in
+this case. Changing the API would be a disaster. The only solution is to add
+an "MINPUT ACTIVE" (minputactive) global variable that tells cmfld() to tell
+setatm() not to break on CR. Now MINPUT with braced targets containing CR
+and/or LF works in 209, 206, and 201 (but not 208). ckucmd.c, ckuusr.c,
+ckuus5.c, 15 Mar 2003.
+
+MINPUT n \fjoin(&a) works OK if all the members of \&a[] are text strings, but
+if they are strings of control chars (as above), they don't get separated by
+the spaces. For example in:
+
+ dcl \&a[] = "\4\5" "\6\7" xxx
+ minput 10 \fjoin(&a)
+
+MINPUT gets two targets: "aaa" and "\4\5 \6\7 xxx". The bug was in the
+cksplit() call in the \fjoin() case of MINPUT: it needed to specify an
+include set consisting of all the control characters except NUL. ckuusr.c,
+16 Mar 2003.
+
+But there's still a problem:
+
+ dcl \&a[] = "\4\5\13\10" "\6\7" "xxx"
+
+creates an array whose first member is "^D^E (one doublequote included). But
+if braces are used instead, there's no problem. Same deal as MINPUT: cmfld()
+breaks on CR or LF, thus the end quote is lost. If I set minputactive for
+DECLARE initializers too, that fixes it. Is there any reason not to do this?
+Can't think of any (famous last words)... ckuusr.c, 16 Mar 2003.
+
+Since it has multiple applications, changed the flag's name from minputactive
+to keepallchars. ckucmd.c, ckuus[r5].c, 16 Mar 2003.
+
+\v(exedir) wasn't being set correctly (it included the program name as well
+as the directory). Fixed in getexedir(): ckuus4.c, 16 Mar 2003.
+
+SET CARRIER-WATCH <Esc> "auto matic" (spurious space in supplied keyword).
+Cosmetic only; it still worked. Fixed in setdcd(): ckuus3.c, 16 Mar 2003.
+
+"directory a b c" listed too many files -- all files whose names END WITH a,
+b, or c, rather than the files whose names WERE a, b, or c. Diagnosis: The
+filespec is changed into a pattern: {a,b,c}, which is the correct form. It is
+passed to nzxpand(), which goes through the directory getting filenames and
+sending each one to ckmatch() with the given pattern. ckmatch() receives the
+correct pattern but then prepends a "*" -- that's not right. It's not just
+in filename matching either. The following succeeds when it shouldn't:
+
+ if match xxxxc {{a,b,c}} <command>
+
+Changing ckmatch() to not prepend the "*" to each segment fixes the command
+above but breaks lots of others. Running through the "match" torture-test
+script shows the problem occurs only when the {a,b,c} list is the entire
+pattern, and not embedded within a larger pattern. Testing for this case
+fixed the problem. ckmatch(): ckclib.c, 16 Mar 2003.
+
+Fixed FTP MODTIME to not print anything if QUIET ON. ckcftp.c, 16 Mar 2003.
+
+Picked up a new ckuath.c from Jeff, not sure what the changes are. 16 Mar 2003.
+
+Did a few regular and secure builds to make sure I didn't wreck anything.
+
+Changed version number to 209 (final). ckcmai.c, 16 Mar 2003.
+
+Jason Heskett found another bug: if you define a macro FOO inside the
+definition of another macro BAR, and FOO's definition includes an odd number
+of doublequotes (such as 1), FOO's definition absorbs the rest of BAR's
+definition. Example:
+
+ def TEST {
+ .foo = {X"}
+ sho mac foo
+ }
+ do test
+ sho mac foo
+
+Results in:
+
+ foo = {X"}, sho mac foo
+
+Diagnosis: the TEST definition becomes:
+
+ def TEST .foo = {X"}, sho mac foo
+
+and the macro reader is erroneously treating the doublequote as an open
+quote, and then automatically closes the quote at the end of the definition.
+The error is that a doublequote should be significant only at the beginning of
+a field. But the macro reader isn't a command parser; it doesn't know what
+a field is -- it's just looking for commas and skipping over quoted ones.
+First we have to fix an oversight: SET COMMAND DOUBLEQUOTING OFF should have
+worked here, but it wasn't tested in this case. Fixed in getncm(): ckuus5.c,
+17 Mar 2003.
+
+There are only certain cases where it makes sense to treat doublequotes as
+signicant:
+
+ . An open quote must be at the beginning or preceded by a space.
+ . A close quote is only at the end or else followed by a space.
+
+This too was fixed in getncm(): ckuus5.c, 17 Mar 2003.
+
+A fix from Jeff SSL/TLS FTP data decoding. ckcftp.c, 18 Mar 2003.
+
+Tried building C-Kermit on a Cray Y-MP with UNICOS 9.0. "int suspend",
+declared in ckcmai.c and used in many modules, conflicts with:
+
+ unistd.h:extern int suspend __((int _Category, int _Id));
+
+The "=Dsuspend=xsuspend" trick doesn't work for this; there is no way around
+the conflict other than to rename the variable: ckcmai.c, ckutio.c,
+ckuus[35xy].c. 26 Mar 2003. VMS and K95 not affected.
+
+OK that gets us past ckcmai.c... Then in ckutio.c I had to add a new #ifdef
+around the LFDEVNO setting, because the Cray didn't have mkdev.h. Could not
+find a Cray-specific manifest symbol, so I made a new makefile target (cray9)
+that sets this symbol. Having done this I have no idea what kind of lockfile
+would be created, but I also doubt if anybody dials out from a Cray. The
+binary should run a C90, J90, or Y-MP. makefile, 26 Mar 2003.
+
+Added a target for SCO OSR5.0.7. makefile, ckuver.h, 30 Mar 2003.
+
+Changed since 208:
+makefile ckuver.h ckcmai.c ckclib.c ckcftp.c ckucmd.c ckuus*.c ckutio.c.
+
+---8.0.209---
+
+From Mark Sapiro, a fix for the March 17th doubleqote fix, getncm(): ckuus5.c,
+4 Apr 2003.
+
+From Jeff, 29 Apr 2003:
+ . Corrected target for HP-UX 11.00 + OpenSSL: makefile,
+ . Do not allow WILL AUTH before WONT START_TLS: ckctel.h ckctel.c
+ . Add hooks for SFTP and SET/SHOW SFTP: ckcdeb.h ckuusr.h ckuusr.c ckuus3.c
+ . Add SKERMIT ckuusr.h ckuusr.c
+ . Add ADM-5 terminal emulation: ckuus7.c, ckuus5.c
+ . Uncomment and update HELP SET SSH V2 AUTO-REKEY: ckuus2.c
+ . Enable IF TERMINAL-MACRO and IF STARTED-FROM-DIALER for C-Kermit: ckuus6.c
+ . Fix conflicting NOSCROLL keyword definition: ckuusr.h
+ . Set ttname when I_AM_SSH: ckuusy.c
+ . Add extended arg parsing for SSH, Rlogin, Telnet: ckuusy.c, ckuus4.c
+ . Security updates: ckuath.c, ck_ssl.c
+ . Change K95 version number to 2.2.0: ckcmai.c
+ . Save K95 term i/o state before executing keyboard macro: ckuus4.c
+ . Add tests for SSH Subsystem active during INPUT/OUTPUT/CONNECT: ckuus[45].c
+ . Enable K95 SET SSH V2 AUTO-REKEY: ckuus3.c
+
+SFTP and SET SFTP subcommands are implemented up to the case statements.
+
+Files of mine that Jeff hadn't picked up:
+ ckuver.h ckcftp.c ckutio.c ckuusx.c (just minor changes for last build-all)
+
+On 4 Jan 2003, SET RECEIVE MOVE-TO was changed to convert is argument to an
+absolute path, which made it impossible to specify a relative path, then
+move to different directories and have it apply relatively to each directory.
+Changed this as follows:
+
+ . Parser uses cmtxt() rather than cmdir() so it won't fail at parse time.
+ . If path is absolute, we fail at parse time if directory doesn't exist.
+ . In reof() we run the the path through xxstring (again, in case deferred
+ evaluation of variables is desired) and then, if not null, use it.
+ . If the directory doesn't exist, rename() fails and reof() returns -4,
+ resulting in a protocol error (this is not a change). We do NOT create
+ the directory on the fly.
+
+I also fixed SET SEND/RECEIVE RENAME-TO to parse with cmtxt() rather than
+cmdir(), since it's parsing a text template, not a directory name, e.g.
+"set receive rename-to file-\v(time)-v(date)-\v(pid)". This was totally
+broken, since when I don't know. We don't call xxstring() in this parse, so
+evaluation is always deferred -- I'd better not change this. ckuus7.c,
+ckcfns.c, 1 May 2003.
+
+From Jeff, Sat May 3 14:15:23 2003:
+ . Pick up the right isascii definition for K95: ckctel.c
+ . malloc... ckuath.c (new safe malloc routines for K95)
+ . Add author listing: ckuus5.c
+ . SSH Heartbeat support (K95 only): ckuus[23].c
+ . Prescan --height and --width to avoid window resizing at startup: ckuusy.c
+ . Add checks for fatal() or doexit() called from sysinit(): ckuusx.c
+ . Move some K95-specific definitions to ckoker.h: ckcdeb.h
+ . Add support for ON_CD macro in zchdir(): ckufio.c
+ . Add a command to let FTP client authenticate with SSLv2: ckcftp.c
+ . Fix parsing of FTP file facts like "UNIX.mode": ckcftp.c
+
+ON_CD will need some explaining (to be done). It's implemented for Unix,
+VMS, WIndows, and OS/2.
+
+The FTP file facts fix came from first exposure to the new OpenBSD FTP
+server: ftp://ftp7.usa.openbsd.org/pub/os/OpenBSD/3.3/i386/
+The period in "UNIX.mode" caused an erroneous word break, adding junk to
+the filename.
+
+About the malloc changes, Jeff says "K95 is not behaving well in low memory
+environments. I'm not sure that C-Kermit does much better. The program does
+not crash but it certainly does not behave the way the user expects it to.
+I'm beginning to think that any malloc() error should be treated as fatal."
+
+Not visible in these changes because it's in K95-specific modules: Jeff made
+SET ATTRIBUTES OFF and SET ATTRIBUTES DATE OFF apply to XYZMODEM transfers.
+
+From Jeff, 11 May 2003:
+ . Add support for SSH Keepalive to relevant SET command (K95): ckuus3.c
+ . Reduce max overlapped i/o requests from 30 to 7 (K95): ckuus7.c
+ . Don't call sysinit() in fatal(): ckuusx.c.
+ . Some new conditionalizations for SSL module: ck_ssl.c
+
+The doublequote-parsing fixes from March and April broke the SWITCH statement,
+which is implemented by internally defining, then executing, a macro. If I
+drop back to the old dumb handling of doublequotes, everything is fixed except
+the problem of March 17th. But can we really expect getncm() to pre-guess
+what the parser is going to do? getncm()'s only job is to find command
+boundaries, which are represented by commas. Commas, however, is needed IN
+commands too. We take a comma literally if it is quoted with \, or is inside
+a matched pair of braces, parens, or doublequotes. It is not unreasonable to
+require a doublequote in a macro definition to be prefixed by \ when it is to
+be taken literally. The proper response to Jason Heskett's complaint of March
+17th should have been to leave the code alone and recommand an appropriate
+form of quoting:
+
+ def TEST {
+ .foo = {X\"}
+ sho mac foo
+ }
+
+And this is what I have done. Another reason for sticking with the old method
+is that it's explainable. The "improved" method, even if it worked, would be
+be impossible to explain. Btw, in testing this I noticed that the switch-test
+script made 8.0.201 dump core. Today's version is fine. The problem with
+quoted strings inside of IF {...} clauses and FOR and WHILE loops is fixed
+too. Perhaps "unbroken" would be a better word. ckuus5.c, 11 May 2003.
+
+Vace discovered that FTP MGET /EXCEPT:{... (with an unterminated /EXCEPT list)
+could crash Kermit. Fixed in ckcftp.c, 11 May 2003.
+
+CONTINUE should not affect SUCCESS/FAILURE status. ckuusr.c, 11 May 2003.
+
+Fixed an oversight that goes back 15 years. While \{123} is allowed for
+decimal codes, \x{12} and \o{123} were never handled. ckucmd.c, 11 May 2003.
+
+Added support for Red Hat <baudboy.h> and /usr/sbin/lockdev. Supposedly this
+allows Kermit to be installed without setuid or setgid bits and still be able
+to lock and use the serial device. Compiles and starts, but not tested.
+ckcdeb.h, makefile, ckutio.c, ckuus5.c, 16 May 2003.
+
+From Jeff: FTP ASCII send data to host when FTP /SSL was in use was broken.
+ftp_dpl is set to Clear when FTP /SSL is in use. This was causing the data to
+be written to the socket with send() instead of the OpenSSL routines.
+ckcftp.c, ckuath.c, 21 May 2003.
+
+From Jeff: Stuff for Kerberos 524: ckcdeb.h. Fixes for FTP; "FTP ASCII send
+data did not properly compute the end of line translations. On Unix (and
+similar platforms) the end of line was correct for no character sets but
+incorrect when character sets were specified. On Windows/OS2, the end of line
+was correct when character sets were specified and incorrect when they were
+not. On MAC, both were broken. Also, FTP Send Byte counts were incorrect
+when character sets were specified." ckcftp.c. 17 Jun 2003.
+
+From Jeff: fixes to HTTP /AGENT: and /USER: switch action: ckcnet.c ckuus3.c
+ck_crp.c ckcftp.c ckuus2.c ckuusy.c ckuusr.c ckcnet.h, 21 Jun 2003.
+
+From Jeff: Fix SET DIALER BACKSPACE so it can override a previous SET KEY
+(e.g. from INI file): ckuus7.c. Some SSL/TLS updates: ck_ssl.c. HTTP support
+for VMS and other VMS improvements (e.g. a way to not have to hardwire the
+C-Kerit version number into the build script) from Martin Vorlaender:
+ckcnet.h, ckuus[r3].c, ckcdeb.h, ckvtio.c, ckcnet.c, ckvker.com. Built on
+Solaris (gcc/ansi) and SunOS (cc/k&r). The new VMS script tests the VMS
+version and includes HTTP support only for VMS 6.2 or later. 2 Jul 2003.
+
+Tried to build on our last VMS system but it seems to be dead. Looks like a
+head crash (makes really loud noises, boot says DKA0 not recognized) (fooey, I
+just paid good money to renew the VMS license). Tried building at another
+site with:
+
+ Process Software MultiNet V4.3 Rev A-X,
+ Compaq AlphaServer ES40, OpenVMS AXP V7.3
+ Compaq C V6.4-008 on OpenVMS Alpha V7.3
+
+Had to make a few corrections to ckvker.com. But still, compilation of
+ckcnet.c bombs, indicating that the SELECT definition somehow got lost
+somewhere since the 209 release (i.e. no SELECT type is defined so it falls
+thru to "SELECT is required for this code"). But I don't see anything in
+ckcdeb.h or ckcnet.[ch] that would explain this. Not ckvker.com either
+(putting the old one back gives the same result). OK, I give up, maybe it's
+just that I haven't tried building it on MultiNet recently. What about UCX?
+Aha, builds fine there except for warnings about mlook, dodo, and parser in
+ckvfio.c (because of ON_CD) -- I suppose I have #include <ckucmd.h>... (done)
+Anyhow it builds OK and the HTTP code is active and almost works (HTTP OPEN
+works; HTTP GET seems to succeed but creates an empty file every time). Tried
+building under MultiNet at another installation; same bad result.
+
+OK so why won't it build for MultiNet? Comparing ckcnet.c with the 209
+version, not a single #ifdef or #include is changed. Tried building with
+p3="NOHTTP" -- builds OK, aha. Where's the problem? Not ckcnet.h...
+Not ckcdeb.h... OK I give up, will revisit this next time I get time to
+do anything with the code.
+
+Later Jeff said "Martin did not implement VMS networking for the HTTP code.
+All he did was activate the #define HTTP which happens to work because his
+connections are using SSL/TLS connections. http_inc(), http_tol(), etc have
+no support for VMS networking regardless of whether it is UCX or MULTINET.
+The vast majority of HTTP connections are not secured by SSL/TLS. It makes no
+sense to support HTTP on VMS until someone is willing to either do the work or
+pay have the work done to implement VMS networking in that code base." So the
+fix is to not enable HTTP for VMS after all. Removed the CKHTTP definition
+for VMS from ckcdeb.h, 6 Jul 2003.
+
+Fixed ckvfio.c to #include <ckuusr.h> (instead of <ckucmd.h>) to pick up
+missing prototypes. 6 Jul 2003.
+
+From Arthur Marsh: solaris2xg+openssl+zlib+srp+pam+shadow and the corresponding
+Solaris 7 target. makefile, 6 Jul 2003.
+
+Remove duplicate #includes for <sys/stat.h>, <errno.h>, and <ctype.h> from
+ckcftp.c. 6 Jul 2003.
+
+Add -DUSE_MEMCPY to Motorola SV/68 targets because of shuffled #includes in
+ckcftp.c. 8 Jul 2003.
+
+From Jeff: Fix problems mixing SSL and SRP without Kerberos. Plus a few minor
+#define comment changes and a reshuffling of #defines in ckcdeb.h to allow me
+to build on X86 Windows without Kerberos. ckcdeb.h, ck_crp.c, ckuath.c,
+10 Jul 2003.
+
+From Jeff: updated ckuat2.h and ckuath.c, 29 Jul 2003.
+
+Mats Peterson noticed that a very small Latin-1 file would be incorrectly
+identified as UCS-2 by scanfile(). Fixed in ckuusx.c, 29 Jul 2003.
+
+Fixed ACCESS macro definition to account for the fact that FIND is now a
+built-in command. ckermit.ini, 30 Jul 2003.
+
+From Jeff: Fix for typo in urlparse() (svc/hos): ckuusy.c, 18 Aug 2003.
+
+From Jeff: Redhat9 makefile targets (needed for for OpenSSL 0.9.7):
+makefile, 19 Aug 2003.
+
+GREP /NOLIST and /COUNT did too much magic, with some undesirable fallout:
+"GREP /NOLIST /COUNT:x args" printed "file:count" for each file. "GREP
+/COUNT:x /NOLIST args" did not print "file:count", but neither did it set the
+count variable. Removed the magic. Also one of the GREP switches,
+/LINENUMBERS, was out of order. Fixed in ckuus6.c, 20 Aug 2003.
+
+From Jeff: "Reorganizing code to enable building with different subsets of
+options; a few typos corrected as well." ckcdeb.h, ckuver.h (for RH9),
+ckcnet.c, ckuus7.c, ckuus3.c: 24 Aug 2003.
+
+Scanfile misidentified a big PDF file as text because the first 800K of it
+*was* text (most other PDF files were correctly tagged as binary). Fixed
+by adding a check for the PDF signature at the beginning of the file.
+scanfile(): ckuusx.c, 25 Aug 2003.
+
+Ditto for PostScript files, but conservatively. Signature at beginning of
+file must begin with "%!PS-Ado". If it's just "%!" (or something nonstandard
+like "%%Creator: Windows PSCRIPT") we do a regular scan. Also added "*.ps"
+to all binary filename patterns. ckuusx.c, 4 Sep 2003.
+
+Ditto (but within #ifndef NOPCLSCAN) for PCL (<ESC>E) and PJL (<ESC>%) files,
+but no binpatterns (note: ".PCL" is the extension for TOPS-20 EXEC scripts).
+ckuusx.c, 4 Sep 2003.
+
+Added comments about OpenSSL 0.9.7 to all linux+openssl targets.
+makefile, 4 Sep 2003.
+
+From Jeff: Added - #define ALLOW_KRB_3DES_ENCRYPT. When this symbol is defined
+at compilation Kermit will allow non-DES session keys to be used during Telnet
+Auth. These session keys can then be used for Telnet Encrypt. The reason
+this is not compiled on by default is that the MIT Kerberos Telnet does not
+follow the RFC for constructing keys for ENCRYPT DES when the keys are longer
+than 8 bytes in length. ckuath.c, ckuus5.c, 4 Sep 2003.
+
+"ftp mget a b c" succeeded if one or more of the files did not exist, even
+with "set ftp error-action proceed". This is because the server's NLST file
+list does not include any files that don't exist, so the client never even
+tries to get them. Fortunately, the way the code is structured, this one was
+easy to fix. ckcftp.c, 14 Sep 2003.
+
+From Jeff: Corrected code in ckcnet.c to ensure that Reverse DNS Lookups are
+not performed if tcp_rdns is OFF. Fixed ck_krb5_getrealm() to actually return
+the realm of the credentials cache and not the default realm specified in the
+krb5.conf file. Previously krb5_cc_get_principal() was not being called.
+Fixed ck_krb5_is_tgt_valid() to test the TGT in the current ccache and not the
+TGT constructed from the default realm. ckcnet.c, ckuath.c, 14 Sep 2003.
+
+Marco Bernardi noticed that IF DIRECTORY could produce a false positive if
+the argument directory had previously been referenced but then removed. This
+is because of the clever isdir() cache that was added to speed up recursion
+through big directory trees. Changed IF DIRECTORY to make a second check
+(definitive but more expensive) if isdir() succeeds, and changed the
+directory-deleting routine, ckmkdir(), to flush the directory cache (UNIX
+only -- this also should be done in K95 but it's not critical). This was
+done by adding a routine, clrdircache() to ckufio.c, which sets prevstat
+to -1 and prevpath[0] to NUL. ckcfn3.c, ckuus6.c, ckufio.c, 18 Sep 2003.
+
+Marco reported the second fix still didn't work for him (even though it did
+for me). Rather than try to figure out why, I concluded that the directory
+cache is just not safe: a directory found a second ago might have been deleted
+or renamed not only by Kermit but by some other process. Why did I add this
+in the first place? The log says:
+
+ Some debug logs showed that isdir() is often called twice in a row on the
+ same file. Rather than try to sort out clients, I added a 1-element cache
+ to Unix isdir(). ckufio.c, 24 Apr 2000.
+
+Experimentation with DIR and DIR /RECURSIVE does not show this happening at
+all. So I #ifdef'd out the directory cache (see #ifdef ISDIRCACHE in ckufio.c;
+ISDIRCACHE is not defined) and backed off the previous changes: ckufio.c,
+ckcfn3.c, ckuus6.c, 28 Sep 2003.
+
+From Jeff: Replace the compile time ALLOW_KRB_3DES_ENCRYPT with a run-time
+command SET TELNET BUG AUTH-KRB5-DES which defaults to ON: ckctel.[ch],
+ckuus[234].c, ck_crp.c, ckuath.c. 4 Oct 2003.
+
+Allow DIAL RETRIES to be any positive number, and catch negative ones.
+Also added code to check for atoi() errors (e.g. truncation). At least on
+some platforms (e.g. Solaris) atoi() is supposed to set errno, but it
+doesn't. ckuus3.c, ckucmd.c, 4 Oct 2003.
+
+Added /DEFAULT: to ASK-class commands (ASK, ASKQ, GETOK):
+
+ . For popups: no way to send defaults to popup_readtext() or popup_readpass().
+ . For GUI ASK[Q], pass default to gui_txt_dialog().
+ . For GUI GETOK, convert "yes" "ok" or "no" default to number for uq_ok().
+ . For Text GETOK, add default to cmkey().
+ . For Text ASK[Q], add default to cmtxt().
+ . For GETC, GETKEY, and READ: no changes.
+
+GETOK, ASK, and ASKQ with /TIMEOUT: no longer fail when the timer goes off
+if a /DEFAULT was supplied. The GUI functions (uq_blah) don't seem to
+support timeouts. Only the text version has been tested. ckuus[26].c,
+4 Oct 2003.
+
+From Jeff: add /DEFAULT: for popups. ckuus6.c. 6 Oct 2003.
+
+Change SET DIAL INTERVAL to be like SET DIAL RETRIES. ckuus[34].c, 6 Oct 2003.
+
+Added target for HP-UX 10/11 + OpenSSL built with gcc, from Chris Cheney.
+Makefile, 12 Oct 2003.
+
+From Jeff, 6 Nov 2003:
+ . #ifdef adjustments: ckcftp.c, ckcdeb.h
+ . Fix spurious consumption of first byte(s) on Telnet connection: ckctel.c
+ . Another HP PJL test for scanfile: ckuusx.c.
+ . K95: Recognize DG4xx protected fields in DG2xx emulation: ckuus7.c.
+ . Add SSLeay version display to SHOW AUTH command: ckuus7.c
+ . Improved SET MOUSE CLEAR help text: ckuus2.c.
+ . Improved Kverbs help text: ckuus2.c (+ new IBM-3151 Kverbs).
+ . Some changes to ck_ssl.c, ckuath.c.
+
+From PeterE, 10 Nov 2003:
+ . Improved HP-UX 10/11 makefile targets for OpenSSL.
+ . #ifdef fix for OpenSSL on HP-UX: ck_ssl.c.
+
+Another new makefile from PeterE with improved and integrated HP-UX targets.
+12 Nov 2003.
+
+A couple fixes to the solaris9g+krb5+krb4+openssl+shadow+pam+zlib target
+from Jeff. Added a solaris9g+openssl+shadow+pam+zlib target. makefile,
+21 Nov 2003.
+
+From Jeff, 30 Nov 2003:
+ . Fix SEND /MOVE-TO: ckuusr.c.
+ . Fix K95 SET TITLE to allow quotes/braces around text: ckuus7.c.
+ . Improved "set term autodownload ?" response: ckuus5.c.
+ . Fix SHOW FEATURES to specify the protocol for encryption: ckuus5.c
+ . Make {SEND, RECEIVE} {MOVE-TO, RENAME-TO} work for XYZMODEM (K95 only).
+
+From Jeff: 7 Jan 2004:
+ . At one point Frank started to add a timer parameter to the
+ uq_txt() function but he only did it for the non-ANSI
+ compilers. I added it for the ANSI compilers, fixed the
+ prototypes and provided a default value easily changed
+ DEFAULT_UQ_TIMEOUT: ckcker.h, ckuus[36].c, ck_ssl.c, ckcftp.c, ckuath.c.
+ . Fixed SET TERMINAL DEBUG ON (typo in variable name): ckuus7.c.
+ . Fixed BEEP INFORMATION; previously it made no sound, now uses
+ MB_ICONQUESTION. ckuusx.c.
+
+From Ian Beckwith <ian@nessie.mcc.ac.uk> (Debianization), 7 Jan 2004:
+ . Search dir/ckermit for docs, as well as dir/kermit in cmdini(): ckuus5.c.
+ . New linux+krb5+krb4+openssl+shadow+pam target (kitchen sink minus SRP,
+ which Debian does not distribute): makefile.
+ ? Mangles the DESTDIR support in makefile to install into a staging area:
+ makefile (I didn't take this one yet).
+
+Updated copyright notices for 2004, all modules. 7 Jan 2004.
+
+Added INPUT /NOMATCH, allowing INPUT to be used for a fixed amount of time
+without attempting to match any text or patterns, so it's no longer
+necessary to "input 600 STRING_THAT_WILL_NEVER_COME". If /NOMATCH is
+included, INPUT succeeds if the timeout expires, with \v(instatus) = 1
+(meaning "timed out"); fails upon interruption or i/o error. ckuusr.h,
+ckuus[r24].c, 7 Jan 2004.
+
+Added SET INPUT SCALE-FACTOR <float>. This scales all INPUT timeouts by the
+given factor, allowing time-sensitive scripts to be adjusted to changing
+conditions such as congested networks or different-speed modems without
+having to change each INPUT-class command. This affects only those timeouts
+that are given in seconds, not as wall-clock times. Although the scale
+factor can have a fractional part, the INPUT timeout is still an integer.
+Added this to SHOW INPUT, and added a \v(inscale) variable for it.
+ckuusr.h, ckuus[r257].c, 7 Jan 2004.
+
+undef \%a, \fverify(abc,\%a) returns 0, which makes it look as if \%a is a
+string composed of a's, b's, and/or c's, when in fact it contains nothing.
+Changed \fverify() to return -1 in this case. ckuus4.c, 12 Jan 2004.
+
+\fcode(xxx) returned an empty string if its argument string was empty. This
+makes it unsafe to use in arithmetic or boolean expressions. Changed it to
+return 0 if its argument was missing, null, or empty. ckuus4.c, 12 Jan 2004.
+
+Updated \verify() and \fcode() help text. ckuus2.c, 12 Jan 2004.
+
+While setting up IKSD, Ian Beckwith noticed that including the --initfile:
+option caused Kermit to start parsing its own Copyright string as if it were
+the command line, and eventually crash. I couldn't reproduce on Solaris /
+Sparc but I could in Linux / i386 (what Ian is using) -- a change from Jeff
+on 28 Apr 2003 set the command-line arg pointer to a literal empty string in
+prescan() about line 1740 of of ckuus4.c; the pointer is incremented next
+time thru the loop, resulting in random memory being referenced. Fixed by
+setting the pointer to NULL instead of "". ckuus4.c, 12 Jan 2004.
+
+declare \&a[999999999999999] would dump core on some platforms. atoi()
+or whatever would truncate the dimension to maxint. When we add 1 to the
+result, we get a negative number, which is used as an index, loop test, etc.
+Fixed both dodcl() and dclarray() to check for (n+1 < 0). ckuus[r5].c,
+12 Jan 2004.
+
+Unix zchki() would fail on /dev/tty, which is unreasonable. This prevented
+FOPEN /READ from reading from the terminal. zchki() already allowed for
+/dev/null, so I added /dev/tty to the list of specials. Ditto for FOPEN
+/WRITE and zchko(). ckufio.c 13 Jan 2004.
+
+Added untabify() routine to ckclib.[ch], 13 Jan 2004.
+Added FREAD /TRIM and /UNTABIFY. ckuus[27].c, 13 Jan 2004.
+Added \funtabify(). ckuusr.h, ckuus[24].c, 13 Jan 2004.
+
+Dat Nguyen noticed that (setq u 'p') followed by (u) dumped core. This was
+caused by an over-clever optimization that skipped mallocs for short
+literals, but then went on later to try to free one that hadn't been
+malloc'd. Fixed in dosexp(): ckuus3.c, 14 Jan 2004.
+
+Catch another copyright date. ckuus5.c, 14 Jan 2004.
+
+Fixed SWITCH to work even when SET COMMAND DOUBLEQUOTE OFF (from Mark
+Sapiro). ckuus5.c, 15 Jan 2004.
+
+Changed version to 8.0.211 so scripts can test for recently added features.
+ckcmai.c, 15 Jan 2004.
+
+Fixed a glitch in K95 "help set port". ckuus2.c, 20 Jan 2004.
+
+Fix from Jeff: Connections to a TLS-aware protocol which require a reconnect
+upon certificate verification failure could not reconnect if the connection
+was initiated from the command line or via a URL. ckctel.c ckcmai.c
+ckuusr.c ckuus7.c ckuusy.c, 20 Jan 2004.
+
+From Alex Lewin: makefile target and #ifdef for Mac OS X 10.3 (Panther):
+makefile, ckcnet.c, 7 Feb 2004.
+
+Added KFLAGS to sco32v507 targets to make PTY and SSH commands work. The
+same flags could probably also be added to earlier OSR5 targets but they
+have not been tested there. makefile, 7 Feb 2004.
+
+Checked a complaint that "LOCAL &a" did not make array \&a[] local. Indeed
+it did not, and can not. You have to use the full syntax in the LOCAL
+command, "LOCAL \&a[]", or else it doesn't know it's not a macro named &a.
+7 Feb 2004.
+
+Fixed some confusion in creating IKSD database file and temp-file names.
+I was calling zfnqfp() without remembering that the path member of the
+returned struct included the filename, so to get just the directory name,
+I needed to strip the filename from the right. ckuusy.c, 2 Mar 2004.
+
+New ckuath.c, ck_ssl.c from Jeff. 2 Mar 2004.
+
+Updated Jeff's affiliation in VERSION command text. ckuusr.c, 2 Mar 2004.
+
+Designation changed from Dev.00 to Beta.01. ckcmai.c, 2 Mar 2004.
+
+Fixed zrename() syslogging -- it had success and failure reversed.
+Beta.02: ckufio.c, 4 Mar 2004.
+
+Problem: when accessing IKSD via a kermit:// or iksd:// URL, and a user ID
+is given but no password, doxarg() set the password to "" instead of leaving
+it NULL, but all the tests in dourl() are for NULL. Fixed in doxarg():
+ckuusy.c, 5 Mar 2004.
+
+The logic in dourl() about which macro to construct (login and connect,
+login and get directory listing, or login and fetch a file) was a bit off,
+so all three cases were not handled. ckcmai.c, 5 Mar 2004.
+
+Trial Beta builds:
+ . HP-UX B.11.11 PA-RISC
+ . HP-UX B.11.23 IA64
+ . Tru64 4.0G Alpha
+ . Tru64 5.1B Alpha
+ . Debian 3.0 i386
+ . Red Hat ES 2.1 i386
+ . Slackware 9.1 i386
+ . VMS 7.3-1 Alpha + UCX 5.3
+ . VMS 7.3-1 Alpha no TCP/IP
+ . VMS 7.3 Alpha MultiNet 4.3 A-X
+ . SCO UnixWare 7.1.4 i386
+ . SCO OSR5.0.7 i386
+ . Solaris 9 Sparc
+
+Fixed compiler warning in doxarg() caused by typo (NULL instead of NUL) in
+the 5 March doxarg() edit. ckuusy.c, 9 Mar 2004.
+
+IKSD (kermit://) command-line URLs did not work right if the client had
+already preauthenticated with Kerberos or somesuch because they tried to log
+in again with REMOTE LOGIN. The macros constructed in doxarg() needed to
+check \v(authstate) before attempting REMOTE LOGIN. ckcmai.c, 10 Mar 2004.
+
+Added ckuker.nr to x.sh (ckdaily upload) and updated ckuker.nr with current
+version number and dates. 10 Mar 2004.
+
+Replaced hardwired references to /usr/local in makefile with $(prefix)
+(which defaults to /usr/local, but can be overridden on the command line),
+suggested by Nelson Beebe for use with Configure. 10 Mar 2004.
+
+From Nelson Beebe: In the Kermit makefile in the install target commands,
+line 981 reads:
+
+ cp $(BINARY) $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/kermit || exit 1;\
+
+Could you please add this line before it:
+
+ rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/kermit;\
+
+Some sites (mine included) keep multiple versions of software around,
+with hard links between $(prefix)/progname and $(prefix)/progname-x.y.z.
+Failure to remove the $(prefix)/progname at "make install" time then
+replaces the old $(prefix)/progname-x.y.z with the new one, destroying
+an old version that the site wanted to be preserved. makefile, 10 Mar 2004.
+
+Minor syntax and typo fixes (mostly prototypes): ckcdeb.h, ckcfns.c,
+ckclib.c, ckufio.c, ckuusr.h, ckuusx.c, 10 Mar 2004. (I still have a few
+more to do.)
+
+Added CC=$(CC) CC2=$(CC2) to many (but not all) makefile targets that
+reference other makefile targets. On some platforms (notably AIX, Solaris,
+SunOS) there are specific targets for different compilers, so I skipped
+those. makefile, 10 Mar 2004.
+
+Added error checking to kermit:// URL macros, so they don't plow ahead
+after the connection is closed. ckcmai.c, 11 Mar 2004.
+
+Added FreeBSD 4.9 and 5.1 targets (only the herald is affected).
+makefile, ckuver.h, 11 Mar 2004.
+
+Added "LIBS=-lcrypt" to bsd44 targets since nowadays crypt is almost always
+unbundled from libc. Also added explanatory notes. makefile, 11 Mar 2004.
+
+Changed MANDIR to default to $(manroot)/man/man1, and manroot to default
+to $(prefix). More adding of CC=$(CC) clauses: {Free,Net,Open}BSD, 4.4BSD.
+makefile, 11 Mar 2004.
+
+Miscellaneous cleanups: ckuusx.c, ckcnet.c, ckufio.c, 11 Mar 2004.
+
+Corrected the check in the linux target to see if /usr/include/crypt.h
+exists, and if so to define HAVE_CRYPT_H, which is used in ckcdeb.h to
+#include <crypt.h> to get the prototype for crypt() and prevent bogus
+conversions on its return type on 64-bit platforms (the previous test wasn't
+quite right and the resulting symbol wasn't spelled right). makefile,
+12 Mar 2004.
+
+From Jeff, 14 Mar 2004:
+ . Initialize localuidbuf[] in tn_snenv(): ckctel.c.
+ . Remove remote-mode checks in hupok() for K95G only (why?): ckuus3.c.
+ . Add help text for new K95-only TYPE /GUI switches: ckuus2.c.
+ . TYPE /GUI parsing, ...: ckuusr.c.
+ . TYPE /GUI action, dotype(): ckuus6.c
+ . Change Jeff's affiliation: most modules.
+
+20 Mar 2004: Looked into adding long file support, i.e. handling files more
+than 2GB (or 4GB) long. Discovered very quickly this would be a major
+project. Each platform has a different API, or environment, or transition
+plan, or whatever -- a nightmare to handle in portable code. At the very
+least we'll need to convert a lot of Kermit variables from long or unsigned
+long to some new Kermit type, which in turn is #defined or typedef'd
+appropriately for each platform (to off_t or size_t or whatever). Then we
+have to worry about the details of open() vs fopen(); printf() formats (%lld
+vs %Ld vs %"PRId64"...), platforms like HP-UX where you might have to use
+different APIs for different file systems on the same computer, etc. We'll
+need to confront this soon, but let's get a good stable 8.0.211 release out
+first! Meanwhile, for future reference, here are a few articles:
+
+General: http://freshmeat.net/articles/view/709/
+Linux: http://www.ece.utexas.edu/~luo/linux_lfs.html
+HP-UX: http://devrsrc1.external.hp.com/STK/partner/lg_files.pdf
+Solaris: http://wwws.sun.com/software/whitepapers/wp-largefiles/largefiles.pdf
+
+Looked into FTP timeouts. It appears I can just call empty() (which is
+nothing more than a front end for select()) with the desired timeout before
+any kind of network read. If it returns <= 0, we have a timeout. This is
+not quite the same as using alarm() / signal() around a recv() (which could
+get stuck) but alarm() / signal() are not not used in the FTP module and are
+not naturally portable to Windows, but select() is already in use in the FTP
+module for both Unix and Windows. This form of timeout could be used
+portably for both command response and data reads. What about writes to the
+command or data socket? They can get stuck for hours and hours without
+returning too, but the select() approach won't help here -- we need the
+actual send() or recv() to time out, or be wrapped in an alarm()/signal()
+kind of mechanism. But if we can do that for sends, we can also do it for
+receives. Better check with Jeff before I start programming anything.
+20 Mar 2004.
+
+Later: Decided to postpone the above two projects (ditto IPv6) until after
+8.0.211 is released because both will have major impacts on portability.
+Grumble: all i/o APIs should have been designed from the beginning with a
+timeout parameter. To this day, hardly any have this feature.
+
+3-4 Apr 2004: More 8.0.211 Beta.02+ test builds:
+
+ . FreeBSD 3.3
+ . FreeBSD 4.4
+ . Linux Debian 2.1
+ . Linux RH 6.1
+ . Linux RH 7.1
+ . Linux RH 7.2
+ . Linux RH 9 (with 84 different combinations of feature selection)
+ . Linux SuSE 6.4
+ . Linux SuSE 7.0
+ . NetBSD 1.4.1
+ . NetBSD 1.5.2
+ . OpenBSD 2.5
+ . OpenBSD 3.0
+ . QNX 4.25
+ . SCO UnixWare 2.1.3
+ . SCO UnixWare 7.1.4
+ . SCO OpenServer 5.0.7
+ . SCO XENIX 2.3.4 (no TCP)
+
+Changes needed: None.
+
+Problem: SCO XENIX 2.3.4 network build failed in the FTP module with
+header-file syntax and conflicting-definitions trouble. I'm not going to
+try to fix it; 8.0.209 built OK with FTP, so we'll just keep that one
+available.
+
+Got access to VMS 8.1 on IA64. Building the nonet version of C-Kermit
+required minor modifications to ckvvms.h, ckv[ft]io.c, and ckvcon.c, to
+account for a third architecture. Also to SHOW FEATURES in ckuus5.c. Once
+that was done, the UCX 5.5 version built OK too. Starts OK, makes Telnet
+connection OK, sends files. Has some obvious glitches though -- "stat"
+after a file transfer reports 0 elapsed time (in fact it was 00:09:48) and
+1219174400 cps (when in fact it was 10364). This doesn't happen on the
+Alpha. Btw, the IA64 binary is twice as big as the Alpha one. Changed
+to Beta.03. 5 Apr 2004.
+
+Fixed the ckdaily script to include the makefile and man page in the Zip
+file (they were not included because the Zip file was intended mainly for
+VMS users, but some Unix users prefer Zip to tar.gz). 6 Apr 2004.
+
+Traced problems in VMS/IA64 statistics report to rftimer()/gftimer() in
+ckvtio.c, which use sys$ and lib$ calls to figure elapsed time. These work
+on VAX and Alpha but not IA64. Sent a report to the chief engineer of the
+IA64 VMS port; he says it's probably a bug in VMS 8.1 (which is not a real
+release); he'll make sure it's fixed in 8.2. As an experiment, tried
+swapping in the Unix versions of these routines (which call gettimeofday()
+etc). They seem work just fine (it hung a couple times but I think that's
+because the underlying system hung too; trying it later on a new connection,
+it was fine; however I noticed a BIG discrepancy in throughput between
+sending and receiving). Moved definitions for VMS64BIT and VMSI64 to
+ckcdeb.h so all modules can use them and added them to the SHOW FEATURES
+display. Added VMSV80 definition to build procedure. Beta.03+. ckcdeb.h,
+ckcuus5.c, ckcvvms.h, ckvtio.c, ckvker.com, 6 Apr 2004.
+
+While doing the build-all, I noticed the VMS version did not build with
+Multinet or older UCX versions, always with the same errors -- undeclared
+variables, undefined symbols, all TCP/IP related. This didn't happen a
+couple weeks ago... Somehow the order of #includes was messed up --
+ckuusr.h depended on symbols that are defined in ckcnet.h, but ckcnet.h
+was being included after ckuusr.h... this was compounded by two missing
+commas in ckvker.com. 11 Apr 2004.
+
+Removed Beta designation, released as 8.0.211, 10 Apr 2004.
+
+---8.0.211---
+
+I had somehow lost the edit to ckutio.c that changed the UUCP lockfile for
+Mac OS X from /var/spool/uucp to /var/spool/lock. So I slipped it in and
+re-uploaded version 8.0.211. You can tell the difference because SHOW
+VERSIONS has a 17 Apr 2004 for the Communications I/O module. Also the 10.3
+executable now has a designer banner: "Mac OS X 10.3". makefile, ckuver.h,
+ckutio.c, ckuus[45].c, 17 Apr 2004.
+
+***********************
--- /dev/null
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 General Hints and Tips
+
+ Frank da Cruz
+ [1]The Kermit Project, [2]Columbia University
+
+ As of: C-Kermit 8.0.211, 17 March 2003
+ This page last updated: Sat Apr 10 16:37:37 2004 (New York USA Time)
+
+ IF YOU ARE READING A PLAIN-TEXT version of this document, it is a
+ plain-text dump of a Web page. You can visit the original (and
+ possibly more up-to-date) Web page here:
+
+ [3]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html
+
+ This document contains platform-independent C-Kermit hints and tips.
+ Also see the platform-specific C-Kermit hints and tips document for
+ your platform, for example:
+
+ [4]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html
+
+ for Unix. This document also applies to [5]Kermit 95 for Windows,
+ which is based on C-Kermit.
+
+ [ [6]C-Kermit ] [ [7]TUTORIAL ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ CONTENTS
+
+ 0. [8]PATCHES
+ 1. [9]INCOMPATIBLE CHANGES
+ 2. [10]THE C-KERMIT COMMAND PARSER
+ 3. [11]MULTIPLE SESSIONS
+ 4. [12]NETWORK CONNECTIONS
+ 5. [13]MODEMS AND DIALING
+ 6. [14]DIALING HINTS AND TIPS
+ 7. [15]TERMINAL SERVERS
+ 8. [16]TERMINAL EMULATION
+ 9. [17]KEY MAPPING
+ 10. [18]FILE TRANSFER
+ 11. [19]SCRIPT PROGRAMMING
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 0. PATCHES
+
+ [ [20]Top ] [ [21]Contents ] [ [22]Next ]
+
+ Source-level patches for C-Kermit 8.0.211:
+
+ (None)
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1. INCOMPATIBLE CHANGES
+
+ [ [23]Top ] [ [24]Contents ] [ [25]Next ]
+
+ These are not necessarily exhaustive lists.
+
+ 1.1. C-Kermit 6.0
+
+ C-Kermit 6.0 was released 6 September 1996 and is completely
+ documented in [26]Using C-Kermit, 2nd Edition. The following
+ incompatible changes were made in C-Kermit 6.0:
+
+ * Unless you tell C-Kermit otherwise, if a serial or network
+ connection seems to be open, and you attempt to EXIT or to open a
+ new connection, C-Kermit warns you that an active connection
+ appears to be open and asks you if you really want to close it. If
+ you do not want these warnings, add SET EXIT WARNING OFF to your
+ customization file or script, or give this command at the prompt.
+ * The default for SET { SEND, RECEIVE } PATHNAMES was changed from
+ ON to OFF, to prevent unexpected creation of directories and
+ depositing of incoming files in places you might not know to look.
+ * The default for SET FILE INCOMPLETE was changed from DISCARD to
+ KEEP to allow for file transfer recovery.
+ * The default file-transfer block-check is now 3, rather than 1. If
+ the other Kermit does not support this, the two will drop back to
+ type 1 automatically unless the other Kermit fails to follow the
+ protocol specification.
+ * The default flow-control is now "auto" ("do the right thing for
+ each type of connection"), not Xon/Xoff.
+ * Backslash (\) is no longer a command continuation character. Only
+ - (hyphen, dash) may be used for this in C-Kermit 6.0 and later.
+ * Negative INPUT timeout now results in infinite wait, rather than 1
+ second.
+
+ 1.2. C-Kermit 7.0
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 was released 1 January 2000. Its new features are
+ documented in the C-Kermit 7.0 Supplement,
+ [27]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit2.html. The following
+ incompatible changes were made in C-Kermit 7.0:
+ * The "multiline GET" command is gone. Now use either of the
+ following forms instead:
+ get remote-name local-name
+ get /as-name:local-name remote-name
+ If either name contains spaces, enclose it in braces (or, in
+ C-Kermit 8.0, doublequotes).
+ * To include multiple file specifications in a GET command, you must
+ now use MGET rather than GET:
+ mget file1 file2 file3 ...
+ * C-Kermit 7.0 and later use FAST Kermit protocol settings by
+ default. This includes "unprefixing" of certain control
+ characters. Because of this, file transfers that worked with
+ previous releases might not work in the new release especially
+ against a non-Kermit-Project Kermit protocol implementation (but
+ it is more likely that they will work, and much faster). If a
+ transfer fails, you'll get a context-sensitive hint suggesting
+ possible causes and cures. Usually SET PREFIXING ALL does the
+ trick.
+ * By default C-Kermit 7.0 and later send files in text or binary
+ mode by looking at each file to see which is the appropriate mode.
+ To restore the previous behavior, put SET TRANSFER MODE MANUAL and
+ the desired SET FILE TYPE (TEXT or BINARY) in your C-Kermit
+ initialization file.
+ * The RESEND and REGET commands automatically switch to binary mode;
+ previously if RESEND or REGET were attempted when FILE TYPE was
+ TEXT, these commands would fail immediately, with a message
+ telling you they work only when the FILE TYPE is BINARY. Now they
+ simply do this for you.
+ * SET PREFIXING CAUTIOUS and MINIMAL now both prefix linefeed (10
+ and 138) in case rlogin, ssh, or cu are "in the middle", since
+ otherwise <LF>~ might appear in Kermit packets, and this would
+ cause rlogin, ssh, or cu to disconnect, suspend,escape back, or
+ otherwise wreck the file transfer. Xon and Xoff are now always
+ prefixed too, even when Xon/Xoff flow control is not in effect,
+ since unprefixing them has proven dangerous on TCP/IP connections.
+ * In UNIX, VMS, Windows, and OS/2, the DIRECTORY command is built
+ into C-Kermit itself rather than implemented by running an
+ external command or program. The built-in command might not behave
+ the way the platform-specific external one did, but many options
+ are available for customization. Of course the underlying
+ platform-specific command can still be accessed with "!", "@", or
+ "RUN" wherever the installation does not forbid. In UNIX, the "ls"
+ command can be accessed directly as "ls" in C-Kermit.
+ * SEND ? prints a list of switches rather than a list of filenames.
+ If you want to see a list of filenames, use a (system-dependent)
+ construction such as SEND ./? (for UNIX, Windows, or OS/2), SEND
+ []? (VMS), etc.
+ * In UNIX, OS-9, and Kermit 95, the wildcard characters in previous
+ versions were * and ?. In C-Kermit 7.0 they are *, ?, [, ], {, and
+ }, with dash used inside []'s to denote ranges and comma used
+ inside {} to separate list elements. If you need to include any of
+ these characters literally in a filename, precede each one with
+ backslash (\).
+ * SET QUIET { ON, OFF } is now on the command stack, just like SET
+ INPUT CASE, SET COUNT, SET MACRO ERROR, etc, as described on p.458
+ of [28]Using C-Kermit, 2nd Edition. This allows any macro or
+ command file to SET QUIET ON or OFF without worrying about saving
+ and restoring the global QUIET value. For example, this lets you
+ write a script that tries SET LINE on lots of devices until it
+ finds one free without spewing out loads of error messages, and
+ also without disturbing the global QUIET setting, whatever it was.
+ * Because of the new "." operator (which introduces assignments),
+ macros whose names begin with "." can not be invoked "by name".
+ However, they still can be invoked with DO or \fexecute().
+ * The syntax of the EVALUATE command has changed. To restore the
+ previous syntax, use SET EVALUATE OLD.
+ * The \v(directory) variable now includes the trailing directory
+ separator; in previous releases it did not. This is to allow
+ constructions such as:
+ cd \v(dir)data.tmp
+ to work across platforms that might have different directory
+ notation, such as UNIX, Windows, and VMS.
+ * Prior to C-Kermit 7.0, the FLOW-CONTROL setting was global and
+ sticky. In C-Kermit 7.0, there is an array of default flow-control
+ values for each kind of connection, that are applied automatically
+ at SET LINE/PORT/HOST time. Thus a SET FLOW command given before
+ SET LINE/PORT/HOST is likely to be undone. Therefore SET FLOW can
+ be guaranteed to have the desired effect only if given after the
+ SET LINE/PORT/HOST command.
+ * Character-set translation works differently in the TRANSMIT
+ command when (a) the file character-set is not the same as the
+ local end of the terminal character-set, or (b) when the terminal
+ character-set is TRANSPARENT.
+
+ 1.3. C-Kermit 8.0
+
+ The following incompatible changes were made in C-Kermit 8.0:
+ * C-Kermit now accepts doublequotes in most contexts where you
+ previously had to use braces to group multiple words into a single
+ field, or to force inclusion of leading or trailing blanks. This
+ might cause problems in contexts where you wanted the doublequote
+ characters to be taken literally. Consult [29]Section 5 of the
+ [30]C-Kermit 8.0 Update Notes for further information.
+ * Using the SET HOST command to make HTTP connections is no longer
+ supported. Instead, use the new [31]HTTP OPEN command.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2. THE C-KERMIT COMMAND PARSER
+
+ [ [32]Top ] [ [33]Contents ] [ [34]Next ] [ [35]Previous ]
+
+ Various command-related limits are shown in the following table, in
+ which the sample values are for a "large memory model" build of
+ C-Kermit, typical for modern platforms (Linux, Solaris, AIX, VMS,
+ etc). You can see the values for your version of Kermit by giving the
+ SHOW FEATURES command. The maximum length for a Kermit command (CMDBL)
+ also determines the maximum length for a macro definition, since
+ DEFINE is itself a command. The maximum length for a variable name is
+ between 256 and 4096 characters, depending on the platform; for array
+ declarations and references, that includes the subscript.
+ ______________________________________________________________
+
+ Item Symbol Sample
+ Value Definition
+ Number of characters in a command CMDBL 32763 ckucmd.h
+ Number of chars in a field of a command ATMBL 10238 ckucmd.h
+ Nesting level for command files MAXTAKE 54 ckuusr.h
+ Nesting level for macros MACLEVEL 128 ckuusr.h
+ Nesting level for FOR / WHILE loops FORDEPTH 32 ckuusr.h
+ Number of macros MAC_MAX 16384 ckuusr.h
+ Size of INPUT buffer INPBUFSIZ 4096 ckuusr.h
+ Maximum files to match a wildcard MAXWLD 102400 ckcdeb.h
+ Filespecs in MSEND command MSENDMAX 1024 ckuusr.h
+ Length for GOTO target label LBLSIZ 50 ckuusr.h
+ \fexecute() recursion depth limit CMDDEP 64 ckucmd.h
+ ______________________________________________________________
+
+ If you need to define a macro that is longer than CMDBL, you can break
+ the macro up into sub-macros or rewrite the macro as a command file.
+ In a pinch you can also redefine CMDBL and recompile C-Kermit. All of
+ these numbers represent tradeoffs: the bigger the number, the more
+ "powerful" Kermit in the corresponding area, but also the bigger the
+ program image and possibly disk footprint, and the longer it takes to
+ load and initialize.
+
+ In the interactive command parser:
+
+ * EMACS- or VI-style command line editing is not supported.
+ * Editing keys are hardwired (Ctrl-U, Ctrl-W, etc).
+
+ If you interrupt C-Kermit before it has issued its first prompt, it
+ will exit. This means that you cannot interrupt execution of the
+ initialization file, or of an "application file" (file whose name is
+ given as the first command-line argument), or of an alternative
+ initialization file ("-y filename"), and get to the prompt. There is,
+ however, one exception to this rule: you *can* interrupt commands --
+ including TAKE commands -- given in the '-C "command list"'
+ command-line argument and -- if there were no action commands among
+ the command-line arguments -- you will be returned to the C-Kermit
+ prompt. So, for example, if you want to start C-Kermit in such a way
+ that it executes a command file before issuing its first prompt, and
+ you also want to be able to interrupt the command file and get to the
+ prompt, include a TAKE command for the desired command in the -C
+ argument, for example:
+
+ kermit -C "take dial.scr"
+
+ At the command prompt, if you use the backslash (\) prefix to enter a
+ control character, space, or question mark into a command literally,
+ the backslash disappears and is replaced by the quoted character. If
+ it was a control character, it is shown as a circumflex (^). This
+ allows editing (backspace, delete, Ctrl-W) to work correctly even for
+ control characters.
+
+ Priot to C-Kermit 8.0, the only way to include a comma literally in a
+ macro definition -- as opposed to having it separate commands within
+ the definition -- is to enter its ASCII value (44) in backslash
+ notation, e.g.:
+
+ DEFINE ROWS RUN MODE CO80\{44}\%1
+
+ In C-Kermit 8.0 you can use constructions like this:
+
+ DEFINE ROWS RUN MODE "CO80,\%1"
+
+ If you quote special characters in a filename (e.g. in the SEND
+ command), filename completion may seem to work incorrectly. For
+ example, if you have a file whose name is a*b (the name really
+ contains an asterisk), and you type "send a\\*<ESC>", the "b" does not
+ appear, nor will Ctrl-R redisplay the completed name correctly. But
+ internally the file name is recognized anyway.
+
+ Question-mark help does not work during execution of an ASKQ command.
+ The question marks are simply accepted as text.
+
+ In OUTPUT commands only, \B sends a BREAK signal, \L sends a Long
+ BREAK signal, and \N sends a NUL (ASCII 0). BREAK and Long BREAK are
+ special signals, not characters, and NUL is a character that normally
+ cannot be included in a C string, since it is the C string terminator.
+ If you really want to output a backslash followed by a B, an L, or an
+ N (as is needed to configure certain modems, etc), double the
+ backslash, e.g. "output \\B". In C-Kermit 7.0 or later, you can disarm
+ and re-arm the special OUTPUT-command escapes (\B, \L, and \N) with
+ SET OUTPUT SPECIAL-ESCAPES { OFF, ON }.
+
+ When using the command-line processor ("kermit -l /dev/tty00 -b
+ 19200", etc), note that in some cases the order of the command-line
+ options makes a difference, contrary to the expectation that order of
+ command-line options should not matter. For example, the -b option
+ must be given after the -l option if it is to affect the device
+ specified in the -l option.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3. MULTIPLE SESSIONS
+
+ [ [36]Top ] [ [37]Contents ] [ [38]Next ] [ [39]Previous ]
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 and earlier do not support multiple sessions. When you
+ SET LINE (or SET PORT, same thing) to a new device, or SET HOST to a
+ new host, the previous SET LINE device or network host connection is
+ closed, resulting in hangup of the modem or termination of the network
+ connection. In windowing environments like HP-VUE, NeXTSTEP, Windows,
+ OS/2, etc, you can run separate copies of Kermit in different windows
+ to achieve multiple sessions.
+
+ To achieve multiple sessions through a single serial port (e.g. when
+ dialing up), you can install SLIP or PPP on your computer and then use
+ C-Kermit's TCP/IP support over the SLIP or PPP connection, assuming
+ you also have TCP/IP networking installed on your computer.
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 has the same restriction on SET LINE and SET HOST
+ sessions: only one regular session (dialout, Telnet, etc) can be open
+ at a time. However, version 8.0 adds two new kinds of sessions: FTP
+ and HTTP; one or both of these can be open at the same as a regular
+ session.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4. NETWORK CONNECTIONS
+
+ [ [40]Top ] [ [41]Contents ] [ [42]Next ] [ [43]Previous ]
+
+ FTP Client Bugs
+
+ The Unix C-Kermit 8.0.206 FTP client had the following bugs at the
+ time most of the 8.0.206 binaries were built for the C-Kermit 8.0
+ CDROM:
+
+ 1. FTP MGET fails when directory segments contain wildcards, as in
+ "ftp mget */data/*.dat". Work around by doing a separate MGET for
+ each source directory.
+ 2. FTP MGET can fail or produce random side effects if you have a
+ TMPDIR or CK_TMP environment variable definition in effect, or a
+ SET TEMP-DIRECTORY value, longer than 7 characters. Work around by
+ giving a SET TEMP-DIRECTORY command with a short value, such as
+ "/tmp".
+
+ These two bugs are fixed in the source code that is included on the
+ CDROM, and also in Kermit 95 2.1.1. You can tell if a C-Kermit 8.0.206
+ binary has these fixes by typing SHOW VERSION; if it says "FTP Client,
+ 8.0.200, 24 Oct 2002" it has the fixes; if the edit number is less
+ that 200, it doesn't, in which case can build a new binary from the
+ source code (or contact us and we'll try to get get one for you).
+
+ Making TCP/IP Connections Can Take a Long Time
+
+ The most frequently asked question in many newsgroups is "Why does it
+ take such a long time to make a Telnet connection to (or from) my
+ (e.g.) Linux PC?" (this applies to Kermit as well as to regular Telnet
+ clients):
+
+ 1. Most Telnet servers perform reverse DNS lookups on the client for
+ security and/or logging reasons. If the Telnet client's host
+ cannot be found by the server's local DNS server, the DNS request
+ goes out to the Internet at large, and this can take quite some
+ time. The solution to this problem is to make sure that both
+ client and host are registered in DNS.
+ 2. C-Kermit itself performs reverse DNS lookups unless you tell it
+ not to. This is to allow C-Kermit to let you know which host it is
+ actually connected to in case you have made a connection to a
+ "host pool" (multihomed host). You can disable C-Kermit's reverse
+ DNS lookup with SET TCP REVERSE-DNS-LOOKUP OFF.
+ 3. C-Kermit 7.0 and later strictly enforce Telnet protocol rules. One
+ such rule is that certain negotiations must be responded to. If
+ C-Kermit sends a such a negotiation and the host does not respond,
+ C-Kermit waits a long time for the reply (in case the network is
+ congested or the host is slow), but eventually will time out. To
+ eliminate the waits (and therefore risk possible protocol
+ mismatches -- or worse -- between Telnet client and server), tell
+ C-Kermit to SET TELNET WAIT OFF (or include the /NOWAIT switch
+ with the TELNET command).
+
+ The Rlogin Client
+
+ In multiuser operating systems such as UNIX and VMS, TCP/IP Rlogin
+ connections are available only to privileged users, since "login" is a
+ privileged socket. Assuming you are allowed to use it in the first
+ place, it is likely to behave differently depending on what type of
+ host you are rlogging in to, due to technical reasons having to do
+ with conflicting interpretations of RFC793 (Out-Of-Band Data) and
+ Rlogin (RFC1122)... "Specifically, the TCP urgent pointer in BSD
+ points to the byte after the urgent data byte, and an RFC-compliant
+ TCP urgent pointer points to the urgent data byte. As a result, if an
+ application sends urgent data from a BSD-compatible implementation to
+ an [44]RFC-1122 compatible implementation then the receiver will read
+ the wrong urgent data byte (it will read the byte located after the
+ correct byte in the data stream as the urgent data byte)." Rlogin
+ requires the use of OOB data while Telnet does not. Therefore, it is
+ possible for Telnet to work between all systems while BSD and System V
+ TCP/IP implementations are almost always a bad mix.
+
+ The Telnet Client
+
+ On a TCP/IP TELNET connection, you should normally have PARITY set to
+ NONE and (except in VMS C-Kermit) FLOW-CONTROL also set to NONE. If
+ file transfer does not work with these settings (for example, because
+ the remote TELNET server only gives a 7-bit data path), use SET PARITY
+ SPACE. Do not use SET PARITY MARK, EVEN, or ODD on a TELNET connection
+ -- it interferes with TELNET protocol.
+
+ If echoing does not work right after connecting to a network host or
+ after dialing through a TCP/IP modem server, it probably means that
+ the TELNET server on the far end of the connection is executing the
+ TELNET protocol incorrectly. After initially connecting and
+ discovering incorrect echoing (characters are echoed twice, or not at
+ all), escape back, give the appropriate SET DUPLEX command (FULL or
+ HALF), and then CONNECT again. For a consistently misbehaving
+ connection, you can automate this process in a macro or TAKE file.
+
+ TELNET sessions are treated just like serial communications sessions
+ as far as "terminal bytesize" and "command bytesize" are concerned. If
+ you need to view and/or enter 8-bit characters during a TELNET
+ session, you must tell C-Kermit to SET TERMINAL BYTESIZE 8, SET
+ COMMAND BYTESIZE 8, and SET PARITY NONE.
+
+ If you SET TELNET DEBUG ON prior to making a connection, protocol
+ negotiations will be displayed on your screen. You can also capture
+ them in the debug log (along with everything else) and then extract
+ them easily, since all Telnet negotiations lines begin with
+ (uppercase) "TELNET".
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 5. MODEMS AND DIALING
+
+ [ [45]Top ] [ [46]Contents ] [ [47]Next ] [ [48]Previous ]
+
+ External modems are recommended because:
+
+ * They don't need any special drivers.
+ * They are less likely to interfere with normal operation of your
+ computer.
+ * You can use the lights and speaker to troubleshoot dialing.
+ * You can share them among all types of computers.
+ * You can easily turn them off and on when power-cycling seems
+ warranted.
+ * They are more likely to have manuals.
+
+ Modems can be used by C-Kermit only when they are visible as or
+ through a regular serial port device. Certain modems can not be used
+ in this normal way on many kinds of computers: Winmodems, RPI modems,
+ Controllerless modems, the IBM Mwave, etc; all of these require
+ special drivers that perform some, most, or all of the modem's
+ functions in software. Such drivers are generally NOT available in
+ UNIX or other non-Windows (or non-OS/2, in the case of the Mwave)
+ platforms.
+
+ In order to dial a modem, C-Kermit must know its repertoire of
+ commands and responses. Each modem make and model is likely to have a
+ different repertoire. Since Kermit has no way of knowhing which kind
+ of modem will be dialed, normally you have to tell it with a SET MODEM
+ TYPE command, e.g.:
+
+ set modem type usrobotics
+ set line /dev/cua0
+ set speed 57600
+ dial 7654321
+
+ In the early days, there was a wide variety of modems and command
+ languages. Nowadays, almost every modem uses the Hayes AT command set
+ (but with some differences in the details) and its startup
+ configuration includes error correction, data compression, and
+ hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control. As long as C-Kermit is capable of
+ hardware flow control (as it is on many, but not all, the platforms
+ where it runs, since some operating systems don't support it), the
+ modem can be dailed immediately, without lengthy configuration
+ dialogs, and in fact this is what SET MODEM TYPE GENERIC-HIGH-SPEED
+ does. In C-Kermit 8.0, GENERIC-HIGH-SPEED has become the default modem
+ type, so now it is usually possible to SET LINE, SET SPEED, and DIAL
+ without having to identify your modem. If this doesn't work, of
+ course, then you might have to fall back to the tradiational method:
+ Give a SET MODEM TYPE for a specific modem first, then SET LINE, SET
+ SPEED, and DIAL.
+
+ An important change in C-Kermit 6.0 is that when you give a SET MODEM
+ TYPE command to tell Kermit what kind of modem you have, Kermit also
+ sets a number of other modem-related parameters automatically from its
+ internal modem database. Thus, the order in which you give
+ modem-related commands is significant, whereas in prior releases they
+ could be given in any order.
+
+ In particular, MODEM SPEED-MATCHING is set according to whether the
+ modem is known to be capable of speed buffering. SET MODEM TYPE
+ HAYES-2400 automatically turns SPEED-MATCHING ON, because when the
+ Hayes 2400 reports a particular speed in its CONNECT message, that
+ means its interface speed has changed to that speed, and C-Kermit's
+ must change accordingly if it is to continue communicating. This might
+ cause some confusion if you use "set modem type hayes" for dialing a
+ more advanced type of modem.
+
+ The new default for flow control is "auto", meaning "do the right
+ thing for each type of connection". So (for example) if your version
+ of C-Kermit supports SET FLOW RTS/CTS and your modem also supports
+ RTS/CTS, then Kermit automatically sets its flow control to RTS/CTS
+ and set modem's flow control to RTS/CTS too before attempting to use
+ the modem.
+
+ For these reasons, don't assume that "set modem type hayes" should be
+ used for all modems that uses the Hayes AT command set. "set modem
+ type hayes" really does mean Hayes 1200 or 2400, which in turn means
+ no hardware flow control, and no speed buffering. This choice will
+ rarely work with a modern high-speed modem.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6. DIALING HINTS AND TIPS
+
+ [ [49]Top ] [ [50]Contents ] [ [51]Next ] [ [52]Previous ]
+
+ If you have a high-speed, error-correcting, data-compressing,
+ speed-buffering modem, you should fix the modem's interface speed as
+ high as possible, preferably (at least) four times higher than its
+ maximum connection (modulation) speed to allow compression to work at
+ full advantage. In this type of setup, you must also have an effective
+ means of flow control enabled between C-Kermit and the modem,
+ preferably hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control. On platforms that do not
+ support hardware flow control, it is usually possible to select
+ software flow control (Xon/Xoff), and C-Kermit will do its best to set
+ the modem for local Xon/Xoff flow control too (but then, of course,
+ Ctrl-S and Ctrl-Q characters can not be transmitted on the
+ connection).
+
+ If you are having trouble dialing your modem, SET DIAL DISPLAY ON to
+ watch the dialing interactions between C-Kermit and your modem.
+ Consult Chapters 3-4 of [53]Using C-Kermit (2nd Ed) for modem-dialing
+ troubleshooting instructions. The following sections offer some
+ addtional hints and tips.
+
+ 6.1. Syntax
+
+ If you want to dial a number that starts with #, you'll need to quote
+ the "#" character (as \# or \{35}), since it is also a comment
+ introducer:
+
+ C-Kermit>dial #98765421-1-212-5551212 ; Looks like a comment
+ ?You must specify a number to dial
+ C-Kermit>dial \#98765421-1-212-5551212 ; Works OK
+ C-Kermit>dial =#98765421-1-212-5551212 ; This works too
+
+ When using a dialing directory, remember what happens if a name is not
+ found:
+
+ C-Kermit>dial xyzcorp
+ Lookup: "xyzcorp" - not found - dialing as given
+
+ This normally does no harm, but some modems might behave strangely
+ when given dial strings that contain certain letters. For example, a
+ certain German modem treats any dial string that contains the letter
+ "s" as a command to fetch a number from its internal list, and replies
+ OK to the ATD command, which is normally not a valid response except
+ for partial dialing. To avoid this situation, use:
+
+ lookup xyzcorp
+ if success dial
+
+ 6.2. The Carrier Signal
+
+ Remember: In many C-Kermit implementations (depending on the
+ underlying operating system -- mostly Windows, OS/2, and
+ System-V-based UNIX versions, and in C-Kermit 7.0, also VMS), you
+ can't CONNECT to a modem and type the modem's dialing command (like
+ "ATDT7654321") manually, unless you first tell C-Kermit to:
+
+ SET CARRIER-WATCH OFF
+
+ This is because (in these implementations), the CONNECT command
+ requires the modem's Carrier Detect (CD) signal to be on, but the CD
+ signal doesn't come on until after dialing is complete. This
+ requirement is what allows C-Kermit to pop back to its prompt
+ automatically when the connection is hung up. See the description of
+ SET CARRIER-WATCH in "Using C-Kermit".
+
+ Similarly, if your dialed connection drops when CARRIER-WATCH is set
+ to AUTO or ON, you can't CONNECT back to the (now disconnected) screen
+ to see what might have happened unless you first SET CARRIER-WATCH
+ OFF. But sometimes not even SET CARRIER-WATCH OFF will help in this
+ situation: certain platforms (for example Unixware 2.1), once carrier
+ drops, won't let the application do i/o with the device any more. In
+ that case, if you want to use the device again, you have to CLOSE it
+ and OPEN it again. Or you can have Kermit do this for you
+ automatically by telling it to SET CLOSE-ON-DISCONNECT ON.
+
+ 6.3. Dialing and Flow Control
+
+ Don't SET FLOW RTS/CTS if your modem is turned off, or if it is not
+ presenting the CTS signal. Otherwise, the serial device driver can get
+ stuck waiting for this signal to appear.
+
+ Most modern modems support RTS/CTS (if they support any hardware flow
+ control at all), but some computers use different RS-232 circuits for
+ the same purposes, e.g. DTR and CD, or DTR and CTS. In such cases, you
+ might be able to make your computer work with your modem by
+ appropriately cross-wiring the circuits in the cable connector, for
+ example the computer's DTR to the modem's RTS, and modem's CD to the
+ computer's CTS. HOWEVER, C-Kermit does not know you have done this. So
+ if you have (say) SET FLOW DTR/CD, C-Kermit will make no attempt to
+ tell the modem to use RTS/CTS. You probably did this yourself when you
+ configured the modem.
+
+ 6.4. The Dial Timeout
+
+ If it takes your call longer to be completed than the timeout interval
+ that C-Kermit calculates, you can use the SET DIAL TIMEOUT command to
+ override C-Kermit's value. But beware: the modem has its own timeout
+ for completing the call. If it is a Hayes-like modem, C-Kermit adjusts
+ the modem's value too by setting register S7. But the maximum value
+ for S7 might be smaller than the time you need! In that case, C-Kermit
+ sets S7 to 0, 255, or other (modem-specific) value to signify "no
+ timeout". If Kermit attempts to set register S7 to a value higher than
+ your modem's maximum, the modem will say "ERROR" and you will get a
+ "Failure to initialize modem" error. In that case, use SET DIAL
+ TIMEOUT to override C-Kermit's calculation of the timeout value with
+ the highest value that is legal for your modem, e.g. 60.
+
+ 6.5. Escape Sequence Guard Time
+
+ A "TIES" (Time-Independent Escape Sequence) modem does not require any
+ guard time around its escape sequence. The following text:
+
+ +++ATH0
+
+ if sent through a TIES modem, for example because you were uploading
+ this file through it, could pop the modem back into command mode and
+ make it hang up the connection. Later versions of the Telebit T1600
+ and T3000 (version LA3.01E firmware and later), and all WorldBlazers,
+ use TIES.
+
+ Although the probability of "+++" appearing in a Kermit packet is
+ markedly lower than with most other protocols (see the [54]File
+ Transfer section below), it can still happen under certain
+ circumstances. It can also happen when using C-Kermit's TRANSMIT
+ command. If you are using a Telebit TIES modem, you can change the
+ modem's escape sequence to an otherwise little-used control character
+ such as Ctrl-_ (Control-Underscore):
+
+ AT S2=31
+
+ A sequence of three consecutive Ctrl-_ characters will not appear in a
+ Kermit packet unless you go to extraordinary lengths to defeat more
+ than a few of Kermit's built-in safety mechanisms. And if you do this,
+ then you should also turn off the modem's escape-sequence recognition
+ altogether:
+
+ AT S48=0 S2=255
+
+ But when escape sequence recognition is turned off, "modem hangup"
+ (<pause>+++<pause>ATH0<CR>) will not work, so you should also SET
+ MODEM HANGUP RS232-SIGNAL (rather then MODEM-COMMAND).
+
+ 6.6. Adaptive Dialing
+
+ Some modems have a feature called adaptive dialing. When they are told
+ to dial a number using Tone dialing, they check to make sure that
+ dialtone has gone away after dialing the first digit. If it has not,
+ the modem assumes the phone line does not accept Tone dialing and so
+ switches to Pulse. When dialing out from a PBX, there is almost always
+ a secondary dialtone. Typically you take the phone off-hook, get the
+ PBX dialtone, dial "9" to get an outside line, and then get the phone
+ company's dialtone. In a situation like this, you need to tell the
+ modem to expect the secondary dialtone. On Hayes and compatible
+ modems, this is done by putting a "W" in the dial string at the
+ appropriate place. For example, to dial 9 for an outside line, and
+ then 7654321, use ATDT9W7654321:
+
+ SET PBX-OUTSIDE-PREFIX 9W
+
+ (replace "9" with whatever your PBX's outside-line prefix is).
+
+ 6.7. The Busy Signal
+
+ Some phone companies are eliminating the busy signal. Instead, they
+ issue a voice message such as "press 1 to automatically redial until
+ the number answers, or...". Obviously this is a disaster for modem
+ calls. If your service has this feature, there's nothing Kermit can do
+ about it. Your modem will respond with NO CARRIER (after a long time)
+ rather than BUSY (immediately), and Kermit will declare the call a
+ failure, rather than trying to redial the same number.
+
+ 6.8. Hanging Up
+
+ There are two ways to hang up a modem: by turning off the serial
+ port's DTR signal (SET MODEM HANGUP-METHOD RS232-SIGNAL) or sending
+ the modem its escape sequence followed by its hangup command (SET
+ MODEM HANGUP-METHOD MODEM-COMMAND). If one doesn't work, try the
+ other. If the automatic hangup performed at the beginning of a DIAL
+ command causes trouble, then SET DIAL HANGUP OFF.
+
+ The HANGUP command has no effect when C-Kermit is in remote mode. This
+ is on purpose. If C-Kermit could hang up its own controlling terminal,
+ this would (a) most likely leave behind zombie processes, and (b) pose
+ a security risk.
+
+ If you DIAL a modem, disconnect, then SET HOST or TELNET, and then
+ HANGUP, Kermit sends the modem's hangup command, such as "+++ATHO".
+ There is no good way to avoid this, because this case can't reliably
+ be distinguished from the case in which the user does SET HOST
+ terminal-server, SET MODEM TYPE name, DIAL. In both cases we have a
+ valid modem type selected and we have a network connection. If you
+ want to DIAL and then later make a regular network connection, you
+ will have to SET MODEM TYPE NONE or SET DIAL HANGUP OFF to avoid this
+ phenomenon.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7. TERMINAL SERVERS
+
+ [ [55]Top ] [ [56]Contents ] [ [57]Next ] [ [58]Previous ]
+
+ Watch out for terminal server's escape character -- usually a control
+ character such as Ctrl-Circumflex (Ctrl-^). Don't unprefix it in
+ Kermit!
+
+ Ciscos -- must often be told to "terminal download"... Cisco ASM
+ models don't have hardware flow control in both directions.
+
+ Many terminal servers only give you a 7-bit connection, so if you
+ can't make it 8-bit, tell Kermit to "set parity space".
+
+ The following story, regarding trouble transferring 8-bit files
+ through a reverse terminal server, was contributed by an Annex
+ terminal server user:
+
+ Using C-Kermit on an HP 9000 712/80 running the HP-UX 10.0
+ operating system. The HP was connected to a Xylogics Annex
+ MICRO-ELS-UX R7.1 8 port terminal server via ethernet. On the
+ second port of the terminal server is an AT&T Paradyne 3810 modem,
+ which is connected to a telephone line. There is a program which
+ runs on the HP to establish a Telnet connection between a serial
+ line on the Annex and a character special file on the HP (/dev
+ file). This is an Annex specific program called rtelnet (reverse
+ telnet) and is provided with the terminal server software. The
+ rtelnet utility runs on top of the pseudo-terminal facility
+ provided by UNIX. It creates host-originiated connections to
+ devices attached ot Annex serial ports. There are several command
+ line arguments to be specified with this program: the IP address of
+ the terminal server, the number of the port to attach to, and the
+ name of the pseudo-device to create. In addition to these there are
+ options to tell rtelnet how to operate on the connect: -b requests
+ negotiation for Telnet binary mode, -d turns on socket-leve
+ debugging, -f enables "connect on the fly" mode, -r removes the
+ device-name if it already exists, etc. The most important of these
+ to be specified when using 8 data bits and no parity, as we found
+ out, was the -t option. This creates a transparent TCP connection
+ to the terminal server. Again, what we assumed to be happening was
+ that the rtelnet program encountered a character sequence special
+ to itself and then "eating" those kermit packets. I think this is
+ all of the information I can give you on the configuration, short
+ of the values associated with the port on the terminal server.
+
+ How to DIAL from a TCP/IP reverse terminal server (modem server):
+
+ 1. (only if necessary) SET TELNET ECHO REMOTE
+ 2. SET HOST terminal-server-ip-name-or-address [ port ]
+ 3. SET MODEM TYPE modem-type
+ 4. (only if necessary) SET DIAL HANGUP OFF
+ 5. (for troubleshooting) SET DIAL DISPLAY ON
+ 6. DIAL phone-number
+
+ The order is important: SET HOST before SET MODEM TYPE. Since this is
+ a Telnet connection, serial-port related commands such as SET SPEED,
+ SET STOP-BITS, HANGUP (when MODEM HANGUP-METHOD is RS232), etc, have
+ no effect. However, in C-Kermit 8.0, if the modem server supports
+ [59]RFC-2217 Telnet Com-Port Control protocol, these commands do
+ indeed take effect at the server's serial port.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8. TERMINAL EMULATION
+
+ [ [60]Top ] [ [61]Contents ] [ [62]Next ] [ [63]Previous ]
+
+ Except for the Windows, OS/2, and Macintosh versions, C-Kermit does
+ not emulate any kind of terminal. Rather, it acts as a
+ "semitransparent pipe", passing the characters you type during a
+ CONNECT session to the remote host, and sending the characters
+ received from the remote host to your screen. Whatever is controlling
+ your keyboard and screen provides the specific terminal emulation: a
+ real terminal, a PC running a terminal emulator, etc, or (in the case
+ of a self-contained workstation) your console driver, a terminal
+ window, xterm, etc.
+
+ Kermit is semitrantsparent rather than fully transparent in the
+ following ways:
+
+ * During a TELNET ("set host") session, C-Kermit itself executes the
+ TELNET protocol and performs TELNET negotiations. (But it does not
+ perform TN3270 protocol or any other type of 3270 terminal
+ emulation.)
+ * If you have changed your keyboard mapping using SET KEY, C-Kermit
+ replaces the characters you type with the characters or strings
+ they are mapped to.
+ * If you SET your TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET to anything but
+ TRANSPARENT, C-Kermit translates your keystrokes (after applying
+ any SET KEY definitions) before transmitting them, and translates
+ received characters before showing them on your screen.
+ * If your remote and/or local TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET is an ISO 646
+ 7-bit national character set, such as German, French, Italian,
+ Swedish, etc, or Short KOI used for Cyrillic, C-Kermit's CONNECT
+ command automatically skips over ANSI escape sequences to avoid
+ translating their characters. Only ANSI/ISO standard
+ (VT100/200/300-like) 7-bit escape sequence formats are supported
+ for this purpose, no proprietary schemes like H-P, Televideo,
+ Tektronix, etc.
+ * If your version of C-Kermit includes SET TERMINAL APC command,
+ then C-Kermit's CONNECT command will handle APC escape sequences
+ if TERMINAL APC is not set to OFF (which is the default).
+
+ You can make C-Kermit fully transparent by starting it with the -0
+ (dash zero) command-line option.
+
+ If you are running C-Kermit under a console driver, or in a terminal
+ window, that emulates the VT100, and use C-Kermit to log in to a VMS
+ system, the console driver or terminal window (not Kermit) is supposed
+ to reply to the "what are you?" query (ESC Z) from the VAX. If it
+ doesn't, and you can't make it do so, then you can (a) live with the
+ "unknown terminal" problem; (b) tell VMS to SET TERMINAL/DEVICE=VT100;
+ (c) program a key using SET KEY to send the appropriate sequence and
+ then punch the key at the right time; or (d) use the VMSLOGIN macro
+ that is defined in CKERMIT.INI to do this for you automatically.
+
+ SET SESSION-LOG { TEXT, BINARY }, which is effective in UNIX and
+ AOS/VS but not other C-Kermit versions, removes CR, DEL, NUL, XON, and
+ XOFF characters (Using C-Kermit neglects to mention that XON and XOFF
+ are removed). The TEXT-mode setting is ineffective during SCRIPT
+ command execution, as well as on X.25 connections.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9. KEY MAPPING
+
+ [ [64]Top ] [ [65]Contents ] [ [66]Next ] [ [67]Previous ]
+
+ Except in the terminal-emulating versions, C-Kermit's key mapping
+ facilities are limited to normal "ASCII" keys, and cannot be used with
+ function keys, arrow keys, arcane key combinations, etc. Since
+ C-Kermit runs on such a wide variety of hardware platforms (including,
+ for example, more than 360 different UNIX platforms), it is not
+ possible for C-Kermit to support every conceivable keyboard under
+ every release of every UNIX (or VMS, or ...) product on every
+ different kind of computer possibly under all manner of different
+ console drivers, even if it had the means to do so.
+
+ In technical terms, C-Kermit uses the read() function to read
+ keystrokes, and read() returns a single byte (value 0 through 255).
+ C-Kermit's SET KEY function applies to these single-byte codes.
+ "Extended function" keys, such as F-keys, arrow keys, etc, usually
+ return either a 2-byte "scan code" or else a character string (such as
+ an escape sequence like "<ESC> O p"). In both cases, C-Kermit has no
+ way to tell the difference between such multibyte key values, and the
+ corresponding series of single-byte key values. This could only be
+ done by accessing the keyboard at a much lower level in a highly
+ platform-dependent manner, probably requiring tens of thousands of
+ lines of code to support even a sampling of the most popular
+ workstation / OS combinations.
+
+ However, most workstation console drivers (terminal emulation windows,
+ etc) include their own key-mapping facility. For example in AIX, the
+ AIXterm program (in whose window you would run C-Kermit) allows
+ rebinding of the F1-F12 keys to arbitrary strings. The same is true of
+ Xterm and DECterm windows, etc. Consult the technical documentation
+ for your workstation or emulator. See sample Xterm (Xmodmap) mappings
+ in the [68]Unix C-Kermit Hints and Tips document.
+
+ The SET KEY command (except in Kermit 95) does not allow a key
+ definition to be (or contain) the NUL (\0) character.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 10. FILE TRANSFER
+
+ [ [69]Top ] [ [70]Contents ] [ [71]Next ] [ [72]Previous ]
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 is the first release of C-Kermit to use fast (rather than
+ robust and therefore slow) protocol defaults: long packets, sliding
+ windows, control-character unprefixing, and streaming where possible.
+ This makes most transfers (partner willing) dramatically faster "out
+ of the box" but might break some combinations that worked before. If
+ transfers with C-Kermit 7.0 or later fail where transfers worked with
+ earlier C-Kermit versions, try the following (one at a time, in this
+ order):
+
+ 1. SET PREFIXING ALL: Disables control-character unprefixing.
+ 2. SET STREAMING OFF: Disables streaming.
+ 3. CAUTIOUS: Selects medium but cautious protocol settings.
+ 4. ROBUST: this command reverts to the most conservative protocol
+ settings.
+
+ Execution of multiple file transfers by C-Kermit from a command file
+ when in remote mode might exhibit long delays between each transfer.
+ To avoid this, just include the command "SET DELAY 0" in your command
+ file before any of the file-transfer commands.
+
+ File transfer failures can occur for all sorts of reasons, most of
+ them listed in Chapter 10 of [73]Using C-Kermit. The following
+ sections touch on some that aren't.
+
+ The [74]C-Kermit 7.0 Release Notes document SEND /COMMAND as taking an
+ argument, but it doesn't. Instead of SEND /COMMAND:{some command},
+ use:
+
+SEND /COMMAND [ other switches such as /AS-NAME: ] command [ arguments... ]
+
+ 10.1. Laptops
+
+ Watch out for laptops and their assorted power-saver features; for
+ example, a built-in modem's "auto timeout delay" hanging up the
+ connection in the middle of a file transfer. Most modems, even if they
+ have this feature, do not have it enabled by default. But if you
+ experience otherwise inexplicable disconnections in the midst of your
+ Kermit sessions, check the modem manual for such things as "idle
+ timeout", "auto timeout", etc, and add the command to disable this
+ feature to Kermit's init string for this modem.
+
+ 10.2. NFS
+
+ If uploading a large file to an NFS-mounted disk fails (or is
+ painfully slow), try uploading it to a local disk (e.g. /tmp on Unix)
+ and then copying to the NFS disk later.
+
+ 10.3. Modems
+
+ If you are dialing out and find that downloads work but uploads don't,
+ try again with a lower serial-port speed. Case in point: dialing out
+ on a certain PC from Linux at 115200 bps using a USR Courier 56K
+ "V.Everything" external modem and RTS/CTS flow control. Downloads
+ worked flawlessly, uploads stopped dead after the first few packets
+ were sent. The modem lights showed constant retraining (ARQ light
+ blinks slowly), and the CTS light was off 95% of the time, allowing
+ nothing to get through. Reducing the serial port speed to 57600 bps
+ made the problems go away. Evidently the PC in question has a very
+ fast serial port, since dialing the same modem with a different PC at
+ 115200 bps works without incident.
+
+ 10.4. TCP/IP Connections
+
+ If you have trouble transferring files over a TCP/IP connection, tell
+ Kermit to SET PARITY SPACE and try again. If that doesn't work, also
+ try a shorter packet length or smaller window size (to compensate for
+ certain well-known broken Telnet servers), and/or SET RELIABLE OFF.
+
+ 10.5. Multihop Connections
+
+ If you have a multihop connection, with the interior nodes in CONNECT
+ mode (Kermit, Telnet, Rlogin, or any other), you can expect (a) file
+ transfer to be slower, and (b) the connection to be less transparent
+ (to control characters, perhaps to the 8th bit) than a more direct
+ connection. C-Kermit 7.0 and later have a "-0" (dash-zero)
+ command-line option to make it 100% transparent in cases where it is
+ to be used in the middle.
+
+ 10.6. Recovery
+
+ The recovery feature (RESEND command) that was added in version
+ 5A(190) works only for binary-mode transfers. In order for this
+ feature to be useful at all, the default for SET FILE INCOMPLETE was
+ changed from DISCARD to KEEP. Otherwise an interrupted transfer would
+ leave no partial file behind unless you had remembered to change the
+ default. But now you have to pay closer attention to Kermit's messages
+ to know whether a transfer succeeded or failed -- previously, if it
+ failed, the file would not show up on the receiving end at all; in
+ 5A(190) and later, you'll get a partial file which could easily be
+ mistaken for the complete file unless you change the default back to
+ DISCARD or read the screen messages, or keep a transaction log.
+
+ 10.7. Filename Collisions
+
+ SET FILE COLLISION BACKUP is the default. This means:
+
+ * If you send the same file lots of times, there will be many backup
+ files. There is no automatic mechanism within Kermit to delete
+ them, no notion of a "version retention count", etc, but you can
+ use the PURGE command to clean them up.
+ * If a file arrives that has the same name as a directory, the file
+ transfer fails because Kermit will not rename a directory. Send
+ the file with another name, or use SET FILE COLLISION RENAME.
+ * If the directory lacks write permission, the file transfer fails
+ even if you have write access to the file that is being backed up;
+ in that case, switch to SET FILE COLLISION OVERWRITE or APPEND, or
+ send to a different directory.
+
+ SET FILE COLLISION UPDATE depends on the date/time stamp in the
+ attribute packet. However, this is recorded in local time, not
+ Universal Time (GMT), and there is no indication of time zone. The
+ time is expressed to the precision of 1 second, but some file systems
+ do not record with this precision -- for example, MS-DOS records the
+ file date/time only to the nearest 2 seconds. This might cause update
+ operations to send more files than necessary.
+
+ (This paragraph does NOT apply to UNIX, where, as of C-Kermit 7.0,
+ C-Kermit pipes incoming mail and print material directly the mail or
+ print program): When C-Kermit is receiving files from another Kermit
+ program that has been given the MAIL or REMOTE PRINT command, C-Kermit
+ follows the current filename collision action. This can be
+ disconcerting if the action was (for example) BACKUP, because the
+ existing file will be renamed, and the new file will be mailed (or
+ printed) and then deleted. Kermit cannot temporarily change to RENAME
+ because the file collision action occurs when the filename packet is
+ received, and the PRINT or MAIL disposition only comes later, in the
+ Attribute packet.
+
+ Watch out for SET FILE COLLISION RENAME, especially when used in
+ conjunction with recovery. Recall that this option (which is NOT the
+ default) renames the incoming file if a file already exists with the
+ same name (the default is to rename the previously existing file, and
+ store the incoming file with its own name). It is strongly recommended
+ that you do not use SET FILE COLLISION RENAME if you ever intend to
+ use the recovery feature:
+
+ * When the file is first received by C-Kermit, its name is changed
+ if another file already has the same name. When you RESEND the
+ same file after a failure, C-Kermit will probably try to append
+ the re-sent portion to the wrong file.
+ * Assuming that you get RESEND to work with FILE COLLISION RENAME,
+ C-Kermit, when receiving the remainder of the file during a RESEND
+ operation, will report back the wrong name. Nothing can be done
+ about this because the name is reported back before the receiving
+ Kermit program finds out that it is a recovery operation.
+
+ Also watch out for DISABLE DELETE, since this implicitly sets FILE
+ COLLISION to RENAME. And note tht DELETE is DISABLEd automatically any
+ time you Kermit is in local mode (i.e. it makes a connection). Also
+ note that for purposes of DISABLE and ENABLE, "set host *" connections
+ do not count as local mode even though, strictly speaking, they are.
+
+ 10.8. DOS Pathnames
+
+ When referring to foreign MS-DOS, Windows, Atari ST, OS/2, or other
+ file specifications that contain backslash characters in a C-Kermit
+ command, you might have to double each backslash, for example:
+
+ C-Kermit>get c:\\directory\\foo.txt
+
+ This is because backslash is used in C-Kermit commands for introducing
+ special character codes, variables, functions, etc.
+
+ 10.9. Cancellation
+
+ If attempting to cancel local-mode file reception at a very early
+ stage (i.e. before data packets are exchanged) with X or Z does not
+ work, use E or Ctrl-C instead, or wait until the first data packets
+ are sent.
+
+ If you cancel a transfer that is underway using X or Z, and a lot of
+ window slots are in use, it might take a while for the cancellation to
+ take effect, especially if you do this on the receiving end; that's
+ because a lot of packets might already be on their way to you. In that
+ case, just be patient and let Kermit "drain" them.
+
+ If C-Kermit is sending a file, remote-mode packet-mode breakout (three
+ consecutive Ctrl-C's by default) is not effective until after C-Kermit
+ sends its first packet. If C-Kermit is receiving a file or is in
+ server mode, it is effective right away. In the former case, the SET
+ DELAY value determines the earliest time at which you can break out of
+ packet mode.
+
+ 10.10. Partner Peculiarities
+
+ When one or both partners is on an SCO operating system such as OSR5,
+ you might issue the command:
+
+mapchan -n
+
+ to disable character-set conversion by the terminal driver. Similarly
+ for AIX:
+
+setmaps -t NOMAP
+
+ When using C-Kermit to transfer files with the HP48SX calculator, you
+ must SET FLOW NONE. The HP48SX does not support flow control, and
+ evidently also becomes confused if you attempt to use it. You might
+ also need to use SET SEND PAUSE 100 (or other number). For greater
+ detail about transferring files the the HP-48, see:
+
+ [75]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/hp48.html
+
+ Some communication programs have errors in their implementation of
+ Kermit attribute packets. If you get an error message from your
+ communication program like "Attribute error", tell C-Kermit to SET
+ ATTRIBUTES OFF. Better yet, switch to a real Kermit program.
+
+ Some communication software claims to implement Kermit sliding
+ windows, but does so incorrectly. If sliding window transfers fail,
+ set C-Kermit's window size to the smallest one that works, for
+ example, SET WINDOW 1.
+
+ For lots more detail about how to cope with defective Kermit partners,
+ see:
+
+ * [76]Coping with Faulty Kermit Implementations (C-Kermit 7.0 and
+ later).
+ * [77]Coping with Broken Kermit Partners (C-Kermit 8.0 and later).
+
+ The UNIX version of C-Kermit discards carriage returns when receiving
+ files in text mode. Thus, "bare" carriage returns (sometimes used to
+ achieve overstriking) are lost.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 11. SCRIPT PROGRAMMING
+
+ [ [78]Top ] [ [79]Contents ] [ [80]Previous ]
+
+ 11.1. Comments Versus the SCRIPT Command
+
+ Remember that ";" and "#" introduce comments when (a) they are the
+ first character on the line, or (b) they are preceded by at least one
+ blank or tab within a line. Thus constructions like:
+
+ INPUT 5 ;
+ SCRIPT ~0 #--#--#
+
+ must be coded using backslash notation to keep the data from being
+ ignored:
+
+ INPUT 5 \59 ; 59 is the decimal ASCII code for ";"
+ SCRIPT ~0 \35--#--# ; 43 is the decimal ASCII code for "#"
+
+ or, more simply:
+
+ INPUT 5 \; ; Just quote the semicolon
+ SCRIPT ~0 \#--#--# ; Just quote the "#"
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 11.2. Alphabetic Case and the INPUT Command
+
+ INPUT and MINPUT caseless string comparisons do not work for non-ASCII
+ (international) characters. Workaround: SET INPUT CASE OBSERVE. Even
+ then, the "lexically less than" and "lexically greater than"
+ operations (IF LLT, IF LGT) probably won't work as expected. The same
+ is true for the case-conversion functions \Flower() and \Fupper().
+ C-Kermit does not know the collating sequence for different character
+ sets and languages. (On the other hand, it might work depending on
+ such items as how Kermit was linked, whether your operating supports
+ "locales", etc)
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 11.3. NUL (0) Characters in C-Kermit Commands
+
+ You can't include a NUL character (\0) in C-Kermit command text
+ without terminating the character string in which it appears. For
+ example:
+
+ echo In these brackets [\0] is a NUL
+
+ will echo "In these brackets [". This applies to ECHO, INPUT, OUTPUT,
+ and all other commands (but you can represent NUL by "\N" in an OUTPUT
+ string). This is because C-language strings are terminated internally
+ by the NUL character, and it allows all of C-Kermit's string
+ comparison and manipulation functions to work in the normal "C" way.
+
+ To illustrate:
+
+ INPUT 5 \0
+
+ is equivalent to:
+
+ INPUT 5
+
+ and:
+
+ INPUT 5 ABC\0DEF
+
+ is equivalent to:
+
+ INPUT 5 ABC
+
+ INPUT operations discard and ignore NUL characters that arrive from
+ the communication device, meaning that they do not figure into
+ matching operations (e.g. A<NUL>B matches AB); they are not deposited
+ in the INPUT buffer (\v(input)); and they are not counted in
+ \v(incount), with two exceptions:
+
+ 1. An arriving NUL character restarts the INPUT SILENCE timer.
+ 2. An arriving NUL character terminates the INPUT command with the
+ SUCCESS condition if the INPUT command was given an empty search
+ string. In this case \v(incount) is set to 1.
+
+ Also, the \v(inchar) variable is null (completely empty) if the last
+ INPUT character was NUL. That is, there is no way to tell only by
+ looking at \v(inchar) the difference between a NUL that was INPUT and
+ no INPUT at all. If the INPUT command succeeded but \v(inchar) is
+ empty, then a NUL character was input. Also, \v(incount) will be set
+ to 1.
+
+ Here's a sample script fragment to read characters, possibly including
+ NUL, from the communication connection and write them to a file:
+
+ while true {
+ input 1 ; read one byte
+ if fail break ; timed out or connection closed
+ fwrite /char \%c \v(inchar) ; record the byte
+ }
+
+ This works because when \v(inchar) is NUL, that's equivalent to FWRITE
+ /CHAR having no text argument at all, in which case it writes a NUL
+ character.
+
+ \v(incount) and \v(inchar) are NOT affected by the CLEAR command.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 11.4. \ffiles() and \fnextfile() Peculiarities
+
+ The following script program:
+
+ for \%i 1 \ffiles(oofa.*) 1 {
+ send \fnextfile()
+ }
+
+ did not work as expected in C-Kermit 6.0 and earlier but does work in
+ C-Kermit 7.0 and later.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 11.5. Commands That Have Only Local Effect
+
+ Certain settings are local to each command level, meaning that
+ subordinate command levels (macros or command files) can change them
+ without affecting their values at higher command levels. When a new
+ command level is invoked, the value is inherited from the previous
+ level. These settings are:
+
+ CASE
+ COUNT and \v(count)
+ INPUT CASE
+ INPUT TIMEOUT
+ MACRO ERROR
+ QUIET
+ TAKE ERROR
+
+ This arrangement allows CASE, TIMEOUT, and ERROR settings, which are
+ used to control automatic exit from a command file or macro upon
+ error, to be automatically restored when the command file or macro
+ exits.
+
+ The COUNT variable follows this rule too, which permits nested SET
+ COUNT / IF COUNT loops, as in this example in which the inner loop
+ counts down from the current COUNT value of the outer loop (try it):
+
+ DEFINE INNER WHILE COUNT { WRITE SCREEN { Inner:}, SHOW COUNT }
+ SET COUNT 5
+ WHILE COUNT { WRITE SCREEN Outer:, SHOW COUNT, DO INNER }
+
+ Keep in mind that an inferior command level cannot manipulate the
+ COUNT value held by a higher level. For example:
+
+ DEFINE OOFA SHOW COUNT, IF COUNT GOTO LOOP
+ SET COUNT 5
+ :LOOP
+ OOFA
+ ECHO Done
+
+ results in an infinite loop; the COUNT value remains at 5 because it
+ is never decremented at the same level at which it was set.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 11.6. Literal Braces in Function Calls
+
+ Since braces are used in function calls to indicate grouping, there is
+ no way to pass literal braces to the function itself. Solution: Define
+ a variable containing the string that has braces. Example:
+
+ define \%a ab{cd
+ echo \fsubstring(\%a)
+ ab{cd
+
+ If the string is to start with a leading brace and end with a closing
+ brace, then double braces must appear around the string (which itself
+ is enclosed in braces):
+
+ define \%a {{{foo}}}
+ echo \fsubstring(\%a)
+ {foo}
+
+ This also works for any other kind of string:
+
+ define \%a {{ab{cd}}
+ echo \fsubstring(\%a)
+ ab{cd
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 11.7. Defining Variables on the C-Kermit Command Line
+
+ To define variables on the C-Kermit command line, use the -C
+ command-line option with one or more DEFINE or ASSIGN commands. Note
+ that the C-Kermit command line must cope with the quoting rules of
+ your shell. Examples:
+
+ kermit -C "define \\%a foo, define phonenumber 7654321"
+
+ In this case we follow UNIX quoting rules by doubling the backslash.
+ Once C-Kermit starts, the \%a and \m(phonenumber) variables are
+ defined as indicated and can be used in the normal way.
+
+ In DOS or Windows or OS/2 the command would be:
+
+ kermit -C "define \%%a foo, define phonenumber 7654321"
+
+ Here we need to double the percent sign rather than the backslash
+ because of DOS shell quoting rules.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 11.8. Per-Character Echo Check with the OUTPUT Command
+
+ Sometimes the OUTPUT command must be used to send commands or data to
+ a device in "echoplex" mode, meaning that characters must be sent one
+ at a time, and the next character can not be sent until the echo from
+ the previous one has been received. For example, a certain PBX might
+ have this characteristic. Let's say a Kermit script is used to program
+ the PBX. If characters are sent too fast, they can be lost. It would
+ seem that the command:
+
+ SET OUTPUT PACING milliseconds
+
+ could be used to take care of this, but the pacing interval is
+ constant and must be set large enough to allow even the slowest echo
+ to finish. If the script is large (an actual example is 14,000 lines
+ long), this can cause it to take hours longer than it needs to.
+
+ Here is a macro you can use to OUTPUT a string in an Echoplex
+ environment:
+
+ define XOUTPUT {
+ local \%c \%i
+ set output pacing 0
+ for \%i 1 \flen(\%*) 1 {
+ asg \%c \fsubstr(\%*,\%i,1)
+ output \%c
+ input 2 \%c
+ }
+ }
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 or later is required.
+
+ It sends one character at a time and then waits up to 2 seconds for
+ the character to be echoed back, but continues to the next character
+ as soon as the echo appears, so no time is wasted. You can add an IF
+ FAIL clause after the INPUT in case you want to do something special
+ about failure to detect an echo within the timeout period. Obviously
+ you can also change the 2-second limit, and adjust the script in any
+ other desired way.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 11.9. Scripted File Transfer
+
+ Sometimes a user complains that when she makes a connection by hand,
+ logs in, and transfers a file, there are no problems, but when she
+ scripts the the exact same sequence, the file transfer always fails
+ after a few packets. Here's a scenario where this can happen:
+
+ 1. Upon logging in to the remote computer, it sends a "What Are You?"
+ escape sequence.
+ 2. When you log in interactively, your terminal emulator sends the
+ response. This is invisible to you; you don't know it's happening.
+ 3. When you script the login, and begin a file transfer immediately
+ upon logging in, the host still sends the "What Are You?"
+ sequence. Kermit's INPUT ECHO setting is ON by default, so the
+ escape sequence passes through to the terminal, and the terminal
+ sends its response. But by this time Kermit has already started
+ the file transfer.
+ 4. By default, the local Kermit program examines the keyboard for
+ interruption characters between every packet. The "What Are You"
+ response is sitting in the keyboard buffer. Eventually Kermit will
+ read a character such as "c" that is a valid interruption
+ character, and the file transfer stops with "User cancelled".
+
+ The right way to handle this situation is to have your look for the
+ "What Are You?" sequence and send the response itself, as described in
+ Using C-Kermit, pp.429-431. Or you can work around it by telling the
+ local Kermit to "set input echo off" and/or "set transfer interruption
+ off".
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 11.10. Other...
+
+ Escape sequences (or any strings that contain control characters)
+ can't be used as labels, GOTO targets, or SWITCH cases.
+
+ [ [81]Top ] [ [82]Contents ] [ [83]C-Kermit Home ] [ [84]C-Kermit 8.0
+ Overview ] [ [85]Kermit Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 Unix Hints and Tips / [86]The Kermit Project /
+ [87]Columbia University / [88]kermit@columbia.edu / 10 April 2004
+
+References
+
+ 1. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+ 2. http://www.columbia.edu/
+ 3. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html
+ 4. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html
+ 5. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/k95.html
+ 6. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 7. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html
+ 8. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x0
+ 9. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x1
+ 10. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x2
+ 11. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x3
+ 12. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x4
+ 13. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x5
+ 14. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x6
+ 15. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x7
+ 16. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x8
+ 17. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x9
+ 18. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x10
+ 19. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x11
+ 20. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#top
+ 21. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#contents
+ 22. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x2
+ 23. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#top
+ 24. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#contents
+ 25. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x2
+ 26. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck60manual.html
+ 27. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit2.html
+ 28. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck60manual.html
+ 29. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x5
+ 30. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html
+ 31. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x2.2
+ 32. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#top
+ 33. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#contents
+ 34. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x3
+ 35. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x1
+ 36. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#top
+ 37. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#contents
+ 38. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x4
+ 39. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x2
+ 40. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#top
+ 41. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#contents
+ 42. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x5
+ 43. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x3
+ 44. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1122.txt
+ 45. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#top
+ 46. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#contents
+ 47. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x6
+ 48. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x4
+ 49. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#top
+ 50. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#contents
+ 51. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x7
+ 52. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x5
+ 53. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck60manual.html
+ 54. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x10
+ 55. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#top
+ 56. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#contents
+ 57. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x8
+ 58. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x6
+ 59. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2217.txt
+ 60. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#top
+ 61. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#contents
+ 62. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x9
+ 63. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x7
+ 64. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#top
+ 65. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#contents
+ 66. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x10
+ 67. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x8
+ 68. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html
+ 69. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#top
+ 70. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#contents
+ 71. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x11
+ 72. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x9
+ 73. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck60manual.html
+ 74. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermi70.htm
+ 75. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/hp48.html
+ 76. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.22
+ 77. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x15
+ 78. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#top
+ 79. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#contents
+ 80. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#x10
+ 81. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#top
+ 82. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html#contents
+ 83. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 84. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck80.html
+ 85. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 86. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 87. http://www.columbia.edu/
+ 88. mailto:kermit@columbia.edu
--- /dev/null
+
+ C-Kermit Configuration Options
+
+ Frank da Cruz
+ [1]The Kermit Project
+ [2]Columbia University
+
+ As of: C-Kermit 8.0.211, 10 April 2004
+ This page last updated: Sun Apr 11 16:45:55 2004 (New York USA Time)
+
+ IF YOU ARE READING A PLAIN-TEXT version of this document, note that
+ this file is a plain-text dump of a Web page. You can visit the
+ original (and possibly more up-to-date) Web page here:
+
+ [3]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html
+
+ [ [4]C-Kermit Home ] [ [5]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ CONTENTS
+
+ 1. [6]FILE TRANSFER
+ 2. [7]SERIAL COMMUNICATION SPEEDS
+ 3. [8]FULLSCREEN FILE TRANSFER DISPLAY
+ 4. [9]CHARACTER SETS
+ 5. [10]APC EXECUTION
+ 6. [11]PROGRAM SIZE
+ 7. [12]MODEM DIALING
+ 8. [13]NETWORK SUPPORT
+ 9. [14]EXCEPTION HANDLING
+ 10. [15]SECURITY FEATURES
+ 11. [16]ENABLING SELECT()
+ 12. [17]I/O REDIRECTION
+ 13. [18]FLOATING-POINT NUMBERS, TIMERS, AND ARITHMETIC
+ 14. [19]SPECIAL CONFIGURATIONS
+ I. [20]SUMMARY OF COMPILE-TIME OPTIONS
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ OVERVIEW
+
+ This document describes configuration options for C-Kermit (5A and
+ later). The major topics covered include program size (and how to
+ reduce it), how to include or exclude particular features, notes on
+ serial-port, modem, and network support, and a list of C-Kermit's
+ compile-time options.
+
+ For details about your particular operating system, also see the
+ system-specific installation instructions file, such as the
+ [21]C-Kermit Installation Instructions for Unix.
+
+ [ [22]C-Kermit Home ] [ [23]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1. FILE TRANSFER
+
+ [ [24]Top ] [ [25]Contents ] [ [26]Next ] [ [27]Previous ]
+
+ Prior to version 7.0, C-Kermit was always built with the most
+ conservative Kermit file-transfer protocol defaults on every platform:
+ no control-character prefixing, 94-byte packets, and a window size of
+ 1.
+
+ Starting in version 7.0, fast settings are the default. To override
+ these at compile time, include:
+
+ -DNOFAST
+
+ in the C compiler CFLAGS. Even with the fast defaults, C-Kermit
+ automatically drops down to whatever window and packet sizes requested
+ by the other Kermit, if these are smaller, when sending files (except
+ for control-character unprefixing, which is not negotiated, and which
+ is now set to CAUTIOUS rather than NONE at startup). C-Kermit's
+ settings prevail when it is receiving.
+
+ [ [28]C-Kermit Home ] [ [29]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2. SERIAL COMMUNICATION SPEEDS
+
+ [ [30]Top ] [ [31]Contents ] [ [32]Next ] [ [33]Previous ]
+
+ As of 6 September 1997, a new simplified mechanism for obtaining the
+ list of legal serial interface speeds is in place:
+
+ * If the symbol TTSPDLIST is defined, the system-dependent routine
+ ttspdlist() is called at program initialization to obtain the
+ list.
+ * This symbol should be defined only for C-Kermit implementations
+ that have implemented the ttspdlist() function, typically in the
+ ck?tio.c module. See [34]ckutio.c for an example.
+ * TTSPDLIST is automatically defined in [35]ckcdeb.h for UNIX. Add
+ the appropriate #ifdefs for other platforms when the corresponding
+ ttspdlist() functions are filled in.
+ * If TTSPDLIST is (or normally would be) defined, the old code
+ (described below) can still be selected by defining NOTTSPDLIST.
+
+ The ttspdlist() function can obtain the speeds in any way that works.
+ For example, based simply on #ifdef Bnnnn..#endif (in UNIX). Although
+ it might be better to actually check each speed against the currently
+ selected hardware interface before allowing it in the array, there is
+ usually no passive and/or reliable and safe way to do this, and so
+ it's better to let some speeds into the array that might not work,
+ than it is to erroneously exclude others. Speeds that don't work are
+ caught when the SET SPEED command is actually given.
+
+ Note that this scheme does not necessarily rule out split speed
+ operation, but effectively it does in C-Kermit as presently
+ constituted since there are no commands to set input and output speed
+ separately (except the special case "set speed 75/1200").
+
+ Note that some platforms, notably AIX 4.2 and 4.3, implement high
+ serial speeds transparently to the application, e.g. by mapping 50 bps
+ to 57600 bps, and so on.
+
+ That's the whole deal. When TTSPDLIST is not defined, the following
+ applies:
+
+ Speeds are defined in two places: the SET SPEED keyword list in the
+ command parser (as of this writing, in the [36]ckuus3.c source file),
+ and in the system- dependent communications i/o module, ck?tio.c,
+ functions ttsspd() (set speed) and ttgspd() (get speed). The following
+ speeds are assumed to be available in all versions:
+
+ 0, 110, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600
+
+ If one or more of these speeds is not supported by your system, you'll
+ need to change the source code (this has never happened so far). Other
+ speeds that are not common to all systems have Kermit-specific
+ symbols:
+
+ Symbol Symbol
+ Speed (bps) to enable to disable
+ 50 BPS_50 NOB_50
+ 75 BPS_75 NOB_75
+ 75/1200 BPS_7512 NOB_7512
+ 134.5 BPS_134 NOB_134
+ 150 BPS_150 NOB_150
+ 200 BPS_200 NOB_200
+ 1800 BPS_1800 NOB_1800
+ 3600 BPS_3600 NOB_3600
+ 7200 BPS_7200 NOB_7200
+ 14400 BPS_14K NOB_14K
+ 19200 BPS_19K NOB_19K
+ 28800 BPS_28K NOB_28K
+ 38400 BPS_38K NOB_38K
+ 57600 BPS_57K NOB_57K
+ 76800 BPS_76K NOB_76K
+ 115200 BPS_115K NOB_155K
+ 230400 BPS_230K NOB_230K
+ 460800 BPS_460K NOB_460K
+ 921600 BPS_921K NOB_921K
+
+ The [37]ckcdeb.h header file contains default speed configurations for
+ the many systems that C-Kermit supports. You can override these
+ defaults by (a) editing ckcdeb.h, or (b) defining the appropriate
+ enabling and/or disabling symbols on the CC command line, for example:
+
+ -DBPS_14400 -DNOB_115200
+
+ or the "make" command line, e.g.:
+
+ make blah "KFLAGS=-DBPS_14400 -DNOB_115200"
+
+ Note: some speeds have no symbols defined for them, because they have
+ never been needed: 12.5bps, 45.5bps, 20000bps, etc. These can easily
+ be added if required (but they will work only if the OS supports
+ them).
+
+ IMPORTANT: Adding one of these flags at compile time does not
+ necessarily mean that you will be able to use that speed. A particular
+ speed is usable only if your underlying operating system supports it.
+ In particular, it needs to be defined in the appropriate system header
+ file (e.g. in UNIX, cd to /usr/include and grep for B9600 in *.h and
+ sys/*.h to find the header file that contains the definitions for the
+ supported speeds), and supported by the serial device driver, and of
+ course by the physical device itself.
+
+ ALSO IMPORTANT: The list of available speeds is independent of how
+ they are set. The many UNIXes, for example, offer a wide variety of
+ APIs that are BSD-based, SYSV-based, POSIX-based, and purely made up.
+ See the ttsspd(), ttgspd(), and ttspdlist() routines in [38]ckutio.c
+ for illustrations.
+
+ The latest entries in this horserace are the tcgetspeed() and
+ ttsetspeed() routines found in UnixWare 7. Unlike other methods, they
+ accept the entire range of integers (longs really) as speed values,
+ rather than certain codes, and return an error if the number is not,
+ in fact, a legal speed for the device/driver in question. In this
+ case, there is no way to build a list of legal speeds at compile time,
+ since no Bnnnn symbols are defined (except for "depracated, legacy"
+ interfaces like ioctl()) and so the legal speed list must be
+ enumerated in the code -- see ttspdlist() in [39]ckutio.c.
+
+ [ [40]C-Kermit Home ] [ [41]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3. FULLSCREEN FILE TRANSFER DISPLAY
+
+ [ [42]Top ] [ [43]Contents ] [ [44]Next ] [ [45]Previous ]
+
+ New to edit 180 is support for an MS-DOS-Kermit-like local-mode full
+ screen file transfer display, accomplished using the curses library,
+ or something equivalent (for example, the Screen Manager on DEC VMS).
+ To enable this feature, include the following in your CFLAGS:
+
+ -DCK_CURSES
+
+ and then change your build procedure (if necessary) to include the
+ necessary libraries. For example, in Unix these are usually "curses"
+ or "ncurses" (and more recenlty, "ncursesw" and "slang"), perhaps also
+ "termcap", "termlib", or "tinfo":
+
+ "LIBS= -lcurses -ltermcap"
+ "LIBS= -lcurses -ltermlib"
+ "LIBS= -lncurses"
+ "LIBS= -ltermlib"
+ "LIBS= -ltinfo"
+
+ "man curses" for further information, and search through the Unix
+ [46]makefile for "CK_CURSES" to see many examples, and also see the
+ relevant sections of the [47]Unix C-Kermit Installation Instructions,
+ particularly Sections [48]4 and [49]9.2.
+
+ There might still be a complication. Some implementations of curses
+ reserve the right to alter the buffering on the output file without
+ restoring it afterwards, which can leave Kermit's command processing
+ in a mess when the prompt comes back after a fullscreen file transfer
+ display. The typical symptom is that characters you type at the prompt
+ after a local-mode file transfer (i.e. after seeing the curses
+ file-transfer display) do not echo until you press the Return (Enter)
+ key. If this happens to you, try adding
+
+ -DCK_NEWTERM
+
+ to your makefile target (see comments in screenc() in [50]ckuusx.c for
+ an explanation).
+
+ If that doesn't fix the problem, then use a bigger hammer and replace
+ -DCK_NEWTERM with:
+
+ -DNONOSETBUF
+
+ which tells Kermit to force stdout to be unbuffered so CBREAK mode can
+ work.
+
+ In SCO Xenix and SCO UNIX, there are two separate curses libraries,
+ one based on termcap and the other based on terminfo. The default
+ library, usually terminfo, is established when the development system
+ is installed. To manually select terminfo (at compile time):
+
+ compile -DM_TERMINFO and link -ltinfo
+
+ and to manually select termcap:
+
+ compile -DM_TERMCAP and link -ltcap -ltermlib
+
+ <curses.h> looks at M_TERMINFO and M_TERMCAP to decide which header
+ files to use. /usr/lib/libcurses.a is a link to either libtinfo.a or
+ libtcap.a. The C-Kermit compilation options must agree with the
+ version of the curses library that is actually installed.
+
+ NOTE: If you are doing an ANSI-C compilation and you get compile time
+ warnings like the following:
+
+ Warning: function not declared in ckuusx.c: wmove, printw, wclrtoeol,
+ wclear, wrefresh, endwin, etc...
+
+ it means that your <curses.h> file does not contain prototypes for
+ these functions. The warnings should be harmless.
+
+ New to edit 190 is the ability to refresh a messed-up full-screen
+ display, e.g. after receiving a broadcast message. This depends on the
+ curses package including the wrefresh() and clearok() functions and
+ the curscr variable. If your version has these, or has code to
+ simulate them, then add:
+
+ -DCK_WREFRESH
+
+ The curses and termcap libraries add considerable size to the program
+ image (e.g. about 20K on a SUN-4, 40K on a 386). On some small
+ systems, such as the AT&T 6300 PLUS, curses can push Kermit over the
+ edge... even though it compiles, loads, and runs correctly, its
+ increased size apparently makes it swap constantly, slowing it down to
+ a crawl, even when the curses display is not in use. Some new makefile
+ targets have been added to take care of this (e.g. sys3upcshcc), but
+ similar tricks might be necessary in other cases too.
+
+ On the curses file-transfer display, just below the "thermometer", is
+ a running display of the transfer rate, as a flat quotient of file
+ characters per elapsed seconds so far. You can change this to an
+ average that gives greater weight to recent history (0.25 *
+ instantaneous cps + 0.75 * historical cps) by adding -DCPS_WEIGHTED to
+ your CFLAGS (sorry folks, this one is not worth a SET command). You
+ can choose a second type of weighted average in which the weighting
+ smooths out progressively as the transfer progresses by adding
+ -DCPS_VINCE to -DCPS_WEIGHTED.
+
+ An alternative to curses is also available at compile time, but should
+ be selected if your version of Kermit is to be run in local mode only
+ in an ANSI terminal environment, for example on a desktop workstation
+ that has an ANSI console driver. To select this option in place of
+ curses, define the symbol MYCURSES:
+
+ -DMYCURSES
+
+ instead of CK_CURSES. The MYCURSES option uses built-in ANSI (VT100)
+ escape sequences, and depends upon your terminal or console driver to
+ interpret them correctly.
+
+ In some C-Kermit builds, we replace printf() via #define printf...
+ However, this can cause conflicts with the [n]curses header files.
+ Various hacks are required to get around this -- see [51]ckutio.c,
+ [52]ckufio.c, [53]ckuusx.c, [54]ckucmd.c, etc.
+
+ [ [55]C-Kermit Home ] [ [56]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4. CHARACTER SETS
+
+ [ [57]Top ] [ [58]Contents ] [ [59]Next ] [ [60]Previous ]
+
+ Since version 5A, C-Kermit has included support for conversion of
+ character sets for Western European languages (i.e. languages that
+ originated in Western Europe, but are now also spoken in the Western
+ Hemisphere and other parts of the world), via ISO 8859-1 Latin
+ Alphabet 1, for Eastern European languages (ISO Latin-2), Hebrew (and
+ Yiddish), Greek, and Cyrillic-alphabet languages (ISO Latin/Cyrillic).
+ Many file (local) character sets are supported: ISO 646 7-bit national
+ sets, IBM code pages, Apple, DEC, DG, NeXT, etc.
+
+ To build Kermit with no character-set translation at all, include
+ -DNOCSETS in the CFLAGS. To build with no Latin-2, add -DNOLATIN2. To
+ build with no Cyrillic, add -DNOCYRIL. To omit Hebrew, add -DNOHEBREW.
+ If -DNOCSETS is *not* included, you'll always get LATIN1. To build
+ with no KANJI include -DNOKANJI. There is presently no way to include
+ Latin-2, Cyrillic, Hebrew, or Kanji without also including Latin-1.
+
+ [61]Unicode support was added in C-Kermit 7.0, and it adds a fair
+ amount of tables and code (and this is only a "Level 1" implementation
+ -- a higher level would also require building in the entire Unicode
+ database). On a PC with RH 5.2 Linux, building C-Kermit 7.0, we get
+ the following sizes:
+
+ NOCSETS NOUNICODE NOKANJI Before After
+ [ ] [ ] [ ] 1329014 (Full)
+ [ ] [ ] [ X ] 1325686 (Unicode but no Kanji)
+ [ ] [ X ] [ ] 1158837 (All charsets except Unicode)
+ [ X ] [ x ] [ x ] 1090845 (NOCSETS implies the other two)
+
+ Note, by the way, that NOKANJI without NOUNICODE only removes the
+ non-Unicode Kanji sets (Shift-JIS, EUC-JP, JIS-7, etc). Kanji is still
+ representable in UCS-2 and UTF-8.
+
+ [ [62]C-Kermit Home ] [ [63]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 5. APC EXECUTION
+
+ [ [64]Top ] [ [65]Contents ] [ [66]Next ] [ [67]Previous ]
+
+ The Kermit CONNECT and INPUT commands are coded to execute Application
+ Program Command escape sequences from the host:
+
+ <ESC>_<text><ESC>\
+
+ where <text> is a C-Kermit command, or a list of C-Kermit commands
+ separated by commas, up to about 1K in length.
+
+ To date, this feature has been included in the OS/2, Windows, VMS,
+ OS-9, and Unix versions, for which the symbol:
+
+ CK_APC
+
+ is defined automatically in [68]ckuusr.h. For OS/2, APC is enabled at
+ runtime by default, for UNIX it is disabled. It is controlled by the
+ SET TERMINAL APC command. Configuring APC capability into a version
+ that gets it by default (because CK_APC is defined in [69]ckuusr.h)
+ can be overridden by including:
+
+ -DNOAPC
+
+ on the CC command line.
+
+ C-Kermit's autodownload feature depends on the APC feature, so
+ deconfiguring APC also disables autodownload (it doesn't use APC
+ escape sequences, but uses the APC switching mechanism internally).
+
+ [ [70]C-Kermit Home ] [ [71]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6. PROGRAM SIZE
+
+ [ [72]Top ] [ [73]Contents ] [ [74]Next ] [ [75]Previous ]
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+ 6.1. [76]Feature Selection
+ 6.2. [77]Changing Buffer Sizes
+ 6.3. [78]Other Size-Related Items
+ 6.4. [79]Space/Time Tradeoffs
+
+ (Also see [80]Section 4)
+
+ Each release of C-Kermit is larger than the last. On some computers
+ (usually old ones) the size of the program prevents it from being
+ successfully linked and loaded. On some others (also usually old
+ ones), it occupies so much memory that it is constantly swapping or
+ paging. In such cases, you can reduce C-Kermit's size in various ways,
+ outlined in this section. The following options can cut down on the
+ program's size at compile time by removing features or changing the
+ size of storage areas.
+
+ If you are reading this section because all you want is a small, fast,
+ quick-to-load Kermit file-transfer application for the remote end of
+ your connection, and the remote end is Unix based, take a look at
+ G-Kermit:
+
+ [81]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/gkermit.html
+
+ 6.1. Feature Selection
+
+ Features can be added or removed by defining symbols on the CC (C
+ compiler) command line. "-D" is the normal CC directive to define a
+ symbol so, for example, "-DNODEBUG" defines the symbol NODEBUG. Some C
+ compilers might use different syntax, e.g. "-d NODEBUG" or
+ "/DEFINE=NODEBUG". For C compilers that do not accept command-line
+ definitions, you can put the corresponding #define statements in the
+ file ckcsym.h, for example:
+
+ #define NODEBUG
+
+ The following table shows the savings achieved when building C-Kermit
+ 8.0 (Beta.04) with selected feature-deselection switches on an
+ Intel-based PC with Red Hat Linux 7.0 and gcc 2.96. The sizes are for
+ non-security builds. The fully configured non-security build is
+ 2127408 bytes.
+
+ Option Size Savings Effect
+ NOICP 545330 74.4% No Interactive Command Parser (command-line only)
+ NOLOCAL 1539994 27.6% No making connections.
+ NOXFER 1551108 27.1% No file transfer.
+ IKSDONLY 1566608 26.4% Internet Kermit Server only.
+ NOCSETS 1750097 17.7% No character-set conversion.
+ NOSPL 1800293 15.4% No Script Programming Language.
+ NONET 1808575 15.0% No making network connections.
+ NOUNICODE 1834426 13.8% No Unicode character-set conversion.
+ NOHELP 1837877 13.6% No built-in help text.
+ NODEBUG 1891669 11.1% No debug log.
+ NOFRILLS 1918966 9.8% No "frills".
+ NOFTP 1972496 7.3% No FTP client.
+ NODIAL 1984488 6.7% No automatic modem dialing.
+ NOPUSH 2070184 2.7% No shell access, running external programs, etc.
+ NOIKSD 2074129 2.5% No Internet Kermit Server capability.
+ NOHTTP 2082610 2.1% No HTTP client.
+ NOFLOAT 2091332 1.7% No floating-point arithmetic.
+ NOCHANNELIO 2095978 1.5% No FOPEN/FREAD/FWRITE/FCLOSE, etc.
+ MINIDIAL 2098035 1.4% No built-in support for many kinds of modems.
+ NOSERVER 2098987 1.3% No server mode.
+ NOSEXP 2105898 1.0% No S-Expressions.
+ NOPTY 2117743 0.5% No pseudoterminal support.
+ NORLOGIN 2121089 0.3% No RLOGIN connections.
+ NOOLDMODEMS 2124038 0.2% No built-in support for old kinds of modems.
+ NOSSH 2125696 0.1% No SSH command.
+
+ And here are a few combinations
+
+ Options Size Savings Effect
+ NODEBUG NOICP NOCSETS NOLOCAL 281641 86.7% No debug log, parser,
+ character sets, or making connections.
+ NOICP NOCSETS NOLOCAL 376468 82.3% No parser, character sets, or
+ making connections.
+ NOICP NOCSETS NONET 427510 79.9% No parser, character sets, or network
+ connections.
+ NOSPL NOCSETS 1423784 33.1% No script language, or character sets.
+
+ -DNOFRILLS removes various command synonyms; the following top-level
+ commands: CLEAR, DELETE, DISABLE, ENABLE, GETOK, MAIL, RENAME, TYPE,
+ WHO; and the following REMOTE commands: KERMIT, LOGIN, LOGOUT, PRINT,
+ TYPE, WHO.
+
+ 6.2. Changing Buffer Sizes
+
+ Most modern computers have so much memory that (a) there is no need to
+ scrimp and save, and (b) C-Kermit, even when fully configured, is
+ relatively small by today's standards.
+
+ Two major factors affect Kermit's size: feature selection and buffer
+ sizes. Buffer sizes affect such things as the maximum length for a
+ Kermit packet, the maximum length for a command, for a macro, for the
+ name of a macro, etc. Big buffer sizes are used when the following
+ symbol is defined:
+
+ BIGBUFOK
+
+ as it is by default for most modern platforms (Linux, AIX 4 and 5,
+ HP-UX 10 and 11, Solaris, etc) in [82]ckuusr.h. If your build does not
+ get big buffers automatically (SHOW FEATURES tells you), you can
+ include them by rebuilding with BIGBUFOK defined; e.g. in Unix:
+
+ make xxxx KFLAGS=-DBIGBUFOK
+
+ where xxxx is the makefile target. On the other hand, if you want to
+ build without big buffers when they normally would be selected, use:
+
+ make xxxx KFLAGS=-DNOBIGBUF
+
+ There are options to control Kermit's packet buffer allocations. The
+ following symbols are defined in [83]ckcker.h in such a way that you
+ can override them by redefining them in CFLAGS:
+
+ -DMAXSP=xxxx - Maximum send-packet length.
+ -DMAXRP=xxxx - Maximum receive-packet length.
+ -DSBSIZ=xxxx - Total allocation for send-packet buffers.
+ -DRBSIZ=xxxx - Total allocation for receive-packet buffers.
+
+ The defaults depend on the platform.
+
+ Using dynamic allocation (-DDYNAMIC) reduces storage requirements for
+ the executable program on disk, and allows more and bigger packets at
+ runtime. This has proven safe over the years, and now most builds
+ (e.g. all Unix, VMS, Windows, and OS/2 ones) use dynamic memory
+ allocation by default. If it causes trouble, however, then omit the
+ -DDYNAMIC option from CFLAGS, or add -DNODYNAMIC.
+
+ 6.3. Other Size-Related Items
+
+ To make Kermit compile and load successfully, you might have to change
+ your build procedure to:
+
+ a. Request a larger ("large" or "huge") compilation / code-generation
+ model. This is needed for 16-bit PC-based UNIX versions (most or
+ all of which fail to build C-Kermit 7.0 and later anyway). This is
+ typically done with a -M and/or -F switch (see your cc manual or
+ man page for details).
+ b. Some development systems support overlays. If the program is too
+ big to be built as is, check your loader manual ("man ld") to see
+ if an overlay feature is available. See the 2.10/2.11 BSD example
+ in the UNIX makefile. (Actually, as of version 7.0, C-Kermit is
+ too big to build, period, even with overlays, on 2.xx BSD).
+ c. Similarly, some small and/or segment-based architectures support
+ "code mapping", which is similar to overlays (PDP11-based VENIX
+ 1.0, circa 1984, was an example). See the linker documentation on
+ the affected platform.
+
+ It is also possible to reduce the size of the executable program file
+ in several other ways:
+
+ a. Include the -O (optimize) compiler switch if it isn't already
+ included in your "make" entry (and if it works!). If your compiler
+ supports higher levels of optimization (e.g. -O2 or higher number,
+ -Onolimit (HP-UX), etc), try them; the greater the level of
+ optimization, the longer the compilation and more likely the
+ compiler will run out of memory. The the latter eventuality, some
+ compilers also provide command-line options to allocate more
+ memory for the optimizer, like "-Olimit number" in Ultrix.
+ b. If your platofrm supports shared libraries, change the make entry
+ to take advantage of this feature. The way to do this is, of
+ course, platform dependent; see the NeXT makefile target for an
+ example. some platforms (like Solaris) do it automatically and
+ give you no choice. But watch out: executables linked with shared
+ libraries are less portable than statically linked executables.
+ c. Strip the program image after building ("man strip" for further
+ info), or add -s to the LNKFLAGS (UNIX only). This strips the
+ program of its symbol table and relocation information.
+ d. Move character strings into a separate file. See the 2.11 BSD
+ target for an example.
+
+ 6.4. Space/Time Tradeoffs
+
+ There are more than 6000 debug() statements in the program. If you
+ want to save both space (program size) and time (program execution
+ time), include -DNODEBUG in the compilation. If you want to include
+ debugging for tracking down problems, omit -DNODEBUG from the make
+ entry. But when you include debugging, you have two choices for how
+ it's done. One definition defines debug() to be a function call; this
+ is cheap in space but expensive in execution. The other defines debug
+ as "if (deblog)" and then the function call, to omit the function call
+ overhead when the debug log is not active. But this adds a lot of
+ space to the program. Both methods work, take your choice; IFDEBUG is
+ preferred if memory is not a constraint but the computer is likely to
+ be slow. The first method is the default, i.e. if nothing is done to
+ the CFLAGS or in [84]ckcdeb.h (but in some cases, e.g. VMS, it is). To
+ select the second method, include -DIFDEBUG in the compilation (and
+ don't include -DNODEBUG).
+
+ [ [85]C-Kermit Home ] [ [86]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7. MODEM DIALING
+
+ [ [87]Top ] [ [88]Contents ] [ [89]Next ] [ [90]Previous ]
+
+ -DNODIAL removes automatic modem dialing completely, including the
+ entire [91]ckudia.c module, plus all commands that refer to dialing in
+ the various ckuus*.c modules.
+
+ -DMINIDIAL leaves the DIAL and related commands (SET/SHOW MODEM,
+ SET/SHOW DIAL) intact, but removes support for all types of modems
+ except CCITT, Hayes, Unknown, User-defined, Generic-high-speed, and
+ None (= Direct). The MINIDIAL option cuts the size of the dial module
+ approximately in half. Use this option if you have only Hayes or CCITT
+ modems and don't want to carry the baggage for the other types.
+
+ A compromise between full dialer support and MINIDIAL is obtained by
+ removing support for "old" modems -- all the strange non-Hayes
+ compatible 1200 and 2400 bps modems that C-Kermit has been carrying
+ around since 1985 or so. To remove support for these modems, add
+ -DNOOLDMODEMS to CFLAGS at compilation time.
+
+ Finally, if you keep support for old modems, you will notice that
+ their names appear on the "set modem ?" menu. That's because their
+ names are, by default, "visible". But the list is confusing to the
+ younger generation, who have only heard of modems from the
+ V.32bis-and-later era. If you want to be able to use old modems, but
+ don't want their names cluttering up menus, add this to CFLAGS:
+
+ -DM_OLD=1
+
+ [ [92]C-Kermit Home ] [ [93]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8. NETWORK SUPPORT
+
+ [ [94]Top ] [ [95]Contents ] [ [96]Next ] [ [97]Previous ]
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+ 8.1. [98]TCP/IP
+ 8.2. [99]X.25
+ 8.3. [100]Other Networks
+
+ C-Kermit supports not only serial-port and modem connections, but also
+ TCP/IP and X.25 network connections. Some versions support other
+ network types too like DECnet, LAT, NETBIOS, etc. If you define the
+ following symbol:
+
+ NONET
+
+ then all network support is compiled away.
+
+ 8.1. TCP/IP
+
+ SUBSECTION CONTENTS
+
+ 8.1.1. [101]Firewalls
+ 8.1.2. [102]Compilation and Linking Problems
+ 8.1.3. [103]Enabling Host Address Lists
+ 8.1.4. [104]Enabling Telnet NAWS
+ 8.1.5. [105]Enabling Incoming TCP/IP Connections
+ 8.1.6. [106]Disabling SET TCP Options
+
+ C-Kermit's TCP/IP features require the Berkeley sockets library or
+ equivalent, generally available on any Unix system, as well as in
+ Windows 9x/NT, OS/2, VMS, AOS/VS, VOS, etc. The TCP/IP support
+ includes built-in TELNET, FTP, and HTTP protocol. To select TCP/IP
+ support, include -DTCPSOCKET in your makefile target's CFLAGS, or (in
+ VMS) the appropriate variant (e.g. -DWOLLONGONG, -DMULTINET,
+ -DEXCELAN, -DWINTCP, etc).
+
+ The VMS and/or early Unix third-party TCP/IP products are often
+ incompatible with each other, and sometimes with different versions of
+ themselves. For example, Wollongong reportedly put header files in
+ different directories for different UNIX versions:
+
+ * in.h can be in either /usr/include/sys or /user/include/netinet.
+ * telnet.h can be in either /usr/include/arpa or
+ /user/include/netinet.
+ * inet.h can be in either /usr/include/arpa or /user/include/sys.
+
+ In cases like this, use the -I cc command-line option when possible;
+ otherwise it's better to make links in the file system than it is to
+ hack up the C-Kermit source code. Suppose, for example, Kermit is
+ looking for telnet.h in /usr/include/arpa, but on your computer it is
+ in /usr/include/netinet. Do this (as root, or get the system
+ administrator to do it):
+
+ cd /usr/include/arpa
+ ln /usr/include/netinet/telnet.h telnet.h
+
+ ("man ln" for details about links.)
+
+ The network support for TCP/IP and X.25 is in the source files
+ [107]ckcnet.h, [108]ckctel.c, [109]ckctel.c, [110]ckctel.h,
+ [111]ckcftp.c, with miscellaneous SHOW commands, etc, in the various
+ ckuus*.c modules, plus code in the ck*con.c or ckucns.c (CONNECT
+ command) and several other modules to detect TELNET negotiations, etc.
+
+ Within the TCPSOCKET code, some socket-level controls are included if
+ TCPSOCKET is defined in the C-Kermit CFLAGS and SOL_SOCKET is defined
+ in in the system's TCP-related header files, such as <sys/socket.h>.
+ These are:
+
+ SET TCP KEEPALIVE
+ SET TCP LINGER
+ SET TCP RECVBUF
+ SET TCP SENDBUF
+
+ In addition, if TCP_NODELAY is defined, the following command is also
+ enabled:
+
+ SET TCP NODELAY (Nagle algorithm)
+
+ See the [112]C-Kermit user documentation for descriptions of these
+ commands.
+
+ 8.1.1. Firewalls
+
+ There exist various types of firewalls, set up to separate users of an
+ internal TCP/IP network ("Intranet") from the great wide Internet, but
+ then to let selected users or services get through after all.
+
+ One firewall method is called SOCKS, in which a proxy server allows
+ users inside a firewall to access the outside world, based on a
+ permission list generally stored in a file. SOCKS is enabled in one of
+ two ways. First, the standard sockets library is modified to handle
+ the firewall, and then all the client applications are relinked (if
+ necessary, i.e. if the libraries are not dynamically loaded) with the
+ modified sockets library. The APIs are all the same, so the
+ applications do not need to be recoded or recompiled.
+
+ In the other method, the applications must be modified to call
+ replacement routines, such as Raccept() instead of accept(), Rbind()
+ instead of bind(), etc, and then linked with a separate SOCKS library.
+ This second method is accomplished (for SOCKS4) in C-Kermit by
+ including -DCK_SOCKS in your CFLAGS, and also adding:
+
+ -lsocks
+
+ to LIBS, or replacing -lsockets with -lsocks (depending on whether the
+ socks library also includes all the sockets entry points).
+
+ For SOCKS5, use -DCK_SOCKS5.
+
+ Explicit firewall support can, in general, not be a standard feature
+ or a feature that is selected at runtime, because the SOCKS library
+ tends to be different at each site -- local modifications abound.
+
+ The ideal situation occurs when firewalls are supported by the first
+ method, using dynamically linked sockets-replacement libraries; in
+ this case, all your TCP/IP client applications negotiate the firewall
+ transparently.
+
+ 8.1.2. Compilation and Linking Problems
+
+ If you get a compilation error in [113]ckcnet.c, with a complaint like
+ "incompatible types in assignment", it probably has something to do
+ with the data type your system uses for the inet_addr() function,
+ which is declared (usually) in <arpa/inet.h>. Kermit uses "unsigned
+ long" unless the symbol INADDRX is defined, in which case "struct
+ inaddr" is used instead. Try adding -DINADDRX to CFLAGS in your make
+ entry, and if that fixes the problem, please send a report to
+ kermit@columbia.edu.
+
+ Compilation errors might also have to do with the data type used for
+ getsockopt() and setsockopt() option-length field. This is normally an
+ int, but sometimes it's a short, a long, or an unsigned any of those,
+ or a size_t. To fix the compilation problem, add -DSOCKOPT_T=xxx to
+ the CFLAGS in your makefile target, where xxx is the appropriate type
+ (use "man getsockopt" or grep through your system/network header files
+ to find the needed type).
+
+ 8.1.3. Enabling Host Address Lists
+
+ When you give Kermit an IP host name, it calls the socket routine
+ gethostbyname() to resolve it. gethostbyname() returns a hostent
+ struct, which might or might not not include a list of addresses; if
+ it does, then if the first one fails, Kermit can try the second one,
+ and so on. However, this will only work if the symbol "h_addr" is a
+ macro defined as "h_addr_list[0]", usually in netdb.h. If it is, then
+ you can activate this feature by defining the following symbol in
+ CFLAGS:
+
+ HADDRLIST
+
+ 8.1.4. Enabling Telnet NAWS
+
+ The Telnet Negotiation About Window Size (NAWS) option requires the
+ ability to find out the terminal screen's dimensions. E.g. in Unix, we
+ need something like ioctl(0, TIOCGWINSZ, ...). If your version of
+ Kermit was built with NAWS capability, SHOW VERSIONS includes CK_NAWS
+ among the compiler options. If it doesn't, you can add it by defining
+ CK_NAWS at compile time. Then, if the compiler or linker complain
+ about undefined or missing symbols, or there is no complaint but SHOW
+ TERMINAL fails to show reasonable "Rows =, Columns =" values, then
+ take a look at (or write) the appropriate ttgwsiz() routine. On the
+ other hand, if CK_NAWS is defined by default for your system (in
+ [114]ckcnet.h), but causes trouble, you can override this definition
+ by including the -DNONAWS switch on your CC command line, thus
+ disabling the NAWS feature.
+
+ This appears to be needed at least on the AT&T 3B2, where in
+ [115]ckutio.c, the routine ttgwsiz() finds that the TIOCGWINSZ symbol
+ is defined but lacks definitions for the corresponding winsize struct
+ and its members ws_col and ws_row.
+
+ The UNIX version of C-Kermit also traps SIGWINCH, so it can send a
+ NAWS to the Telnet server any time the local console terminal window
+ size changes, e.g. when you stretch it with a mouse. The
+ SIGWINCH-trapping code is enabled if SIGWINCH is defined (i.e. in
+ signal.h). If this code should cause problems, you can disable it
+ without disabling the NAWS feature altogether, by defining NOSIGWINCH
+ at compile time.
+
+ 8.1.5. Enabling Incoming TCP/IP Connections
+
+ This feature lets you "set host * port" and wait for an incoming
+ connection on the given port. This feature is enabled automatically at
+ compile if TCPSOCKET is defined and SELECT is also defined. But watch
+ out, simply defining SELECT on the cc command line does not guarantee
+ successful compilation or linking (see [116]Section 11).
+
+ If you want to disable incoming TCP/IP connections, then build
+ C-Kermit with:
+
+ -DNOLISTEN
+
+ 8.1.6. Disabling SET TCP Options
+
+ The main reason for this is because of header file / prototype
+ conflicts at compile time regardting get- / setsockopt(). If you can't
+ fix them (without breaking other builds), add the following in CFLAGS:
+
+ -DNOTCPOPTS
+
+ 8.2. X.25
+
+ X.25 support requires (a) a Sun, (b) the SunLink product (libraries
+ and header files), and (c) an X.25 connection into your Sun. Similarly
+ (in C-Kermit 7.0 or later) Stratus VOS and IBM AIX.
+
+ In UNIX, special makefile targets sunos4x25 and sunos41x25 (for SUNOS
+ 4.0 and 4.1, respectively), or aix41x25, are provided to build in this
+ feature, but they only work if conditions (a)-(c) are met. To request
+ this feature, include -DSUNX25 (or -DIBMX25) in CFLAGS.
+
+ SUNX25 (or -DIBMX25) and TCPSOCKET can be freely mixed and matched,
+ and selected by the user at runtime with the SET NETWORK TYPE command
+ or SET HOST switches.
+
+ 8.3. Other Networks
+
+ Support for other networking methods -- NETBIOS, LAT, Named Pipes, etc
+ -- is included in ck*net.h and ck*net.c for implementations (such as
+ Windows or OS/2) where these methods are supported.
+
+ Provision is made in the organization of the modules, header files,
+ commands, etc, for addition of new network types such as DECnet, X.25
+ for other systems (HP-UX, VMS, etc), and so on. Send email to
+ [117]kermit@columbia.edu if you are willing and able to work on such a
+ project.
+
+ [ [118]C-Kermit Home ] [ [119]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9. EXCEPTION HANDLING
+
+ [ [120]Top ] [ [121]Contents ] [ [122]Next ] [ [123]Previous ]
+
+ The C language setjmp/longjmp mechanism is used for handling
+ exceptions. The jump buffer is of type jmp_buf, which almost
+ everywhere is typedef'd as an array, in which case you should have no
+ trouble compiling the exception-handling code. However, if you are
+ building C-Kermit in/for an environment where jmp_buf is something
+ other than an array (e.g. a struct), then you'll have to define the
+ following symbol:
+
+ JBNOTARRAY
+
+ [ [124]C-Kermit Home ] [ [125]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 10. SECURITY FEATURES
+
+ [ [126]Top ] [ [127]Contents ] [ [128]Next ] [ [129]Previous ]
+
+ Security, in the sense of secure authentication and strong encryption,
+ can be built into versionf of C-Kermit for which the appropriate
+ libraries and header files are available (Kerberos IV, Kerberos V,
+ OpenSSL, SRP), as explained in great detail in the Kermit Security
+ Reference
+ . The following symbols govern C-Kermit's security features at build
+ time:
+
+ NO_AUTHENTICATION
+ Means do not configure any TELNET AUTHENTICATION support. It
+ implies NO_ENCRYPTION and undefines any of the auth and encrypt
+ types. It does not undefine CK_SSL even though builds with
+ CK_SSL cannot succeed without CK_AUTHENTICATION. (This will be
+ supported in a future release. It will be needed to allow
+ C-Kermit to be built only as an FTP client.)
+
+ NO_KERBEROS
+ Means do not compile in any KERBEROS support when
+ CK_AUTHENTICATION has been defined.
+
+ NO_SRP
+ Do not compile in any SRP support when CK_AUTHENTICATION has
+ been defined.
+
+ NO_SSL
+ Do not compile in any SSL/TLS support
+
+ NO_ENCRYPTION
+ Do not compile in any Telnet encryption support. It does not
+ affect the use of SSL/TLS
+
+ NOSSH
+ Do not compile in any SSH support whether internal or external
+
+ CK_AUTHENTICATION
+ Telnet AUTHENTICATION support. (Also, required if SSL/TLS
+ support is desired.) On most platforms this does not autodefine
+ any authentication mechanisms such as Kerberos V, Kerberos IV,
+ SRP, ... Those need to be defined separately.
+
+ CK_KERBEROS
+ Defined automatically when KRB4, KRB5, or KRB524 are defined.
+ Implies that some version of Kerberos is in use.
+
+ KRB4
+ Should be defined when Kerberos IV support is desired.
+
+ KRB5
+ Should be defined when Kerberos V support is desired.
+
+ KRB524
+ Should be defined if both Kerberos V and Kerberos IV are used
+ and the Kerberos IV support is provided by the MIT Kerberos IV
+ compatibility library in the current Kerberos 5 distribution.
+
+ KRB5_U2U
+ Should be defined if KRB5 is defined and Kerberos 5 User to
+ User mode is desired.
+
+ HEIMDAL
+ Should be defined if Kerberos V support is provided by HEIMDAL.
+ Support for this option is not complete in C-Kermit 8.0. Anyone
+ interested in working on this should contact kermit-support.
+
+ CK_SRP
+ Should be defined if SRP support is desired.
+
+ CK_ENCRYPTION
+ Should be defined if TELNET ENCRYPTION option support is
+ desired. This option does not define any particular encryption
+ types. That should be done by defining CK_DES or CK_CAST.
+
+ CK_DES
+ Should be defined if either DES or 3DES Telnet Encryption
+ option support is desired.
+
+ LIBDES
+ If CK_DES is defined and DES support is being provided by
+ either Eric Young's libdes.a or OpenSSL 0.9.6x or earlier, this
+ option must be defined. If it is not defined, it will be
+ assumed that DES support is provided by the MIT Kerberos IV
+ libraries.
+
+ CK_CAST
+ Should be defined if CAST Telnet Encryption option support is
+ desired
+
+ CK_SSL
+ Should be defined if SSL/TLS support (OpenSSL) is desired.
+
+ SSL_KRB5
+ If KRB5 is defined, and OpenSSL is built to support the
+ Kerberos 5 ciphers, then you should define SSL_KRB5
+
+ NOSSLKRB5
+ If you are using OpenSSL 0.9.7 or higher and do not wish to
+ build with support for Kerberos 5 TLS ciphers, this option must
+ be defined.
+
+ ZLIB
+ If you are using OpenSSL 0.9.6 or higher and it has been
+ compiled with support for ZLIB compression, this option should
+ be defined to enable Kermit to properly enable the use of
+ compression.
+
+ SSHCMD
+ Defined for C-Kermit to enable the use of external SSH clients
+ from the Kermit command language
+
+ SSHBUILTIN
+ Defined for Kermit implementations that have integrated SSH
+ support. Currently only Windows.
+
+ ANYSSH
+ Defined if either SSHCMD or SSHBUILTIN are defined.
+
+ CK_SNDLOC
+ Telnet Send Location support.
+
+ NOSNDLOC
+ Do not include Telnet Send Location support.
+
+ CK_XDISPLOC
+ Telnet X-Display Location support. Determines if the X-Display
+ location information is sent to the Telnet server either via
+ Telnet XDISPLOC or NEW-ENV options.
+
+ NOXDISPLOC
+ Do not include Telnet X-Display Location support.
+
+ CK_FORWARD_X
+ Telnet Forward X Windows Session Data option. Used to protect
+ the privacy and integrity of X Windows Sessions when secure
+ telnet sessions are in use.
+
+ NOFORWARDX
+ Do not include Telnet Forward X Windows Session Data option.
+
+ Besides the strong forms of security listed above, C-Kermit also
+ embodies various internal security features, including:
+
+ NOPUSH
+ Compiling with the NOPUSH symbol defined removes all the "shell
+ escape" features from the program, including the PUSH, RUN, and
+ SPAWN commands, the "!" and "@" command prefixes, OPEN !READ,
+ OPEN !WRITE, job control (including the SUSPEND command), the
+ REDIRECT command, shell/DCL escape from CONNECT mode, as well
+ as the server's execution of REMOTE HOST commands (and, of
+ course, the ENABLE HOST command). Add NODISPO to also prevent
+ acceptance of incoming MAIL or REMOTE PRINT files. For UNIX,
+ also be sure to read [130]Section 11 of the [131]Unix C-Kermit
+ Installation Instructions. about set[ug]id configuration.
+ Additional restrictions can be enforced when in server mode;
+ read about the DISABLE command in the user manual.
+
+ NOCCTRAP
+ Compiling with NOCCTRAP prevents the trapping of SIGINT by
+ Kermit. Thus if the user generates a SIGINT signal (e.g. by
+ typing the system's interrupt character), Kermit will exit
+ immediately, rather than returning to its prompt.
+
+ NOPUSH and NOCCTRAP together allow Kermit to be run from restricted
+ shells, preventing access to system functions.
+
+ [ [132]C-Kermit Home ] [ [133]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 11. ENABLING SELECT()
+
+ [ [134]Top ] [ [135]Contents ] [ [136]Next ] [ [137]Previous ]
+
+ Kermit works best if it can do nonblocking reads, nondestructive input
+ buffer checking, and millisecond sleeps. All of these functions can be
+ accomplished by the select() function, which, unfortunately, is not
+ universally available. Furthermore, select() is required if incoming
+ TCP/IP connections are to be supported.
+
+ select() was introduced with Berkeley UNIX, rejected by AT&T for
+ System V, but is gradually creeping in to all UNIX versions (and other
+ operating systems too) by virtue of its presence in the sockets
+ library, which is needed for TCP/IP. AT&T SVID for System V R4
+ includes select(), but that does not mean that all SVR4
+ implementations have it.
+
+ Furthermore, even when select() is available, it might work only on
+ socket file descriptors, but not on others like serial ports, pipes,
+ etc. For example, in AOS/VS and BeOS, it works only with file
+ descriptors that were created by socket() and opened by connect() or
+ accept().
+
+ Other alternatives include poll() and rdchk(). Only one of these three
+ functions should be included. The following symbols govern this:
+
+ SELECT Use select() (BSD, or systems with sockets libraries)
+ CK_POLL Use poll() (System V)
+ RDCHK Use rdchk() (SCO XENIX and UNIX)
+
+ If your system supports the select() function, but your version of
+ C-Kermit does not, try adding:
+
+ -DSELECT
+
+ to the CFLAGS, and removing -DRDCHK or -DCK_POLL if it is there. If
+ you get compilation errors, some adjustments to ck*tio.c and/or
+ ck*net.c might be needed; search for SELECT (uppercase) in these files
+ (note that there are several variations on the calling conventions for
+ select()).
+
+ Various macros and data types need to be defined in order to use
+ select(). Usually these are picked up from <types.h> or <sys/types.h>.
+ But on some systems, they are in <sys/select.h>. In that case, add the
+ following:
+
+ -DSELECT_H
+
+ to the CFLAGS to tell C-Kermit to #include <sys/select.h>. A good
+ indication that you need to do this would be if you get compile-time
+ complaints about "fd_set" or "FD_SET" not being declared or defined.
+
+ In UNIX, the use of select() vs fork() in the CONNECT command is
+ independent of the above considerations, and is governed by choosing a
+ particular makefile target.
+
+ As of C-Kermit 7.0, select() is also the preferred control mechanism
+ for the CONNECT command. Unfortunately, the structures used by the
+ original UNIX CONNECT command, based on fork(), and those used by
+ select(), are so different, it was not practical to implement them
+ both in one module. So the select()-based CONNECT command module for
+ UNIX is [138]ckucns.c, and the fork-based one remains [139]ckucon.c.
+ To choose the fork-based one, which is more portable (but slower and
+ more fragile), use "wermit" as the make target. To choose the
+ select-based one, use "xermit". Only do this if you can verify that
+ the CONNECT command works on serial connections and PIPE connections
+ as well as TCP connections.
+
+ The select()-based Unix CONNECT module, ckucns.c, must be used if
+ encryption is to be done, since the fork() version (ckucon.c) loses
+ its ability to share vital state information between the two forks.
+ Also note that the select() version is superior in many other ways
+ too. For example, it recovers better from exterior killing, forced
+ disconnections, etc, plus it goes faster.
+
+ SHOW VERSIONS tells whether the CONNECT module uses fork() or
+ select().
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 adds learned script capability, which depends on
+ select(). All the "wermit" based targets (as opposed to "xermit") had
+ NOLEARN added to them. Whenever changing a target over from wermit to
+ xermit, also remember to remove NOLEARN.
+
+ [ [140]C-Kermit Home ] [ [141]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 12. I/O REDIRECTION
+
+ [ [142]Top ] [ [143]Contents ] [ [144]Next ] [ [145]Previous ]
+
+ The REDIRECT command allows a local program to be run with its i/o
+ redirected over the communications connection. Your version of
+ C-Kermit has a REDIRECT command if it was built with the following
+ CFLAG:
+
+ -DCK_REDIR
+
+ This, in turn, is possible only if the underlying API is there. In the
+ case of UNIX this is just the wait() system call, so all UNIX versions
+ get this feature as of 6.0.192 (earlier versions needed a <sys/wait.h>
+ header file defining the symbols WIFEXITED and WEXITSTATUS).
+
+ As of version 7.0, file transfer can be done using pipes and filters.
+ To enable this feature, #define PIPESEND (and fill in the code). To
+ disable on systems where it is normally enabled, define NOPIPESEND.
+ This feature is, of course, also disabled by building with NOPUSH (or
+ giving the "nopush" command at runtime).
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 also adds the PIPE and SET HOST /COMMAND commands, which
+ provide another form of redirection. This feature is selected with
+ -DNETCMD. CK_RDIR must also be defined, since the same mechanisms are
+ used internally.
+
+ [ [146]C-Kermit Home ] [ [147]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 13. FLOATING-POINT NUMBERS, TIMERS, AND ARITHMETIC
+
+ [ [148]Top ] [ [149]Contents ] [ [150]Next ] [ [151]Previous ]
+
+ Floating-point support was added in C-Kermit 7.0.
+
+ Floating-point numbers are enabled internally, at least for use in
+ high-precision file-transfer timers and statistics, unless the
+ following symbol is defined at compile time:
+
+ -DNOFLOAT
+
+ This might be necessary on old PCs that do not have built-in
+ floating-point hardware.
+
+ When NOFLOAT is not defined, the following symbol tells which
+ floating-point type to use:
+
+ -DCKFLOAT=xxxx
+
+ The value is either "double" (normal for 32- and 16-bit architectures)
+ or "float" (normal for 64-bit architectures).
+
+ C-Kermit can be configured to use high-precision file-transfer timers
+ for more accurate statistics. This feature is enabled with:
+
+ -DGFTIMER
+
+ and disabled with:
+
+ -DNOGFTIMER
+
+ If you try to build with -DGFTIMER but you get compilation errors,
+ either fix them (and send email to kermit@columbia.edu telling what
+ you did), or else give up and use -DNOGFTIMER (or -DNOFLOAT) instead.
+ Hint: depending on your machine architecture, you might have better
+ luck using double than float as the data type for floating-point
+ numbers, or vice versa. Look in [152]ckcdeb.h for the CKFLOAT
+ definition.
+
+ Floating-point arithmetic is also supported in the script programming
+ language. First via the \fpp...() functions, such as \fppadd(), which
+ adds two floating-point numbers, second in S-Expressions. Addition,
+ subtraction, multiplication, and division are always available. But
+ other functions such as logs, raising to powers, sines and cosines,
+ etc, require the C Math library. To include user-level floating-point
+ math you must put:
+
+ -DFNFLOAT
+
+ and in Unix you must link with the Math library:
+
+ LIBS=".... -lm"
+
+ In K95 and VMS, FNFLOAT is defined automatically if CKFLOAT is
+ defined. In Unix, however, FNFLOAT must be added to each makefile
+ target individually, because of the special linking instructions that
+ must also be added to each target.
+
+ Note: S-Expressions require FNFLOAT.
+
+ [ [153]C-Kermit Home ] [ [154]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 14. SPECIAL CONFIGURATIONS
+
+ [ [155]Top ] [ [156]Contents ] [ [157]Previous ]
+
+ As of C-Kermit 7.0, if you build C-Kermit normally, but with -DNOICP
+ (No Interactive Command Parser), you get a program capable of making
+ serial connections (but not dialing) and network connections (if
+ TCPSOCKET or other network option included), and can also transfer
+ files using Kermit protocol, but only via autodownload/upload.
+ Furthermore, if you call the executable "telnet", it will act like
+ Telnet -- using the command-line options. However, in this case there
+ is nothing to escape back to, so if you type Ctrl-\c, it just prints a
+ message to this effect.
+
+ You can also build C-Kermit with -DNOXFER, meaning omit all the
+ file-transfer features. This leaves you with a scriptable
+ communications program that is considerably smaller than the full
+ C-Kermit.
+
+ [ [158]C-Kermit Home ] [ [159]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ APPENDIX I: SUMMARY OF COMPILE-TIME OPTIONS
+
+ [ [160]Top ] [ [161]Contents ]
+
+ These are the symbols that can be specified on the cc command line,
+ listed alphabetically. Others are used internally, including those
+ taken from header files, those defined by the compiler itself, and
+ those inferred from the ones given below. Kermit's SHOW VERSIONS
+ command attempts to display most of these. See [162]ckcdeb.h and
+ [163]ckcnet.h for inference rules. For example SVR3 implies ATTSV,
+ MULTINET implies TCPSOCKET, and so on.
+
+ Here is the complete list of the Kermit-specific compile-time
+ switches:
+
+ ACUCNTRL Select BSD 4.3-style acucntrl() bidirectional tty control.
+ aegis Build for Apollo Aegis (predefined on Apollo systems).
+ AIX370 Build for IBM AIX/370 for IBM mainframes.
+ AIXESA Build for IBM AIX/ESA for IBM mainframes.
+ AIXPS2 Build for IBM AIX 3.0 for PS/2 series (never formally
+ released).
+ AIXRS Build for IBM AIX 3.x on RS/6000.
+ AIX41 Build for IBM AIX 4.x on RS/6000.
+ AMIGA Build for Commodore Amiga with Intuition OS.
+ ATT6300 Build for AT&T 6300 PLUS.
+ ATT7300 Build for AT&T 7300 UNIX PC (3B1).
+ ATTSV Build for AT&T System III or V UNIX.
+ AUX Build for Apple A/UX for the Macintosh.
+ BIGBUFOK OK to use big buffers - "memory is not a problem"
+ BPS_xxxx Enable SET SPEED xxxx
+ BSD29 Build for BSD 2.9 or 2.10.
+ BSD4 Build for BSD 4.2.
+ BSD41 Build for BSD 4.1.
+ BSD43 Build for BSD 4.3.
+ BSD44 Build for BSD 4.4.
+ C70 Build for BBN C/70.
+ CIE Build for CIE Systems 680/20.
+ CKCONINTB4CB Work around prompt-disappears after escape back from
+ CONNECT.
+ CKLEARN Build with support for learned scripts.
+ CKLOGDIAL Enable connection log.
+ CKMAXPATH Maximum length for a fully qualified filename.
+ CKREGEX (misnomer) Include [...] or {xxx,xxx,xxx} matching in
+ ckmatch().
+ CKSYSLOG Enable syslogging.
+ CK_ANSIC Enable ANSI C constructs - prototypes, etc.
+ CK_ANSILIBS Use header files for ANSI C libraries.
+ CK_APC Enable APC execution by CONNECT module.
+ CK_CURSES Enable fullscreen file transfer display.
+ CK_DSYSINI Use system-wide init file, with name supplied by Kermit.
+ CK_DTRCD DTR/CD flow control is available.
+ CK_FAST Build with fast Kermit protocol defaults.
+ CK_FORK_SIG UNIX only: signal() number for CONNECT module forks.
+ CK_IFRO IF REMOTE command is available (and can run in remote mode).
+ CK_INI_A System-wide init file takes precedence over user's.
+ CK_INI_B User's init file takes precedence over the system-wide one.
+ CK_LABELED Include support for SET FILE TYPE LABELED.
+ CK_LBRK This version can send Long BREAK.
+ CK_LINGER Add code to turn of TCP socket "linger" parameter.
+ CK_MKDIR This version has a zmkdir() command to create directories.
+ CK_NAWS Include TELNET Negotiate About Window Size support.
+ CK_NEWTERM Use newterm() rather than initscr() to initialize curses.
+ CK_PAM Include PAM authentication (might also require -lpam).
+ CK_PCT_BAR Fullscreen file transfer display should include
+ "thermometer".
+ CK_POLL System-V or POSIX based UNIX has poll() function.
+ CK_POSIX_SIG Use POSIX signal handing: sigjmp_buf, sigsetjmp,
+ siglongjmp.
+ CK_READ0 read(fd,&x,0) can be used to test TCP/IP connections.
+ CK_REDIR Enable the REDIRECT command.
+ CK_RESEND Include the RESEND command (needs zfseek() + append).
+ CK_RTSCTS RTS/CTS flow control is available.
+ CK_SHADOW Include support for shadow passwords (e.g. for IKSD
+ authentication).
+ CK_SOCKBUF Enable TCP socket-buffer-size-increasing code.
+ CK_SOCKS UNIX only: Build with socks library rather than regular
+ sockets
+ CK_SOCKS5 UNIX only: Build with socks 5 lib rather than regular
+ sockets
+ CK_SPEED Enable control-character unprefixing.
+ CK_SYSINI="xxxxx" Quoted string to be used as system-wide init file
+ name.
+ CK_TIMERS Build with support for dynamically calculated packet
+ timeouts.
+ CK_TMPDIR This version of Kermit has an isdir() function.
+ CK_TTYFD Defined on systems where the communications connection file
+ descriptor (ttyfd) can be passed to other processes as a command-line
+ argument via \v(ttyfd).
+ CK_URL Parse URLs as well as hostnames, etc.
+ CK_XONXOFF Xon/Xoff flow control available.
+ CK_XYZ Include support for XYZMODEM protocols.
+ CK_WREFRESH Curses package includes wrefresh(),clearok() for screen
+ refresh.
+ CKFLOAT=type Floating-point data type, "double" or "float".
+ CKTYP_H=xxx Force include of xxx as <types.h> file.
+ CLSOPN When hanging up a tty device, also close and reopen it.
+ CMDDEP Maximum recursion depth for self-referential user-defined fn's.
+ COHERENT Build for Mark Williams Coherent UNIX
+ CONGSPD Define if this version has congspd() routine in ck?tio.c
+ datageneral Build for Data General AOS/VS or AOS/VS II
+ DCLPOPEN popen() is available but needs to be declared
+ DEC_TCPIP Build with support for DEC TCP/IP (UCX) for (Open)VMS
+ DGUX430 Build for DG/UX 4.30
+ DGUX540 Build for DG/UX 5.40
+ DEFPAR=x Default parity, 0, 'e', 'o', 'm', or 's'.
+ DFTTY=xxx Default communications device name.
+ DIRENT UNIX directory structure to be taken from <dirent.h>.
+ DIRPWDRP Prompt for password in REMOTE CWD command.
+ DTILDE Include UNIX ~ notation for username/home-directory
+ DYNAMIC Allocate file transfer packet buffers dynamically with malloc.
+ ENCORE Build for Encore Multimax computers.
+ EXCELAN Build with excelan TCP/IP.
+ FNFLOAT Include floating-point math functions (logs, sin, cos, exp,
+ etc)
+ FT18 Build for Fortune For:Pro 1.8.
+ FT21 Build for Fortune For:Pro 2.1.
+ GEMDOS Build for Atari ST GEMDOS.
+ GFTIMER Use high-precision floating-point file-transfer timers.
+ GID_T=xxx Group IDs are of type xxx (usually int, short, or gid_t).
+ HADDRLIST If gethostbyname() hostent struct contains a list of
+ addresses.
+ HDBUUCP Build with support for Honey DanBer UUCP.
+ HPUX Build for Hewlett Packard HP-UX.
+ HPUX9 Build for Hewlett Packard HP-UX 9.x.
+ HPUX10 Build for Hewlett Packard HP-UX 10.x.
+ HWPARITY Define if this version can SET PARITY HARDWARE { EVEN,
+ ODD...}
+ I386IX Build for Interactive System V R3.
+ IFDEBUG Add IF stmts "if (deblog)" before "debug()" calls.
+ INADDRX TCP/IP inet_addr() type is struct inaddr, not unsigned long.
+ INTERLAN Build with support for Racal/Interlan TCP/IP.
+ ISDIRBUG System defs of S_ISDIR and S_ISREG have bug, define
+ ourselves.
+ ISIII Build for Interactive System III.
+ IX370 Build for IBM IX/370.
+ KANJI Build with Kanji character-set translation support.
+ LCKDIR UUCP lock directory is /usr/spool/uucp/LCK/.
+ LFDEVNO UUCP lockfile name uses device numbers, as in SVR4.
+ LINUXFSSTND For Linux, use FSSTND UUCP lockfile conventions (default).
+ LOCK_DIR=xxx UUCP lock directory is xxx (quoted string).
+ LOCKF Use lockf() (in addition to lockfiles) on serial lines
+ LONGFN BSD long filenames supported using <dir.h> and opendir().
+ LYNXOS Build for Lynx OS 2.2 or later (POSIX-based).
+ MAC Build for Apple Macintosh with Mac OS.
+ MATCHDOT Make wildcards match filenames that start with period (.)
+ MAXRP=number Maximum receive-packet length.
+ MAXSP=number Maximum send-packet length.
+ MDEBUG Malloc-debugging requested.
+ MINIDIAL Minimum modem dialer support: CCITT, Hayes, Unkown, and None.
+ MINIX Build for MINIX.
+ MIPS Build for MIPS workstation.
+ MULTINET Build with support for TGV MultiNet TCP/IP (VAX/VMS).
+ M_UNIX Defined by SCO.
+ NAP The nap() is available (conflicts with SELECT and USLEEP)
+ NAPHACK The nap() call is available but only as syscall(3112,...)
+ NDIR BSD long filenames supported using <ndir.h> and opendir().
+ NDGPWNAM Don't declare getpwnam().
+ NDSYSERRLIST Don't declare sys_errlist[].
+ NEEDSELECTDEFS select() is avaible but we need to define FD_blah
+ ourselves.
+ NETCMD Build with support for SET HOST /COMMAND and PIPE commands.
+ NEXT Build for NeXT Mach 1.x or 2.x or 3.0, 3.1, or 3.2.
+ NEXT33 Build for NeXT Mach 3.3.
+ NOANSI Disable ANSI C function prototyping.
+ NOAPC Do not include CK_APC code.
+ NOARROWKEYS Exclude code to parse ANSI arrow-key sequences.
+ NOB_xxxx Disable SET SPEED xxxx
+ NOBIGBUF Override BIGBUFOK when it is the default
+ NOBRKC Don't try to refer to t_brkc or t_eof tchars structure members.
+ NOCKFQHOSTNAME Exclude code to get fully qualified hostname in case it
+ causes core dumps.
+ NOCCTRAP Disable Control-C (SIGINT) trapping.
+ NOCKSPEED Disable control-prefix removal feature (SET CONTROL).
+ NOCKTIMERS Build without support for dynamic timers.
+ NOCKXYZ Overrides CK_XYZ.
+ NOCKREGEX Do not include [...] or {xxx,xxx,xxx} matching in ckmatch().
+ NOCMDL Build with no command-line option processing.
+ NOCOTFMC No Close(Open()) To Force Mode Change (UNIX version).
+ NOCSETS Build with no support for character set translation.
+ NOCYRIL Build with no support for Cyrillic character set translation.
+ NOCYRILLIC Ditto.
+ NODEBUG Build with no debug logging capability.
+ NODIAL Build with no DIAL or SET DIAL commands.
+ NODISPO Build to always refuse incoming MAIL or REMOTE PRINT files.
+ DNODISPLAY Build with no file-transfer display.
+ NOESCSEQ Build with no support for ANSI escape sequence recognition.
+ NOFAST Do not make FAST Kermit protocol settings the default.
+ NOFDZERO Do not use file descriptor 0 for remote-mode file transfer.
+ NOFILEH Do not #include <sys/file.h>.
+ NOFLOAT Don't include any floating-point data types or operations.
+ NOFRILLS Build with "no frills" (this should be phased out...)
+ NOFTRUNCATE Include this on UNIXes that don't have ftruncate().
+ NOGETUSERSHELL Include this on UNIXes that don't have getusershell().
+ NOGFTIMER Don't use high-precision floating-point file-transfer
+ timers.
+ NOHEBREW Build with no support for Hebrew character sets.
+ NOHELP Build with no built-in help.
+ NOIKSD Build with IKSD support excluded.
+ NOINITGROUPS Include this on UNIXes that don't have initgroups().
+ NOICP Build with no interactive command parser.
+ NOJC Build with no support for job control (suspend).
+ NOKANJI Build with no support for Japanese Kanji character sets.
+ NOKVERBS Build with no support for keyboard verbs (\Kverbs).
+ NOLATIN2 Build with no ISO Latin-2 character-set translation support.
+ NOLEARN Build with no support for learned scripts.
+ NOLINKBITS Use of S_ISLNK and _IFLNK untrustworthy; use readlink()
+ instead.
+ NOLOCAL Build without any local-mode features: No Making Connections.
+ NOLOGDIAL Disable connection log.
+ NOLOGIN Build without IKSD (network login) support.
+ NOLSTAT Not OK to use lstat().
+ NOMDMHUP Build without "modem-specific hangup" (e.g. ATH0) feature.
+ NOMHHOST Exclude the multihomed-host TCP/IP code (if compilcation
+ errors)
+ NOMINPUT Build without MINPUT command.
+ NOMSEND Build with no MSEND command.
+ NONAWS Do not include TELNET Negotiate About Window Size support.
+ NONET Do not include any network support.
+ NONOSETBUF (See NOSETBUF)
+ NOPARSEN Build without automatic parity detection.
+ NOPIPESEND Disable file transfer using pipes and filters.
+ NOPOLL Override CK_POLL definition.
+ NOPOPEN The popen() library call is not available.
+ NOPURGE Build with no PURGE command.
+ NOPUSH Build with no escapes to operating system.
+ NOREALPATH In UNIX, realpath() function is not available.
+ NORECALL Disable the command-recall feature.
+ NOREDIRECT Disable REDIRECT command.
+ NORENAME Don't use rename() system call, use link()/unlink() (UNIX).
+ NORESEND Build with no RESEND command.
+ NORETRY Build with no command-retry feature.
+ NOSCRIPT Build with no SCRIPT command.
+ NOSELECT Don't try to use select().
+ NOSERVER Build with no SERVER mode and no server-related commands.
+ NOSETBUF Don't make console writes unbuffered.
+ NONOSETBUF DO make console writes unbuffered.
+ NOSETREU setreuid() and/or setregid() not available.
+ NOSHOW Build with no SHOW command (not recommended!).
+ NOSIGWINCH Disable SIGWINCH signal trapping.
+ NOSPL Build with no script programming language.
+ NOSTAT Don't call stat() from mainline code.
+ NOSYMLINK Include this for UNIXes that don't have readlink().
+ NOSYSIOCTLH Do not #include <sys/ioctl.h>.
+ NOSYSTIMEH Co not include <sys/time.h>.
+ NOSYSLOG Disable syslogging code.
+ NOTCPOPTS Build with no SET TCP options or underlying support.
+ NOTLOG Build with no support for transaction logging.
+ NOTM_ISDST Struct tm has no tm_isdst member.
+ NOUNICODE Build with no support for Unicode character-set translation.
+ NOURL Don't parse URLs
+ NOUUCP Build with no UUCP lockfile support (dangerous!).
+ NOWARN Make EXIT WARNING be OFF by default (otherwise it's ON).
+ NOWREFRESH Override built-in definition of CK_WREFRESH (q.v.).
+ NOXFER Build with no Kermit or other file-transfer protocols.
+ NOXMIT Build with no TRANSMIT command.
+ NOXPRINT Disables transparent print code.
+ OLDMSG Use old "entering server mode" message (see [164]ckcmai.c).
+ OLINUXHISPEED Build in old Linux hi-serial-speed code (for Linux <=
+ 1.0).
+ OPENBSD Build for OpenBSD.
+ OS2 Build for OS/2.
+ OSF Build for OSF/1.
+ OSFPC Build for OSF/1 on a PC.
+ OSF32 Digital UNIX 3.2 or later.
+ OSF40 Build for Digital UNIX 4.0.
+ OSF50 Build for Digital UNIX 5.0.
+ OSK Build for OS-9.
+ OXOS Build for Olivetti X/OS 2.3.
+ PCIX Build for PC/IX
+ PID_T=xxx Type for pids is xxx (normally int or pid_t).
+ POSIX Build for POSIX: use POSIX header files, functions, etc.
+ _POSIX_SOURCE Disable non-POSIX features.
+ PROVX1 Build for Venix 1.0 on DEC Professional 3xx.
+ PTX Build for Dynix/PTX
+ PWID_T=xxx getpwid() type is xxx.
+ RBSIZ=xxx Define overall size of receive-packet buffer (with DYNAMIC).
+ RDCHK rdchk() system call is available.
+ RENAME rename() system call is available (UNIX).
+ RTAIX Build for AIX 2.2.1 on IBM RT PC.
+ RTU Build for Masscomp / Concurrent RTU.
+ SAVEDUID BSD or other non-AT&T UNIX has saved-setuid feature.
+ SBSIZ=xxx Define overall size of send-packet buffer (use with
+ DYNAMIC).
+ SDIRENT Directory structure specified in <sys/dirent.h>.
+ SELECT select() function available (conflicts with RDCHK and CK_POLL)
+ SELECT_H Include <sys/select.h> for select()-releated definitions.
+ SETEUID BSD 4.4-style seteXid() functions available.
+ SIG_V Type for signal() is void. Used to override normal assumption.
+ SIG_I Type for signal() is int. Used to override normal assumption.
+ SOCKOPT_T Override default data type for get/setsockopt() option
+ length.
+ SOLARIS Build for Solaris.
+ SOLARIS25 Build for Solaris 2.5 or later.
+ SONYNEWS Build for Sony NEWS-OS.
+ STERMIOX <sys/termiox.h> is available.
+ STRATUS Build for Stratus VOS.
+ STRATUSX25 Include Stratus VOS X.25 support.
+ SUN4S5 Build for SUNOS 4.x in the System V R3 environment.
+ SUNOS4 Build for SUNOS 4.0 in the BSD environment.
+ SUNOS41 Build for SUNOS 4.1 in the BSD environment.
+ SUNX25 Build with support for SunLink X.25.
+ SVR3 Build for AT&T System V Release 3.
+ SVR3JC Allow job control support on System V Release 3 UNIX versions.
+ SVR4 Build for AT&T System V Release 4.
+ SW_ACC_ID UNIX only -- swap real & effective ids around access()
+ calls.
+ sxaE50 Build for PFU Compact A Series SX/A TISP.
+ SYSLOGLEVEL=n Force syslogging at given level.
+ SYSTIMEH Include <sys/time.h>.
+ SYSUTIMEH Include <sys/utime.h> for setting file dates (88OPEN)
+ TCPSOCKET Build with support for TCP/IP via Berkeley sockets library.
+ TERMIOX <termiox.h> header file is available (mostly SVR4).
+ TNCODE Include TELNET-specific code.
+ TOWER1 Build for NCR Tower 1632 with OS 1.02.
+ TRS16 Build for Tandy 16/6000.
+ UID_T=xxx Type for uids is xxx (normally int or uid_t).
+ UNIX Must be defined for all UNIX versions.
+ UNIX351M AT&T UNIX 3.51m on the AT&T 7300 UNIX PC.
+ USE_ARROWKEYS Include code to parse ANSI arrow-key sequences.
+ USE_LSTAT OK to use lstat().
+ USE_MEMCPY Define this if memcpy()/memset()/memmove() available.
+ USE_STRERROR Define this if strerror() is available.
+ USLEEP usleep() system call available (conflicts with NAP & SELECT).
+ UTEK Build for Tektronix workstations with UTEK OS.
+ UTIMEH Include <utime.h> for setting file dates (SVR4, POSIX)
+ UTS24 Build for Amdahl UTS 2.4.
+ V7 Build for Version 7 UNIX.
+ VMS Build for VAX/VMS.
+ VOID=xxx VOID type for functions (int or void).
+ VXVE Build for CDC VX/VE 5.2.1.
+ WAIT_T=xxx Type of argument passed to wait().
+ WINTCP Build with Wollongong VAX/VMS TCP/IP (implies TCPSOCKET)
+ WOLLONGONG Build with Wollongong UNIX TCP/IP (implies TCPSOCKET)
+ XENIX Build for Xenix (SCO, Tandy, others).
+ XNDIR Support for BSD long filenames via <sys/ndir.h>.
+ XYZ_INTERNAL Support for XYZMODEM protocols is internal, not external.
+ ZFCDAT Define this if zfcdat() function is available in Kermit.
+ ZILOG Build for Zilog ZEUS.
+ ZJDATE Has zjdate() function that converts date to Julian format.
+ XPRINT Transparent print code included in CONNECT module.
+
+ [ [165]Top ] [ [166]Contents ] [ [167]C-Kermit Home ] [ [168]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+
+ C-Kermit Configuration Options / [169]The Kermit Project /
+ [170]Columbia University / [171]kermit@columbia.edu / 14 March 2003
+
+References
+
+ 1. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+ 2. http://www.columbia.edu/
+ 3. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html
+ 4. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 5. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 6. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x1
+ 7. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x2
+ 8. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x3
+ 9. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x4
+ 10. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x5
+ 11. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x6
+ 12. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x7
+ 13. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x8
+ 14. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x9
+ 15. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x10
+ 16. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x11
+ 17. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x12
+ 18. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x13
+ 19. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x14
+ 20. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#xa1
+ 21. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html
+ 22. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 23. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 24. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 25. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 26. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x2
+ 27. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x0
+ 28. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 29. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 30. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 31. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 32. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x3
+ 33. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x1
+ 34. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 35. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcdeb.h
+ 36. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckuus3.c
+ 37. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcdeb.h
+ 38. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 39. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 40. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 41. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 42. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 43. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 44. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x4
+ 45. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x2
+ 46. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/makefile
+ 47. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html
+ 48. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4
+ 49. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.2
+ 50. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckuusx.c
+ 51. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 52. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckufio.c
+ 53. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckuusx.c
+ 54. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckucmd.c
+ 55. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 56. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 57. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 58. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 59. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x5
+ 60. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x3
+ 61. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/unicode.html
+ 62. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 63. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 64. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 65. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 66. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x6
+ 67. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x4
+ 68. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckuusr.h
+ 69. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckuusr.h
+ 70. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 71. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 72. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 73. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 74. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x7
+ 75. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x5
+ 76. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x6.1
+ 77. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x6.2
+ 78. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x6.3
+ 79. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x6.4
+ 80. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x4
+ 81. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/gkermit.html
+ 82. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckuusr.h
+ 83. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcker.h
+ 84. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcdeb.h
+ 85. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 86. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 87. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 88. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 89. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x8
+ 90. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x6
+ 91. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckudia.c
+ 92. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 93. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 94. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 95. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 96. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x9
+ 97. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x7
+ 98. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x8.1
+ 99. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x8.2
+ 100. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x8.3
+ 101. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x8.1.1
+ 102. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x8.1.2
+ 103. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x8.1.3
+ 104. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x8.1.4
+ 105. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x8.1.5
+ 106. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x8.1.6
+ 107. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcnet.h
+ 108. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckctel.c
+ 109. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckctel.c
+ 110. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckctel.h
+ 111. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcftp.c
+ 112. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 113. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcnet.c
+ 114. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcnet.h
+ 115. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 116. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x11
+ 117. mailto:kermit@columbia.edu
+ 118. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 119. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 120. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 121. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 122. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x10
+ 123. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x8
+ 124. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 125. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 126. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 127. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 128. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x11
+ 129. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x9
+ 130. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x11
+ 131. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html
+ 132. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 133. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 134. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 135. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 136. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x12
+ 137. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x10
+ 138. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckucns.c
+ 139. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckucon.c
+ 140. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 141. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 142. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 143. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 144. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x13
+ 145. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x11
+ 146. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 147. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 148. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 149. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 150. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x14
+ 151. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x12
+ 152. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcdeb.h
+ 153. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 154. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 155. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 156. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 157. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x13
+ 158. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 159. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 160. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 161. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 162. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcdeb.h
+ 163. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcnet.h
+ 164. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcmai.c
+ 165. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#top
+ 166. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#contents
+ 167. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 168. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 169. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 170. http://www.columbia.edu/
+ 171. mailto:kermit@columbia.edu
--- /dev/null
+
+ C-Kermit Program Logic Manual
+
+ Frank da Cruz
+ [1]The Kermit Project
+ [2]Columbia University
+
+ As of: C-Kermit 8.0.211, 10 April 2004
+ This page last updated: Sat Apr 10 16:45:30 2004 (New York USA Time)
+
+ IF YOU ARE READING A PLAIN-TEXT version of this document, note that
+ this file is a plain-text dump of a Web page. You can visit the
+ original (and possibly more up-to-date) Web page here:
+
+ [3]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html
+
+ [ [4]C-Kermit Home ] [ [5]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ CONTENTS
+
+ 1. [6]INTRODUCTION
+ 2. [7]FILES
+ 3. [8]SOURCE CODE PORTABILITY AND STYLE
+ 4. [9]MODULES
+ 4.A. [10]Group A: Library Routines
+ 4.B. [11]Group B: Kermit File Transfer
+ 4.C. [12]Group C: Character-Set Conversion
+ 4.D. [13]Group D: User Interface
+ 4.E. [14]Group E: Platform-Dependent I/O
+ 4.F. [15]Group F: Network Support
+ 4.G. [16]Group G: Formatted Screen Support
+ 4.H. [17]Group H: Pseudoterminal Support
+ 4.I. [18]Group I: Security
+ I. [19]APPENDIX I: FILE PERMISSIONS
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1. INTRODUCTION
+
+ The Kermit Protocol is specified in the book Kermit, A File Transfer
+ Protocol by Frank da Cruz, Digital Press / Butterworth Heinemann,
+ Newton, MA, USA (1987), 379 pages, ISBN 0-932376-88-6. It is assumed
+ the reader is familiar with the Kermit protocol specification.
+
+ This file describes the relationship among the modules and functions
+ of C-Kermit 5A and later, and other programming considerations.
+ C-Kermit is designed to be portable to any kind of computer that has a
+ C compiler. The source code is broken into many files that are grouped
+ according to their function, as shown in the [20]Contents.
+
+ C-Kermit has seen constant development since 1985. Throughout its
+ history, there has been a neverending tug-of-war among:
+
+ a. Functionality: adding new features, fixing bugs, improving
+ performance.
+ b. Adding support for new platforms.
+ c. "Buzzword 1.0 compliance".
+
+ The latter category is the most frustrating, since it generally
+ involves massive changes just to keep the software doing what it did
+ before in some new setting: e.g. the K&R-to-ANSIC conversion (which
+ had to be done, of course, without breaking K&R); Y2K (not a big deal
+ in our case); the many and varied UNIX and other API "standards";
+ IPv6.
+
+ [ [21]Contents ] [ [22]C-Kermit ] [ [23]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2. FILES
+
+ C-Kermit source files begin with the two letters "ck", for example
+ ckutio.c. Filenames are kept short (6.3) for maximum portability and
+ (obviously I hope) do not contain spaces or more than one period. The
+ third character in the name denotes something about the function group
+ and the expected level of portability:
+
+ a General descriptive material and documentation (text)
+ b BOO file encoders and decoders (obsolete)
+ c All platforms with C compilers (*)
+ d Data General AOS/VS
+ e Reserved for "ckermit" files, like ckermit.ini, ckermit2.txt
+ f (reserved)
+ g (reserved)
+ h (reserved)
+ i Commodore Amiga (Intuition)
+ j (unused)
+ k (unused)
+ l Stratus VOS
+ m Macintosh with Mac OS 1-9
+ n Microsoft Windows NT/2000/XP
+ o OS/2 and/or Microsoft Windows 9x/ME/NT/2000/XP
+ p Plan 9 from Bell Labs
+ q (reserved)
+ r DEC PDP-11 with RSTS/E (never used, open for reassigment)
+ s Atari ST GEMDOS (last supported in version 5A(189))
+ t DEC PDP-11 with RT-11 (never used, open for reassigment)
+ u Unix-based operating systems (*)
+ v VMS and OpenVMS
+ w Wart (Lex-like preprocessor, platform independent)
+ x (reserved)
+ y (reserved)
+ z (reserved)
+ 0-3 (reserved)
+ 4 IBM AS/400
+ 5-8 (reserved)
+ 9 Microware OS-9
+ _ Encryption modules
+
+ (*) In fact there is little distinction between the ckc*.* and cku*.*
+ categories. It would make more sense for all cku*.* modules to be
+ ckc*.* ones, except ckufio.c, ckutio.c, ckucon.c, ckucns.c, and
+ ckupty.c, which truly are specific to Unix. The rest (ckuus*.c,
+ ckucmd.c, etc) are quite portable.
+
+ One hint before proceeding: functions are scattered all over the
+ ckc*.c and cku*.c modules, where function size has begun to take
+ precedence over the desirability of grouping related functions
+ together, the aim being to keep any particular module from growing
+ disproportionately large. The easiest way (in UNIX) to find out in
+ what source file a given function is defined is like this (where the
+ desired function is foo()...):
+
+ grep ^foo\( ck*.c
+
+ This works because the coding convention has been to make function
+ names always start on the left margin with their contents indented,
+ for example:
+
+static char *
+foo(x,y) int x, y; {
+ ...
+}
+
+ Also note the style for bracket placement. This allows
+ bracket-matching text editors (such as EMACS) to help you make sure
+ you know which opening bracket a closing bracket matches, particularly
+ when the opening bracket is above the visible screen, and it also
+ makes it easy to find the end of a function (search for '}' on the
+ left margin).
+
+ Of course EMACS tags work nicely with this format too:
+
+ $ cd kermit-source-directory
+ $ etags ck[cu]*.c
+ $ emacs
+ Esc-X Visit-Tags-Table<CR><CR>
+
+ (but remember that the source file for ckcpro.c is [24]ckcpro.w!)
+
+ Also:
+
+ * Tabs should be set every 8 spaces, as on a VT100.
+ * All lines must no more than 79 characters wide after tab
+ expansion.
+ * Note the distinction between physical tabs (ASCII 9) and the
+ indentation conventions, which are: 4 for block contents, 2 for
+ most other stuff (obviously this is not a portability issue, just
+ style).
+
+ [ [25]Contents ] [ [26]C-Kermit ] [ [27]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3. SOURCE CODE PORTABILITY AND STYLE
+
+ C-Kermit was designed in 1985 as a platform-independent replacement
+ for the earlier Unix Kermit. c-Kermit's design was expected to promote
+ portability, and judging from the number of platforms to which it has
+ been adapted since then, the model is effective, if not ideal
+ (obviously if we had it all to do over, we'd change a few things). To
+ answer the oft-repeated question: "Why are there so many #ifdefs?",
+ it's because:
+
+ * Many of them are related to feature selection and program size,
+ and so need to be there anyway.
+ * Those that treat compiler, library, platform, header-file, and
+ similar differences have built up over time as hundreds of people
+ all over the world adapted C-Kermit to their particular
+ environments and sent back their changes. There might be more
+ politically-correct ways to achieve portability, but this one is
+ natural and proven. The basic idea is to introduce changes that
+ can be selected by defining a symbol, which, if not defined,
+ leaves the program exactly as it was before the changes.
+ * Although it might be possible to "clean up" the "#ifdef mess",
+ nobody has access to all the hundreds of platforms served by the
+ #ifdefs to check the results.
+
+ And to answer the second-most-oft-repeated question: "Why don't you
+ just use GNU autoconfig / automake / autowhatever instead of
+ hard-coding all those #ifdefs?" Answers:
+
+ * The GNU tools are not available on all the platforms where
+ C-Kermit must be built and I wouldn't necessarily trust them if
+ they were.
+ * Each platform is a moving target, so the tools themselves would
+ need to updated before Kermit could be updated.
+ * It would only add another layer of complexity to an already
+ complex process.
+ * Conversion at this point would not be practical unless there was a
+ way to test the results on all the hundreds of platforms where
+ C-Kermit is supposed to build.
+
+ When writing code for the system-indendent C-Kermit modules, please
+ stick to the following coding conventions to ensure portability to the
+ widest possible variety of C preprocessors, compilers, and linkers, as
+ well as certain network and/or email transports. The same holds true
+ for many of the "system dependent" modules too; particularly the Unix
+ ones, since they must be buildable by a wide variety of compilers and
+ linkers, new and old.
+
+ This list does not purport to be comprehensive, and although some
+ items on it might seem far-fetched, they would not be listed unless I
+ had encountered them somewhere, some time. I wish I had kept better
+ records so I could cite specific platforms and compilers.
+
+ * Try to keep variable and function names unique within 6
+ characters, especially if they are used across modules, since 6 is
+ the maximum for some old linkers (actually, this goes back to
+ TOPS-10 and -20 and other old DEC OS's where C-Kermit never ran
+ anyway; a more realistic maximum is probably somewhere between 8
+ and 16). We know for certain that VAX C has a 31-character max
+ because it complains -- others might not complain, but just
+ silently truncate, thus folding two or more routines/variables
+ into one.
+ * Keep preprocessor symbols unique within 8 characters; that's the
+ max for some preprocessors (sorry, I can't give a specific
+ example, but in 1988 or thereabouts, I had to change character-set
+ symbols like TC_LATIN1 and TC_LATIN2 to TC_1LATIN and TC_2LATIN
+ because the digits were being truncated and ignored on a platform
+ where I actually had to build C-Kermit 5A; unfortunately I didn't
+ note which platform -- maybe some early Ultrix version?)
+ * Don't create preprocessor symbols, or variable or function names,
+ that start with underscore (_). These are usually reserved for
+ internal use by the compiler and header files.
+ * Don't put #include directives inside functions or { blocks }.
+ * Don't use the #if or #elif preprocessor constructions, only use
+ #ifdef, #ifndef, #define, #undef, and #endif.
+ * Put tokens after #endif in comment brackets, e.g.
+ #endif /* FOO */.
+ * Don't indent preprocessor statements - # must always be first char
+ on line.
+ * Don't put whitespace after # in preprocessor statements.
+ * Don't use #pragma, even within #ifdefs -- it makes some
+ preprocessors give up.
+ * Same goes for #module, #if, etc - #ifdefs do NOT protect them.
+ * Don't use logical operators in preprocessor constructions.
+ * Avoid #ifdefs inside argument list to function calls (I can't
+ remember why this one is here, but probably needn't be; we do this
+ all the time).
+ * Always cast strlen() in expressions to int:
+ if ((int)strlen(foo) < x)...
+ * Any variable whose value might exceed 16383 should be declared as
+ long, or if that is not possible, then as unsigned.
+ * Avoid typedefs; they might be portable but they are very confusing
+ and there's no way to test for their presence or absence at
+ compile time. Use preprocessor symbols instead if possible; at
+ least you can test their definitions.
+ * Unsigned long is not portable; use a preprocessor symbol (Kermit
+ uses ULONG for this).
+ * Long long is not portable. If you really need it, be creative.
+ * Similarly 1234LL is not portable, nor almost any other constant
+ modifier other than L.
+ * Unsigned char is not portable, use CHAR (a preprocessor symbol
+ defined in the Kermit header files) and always take precautions
+ against character signage (more about this [28]below).
+ * Don't use initializers with automatic arrays or structs: it's not
+ portable.
+ * Don't use big automatic arrays or structs in functions that might
+ be called recursively; some platforms have fixed-size stacks (e.g.
+ Windows 9x: 256K) and recursive functions crash with stack
+ overflow. Even when there is not a compiler limitation, this
+ causes memory to be consumed without bound, and can end up filling
+ swap space.
+ * Don't assume that struct assignment performs a copy, or that it
+ even exists.
+ * Don't use sizeof to get the size of an array; someone might come
+ along later and and change it from static to malloc'd. Always use
+ a symbol to refer to the array's size.
+ * Don't put prototypes for static functions into header files that
+ are used by modules that don't contain that function; the link
+ step can fail with unresolved references (e.g. on AOS/VS).
+ * Avoid the construction *++p (the order of evaluation varies; it
+ shouldn't but at least one compiler had a bug that made me include
+ this item).
+ * Don't use triple assignments, like a = b = c = 0; (or quadruple,
+ etc). Some compilers generate bad code for these, or crash, etc
+ (some version of DEC C as I recall).
+ * Some compilers don't allow structure members to have the same
+ names as other identifiers. Try to give structure members unique
+ names.
+ * Don't assume anything about order of evaluation in boolean
+ expressions, or that they will stop early if a required condition
+ is not true, e.g.:
+ if (i > 0 && p[i-1] == blah)
+ can still dump core if i == 0 (hopefully this is not true of any
+ modern compiler, but I would not have said this if it did not
+ actually happen somewhere).
+ * Don't have a switch() statement with no cases (e.g. because of
+ #ifdefs); this is a fatal error in some compilers.
+ * Don't put lots of code in a switch case; move it out to a separate
+ function; some compilers run out of memory when presented with a
+ huge switch() statement -- it's not the number of cases that
+ matters; it's the overall amount of code.
+ * Some compilers might also limit the number of switch() cases, e.g.
+ to 254.
+ * Don't put anything between "switch() {" and "case:" -- switch
+ blocks are not like other blocks.
+ * Don't jump into or out of switches.
+ * Don't make character-string constants longer than about 250 bytes.
+ Longer strings should be broken up into arrays of strings.
+ * Don't write into character-string constants (obviously). Even when
+ you know you are not writing past the end; the compiler or linker
+ might have put them into read-only and/or shared memory, and/or
+ coalesced multiple equal constants so if you change one you change
+ them all.
+ * Don't depend on '\r' being carriage return.
+ * Don't depend on '\n' being linefeed or for that matter any SINGLE
+ character.
+ * Don't depend on '\r' and '\n' being different (e.g. as separate
+ switch() cases).
+ * In other words, don't use \n or \r to stand for specific
+ characters; use \012 and \015 instead.
+ * Don't code for "buzzword 1.0 compliance", unless "buzzword" is K&R
+ and "1.0" is the first edition.
+ * Don't use or depend on anything_t (size_t, pid_t, etc), except
+ time_t, without #ifdef protection (time_t is the only one I've
+ found that is accepted everywhere). This is a tough one because
+ the same function might require (say) a size_t arg on one
+ platform, whereas size_t is unheard of on another; or worse, it
+ might require a totally different data type, like int or long or
+ some other typedef'd thing. It has often proved necessary to
+ define a symbol to stand for the type of a particular argument to
+ a particular library or system function to get around this
+ problem.
+ * Don't use or depend on internationalization ("i18n") features,
+ wchar_t, locales, etc, in portable code; they are not portable.
+ Anyway, locales are not the right model for Kermit's
+ multi-character-set support. Kermit does all character-set
+ conversion itself and does not use any external libraries or
+ functions.
+ * In particular, don't use any library functions that deal with wide
+ characters or Unicode in any form. These are not only nonportable,
+ but a constantly shifting target (e.g. the ones in glibc).
+ * Don't make any assumption about signal handler type. It can be
+ void, int, long, or anything else. Always declare signal handlers
+ as SIGTYP (see definition in ckcdeb.h and augment it if necessary)
+ and always use SIGRETURN at exit points from signal handlers.
+ * Signals should always be re-armed to be used again (this barely
+ scratches the surface -- the differences between BSD/V7 and System
+ V and POSIX signal handling are numerous, and some platforms do
+ not even support signals, alarms, or longjmps correctly or at all
+ -- avoid all of this if you can).
+ * On the other hand, don't assume that signals are disarmed after
+ being raised. In some platforms you have to re-arm them, in others
+ they stay armed.
+ * Don't call malloc() and friends from a signal handler; don't do
+ anything but setting integer global variables in a signal handler.
+ * malloc() does not initialize allocated memory -- it never said it
+ did. Don't expect it to be all 0's.
+ * Did You Know: malloc() can succeed and the program can still dump
+ core later when it attempts to use the malloc'd memory? (This
+ happens when allocation is deferred until use and swap space is
+ full.)
+ * memset(), memmove(), and memcpy() are not portable, don't use them
+ without protecting them in ifdefs (we have USE_MEMCPY for this).
+ bzero()/bcopy() too, except we're guaranteed to have
+ bzero()/bcopy() when using the sockets library (not really). See
+ examples in the source.
+ * Don't assume that strncpy() stops on the first null byte -- most
+ versions always copy the number of bytes given in arg 3, padding
+ out with 0's and overwriting whatever was there before. Use
+ C-Kermit ckstrncpy() if you want predictable non-padding behavior,
+ guaranteed NUL-termination, and a useful return code.
+ * DID YOU KNOW.. that some versions of inet_blah() routines return
+ IP addresses in network byte order, while others return them local
+ machine byte order? So passing them to ntohs() or whatever is not
+ always the right thing to do.
+ * Don't use ANSI-format function declarations without #ifdef
+ CK_ANSIC, and always provide an #else for the non-ANSI case.
+ * Use the Kermit _PROTOTYP() macro for declaring function
+ prototypes; it works in both the ANSI and non-ANSI cases.
+ * Don't depend on any other ANSI preprocessor features like
+ "pasting" -- they are often missing or nonoperational.
+ * Don't assume any C++ syntax or semantics.
+ * Don't use // as a comment introducer. C is not C++.
+ * Don't declare a string as "char foo[]" in one module and "extern
+ char * foo" in another, or vice-versa: this causes core dumps.
+ * With compiler makers falling all over themselves trying to outdo
+ each other in ANSI strictness, it has become increasingly
+ necessary to cast EVERYTHING. This is increasingly true for char
+ vs unsigned char. We need to use unsigned chars if we want to deal
+ with 8-bit character sets, but most character- and string-oriented
+ APIs want (signed) char arguments, so explicit casts are
+ necessary. It would be nice if every compiler had a
+ -funsigned-char option (as gcc does), but they don't.
+ * a[x], where x is an unsigned char, can produce a wild memory
+ reference if x, when promoted to an int, becomes negative. Cast it
+ to (unsigned), even though it ALREADY IS unsigned.
+ * Be careful how you declare functions that have char or long
+ arguments; for ANSI compilers you MUST use ANSI declarations to
+ avoid promotion problems, but you can't use ANSI declarations with
+ non-ANSI compilers. Thus declarations of such functions must be
+ hideously entwined in #ifdefs. Example: latter:
+ int /* Put character in server command buffer */
+ #ifdef CK_ANSIC
+ putsrv(char c)
+ #else
+ putsrv(c) char c;
+ #endif /* CK_ANSIC */
+ /* putsrv */ {
+ *srvptr++ = c;
+ *srvptr = '\0'; /* Make sure buffer is null-terminated */
+ return(0);
+ }
+ * Be careful how you return characters from functions that return
+ int values -- "getc-like functions" -- in the ANSI world. Unless
+ you explicitly cast the return value to (unsigned), it is likely
+ to be "promoted" to an int and have its sign extended.
+ * At least one compiler (the one on DEC OSF/1 1.3) treats "/*" and
+ "*/" within string constants as comment begin and end. No amount
+ of #ifdefs will get around this one. You simply can't put these
+ sequences in a string constant, e.g. "/usr/local/doc/*.*".
+ * Avoid putting multiple macro references on a single line, e.g.:
+ putchar(BS); putchar(SP); putchar(BS)
+
+ This overflows the CPP output buffer of more than a few C
+ preprocessors (this happened, for example, with SunOS 4.1 cc, which
+ evidently has a 1K macro expansion buffer).
+
+ C-Kermit needs constant adjustment to new OS and compiler releases.
+ Every new OS release shuffles header files or their contents, or
+ prototypes, or data types, or levels of ANSI strictness, etc. Every
+ time you make an adjustment to remove a new compilation error, BE VERY
+ CAREFUL to #ifdef it on a symbol unique to the new configuration so
+ that the previous configuration (and all other configurations on all
+ other platforms) remain as before.
+
+ Assume nothing. Don't assume header files are where they are supposed
+ to be, that they contain what you think they contain, that they define
+ specific symbols to have certain values -- or define them at all!
+ Don't assume system header files protect themselves against multiple
+ inclusion. Don't assume that particular system or library calls are
+ available, or that the arguments are what you think they are -- order,
+ data type, passed by reference vs value, etc. Be conservative when
+ attempting to write portable code. Avoid all advanced features.
+
+ If you see something that does not make sense, don't assume it's a
+ mistake -- it might be there for a reason, and changing it or removing
+ is likely to cause compilation, linking, or runtime failures sometime,
+ somewhere. Some huge percentage of the code, especially in the
+ platform-dependent modules, is workarounds for compiler, linker, or
+ API bugs.
+
+ But finally... feel free to violate any or all of these rules in
+ platform-specific modules for environments in which the rules are
+ certain not to apply. For example, in VMS-specific code, it is OK to
+ use #if, because VAX C, DEC C, and VMS GCC all support it.
+
+ [ [29]Contents ] [ [30]C-Kermit ] [ [31]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.1. Memory Leaks
+
+ The C language and standard C library are notoriously inadequate and
+ unsafe. Strings are arrays of characters, usually referenced through
+ pointers. There is no native string datatype. Buffers are fixed size,
+ and C provides no runtime bounds checking, thus allowing overwriting
+ of other data or even program code. With the popularization of the
+ Internet, the "buffer exploit" has become a preferred method for
+ hackers to hijack privileged programs; long data strings are fed to a
+ program in hopes that it uses unsafe C library calls such as strcpy()
+ or sprintf() to copy strings into automatic arrays, thus overwriting
+ the call stack, and therefore the routine's return address. When such
+ a hole is discovered, a "string" can be constructed that contains
+ machine code to hijack the program's privileges and penetrate the
+ system.
+
+ This problem is partially addressed by the strn...() routines, which
+ should always be used in preference to their str...() equivalents
+ (except when the copy operation has already been prechecked, or there
+ is a good reason for not using them, e.g. the sometimes undesirable
+ side effect of strncpy() zeroing the remainder of the buffer). The
+ most gaping whole, however, is sprintf(), which performs no length
+ checking on its destination buffer, and is not easy to replace.
+ Although snprintf() routines are starting to appear, they are not yet
+ widespread, and certainly not universal, nor are they especially
+ portable, or even full-featured.
+
+ For these reasons, we have started to build up our own little library
+ of C Library replacements, ckclib.[ch]. These are safe and highly
+ portable primitives for memory management and string manipulation,
+ such as:
+
+ ckstrncpy()
+ Like strncpy but returns a useful value, doesn't zero buffer.
+
+ ckitoa()
+ Opposite of atoi()
+
+ ckltoa()
+ Opposite of atol()
+
+ ckctoa()
+ Returns character as string
+
+ ckmakmsg()
+ Used with ck?to?() as a safe sprintf() replacement for up to 4
+ items
+
+ ckmakxmsg()
+ Like ckmakmsg() but accepts up to 12 items
+
+ More about library functions in [32]Section 4.A.
+
+ [ [33]Contents ] [ [34]C-Kermit ] [ [35]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.2. The "char" vs "unsigned char" Dilemma
+
+ This is one of the most aggravating and vexing characteristics of the
+ C language. By design, chars (and char *'s) are SIGNED. But in the
+ modern era, however, we need to process characters that can have (or
+ include) 8-bit values, as in the ISO Latin-1, IBM CP 850, or UTF-8
+ character sets, so this data must be treated as unsigned. But some C
+ compilers (such as those based on the Bell UNIX V7 compiler) do not
+ support "unsigned char" as a data type. Therefore we have the macro or
+ typedef CHAR, which we use when we need chars to be unsigned, but
+ which, unfortunately, resolves itself to "char" on those compilers
+ that don't support "unsigned char". AND SO... We have to do a lot of
+ fiddling at runtime to avoid sign extension and so forth.
+
+ Some modern compilers (e.g. IBM, DEC, Microsoft) have options that say
+ "make all chars be unsigned" (e.g. GCC "-funsigned-char") and we use
+ them when they are available. Other compilers don't have this option,
+ and at the same time, are becoming increasingly strict about type
+ mismatches, and spew out torrents of warnings when we use a CHAR where
+ a char is expected, or vice versa. We fix these one by one using
+ casts, and the code becomes increasingly ugly. But there remains a
+ serious problem, namely that certain library and kernel functions have
+ arguments that are declared as signed chars (or pointers to them),
+ whereas our character data is unsigned. Fine, we can can use casts
+ here too -- but who knows what happens inside these routines.
+
+ [ [36]Contents ] [ [37]C-Kermit ] [ [38]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4. MODULES
+
+ When C-Kermit is on the far end of a connection, it is said to be in
+ remote mode. When C-Kermit has made a connection to another computer,
+ it is in local mode. (If C-Kermit is "in the middle" of a multihop
+ connection, it is still in local mode.)
+
+ On another axis, C-Kermit can be in any of several major states:
+
+ Command State
+ Reading and writing from the job's controlling terminal or
+ "console". In this mode, all i/o is handled by the Group E
+ conxxx() (console i/o) routines.
+
+ Protocol State
+ Reading and writing from the communicatons device. In this
+ mode, all i/o is handled by the Group E ttxxx() (terminal i/o)
+ routines.
+
+ Terminal State
+ Reading from the keyboard with conxxx() routines and writing to
+ the communications device with ttxxx() routines AND vice-versa.
+
+ When in local mode, the console and communications device are
+ distinct. During file transfer, Kermit may put up a file-transfer
+ display on the console and sample the console for interruption
+ signals.
+
+ When in remote mode, the console and communications device are the
+ same, and therefore there can be no file-transfer display on the
+ console or interruptions from it (except for "in-band" interruptions
+ such as ^C^C^C).
+
+ [ [39]Contents ] [ [40]C-Kermit ] [ [41]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.A. Group A: Library Functions
+
+ Library functions, strictly portable, can be used by all modules on
+ all platforms: [42]ckclib.h, [43]ckclib.c.
+
+ (To be filled in... For now, see [44]Section 3.1 and the comments in
+ ckclib.c.)
+
+ [ [45]Contents ] [ [46]C-Kermit ] [ [47]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.B. Group B: Kermit File Transfer
+
+ The Kermit protocol kernel. These files, whose names start with "ckc
+ are supposed to be totally portable C, and are expected to compile
+ correctly on any platform with any C compiler. "Portable" does not
+ mean the same as as "ANSI" -- these modules must compile on 10- and
+ 20-year old computers, with C preprocessors, compilers, and/or linkers
+ that have all sorts of restrictions. The Group B modules do not
+ include any header files other than those that come with Kermit
+ itself. They do not contain any library calls except from the standard
+ C library (e.g. printf()). They most certainly do not contain any
+ system calls. Files:
+
+ [48]ckcsym.h
+ For use by C compilers that don't allow -D on the command line.
+
+ [49]ckcasc.h
+ ASCII character symbol definitions.
+
+ [50]ckcsig.h
+ System-independent signal-handling definitions and prototypes.
+
+ [51]ckcdeb.h
+ Originally, debugging definitions. Now this file also contains
+ all definitions and prototypes that are shared by all modules
+ in all groups.
+
+ [52]ckcker.h
+ Kermit protocol symbol definitions.
+
+ [53]ckcxla.h
+ Character-set-related symbol definitions (see next section).
+
+ [54]ckcmai.c
+ The main program. This module contains the declarations of all
+ the protocol-related global variables that are shared among the
+ other modules.
+
+ [55]ckcpro.w
+ The protocol module itself, written in "wart", a lex-like
+ preprocessor that is distributed with Kermit under the name
+ CKWART.C.
+
+ [56]ckcfns.c, [57]ckcfn2.c, [58]ckcfn3.c
+ The protocol support functions used by the protocol module.
+
+ [59]Group B modules may call upon functions from [60]Group E, but not
+ from [61]Group D modules (with the single exception that the main
+ program invokes the user interface, which is in Group D). (This last
+ assertion is really only a conjecture.)
+
+ [ [62]Contents ] [ [63]C-Kermit ] [ [64]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.C. Group C: Character-Set Conversion
+
+ Character set translation tables and functions. Used by the [65]Group
+ B, protocol modules, but may be specific to different computers. (So
+ far, all character character sets supported by C-Kermit are supported
+ in [66]ckuxla.c and [67]ckuxla.h, including Macintosh and IBM
+ character sets). These modules should be completely portable, and not
+ rely on any kind of system or library services.
+
+ [68]ckcxla.h
+ Character-set definitions usable by all versions of C-Kermit.
+
+ ck?xla.h
+ Character-set definitions for computer "?", e.g. [69]ckuxla.h
+ for UNIX, [70]ckmxla.h for Macintosh.
+
+ [71]ck?xla
+ Character-set translation tables and functions for computer
+ "?", For example, CKUXLA.C for UNIX, CKMXLA.C for Macintosh. So
+ far, these are the only two such modules. The UNIX module is
+ used for all versions of C-Kermit except the Macintosh version.
+
+ [72]ckcuni.h
+ Unicode definitions
+
+ [73]ckcuni.c
+ Unicode module
+
+ Here's how to add a new file character set in the original
+ (non-Unicode modules). Assuming it is based on the Roman (Latin)
+ alphabet. Let's call it "Barbarian". First, in ck?xla.h, add a
+ definition for FC_BARBA (8 chars maximum length) and increase
+ MAXFCSETS by 1. Then, in ck?xla.c:
+
+ * Add a barbarian entry into the fcsinfo array.
+ * Add a "barbarian" entry to file character set keyword table,
+ fcstab.
+ * Add a "barbarian" entry to terminal character set keyword table,
+ ttcstab.
+ * Add a translation table from Latin-1 to barbarian: yl1ba[].
+ * Add a translation table from barbarian to Latin-1: ybal1[].
+ * Add a translation function from Barbarian to ASCII: xbaas().
+ * Add a translation function from Barbarian to Latin-1: xbal1().
+ * Add a translation function from Latin-1 to Barbarian: xl1ba().
+ * etc etc for each transfer character set...
+ * Add translation function pointers to the xls and xlr tables.
+
+ Other translations involving Barbarian (e.g. from Barbarian to
+ Latin-Cyrillic) are performed through these tables and functions. See
+ ckuxla.h and ckuxla.c for extensive examples.
+
+ To add a new Transfer Character Set, e.g. Latin Alphabet 9 (for the
+ Euro symbol), again in the "old" character-set modules:
+
+ In ckcxla.h:
+
+ + Add a TC_xxxx definition and increase MAXTCSETS accordingly.
+
+ In ck?xla.h (since any transfer charset is also a file charset):
+
+ + Add an FC_xxxx definition and increase MAXFCSETS accordingly.
+
+ In ck?xla.c:
+
+ + Add a tcsinfo[] entry.
+ + Make a tcstab[] keyword table entry.
+ + Make an fcsinfo[] table entry.
+ + Make an fcstab[] keyword table entry.
+ + Make a tcstab[] keyword table entry.
+ + If necessary, make a langinfo[] table entry.
+ + Make entries in the function pointer arrays.
+ + Provide any needed functions.
+
+ As of C-Kermit 7.0, character sets are also handled in parallel by the
+ new (and very large) Unicode module, ckcuni.[ch]. Eventually we should
+ phase out the old way, described just above, and operate entirely in
+ (and through) Unicode. The advantages are many. The disadvantages are
+ size and performance. To add a character to the Unicode modules:
+
+ In ckcuni.h:
+
+ + (To be filled in...)
+
+ In ckcuni.c:
+
+ + (To be filled in...)
+
+ [ [74]Contents ] [ [75]C-Kermit ] [ [76]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.D. Group D: User Interface
+
+ This is the code that communicates with the user, gets her commands,
+ informs her of the results. It may be command-line oriented,
+ interactive prompting dialog, menus and arrow keys, windows and mice,
+ speech recognition, telepathy, etc. The one provided is command-and
+ prompt, with the ability to read commands from various sources: the
+ console keyboard, a file, or a macro definition. The user interface
+ has three major functions:
+
+ 1. Sets the parameters for the file transfer and then starts it. This
+ is done by setting certain (many) global variables, such as the
+ protocol machine start state, the file specification, file type,
+ communication parameters, packet length, window size, character
+ set, etc.
+ 2. Displays messages on the user's screen during the file transfer,
+ using the screen() function, which is called by the group-1
+ modules.
+ 3. Executes any commands directly that do not require Kermit
+ protocol, such as the CONNECT command, local file management
+ commands, parameter-setting commands, FTP client commands, etc.
+
+ If you plan to imbed the [77]Group B, files into a program with a
+ different user interface, your interface must supply an appropriate
+ screen() function, plus a couple related ones like chkint() and
+ intmsg() for handling keyboard (or mouse, etc) interruptions during
+ file transfer. The best way to find out about this is to link all the
+ C-Kermit modules together except the ckuu*.o and ckucon.o modules, and
+ see which missing symbols turn up.
+
+ C-Kermit's character-oriented user interface (as opposed to the
+ Macintosh version's graphical user interface) consists of the
+ following modules. C-Kermit can be built with an interactive command
+ parser, a command-line-option-only parser, a graphical user interface,
+ or any combination, and it can even be built with no user interface at
+ all (in which case it runs as a remote-mode Kermit server).
+
+ [78]ckucmd.h
+ [79]ckucmd.c
+ The command parsing primitives used by the interactive command
+ parser to parse keywords, numbers, filenames, etc, and to give
+ help, complete fields, supply defaults, allow abbreviations and
+ editing, etc. This package is totally independent of Kermit,
+ but does depend on the [80]Group E functions.
+
+ [81]ckuusr.h
+ Definitions of symbols used in Kermit's commands.
+
+ ckuus*.c
+ Kermit's interactive command parser, including the script
+ programming language: [82]ckuusr.c (includes top-level keyword
+ tables); [83]ckuus2.c (HELP command text); [84]ckuus3.c (most
+ of the SET command); [85]ckuus4.c (includes variables and
+ functions); ckuus[567].c (miscellaneous);
+
+ [86]ckuusy.c
+ The command-line-option parser.
+
+ [87]ckuusx.c
+ User interface functions common to both the interactive and
+ command-line parsers.
+
+ [88]ckuver.h
+ Version heralds for different implementations.
+
+ [89]ckuscr.c
+ The (old, uucp-like) SCRIPT command
+
+ [90]ckudia.c
+ The DIAL command. Includes specific knowledge of many types of
+ modems.
+
+ Note that none of the above files is actually Unix-specific. Over time
+ they have proven to be portable among all platforms where C-Kermit is
+ built: Unix, VMS, AOS/VS, Amiga, OS-9, VOS, etc etc. Thus the third
+ letter should more properly be "c", but changing it would be too
+ confusing.
+
+ ck?con.c, ckucns.c
+ The CONNECT command. Terminal connection, and in some cases
+ (Macintosh, Windows) also terminal emulation. NOTE: As of
+ C-Kermit 7.0, there are two different CONNECT modules for UNIX:
+ [91]ckucon.c -- the traditional, portable, fork()-based version
+ -- and [92]ckucns.c, a new version that uses select() rather
+ than forks so it can handle encryption. ckucns.c is the
+ preferred version for Unix; ckucon.c is not likely to keep pace
+ with it in terms of upgrades, etc. However, since select() is
+ not portable to every platform, ckucon.c will be kept
+ indefinitely for those platforms that can't use ckucns.c. NOTE:
+ SunLink X.25 support is available only in ckucon.c.
+
+ ck_*.*, ckuat*.*
+ Modules having to do with authentication and encryption. Since
+ the relaxation of USA export laws, they are included with the
+ general source-code distribution. Secure C-Kermit binaries can
+ be built using special targets in the standard makefile.
+ However, secure prebuilt binaries may not be distributed.
+
+ For other implementations, the files may, and probably do, have
+ different names. For example, the Macintosh graphical user interface
+ filenames start with "ckm". Kermit 95 uses the ckucmd and ckuus*
+ modules, but has its own CONNECT command modules. And so on.
+
+ Here is a brief description of C-Kermit's "user interface interface",
+ from ckuusr.c. It is nowhere near complete; in particular, hundreds of
+ global variables are shared among the many modules. These should, some
+ day, be collected into classes or structures that can be passed around
+ as needed; not only for purity's sake, but also to allow for multiple
+ simultaneous communication sessions and or user interfaces. Our list
+ of things to do is endless, and reorganizing the source is almost
+ always at the bottom.
+
+ The ckuus*.c modules (like many of the ckc*.c modules) depend on the
+ existence of C library features like fopen, fgets, feof, (f)printf,
+ argv/argc, etc. Other functions that are likely to vary among
+ operating systems -- like setting terminal modes or interrupts -- are
+ invoked via calls to functions that are defined in the [93]Group E
+ platform-dependent modules, ck?[ft]io.c. The command line parser
+ processes any arguments found on the command line, as passed to main()
+ via argv/argc. The interactive parser uses the facilities of the cmd
+ package (developed for this program, but, in theory, usable by any
+ program). Any command parser may be substituted for this one. The only
+ requirements for the Kermit command parser are these:
+
+ 1. Set parameters via global variables like duplex, speed, ttname,
+ etc. See [94]ckcmai.c for the declarations and descriptions of
+ these variables.
+ 2. If a command can be executed without the use of Kermit protocol,
+ then execute the command directly and set the sstate (start state)
+ variable to 0. Examples include SET commands, local directory
+ listings, the CONNECT command.
+ 3. If a command requires the Kermit protocol, set the following
+ variables:
+ sstate string data
+ 'x' (enter server mode) (none)
+ 'r' (send a 'get' command) cmarg, cmarg2
+ 'v' (enter receive mode) cmarg2
+ 'g' (send a generic command) cmarg
+ 's' (send files) nfils, cmarg & cmarg2 OR cmlist
+ 'c' (send a remote host command) cmarg
+
+ cmlist is an array of pointers to strings.
+ cmarg, cmarg2 are pointers to strings.
+ nfils is an integer (hmmm, probably should be an unsigned long).
+
+ cmarg can be:
+ A filename string (possibly wild), or:
+ a pointer to a prefabricated generic command string, or:
+ a pointer to a host command string.
+
+ cmarg2 is:
+ The name to send a single file under, or:
+ the name under which to store an incoming file; must not
+ be wild.
+ If it's the name for receiving, a null value means to
+ store the file under the name it arrives with.
+
+ cmlist is:
+ A list of nonwild filenames, such as passed via argv.
+
+ nfils is an integer, interpreted as follows:
+ -1: filespec (possibly wild) in cmarg, must be expanded
+ internally.
+ 0: send from stdin (standard input).
+ >0: number of files to send, from cmlist.
+
+ The screen() function is used to update the screen during file
+ transfer. The tlog() function writes to a transaction log (if TLOG is
+ defined). The debug() function writes to a debugging log (if DEBUG is
+ defined). The intmsg() and chkint() functions provide the user i/o for
+ interrupting file transfers.
+
+ [ [95]Contents ] [ [96]C-Kermit ] [ [97]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.E. Group E: Platform-Dependent I/O
+
+ Platform-dependent function definitions. All the Kermit modules,
+ including the command package, call upon these functions, which are
+ designed to provide system-independent primitives for controlling and
+ manipulating devices and files. For Unix, these functions are defined
+ in the files [98]ckufio.c (files), [99]ckutio.c (communications), and
+ [100]ckusig.c (signal handling).
+
+ For VMS, the files are [101]ckvfio.c, ckvtio.c, and [102]ckusig.c (VMS
+ can use the same signal handling routines as Unix). It doesn't really
+ matter what the files are called, except for Kermit distribution
+ purposes (grouping related files together alphabetically), only that
+ each function is provided with the name indicated, observes the same
+ calling and return conventions, and has the same type.
+
+ The Group E modules contain both functions and global variables that
+ are accessed by modules in the other groups. These are now described.
+
+ (By the way, I got this list by linking all the C-Kermit modules
+ together except ckutio and ckufio. These are the symbols that ld
+ reported as undefined. But that was a long time ago, probably circa
+ Version 6.)
+
+ 4.E.1. Global Variables
+
+ char *DELCMD;
+ Pointer to string containing command for deleting files.
+ Example: char *DELCMD = "rm -f "; (UNIX)
+ Example: char *DELCMD = "delete "; (VMS)
+ Note trailing space. Filename is concatenated to end of this
+ string. NOTE: DELCMD is used only in versions that do not
+ provide their own built-in DELETE command.
+
+ char *DIRCMD;
+ Pointer to string containing command for listing files when a
+ filespec is given.
+ Example: char *DIRCMD = "/bin/ls -l "; (UNIX)
+ Example: char *DIRCMD = "directory "; (VMS)
+ Note trailing space. Filename is concatenated to end of this
+ string. NOTE: DIRCMD is used only in versions that do not
+ provide their own built-in DIRECTORY command.
+
+ char *DIRCM2;
+ Pointer to string containing command for listing files when a
+ filespec is not given. (currently not used, handled in another
+ way.)
+ Example: char *DIRCMD2 = "/bin/ls -ld *";
+ NOTE: DIRCMD2 is used only in versions that do not provide
+ their own built-in DIRECTORY command.
+
+ char *PWDCMD;
+ Pointer to string containing command to display current
+ directory.
+ Example: char *PWDCMD = "pwd ";
+ NOTE: PWDCMD is used only in versions that do not provide their
+ own built-in PWD command.
+
+ char *SPACMD;
+ Pointer to command to display free disk space in current
+ device/directory.
+ Example: char *SPACMD = "df .";
+ NOTE: SPACMD is used only in versions that do not provide their
+ own built-in SPACE command.
+
+ char *SPACM2;
+ Pointer to command to display free disk space in another
+ device/directory.
+ Example: char *SPACM2 = "df ";
+ Note trailing space. Device or directory name is added to this
+ string. NOTE: SPACMD2 is used only in versions that do not
+ provide their own built-in SPACE command.
+
+ char *TYPCMD;
+ Pointer to command for displaying the contents of a file.
+ Example: char *TYPCMD = "cat ";
+ Note trailing space. Device or directory name is added to this
+ string. NOTE: TYPCMD is used only in versions that do not
+ provide their own built-in TYPE command.
+
+ char *WHOCMD;
+ Pointer to command for displaying logged-in users.
+ Example: char *WHOCMD = "who ";
+ Note trailing space. Specific user name may be added to this
+ string.
+
+ int backgrd = 0;
+ Flag for whether program is running in foreground (0) or
+ background (nonzero). Background operation implies that screen
+ output should not be done and that all errors should be fatal.
+
+ int ckxech;
+ Flag for who is to echo console typein:
+ 1: The program (system is not echoing).
+ 0: The OS, front end, terminal, etc (not this program).
+
+ char *ckxsys;
+ Pointer to string that names the computer and operating system.
+ Example: char *ckxsys = " NeXT Mach 1.0";
+ Tells what computer system ckxv applies to. In UNIX Kermit,
+ this variable is also used to print the program herald, and in
+ the SHOW VERSION command.
+
+ char *ckxv;
+ Pointer to version/edit info of ck?tio.c module.
+ Example: char *ckxv = "UNIX Communications Support, 6.0.169, 6
+ Sep 96";
+ Used by SHOW VERSION command.
+
+ char *ckzsys;
+ Like ckxsys, but briefer.
+ Example: char *ckzsys = " 4.3 BSD";
+ Tells what platform ckzv applies to. Used by the SHOW VERSION
+ command.
+
+ char *ckzv;
+ Pointer to version/edit info of ck?fio.c module.
+ Example: char *ckzv = "UNIX File support, 6.0.113, 6 Sep 96";
+ Used by SHOW VERSION command.
+
+ int dfflow;
+ Default flow control. 0 = none, 1 = Xon/Xoff, ... (see FLO_xxx
+ symbols in ckcdeb.h)
+ Set by Group E module. Used by [103]ckcmai.c to initialize flow
+ control variable.
+
+ int dfloc;
+ Default location. 0 = remote, 1 = local. Set by Group E module.
+ Used by ckcmai.c to initialize local variable. Used in various
+ places in the user interface.
+
+ int dfprty;
+ Default parity. 0 = none, 'e' = even, 'o' = odd, 'm' = mark,
+ 's' = space. Set by Group E module. Used by ckcmai.c to
+ initialize parity variable.
+
+ char *dftty;
+ Default communication device. Set by Group E module. Used in
+ many places. This variable should be initialized the the symbol
+ CTTNAM, which is defined in ckcdeb.h, e.g. as "/dev/tty" for
+ UNIX, "TT:" for VMS, etc. Example: char *dftty = CTTNAM;
+
+ char *mtchs[];
+ Array of string pointers to filenames that matched the most
+ recent wildcard match, i.e. the most recent call to zxpand().
+ Used (at least) by command parsing package for partial filename
+ completion.
+
+ int tilde_expand;
+ Flag for whether to attempt to expand leading tildes in
+ directory names (used in UNIX only, and then only when the
+ symbol DTILDE is defined.
+
+ int ttnproto;
+ The protocol being used to communicate over a network device.
+ Values are defined in ckcnet.h. Example: NP_TELNET is network
+ protocol "telnet".
+
+ int maxnam;
+ The maximum length for a filename, exclusive of any device or
+ directory information, in the format of the host operating
+ system.
+
+ int maxpath;
+ The maximum length for a fully specified filename, including
+ device designator, directory name, network node name, etc, in
+ the format of the host operating system, and including all
+ punctuation.
+
+ int ttyfd;
+ File descriptor of the communication device. -1 if there is no
+ open or usable connection, including when C-Kermit is in remote
+ mode. Since this is not implemented everywhere, references to
+ it are in #ifdef CK_TTYFD..#endif.
+
+ [ [104]Contents ] [ [105]C-Kermit ] [ [106]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.E.2. Functions
+
+ These are divided into three categories: file-related functions (B.1),
+ communication functions (B.2), and miscellaneous functions (B.3).
+
+ 4.E.2.1. File-Related Functions
+
+ In most implementations, these are collected together into a module
+ called ck?fio.c, where ? = "u" ([107]ckutio.c for Unix), "v"
+ ([108]ckvtio.c for VMS), [109]etc. To be totally platform-independent,
+ C-Kermit maintains its own file numbers, and provides the functions
+ described in this section to deal with the files associated with them.
+ The file numbers are referred to symbolically, and are defined as
+ follows in ckcker.h:
+
+ #define ZCTERM 0 /* Console terminal */
+ #define ZSTDIO 1 /* Standard input/output */
+ #define ZIFILE 2 /* Current input file for SEND command */
+ #define ZOFILE 3 /* Current output file for RECEIVE command */
+ #define ZDFILE 4 /* Current debugging log file */
+ #define ZTFILE 5 /* Current transaction log file */
+ #define ZPFILE 6 /* Current packet log file */
+ #define ZSFILE 7 /* Current session log file */
+ #define ZSYSFN 8 /* Input from a system function (pipe) */
+ #define ZRFILE 9 /* Local file for READ command */ (NEW)
+ #define ZWFILE 10 /* Local file for WRITE command */ (NEW)
+ #define ZMFILE 11 /* Auxilliary file for internal use */ (NEW)
+ #define ZNFILS 12 /* How many defined file numbers */
+
+ In the descriptions below, fn refers to a filename, and n refers to
+ one of these file numbers. Functions are of type int unless otherwise
+ noted, and are listed mostly alphabetically.
+
+ int
+ chkfn(n) int n;
+ Checks the file number n. Returns:
+ -1: File number n is out of range
+ 0: n is in range, but file is not open
+ 1: n in range and file is open
+
+ int
+ iswild(filspec) char *filespec;
+ Checks if the file specification is "wild", i.e. contains
+ metacharacters or other notations intended to match multiple
+ filenames. Returns:
+ 0: not wild
+ 1: wild.
+
+ int
+ isdir(string) char *string;
+ Checks if the string is the name of an existing directory. The
+ idea is to check whether the string can be "cd'd" to, so in
+ some cases (e.g. DOS) it might also indicate any file
+ structured device, such as a disk drive (like A:). Other
+ nonzero returns indicate system-dependent information; e.g. in
+ VMS isdir("[.FOO]") returns 1 but isdir("FOO.DIR;1") returns 2
+ to indicate the directory-file name is in a format that needs
+ conversion before it can be combined with a filename. Returns:
+ 0: not a directory (including any kind of error)
+ 1: it is an existing directory
+
+ char *
+ zfcdat(name) char *name;
+ Returns modification (preferably, otherwise creation) date/time
+ of file whose name is given in the argument string. Return
+ value is a pointer to a string of the form yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss,
+ for example 19931231 23:59:59, which represents the local time
+ (no timezone or daylight savings time finagling required).
+ Returns the null string ("") on failure. The text pointed to by
+ the string pointer might be in a static buffer, and so should
+ be copied to a safe place by the caller before any subsequent
+ calls to this function.
+
+ struct zfnfp *
+ zfnqfp(fn, buflen, buf) char * fn; int buflen; char * buf;
+ Given the filename fn, the corresponding fully qualified,
+ absolute filename is placed into the buffer buf, whose length
+ is buflen. On failure returns a NULL pointer. On success
+ returns a pointer to a struct zfnfp containing pointers to the
+ full pathname and to just the filename, and an int giving the
+ length of the full pathname. All references to this function in
+ mainline code must be protected by #ifdef ZFNQFP..#endif,
+ because it is not present in all of the ck*fio.c modules. So if
+ you implement this function in a version that did not have it
+ before, be sure to add #define ZFNQFP in the appropriate spot
+ in ckcdeb.h or in the build-procedure CFLAGS.
+
+ int
+ zcmpfn(s1,s2) char * s2, * s2;
+ Compares two filenames to see if they refer to the same.
+ Internally, the arguments can be converted to fully qualified
+ pathnames, e.g. with zfnqfp(), realpath(), or somesuch. In Unix
+ or other systems where symbolic links exist, the link should be
+ resolved before making the comparison or looking at the inodes.
+ Returns:
+ 0: Files are not identical.
+ 1: Files are identical.
+
+ int
+ zfseek(pos) long pos;
+ Positions the input pointer on the current input file to the
+ given position. The pos argument is 0-based, the offset
+ (distance in bytes) from beginning of the file. Needed for
+ RESEND, PSEND, and other recovery operations. This function is
+ not necessarily possible on all systems, e.g. record-oriented
+ systems. It should only be used on binary files (i.e. files we
+ are sending in binary mode) and stream-oriented file systems.
+ Returns:
+ -1: on failure.
+ 0: On success.
+
+ int
+ zchdir(dirnam) char *dirnam;
+ Changes current or default directory to the one given in
+ dirnam. Returns:
+ 0: On failure.
+ 1: on success.
+
+ long
+ zchki(fn) char *fn;
+ Check to see if file with name fn is a regular, readable,
+ existing file, suitable for Kermit to send -- not a directory,
+ not a symbolic link, etc. Returns:
+ -3: if file exists but is not accessible (e.g.
+ read-protected);
+ -2: if file exists but is not of a readable type (e.g. a
+ directory);
+ -1: on error (e.g. file does not exist, or fn is garbage);
+ >=0: (length of file) if file exists and is readable.
+ Also see isdir(), zgetfs().
+
+ int
+ zchkpid(pid) unsigned long pid;
+ Returns:
+ 1: If the given process ID (e.g. pid in UNIX) is valid and
+ active
+ 0: otherwise.
+
+ long
+ zgetfs(fn) char *fn;
+ Gets the size of the given file, regardless of accessibility.
+ Used for directory listings. Unlike zchki(), should return the
+ size of any kind of file, even a directory. zgetfs() also
+ should serve as a mini "get file info" function that can be
+ used until we design a better one, by also setting some global
+ variables:
+ int zgfs_link = 1/0 = file is (not) a symbolic link.
+ int zgfs_dir = 1/0 = file is (not) a directory.
+ char linkname[] = if zgfs_link != 0, name of file link points
+ to.
+ Returns:
+ -1: on error (e.g. file does not exist, or fn is garbage);
+ >=0: (length of file) if file exists and is readable.
+
+ int
+ zchko(fn) char *fn;
+ Checks to see if a file of the given name can be created.
+ Returns:
+ -1: if file cannot be created, or on any kind of error.
+ 0: if file can be created.
+
+ int
+ zchkspa(fn,len) char *f; long len;
+ Checks to see if there is sufficient space to store the file
+ named fn, which is len bytes long. If you can't write a
+ function to do this, then just make a dummy that always returns
+ 1; higher level code will recover from disk-full errors. The
+ receiving Kermit uses this function to refuse an incoming file
+ based on its size, via the attribute mechanism. Returns:
+ -1: on error.
+ 0: if there is not enough space.
+ 1: if there is enough space.
+
+ int
+ zchin(n,c) int n; int *c;
+ Gets a character from file number n, return it in c (call with
+ &c). Returns:
+ -1: on failure, including EOF.
+ 0: on success with character in c.
+
+ int
+ zchout(n,c) int n; char c;
+ Writes the character c to file number n. Returns:
+ -1: on error.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ zclose(n) int n;
+ Closes file number n. Returns:
+ -1: on error.
+ 1: on success.
+
+ int
+ zdelet(fn) char *name;
+ Attempts to delete (remove, erase) the named file. Returns:
+ -1: on error.
+ 1: if file was deleted successfully.
+
+ char *
+ zgperm(char * f)
+ Returns a pointer to the system-dependent numeric
+ permissions/protection string for file f, or NULL upon failure.
+ Used if CK_PERMS is defined.
+
+ char *
+ ziperm(char * f)
+ Returns a pointer to the system-dependent symbolic
+ permissions/protection string for file f, or NULL upon failure.
+ Used if CK_PERMS is defined. Example: In UNIX zgperm(f) might
+ return "100770", but ziperm() might return "-rwxrwx---". In
+ VMS, zgperm() would return a hexadecimal string, but ziperm()
+ would return something like "(RWED,RWED,RE,)".
+
+ char *
+ zgtdir()
+ Returns a pointer to the name of the current directory, folder,
+ etc, or a NULL pointer if the current directory cannot be
+ determined. If possible, the directory specification should be
+ (a) fully specified, e.g. as a complete pathname, and (b) be
+ suitable for appending a filename. Thus, for example, Unix
+ directory names should end with '/'. VMS directory names should
+ look like DEV:[NAME] (rather than, say, NAME.DIR;1).
+
+ char *
+ zhome()
+ Returns a pointer to a string containing the user's home
+ directory, or NULL upon error. Should be formatted like
+ zgtdir() (q.v.).
+
+ int
+ zinfill()
+ Fill buffer from input file. This function is used by the macro
+ zminchar(), which is defined in ckcker.h. zminchar() manages
+ its own buffer, and calls zinfill() to fill it whenever it
+ becomes empty. It is used only for sending files, and reads
+ characters only from file number ZIFILE. zinfill() returns -1
+ upon end of file, -2 upon fatal error, and -3 upon timeout
+ (e.g. when reading from a pipe); otherwise it returns the first
+ character from the buffer it just read.
+
+ int
+ zkself()
+ Kills the current job, session, process, etc, logs out,
+ disappears. Used by the Kermit server when it receives a BYE
+ command. On failure, returns -1. On success, does not return at
+ all! This function should not be called until all other steps
+ have been taken to close files, etc.
+
+ VOID
+ zstrip(fn,&fn2) char *fn1, **fn2;
+ Strips device and directory, etc, from file specification fn,
+ leaving only the filename (including "extension" or "filetype"
+ -- the part after the dot). For example DUA0:[PROGRAMS]OOFA.C;3
+ becomes OOFA.C, or /usr/fdc/oofa.c becomes oofa.c. Returns a
+ pointer to result in fn2.
+
+ int
+ zsetperm(char * file, unsigned int code)
+ Set permissions of file to given system-dependent code. 0: On
+ failure.
+ 1: on success.
+
+ int
+ zsetroot(char * dir)
+ Sets the root for the user's file access, like Unix chroot(),
+ but does not require privilege. In Unix, this must be
+ implemented entirely by Kermit's own file access routines.
+ Returns:
+ 1: Success
+ -1: Invalid argument
+ -2:
+ -3: Internal error
+ -4: Access to given directory denied
+ -5: New root not within old root
+
+ int
+ zinroot(char * file)
+ If no root is set (zsetroot()), returns 1.
+ Otherwise, if given file is in the root, returns 1.
+ Otherwise, returns 0.
+
+ VOID
+ zltor(fn,fn2) char *fn1, *fn2;
+ Local-To-Remote filename translation. OBSOLETE: replaced by
+ nzltor() (q.v.). Translates the local filename fn into a format
+ suitable for transmission to an arbitrary type of computer, and
+ copies the result into the buffer pointed to by fn2.
+ Translation may involve (a) stripping the device and/or
+ directory/path name, (b) converting lowercase to uppercase, (c)
+ removing spaces and strange characters, or converting them to
+ some innocuous alphabetic character like X, (d) discarding or
+ converting extra periods (there should not be more than one).
+ Does its best. Returns no value. name2 is a pointer to a
+ buffer, furnished by the caller, into which zltor() writes the
+ resulting name. No length checking is done.
+
+ #ifdef NZLTOR
+ VOID
+ nzltor(fn,fn2,convert,pathnames,max) char *fn1,*fn2; int
+ convert,pathnames,max;
+ Replaces zltor(). This new version handles pathnames and checks
+ length. fn1 and fn2 are as in zltor(). This version is called
+ unconditionally for each file, rather than only when filename
+ conversion is enabled. Pathnames can have the following values:
+
+ PATH_OFF: Pathname, if any, is to be stripped
+ PATH_REL: The relative pathname is to be included
+ PATH_ABS: The full pathname is to be included
+
+ After handling pathnames, conversion is done to the result as
+ in the zltor() description if convert != 0; if relative or
+ absolute pathnames are included, they are converted to UNIX
+ format, i.e. with slash (/) as the directory separator. The max
+ parameter specifies the maximum size of fn2. If convert > 0,
+ the regular conversions are done; if convert < 0, minimal
+ conversions are done (we skip uppercasing the letters, we allow
+ more than one period, etc; this can be used when we know our
+ partner is UNIX or similar).
+
+ #endif /* NZLTOR */
+
+ int
+ nzxpand(fn,flags) char *fn; int flags;
+ Replaces zxpand(), which is obsolete as of C-Kermit 7.0.
+ Call with:
+ fn = Pointer to filename or pattern.
+ flags = option bits:
+ flags & ZX_FILONLY Match regular files
+ flags & ZX_DIRONLY Match directories
+ flags & ZX_RECURSE Descend through directory tree
+ flags & ZX_MATCHDOT Match "dot files"
+ flags & ZX_NOBACKUP Don't match "backup files"
+ flags & ZX_NOLINKS Don't follow symlinks.
+
+ Returns the number of files that match fn, with data structures
+ set up so the first file (if any) will be returned by the next
+ znext() call. If ZX_FILONLY and ZX_DIRONLY are both set, or
+ neither one is set, files and directories are matched. Notes:
+
+ 1. It is essential that the number returned by nzxpand() reflect
+ the actual number of filenames that will be returned by
+ znext() calls. In other words:
+ for (n = nzxpand(string,flags); n > 0; n--) {
+ znext(buf);
+ printf("%s\n", buf);
+ }
+ should print all the file names; no more, no less.
+ 2. In UNIX, DOS, OS-9, etc, where directories contain entries
+ for themselves (.) and the superior directory (..), these
+ should NOT be included in the list under any circumstances,
+ including when ZX_MATCHDOT is set.
+ 3. Additional option bits might be added in the future, e.g. for
+ sorting (sort by date/name/size, reverse/ascending, etc).
+ Currently this is done only in higher level code (through a
+ hack in which the nzxpand() exports its filename array, which
+ is not portable because not all OS's can use this mechanism).
+
+ int
+ zmail(addr,fn) char *addr, fn;
+ Send the local, existing file fn as e-mail to the address addr.
+ Returns:
+ 0: on success
+ 2: if mail delivered but temp file can't be deleted
+ -2: if mail can't be delivered
+
+ int
+ zmkdir(path) char *path;
+ The path can be a file specification that might contain
+ directory information, in which the filename is expected to be
+ included, or an unambiguous directory specification (e.g. in
+ UNIX it must end with "/"). This routine attempts to create any
+ directories in the given path that don't already exist. Returns
+ 0 or greater success: no directories needed creation, or else
+ all directories that needed creation were created successfully;
+ the return code is the number of directories that were created.
+ Returns -1 on failure to create any of the needed directories.
+
+ int
+ zrmdir(path) char *path;
+ Attempts to remove the given directory. Returns 0 on success,
+ -1 on failure. The detailed semantics are open -- should it
+ fail if the directory contains any files or subdirectories,
+ etc. It is probably best for this routine to behave in whatever
+ manner is customary on the underlying platform; e.g. in UNIX,
+ VMS, DOS, etc, where directories can not be removed unless they
+ are empty.
+
+ VOID
+ znewn(fn,s) char *fn, **s;
+ Transforms the name fn into a filename that is guaranteed to be
+ unique. If the file fn does not exist, then the new name is the
+ same as fn; Otherwise, it's different. this function does its
+ best, returns no value. New name is created in caller's space.
+ Call like this: znewn(old,&new);. The second parameter is a
+ pointer to the new name. This pointer is set by znewn() to
+ point to a static string in its own space, so be sure to the
+ result to a safe place before calling this function again.
+
+ int
+ znext(fn) char *fn;
+ Copies the next file name from a file list created by zxpand()
+ into the string pointed to by fn (see zxpand). If no more
+ files, then the null string is placed there. Returns 0 if there
+ are no more filenames, with 0th element the array pointed to by
+ fn set to NUL. If there is a filename, it is stored in the
+ array pointed to by fn and a positive number is returned. NOTE:
+ This is a change from earlier definitions of this function
+ (pre-1999), which returned the number of files remaining; thus
+ 0 was the return value when returning the final file. However,
+ no mainline code ever depended on the return value, so this
+ change should be safe.
+
+ int
+ zopeni(n,fn) int n; char *fn;
+ Opens the file named fn for input as file number n. Returns:
+ 0: on failure.
+ 1: on success.
+
+ int
+ zopeno(n,fn,zz,fcb) int n; char *name; struct zattr *zz; struct
+ filinfo *fcb;
+ Attempts to open the named file for output as file number n. zz
+ is a Kermit file attribute structure as defined in ckcdeb.h,
+ containing various information about the file, including its
+ size, creation date, and so forth. This function should attempt
+ to honor as many of these as possible. fcb is a "file control
+ block" in the traditional sense, defined in ckcdeb.h,
+ containing information relevant to complicated file systems
+ like VMS (RMS), IBM MVS, etc, like blocksize, record length,
+ organization, record format, carriage control, etc. Returns:
+ 0: on failure.
+ 1: on success.
+
+ int
+ zoutdump()
+ Dumps a file output buffer. Used with the macro zmchout()
+ defined in ckcker.h. Used only with file number ZOFILE, i.e.
+ the file that is being received by Kermit during file transfer.
+ Returns:
+ -1: on failure.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ zprint(p,fn) char *p, *f;
+ Prints the file with name fn on a local printer, with options
+ p. Returns:
+ 0: on success
+ 3: if file sent to printer but can't be deleted
+ -3: if file can't be printed
+
+ int
+ zrename(fn,fn2) char *fn, *fn2;
+ Changes the name of file fn to fn2. If fn2 is the name of an
+ existing directory, or a file-structured device, then file fn
+ is moved to that directory or device, keeping its original
+ name. If fn2 lacks a directory separator when passed to this
+ function, an appropriate one is supplied. Returns:
+ -1: on failure.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ zcopy(source,dest) char * source, * dest;
+ Copies the source file to the destination. One file only. No
+ wildcards. The destination string may be a filename or a
+ directory name. Returns:
+ 0: on success.
+ <0: on failure:
+ -2: source file is not a regular file.
+ -3: source file not found.
+ -4: permission denied.
+ -5: source and destination are the same file.
+ -6: i/o error.
+ -1: other error.
+
+ char *
+ zlocaltime(char *)
+ Call with: "yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss" GMT/UTC date-time. Returns
+ pointer to local date-time string "yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss" on
+ success, NULL on failure.
+
+ VOID
+ zrtol(fn,fn2) char *fn, *fn2;
+ Remote-To-Local filename translation. OBSOLETE: replaced by
+ nzrtol(). Translates a "standard" filename to a local filename.
+ For example, in Unix this function might convert an
+ all-uppercase name to lowercase, but leave lower- or mix-case
+ names alone. Does its best, returns no value. New name is in
+ string pointed to by fn2. No length checking is done.
+
+ #ifdef NZLTOR
+ int
+ nzrtol(fn,fn2,convert,pathnames,max) char *fn1,*fn2; int
+ convert,pathnames,max;
+ Replaces zrtol. Like zrtol but handles pathnames and checks
+ length. See nzltor for detailed description of parameters.
+
+ #endif /* NZLTOR */
+
+ int
+ zsattr(xx) struct zattr *xx;
+ Fills in a Kermit file attribute structure for the file which
+ is to be sent, namely the currently open ZIFILE. Note that this
+ is not a very good design, but we're stuck with it. Callers
+ must ensure that zsattr() is called only on real files, not on
+ pipes, internally generated file-like objects such as server
+ REMOTE command responses, etc. Returns:
+ -1: on failure.
+ 0: on success with the structure filled in.
+ If any string member is null, it should be ignored by the
+ caller.
+ If any numeric member is -1, it should be ignored by the
+ caller.
+
+ int
+ zshcmd(s) char *s;
+ s contains to pointer to a command to be executed by the host
+ computer's shell, command parser, or operating system. If the
+ system allows the user to choose from a variety of command
+ processors (shells), then this function should employ the
+ user's preferred shell. If possible, the user's job
+ (environment, process, etc) should be set up to catch keyboard
+ interruption signals to allow the user to halt the system
+ command and return to Kermit. The command must run in ordinary,
+ unprivileged user mode. If possible, this function should
+ return -1 on failure to start the command, or else it should
+ return 1 if the command succeeded and 0 if it failed.
+
+ int
+ pexitstatus
+ zshcmd() and zsyscmd() should set this to the command's actual
+ exit status code if possible.
+
+ int
+ zsyscmd(s) char *s;
+ s contains to pointer to a command to be executed by the host
+ computer's shell, command parser, or operating system. If the
+ system allows the user to choose from a variety of command
+ processors (shells), then this function should employ the
+ system standard shell (e.g. /bin/sh for Unix), so that the
+ results will always be the same for everybody. If possible, the
+ user's job (environment, process, etc) should be set up to
+ catch keyboard interruption signals to allow the user to halt
+ the system command and return to Kermit. The command must run
+ in ordinary, unprivileged user mode. If possible, this function
+ should return -1 on failure to start the command, or else it
+ should return 1 if the command succeeded and 0 if it failed.
+
+ VOID
+ z_exec(s,args) char * s; char * args[];
+ This one executes the command s (which is searched for using
+ the system's normal searching mechanism, such as PATH in UNIX),
+ with the given argument vector, which follows the conventions
+ of UNIX argv[]: the name of the command pointed to by element
+ 0, the first arg by element 1, and so on. A null args[] pointer
+ indicates the end of the arugment list. All open files must
+ remain open so the exec'd process can use them. Returns only if
+ unsuccessful.
+
+ int
+ zsinl(n,s,x) int n, x; char *s;
+ Reads a line from file number n. Writes the line into the
+ address s provided by the caller. Writing terminates when
+ newline is read, but with newline discarded. Writing also
+ terminates upon EOF or if length x is exhausted. Returns:
+ -1: on EOF or error.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ zsout(n,s) int n; char *s;
+ Writes the string s out to file number n. Returns:
+ -1: on failure.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ zsoutl(n,s) int n; char *s;
+ Writes the string s out to file number n and adds a line
+ (record) terminator (boundary) appropriate for the system and
+ the file format. Returns:
+ -1: on failure.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ zsoutx(n,s,x) int n, x; char *s;
+ Writes exactly x characters from string s to file number n. If
+ s has fewer than x characters, then the entire string s is
+ written. Returns:
+ -1: on failure.
+ >= 0: on success, the number of characters actually written.
+
+ int
+ zstime(fn,yy,x) char *fn; struct zattr *yy; int x;
+ Sets the creation date (and other attributes) of an existing
+ file, or compares a file's creation date with a given date.
+ Call with:
+
+ fn: pointer to name of existing file.
+ yy: Pointer to a Kermit file attribute structure in which yy->date.val
+ is a date of the form yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss, e.g. 19900208 13:00:00, which
+ is to be used for setting or comparing the file date. Other attributes
+ in the struct can also be set, such as the protection/permission (See
+ [110]Appendix I), when it makes sense (e.g. "yy->lprotect.val" can be
+ set if the remote system ID matches the local one).
+ x: A function code: 0 means to set the file's creation date as given.
+ 1 means compare the date from the yy struct with the file's date.
+
+ Returns:
+ -1: on any kind of error.
+ 0: if x is 0 and the file date was set successfully.
+ 0: if x is 1 and date from attribute structure > file
+ creation date.
+ 1: if x is 1 and date from attribute structure <= file
+ creation date.
+
+ VOID
+ zstrip(name,name2) char *name, **name2;
+ Strips pathname from filename "name". Constructs the resulting
+ string in a static buffer in its own space and returns a
+ pointer to it in name2. Also strips device name, file version
+ numbers, and other "non-name" material.
+
+ int
+ zxcmd(n,s) char *s;
+ Runs a system command so its output can be accessed as if it
+ were file n. The command is run in ordinary, unprivileged user
+ mode.
+ If n is ZSTDIO or ZCTERM, returns -1.
+ If n is ZIFILE or ZRFILE, then Kermit reads from the command,
+ otherwise Kermit writes to the command.
+ Returns 0 on error, 1 on success.
+
+ int
+ zxpand(fn) char *fn;
+ OBSOLETE: Replaced by nzxpand(), q.v.
+
+ #ifdef ZXREWIND
+ int
+ zxrewind()
+ Returns the number of files returned by the most recent
+ nzxpand() call, and resets the list to the beginning so the
+ next znext() call returns the first file. Returns -1 if zxpand
+ has not yet been called. If this function is available,
+ ZXREWIND should be defined; otherwise it should not be
+ referenced.
+
+ #endif /* ZXREWIND */
+
+ int
+ xsystem(cmd) char *cmd;
+ Executes the system command without redirecting any of its i/o,
+ similar (well, identical) to system() in Unix. But before
+ passing the command to the system, xsystem() ensures that all
+ privileges are turned off, so that the system command executes
+ in ordinary unprivileged user mode. If possible, xsystem()
+ returns the return code of the command that was executed.
+
+ 4.E.2.2. IKSD Variables and Functions
+
+ These must be implemented in any C-Kermit version that is to be
+ installed as an Internet Kermit Service Daemon (IKSD). IKSD is
+ expected to be started by the Internet Daemon (e.g. inetd) with its
+ standard i/o redirected to the incoming connection.
+
+ int ckxanon;
+ Nonzero if anonymous logins allowed.
+
+ extern int inserver;
+ Nonzero if started in IKSD mode.
+
+ extern int isguest;
+ Nonzero if IKSD and user logged in anonymously.
+
+ extern char * homdir;
+ Pointer to user's home directory.
+
+ extern char * anonroot;
+ Pointer to file-system root for anonymous users.
+
+ Existing functions must make "if (inserver && isguest)" checks for
+ actions that would not be legal for guests: zdelete(), zrmdir(),
+ zprint(), zmail(), etc.
+
+ int
+ zvuser(name) char * name;
+ Verifies that user "name" exists and is allowed to log in. If
+ the name is "ftp" or "anonymous" and ckxanon != 0, a guest
+ login is set up. Returns 0 if user not allowed to log in,
+ nonzero if user may log in.
+
+ int
+ zvpass(string) char * string;
+ Verifies password of the user from the most recent zvuser()
+ call. Returns nonzero if password is valid for user, 0 if it
+ isn't. Makes any appropriate system log entries (IKSD logins,
+ failed login attempts, etc). If password is valid, logs the
+ user in as herself (if real user), or sets up restricted
+ anonymous access if user is guest (e.g. changes file-system
+ root to anonroot and sets isguest = 1).
+
+ VOID
+ zsyslog()
+ Begins any desired system logging of an IKSD session.
+
+ VOID
+ zvlogout()
+ Terminates an IKSD session. In most cases this is simply a
+ wrapper for exit() or doexit(), with some system logging added.
+
+ 4.E.2.3. Privilege Functions
+
+ These functions are used by C-Kermit to adapt itself to operating
+ systems where the program can be made to run in a "privileged" mode,
+ e.g. setuid or setgid in Unix. C-Kermit should NOT read and write
+ files or start subprocesses as a privileged program. This would
+ present a serious threat to system security. The security package has
+ been installed to prevent such security breaches by turning off the
+ program's special privileges at all times except when they are needed.
+
+ In UNIX, the only need Kermit has for privileged status is access to
+ the UUCP lockfile directory, in order to read, create, and destroy
+ lockfiles, and to open communication devices that are normally
+ protected against the user (see the [111]Unix C-Kermit Installation
+ Instructions for discussion). Therefore, privileges should only be
+ enabled for these operations and disabled at all other times. This
+ relieves the programmer of the responsibility of putting expensive and
+ unreliable access checks around every file access and subprocess
+ creation.
+
+ Strictly speaking, these functions are not required in all C-Kermit
+ implementations, because their use (so far, at least) is internal to
+ the Group E modules. However, they should be included in all C-Kermit
+ implementations for operating systems that support the notion of a
+ privileged program (UNIX, RSTS/E, what others?).
+
+ int
+ priv_ini()
+ Determine whether the program is running in privileged status.
+ If so, turn off the privileges, in such a way that they can be
+ turned on again when needed. Called from sysinit() at program
+ startup time. Returns:
+ 0 on success
+ nonzero on failure, in which case the program should halt
+ immediately.
+
+ int
+ priv_on()
+ If the program is not privileged, this function does nothing.
+ If the program is privileged, this function returns it to
+ privileged status. priv_ini() must have been called first.
+ Returns:
+ 0 on success
+ nonzero on failure
+
+ int
+ priv_off()
+ Turns privileges off (if they are on) in such a way that they
+ can be turned back on again. Returns:
+ 0 on success
+ nonzero on failure
+
+ int
+ priv_can()
+ Turns privileges off in such a way that they cannot be turned
+ back on. Returns:
+ 0 on success
+ nonzero on failure
+
+ int
+ priv_chk()
+ Attempts to turns privileges off in such a way that they can be
+ turned on again later. Then checks to make sure that they were
+ really turned off. If they were not really turned off, then
+ they are cancelled permanently. Returns:
+ 0 on success
+ nonzero on failure
+
+ 4.E.2.4. Console-Related Functions
+
+ These relate to the program's "console", or controlling terminal, i.e.
+ the terminal that the user is logged in on and types commands at, or
+ on a PC or workstation, the actual keyboard and screen.
+
+ int
+ conbin(esc) char esc;
+ Puts the console into "binary" mode, so that Kermit's command
+ parser can control echoing and other treatment of characters
+ that the user types. esc is the character that will be used to
+ get Kermit's attention during packet mode; puts this in a
+ global place. Sets the ckxech variable. Returns:
+ -1: on error.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ concb(esc) char esc;
+ Put console in "cbreak" (single-character wakeup) mode. That
+ is, ensure that each console character is available to the
+ program immediately when the user types it. Otherwise just like
+ conbin(). Returns:
+ -1: on error.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ conchk()
+ Returns a number, 0 or greater, the number of characters
+ waiting to be read from the console, i.e. the number of
+ characters that the user has typed that have not been read yet
+ by Kermit.
+
+ long
+ congspd();
+ Returns the speed ("baud rate") of the controlling terminal, if
+ known, otherwise -1L.
+
+ int
+ congks(timo) int timo;
+ Get Keyboard Scancode. Reads a keyboard scan code from the
+ physical console keyboard. If the timo parameter is greater
+ than zero, then times out and returns -2 if no character
+ appears within the given number of seconds. Upon any other kind
+ of error, returns -1. Upon success returns a scan code, which
+ may be any positive integer. For situations where scan codes
+ cannot be read (for example, when an ASCII terminal is used as
+ the job's controlling terminal), this function is identical to
+ coninc(), i.e. it returns an 8-bit character value. congks() is
+ for use with workstations whose keyboards have Alternate,
+ Command, Option, and similar modifier keys, and Function keys
+ that generate codes greater than 255.
+
+ int
+ congm()
+ Console get modes. Gets the current console terminal modes and
+ saves them so that conres() can restore them later. Returns 1
+ if it got the modes OK, 0 if it did nothing (e.g. because
+ Kermit is not connected with any terminal), -1 on error.
+
+ int
+ coninc(timo) int timo;
+ Console Input Character. Reads a character from the console. If
+ the timo parameter is greater than zero, then coninc() times
+ out and returns -2 if no character appears within the given
+ number of seconds. Upon any other kind of error, returns -1.
+ Upon success, returns the character itself, with a value in the
+ range 0-255 decimal.
+
+ VOID
+ conint(f,s) SIGTYP (*f)(), (*s)();
+ Sets the console to generate an interrupt if the user types a
+ keyboard interrupt character, and to transfer control the
+ signal-handling function f. For systems with job control, s is
+ the address of the function that suspends the job. Sets the
+ global variable "backgrd" to zero if Kermit is running in the
+ foreground, and to nonzero if Kermit is running in the
+ background. See ckcdeb.h for the definition of SIGTYP. No
+ return value.
+
+ VOID
+ connoi()
+ Console no interrupts. Disable keyboard interrupts on the
+ console. No return value.
+
+ int
+ conoc(c) char c;
+ Writes character c to the console terminal. Returns:
+ 0 on failure, 1 on success.
+
+ int
+ conol(s) char *s;
+ Writes string s to the console. Returns -1 on error, 0 or
+ greater on success.
+
+ int
+ conola(s) char *s[]; {
+ Writes an array of strings to the console. Returns -1 on error,
+ 0 or greater on success.
+
+ int
+ conoll(s) char *s;
+ Writes string s to the console, followed by the necessary line
+ termination characters to put the console cursor at the
+ beginning of the next line. Returns -1 on error, 0 or greater
+ on success.
+
+ int
+ conres()
+ Restores the console terminal to the modes obtained by congm().
+ Returns: -1 on error, 0 on success.
+
+ int
+ conxo(x,s) int x; char *s;
+ Write x characters from string s to the console. Returns 0 or
+ greater on success, -1 on error.
+
+ char *
+ conkbg();
+ Returns a pointer to the designator of the console keyboard
+ type. For example, on a PC, this function would return "88",
+ "101", etc. Upon failure, returns a pointer to the empty
+ string.
+
+ 4.E.2.5. Communications Functions
+
+ The communication device is the device used for terminal emulation and
+ file transfer. It may or may not be the same device as the console,
+ and it may or may not be a terminal (serial-port) device; it could
+ also be a network connection. For brevity, the communication device is
+ referred to here as the "tty". When the communication device is the
+ same as the console device, Kermit is said to be in remote mode. When
+ the two devices are different, Kermit is in local mode.
+
+ int
+ ttchk()
+ Returns the number of characters that have arrived at the
+ communication device but have not yet been read by ttinc(),
+ ttinl(), and friends. If communication input is buffered (and
+ it should be), this is the sum of the number of unread
+ characters in Kermit's buffer PLUS the number of unread
+ characters in the operating system's internal buffer. The call
+ must be nondestructive and nonblocking, and as inexpensive as
+ possible. Returns:
+ 0: or greater on success,
+ 0: in case of internal error,
+ -1: or less when it determines the connection has been broken,
+ or there is no connection.
+
+ That is, a negative return from ttchk() should reliably
+ indicate that there is no usable connection. Furthermore,
+ ttchk() should be callable at any time to see if the connection
+ is open. When the connection is open, every effort must be made
+ to ensure that ttchk returns an accurate number of characters
+ waiting to be read, rather than just 0 (no characters) or 1 (1
+ or more characters), as would be the case when we use select().
+ This aspect of ttchk's operation is critical to successful
+ operation of sliding windows and streaming, but "nondestructive
+ buffer peeking" is an obscure operating system feature, and so
+ when it is not available, we have to do it ourselves by
+ managing our own internal buffer at a level below ttinc(),
+ ttinl(), etc, as in the UNIX version (non-FIONREAD case).
+
+ An external global variable, clsondisc, if nonzero, means that
+ if a serial connection drops (carrier on-to-off transition
+ detected by ttchk()), the device should be closed and released
+ automatically.
+
+ int
+ ttclos()
+ Closes the communication device (tty or network). If there were
+ any kind of exclusive access locks connected with the tty,
+ these are released. If the tty has a modem connection, it is
+ hung up. For true tty devices, the original tty device modes
+ are restored. Returns:
+ -1: on failure.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ ttflui()
+ Flush communications input buffer. If any characters have
+ arrived but have not yet been read, discard these characters.
+ If communications input is buffered by Kermit (and it should
+ be), this function flushes Kermit's buffer as well as the
+ operating system's internal input buffer. Returns:
+ -1: on failure.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ ttfluo()
+ Flush tty output buffer. If any characters have been written
+ but not actually transmitted (e.g. because the system has been
+ flow-controlled), remove them from the system's output buffer.
+ (Note, this function is not actually used, but it is
+ recommended that all C-Kermit programmers add it for future
+ use, even if it is only a dummy function that returns 0
+ always.)
+
+ int
+ ttgmdm()
+ Looks for the modem signals CTS, DSR, and CTS, and returns
+ those that are on in as its return value, in a bit mask as
+ described for ttwmdm, in which a bit is on (1) or off (0)
+ according to whether the corresponding signal is on (asserted)
+ or off (not asserted). Return values:
+ -3: Not implemented
+ -2: if the line does not have modem control
+ -1: on error
+ >=0: on success, with bit mask containing the modem signals.
+
+ long
+ ttgspd()
+ Returns the current tty speed in BITS (not CHARACTERS) per
+ second, or -1 if it is not known or if the tty is really a
+ network, or upon any kind of error. On success, the speed
+ returned is the actual number of bits per second, like 1200,
+ 9600, 19200, etc.
+
+ int
+ ttgwsiz()
+ Get terminal window size. Returns -1 on error, 0 if the window
+ size can't be obtained, 1 if the window size has been
+ successfully obtained. Upon success, the external global
+ variables tt_rows and tt_cols are set to the number of screen
+ rows and number of screen columns, respectively. As this
+ function is not implemented in all ck*tio.c modules, calls to
+ it must be wrapped in #ifdef CK_TTGWSIZ..#endif. NOTE: This
+ function must be available to use the TELNET NAWS feature
+ (Negotiate About Window Size) as well as Rlogin.
+
+ int
+ tthang()
+ Hang up the current tty device. For real tty devices, turn off
+ DTR for about 1/3-1/2 second (or other length of time,
+ depending on the system). If the tty is really a network
+ connection, close it. Returns:
+ -1: on failure.
+ 0: if it does not even try to hang up.
+ 1: if it believes it hung up successfully.
+
+ VOID
+ ttimoff()
+ Turns off all pending timer interrupts.
+
+ int
+ ttinc(timo) int timo; (function is old, return codes are new)
+ Reads one character from the communication device. If timo is
+ greater than zero, wait the given number of seconds and then
+ time out if no character arrives, otherwise wait forever for a
+ character. Returns:
+ -3: internal error (e.g. tty modes set wrong)
+ -2: communications disconnect
+ -1: timeout or other error
+ >=0: the character that was read.
+ It is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED that ttinc() be internally buffered so
+ that calls to it are relatively inexpensive. If it is possible
+ to to implement ttinc() as a macro, all the better, for example
+ something like:
+
+ #define ttinc(t) ( (--txbufn >= 0) ? txbuf[ttbufp++] : txbufr(t) )
+
+ (see description of txbufr() below)
+
+ int
+ ttinl(dest,max,timo,eol,start,turn) int max,timo,turn; CHAR
+ *dest, eol, start;
+ ttinl() is Kermit's packet reader. Reads a packet from the
+ communications device, or up to max characters, whichever
+ occurs first. A line is a string of characters starting with
+ the start character up to and including the character given in
+ eol or until the length is exhausted, or, if turn != 0, until
+ the line turnaround character (turn) is read. If turn is 0,
+ ttinl() *should* use the packet length field to detect the end,
+ to allow for the possibility that the eol character appears
+ unprefixed in the packet data. (The turnaround character is for
+ half-duplex linemode connections.)
+
+ If timo is greater than zero, ttinl() times out if the eol
+ character is not encountered within the given number of seconds
+ and returns -1.
+
+ The characters that were input are copied into "dest" with
+ their parity bits stripped if parity is not none. The first
+ character copied into dest should be the start character, and
+ the last should be the final character of the packet (the last
+ block check character). ttinl() should also absorb and discard
+ the eol and turn characters, and any other characters that are
+ waiting to be read, up until the next start character, so that
+ subsequent calls to ttchk() will not succeed simply because
+ there are some terminators still sitting in the buffer that
+ ttinl() didn't read. This operation, if performed, MUST NOT
+ BLOCK (so if it can't be performed in a guaranteed nonblocking
+ way, don't do it).
+
+ On success, ttinl() returns the number of characters read.
+ Optionally, ttinl() can sense the parity of incoming packets.
+ If it does this, then it should set the global variable ttprty
+ accordingly. ttinl() should be coded to be as efficient as
+ possible, since it is at the "inner loop" of packet reception.
+ ttinl() returns:
+ -1: Timeout or other possibly correctable error.
+ -2: Interrupted from keyboard.
+ -3: Uncorrectable i/o error -- connection lost, configuration
+ problem, etc.
+ >=0: on success, the number of characters that were actually
+ read and placed in the dest buffer, not counting the trailing
+ null.
+
+ int
+ ttoc(c) char c;
+ Outputs the character c to the communication line. If the
+ operation fails to complete within two seconds, this function
+ returns -1. Otherwise it returns the number of characters
+ actually written to the tty (0 or 1). This function should only
+ be used for interactive, character-mode operations, like
+ terminal connection, script execution, dialer i/o, where the
+ overhead of the signals and alarms does not create a
+ bottleneck. (THIS DESCRIPTION NEEDS IMPROVEMENT -- If the
+ operation fails within a "certain amount of time"... which
+ might be dependent on the communication method, speed, etc. In
+ particular, flow-control deadlocks must be accounted for and
+ broken out of to prevent the program from hanging indefinitely,
+ etc.)
+
+ int
+ ttol(s,n) int n; char *s;
+ Kermit's packet writer. Writes the n characters of the string
+ pointed to to by s. NOTE: It is ttol's responsibility to write
+ ALL of the characters, not just some of them. Returns:
+ -1: on a possibly correctable error (so it can be retried).
+ -3: on a fatal error, e.g. connection lost.
+ >=0: on success, the actual number of characters written (the
+ specific number is not actually used for anything).
+
+ int
+ ttopen(ttname,lcl,modem,timo) char *ttname; int *lcl, modem,
+ timo;
+ Opens a tty device, if it is not already open. ttopen must
+ check to make sure the SAME device is not already open; if it
+ is, ttopen returns successfully without doing anything. If a
+ DIFFERENT device is currently open, ttopen() must call ttclos()
+ to close it before opening the new one.
+
+ Parameters:
+
+ ttname:
+ character string - device name or network host
+ name.
+
+ lcl:
+ If called with lcl < 0, sets value of lcl as
+ follows:
+ 0: the terminal named by ttname is the job's
+ controlling terminal.
+ 1: the terminal named by ttname is not the job's
+ controlling terminal.
+ If the device is already open, or if the requested
+ device can't be opened, then lcl remains (and is
+ returned as) -1.
+
+ modem:
+ Less than zero: this is the negative of the network
+ type, and ttname is a network host name. Network
+ types (from [112]ckcnet.h:
+
+ NET_TCPB 1 TCP/IP Berkeley (socket) (implemented in [113]ckutio.c)
+ NET_TCPA 2 TCP/IP AT&T (streams) (not yet implemented)
+ NET_DEC 3 DECnet (not yet implemented)
+
+ Zero or greater: ttname is a terminal device name.
+ Zero means a direct connection (don't use modem
+ signals). Positive means use modem signals
+ depending on the current setting of ttcarr (see
+ ttscarr()).
+
+ timo:
+ > 0: number of seconds to wait for open() to return
+ before timing out.
+ <=0: no timer, wait forever (e.g. for incoming
+ call).
+ For real tty devices, ttopen() attempts to gain
+ exclusive access to the tty device, for example in
+ UNIX by creating a "lockfile" (in other operating
+ systems, like VMS, exclusive access probably
+ requires no special action).
+
+ Side effects:
+ Copies its arguments and the tty file descriptor to
+ global variables that are available to the other
+ tty-related functions, with the lcl value altered as
+ described above. Gets all parameters and settings
+ associated with the line and puts them in a global area,
+ so that they can be restored by ttres(), e.g. when the
+ device is closed.
+
+ Returns:
+ 0: on success
+ -5: if device is in use
+ -4: if access to device is denied
+ -3: if access to lock mechanism denied
+ -2: upon timeout waiting for device to open
+ -1: on other error
+
+ int
+ ttpkt(speed,flow,parity) long speed; int flow, parity;
+ Puts the currently open tty device into the appropriate modes
+ for transmitting and receiving Kermit packets.
+
+ Arguments:
+
+ speed:
+ if speed > -1, and the device is a true tty device,
+ and Kermit is in local mode, ttpkt also sets the
+ speed.
+
+ flow:
+ if in the range 0-3, ttpkt selects the
+ corresponding type of flow control. Currently 0 is
+ defined as no flow control, 1 is Xon/Xoff, and no
+ other types are defined. If (and this is a horrible
+ hack, but it goes back many years and will be hard
+ to eradicate) flow is 4, then the appropriate tty
+ modes are set for modem dialing, a special case in
+ which we talk to a modem-controlled line without
+ requiring carrier. If flow is 5, then we require
+ carrier.
+
+ parity:
+ This is simply copied into a global variable so
+ that other functions (like ttinl, ttinc, etc) can
+ use it.
+
+ Side effects:
+ Copies its arguments to global variables, flushes the
+ terminal device input buffer.
+
+ Returns:
+ -1: on error.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ ttsetflow(int)
+ Enables the given type of flow control on the open serial
+ communications device immediately. Arguments are the FLO_xxx
+ values from ckcdeb.h, except FLO_DIAL, FLO_DIAX, or FLO_AUTO,
+ which are not actual flow-control types. Returns 0 on success,
+ -1 on failure.
+
+ #ifdef TTSPDLIST
+ long *
+ ttspdlist()
+ Returns a pointer to an array of longs, or NULL on failure. On
+ success, element 0 of the array contains number, n, indicating
+ how many follow. Elements 1-n are serial speeds, expressed in
+ bits per second, that are legal on this platform. The user
+ interface may use this list to construct a menu, keyword table,
+ etc.
+
+ #endif /* TTSPDLIST */
+
+ int
+ ttres()
+ Restores the tty device to the modes and settings that were in
+ effect at the time it was opened (see ttopen). Returns:
+ -1: on error.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ ttruncmd(string) char * string;
+ Runs the given command on the local system, but redirects its
+ input and output to the communication (SET LINE, SET PORT, or
+ SET HOST) device. Returns:
+ 0: on failure.
+ 1: on success.
+
+ int
+ ttscarr(carrier) int carrier;
+ Copies its argument to a variable that is global to the other
+ tty-related functions, and then returns it. The values for
+ carrier are defined in ckcdeb.h: CAR_ON, CAR_OFF, CAR_AUTO.
+ ttopen(), ttpkt(), and ttvt() use this variable when deciding
+ how to open the tty device and what modes to select. The
+ meanings are these:
+
+ CAR_OFF: Ignore carrier at all times.
+ CAR_ON: Require carrier at all times, except when dialing. This means,
+ for example, that ttopen() could hang forever waiting for carrier if
+ it is not present.
+ CAR_AUTO: If the modem type is zero (i.e. the connection is direct),
+ this is the same as CAR_OFF. If the modem type is positive, then heed
+ carrier during CONNECT (ttvt mode), but ignore it at other times
+ (packet mode, during SET LINE, etc). Compatible with pre-5A versions
+ of C-Kermit. This should be the default carrier mode.
+
+ Kermit's DIAL command ignores the carrier setting, but
+ ttopen(), ttvt(), and ttpkt() all honor the carrier option in
+ effect at the time they are called. None of this applies to
+ remote mode (the tty device is the job's controlling terminal)
+ or to network host connections (modem type is negative).
+
+ int
+ ttsndb()
+ Sends a BREAK signal on the tty device. On a real tty device,
+ send a real BREAK lasting approximately 275 milliseconds. If
+ this is not possible, simulate a BREAK by (for example)
+ dropping down some very low baud rate, like 50, and sending a
+ bunch of null characters. On a network connection, do the
+ appropriate network protocol for BREAK. Returns:
+ -1: on error.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ ttsndlb()
+ Like ttsndb(), but sends a "Long BREAK" (approx 1.5 seconds).
+ For network connections, it is identical to ttsndb().
+ Currently, this function is used only if CK_LBRK is defined (as
+ it is for UNIX and VMS).
+
+ int
+ ttsspd(cps) int cps;
+ For serial devices only, set the device transmission speed to
+ (note carefully) TEN TIMES the argument. The argument is in
+ characters per second, but transmission speeds are in bits per
+ second. cps are used rather than bps because high speeds like
+ 38400 are not expressible in a 16-bit int but longs cannot be
+ used because keyword-table values are ints and not longs. If
+ the argument is 7, then the bps is 75, not 70. If the argument
+ is 888, this is a special code for 75/1200 split-speed
+ operation (75 bps out, 1200 bps in). Returns:
+ -1: on error, meaning the requested speed is not valid or
+ available.
+ >=0: on success (don't try to use this value for anything).
+
+ int
+ ttvt(speed,flow) long speed; int flow;
+ Puts the currently open tty device into the appropriate modes
+ for terminal emulation. The arguments are interpreted as in
+ ttpkt(). Side effects: ttvt() stores its arguments in global
+ variables, and sets a flag that it has been called so that
+ subsequent calls can be ignored so long as the arguments are
+ the same as in the last effective call. Other functions, such
+ as ttopen(), ttclose(), ttres(), ttvt(), etc, that change the
+ tty device in any way must unset this flag. In UNIX Kermit,
+ this flag is called tvtflg.
+
+ int
+ ttwmdm(mdmsig,timo) int mdmsig, timo;
+ Waits up to timo seconds for all of the given modem signals to
+ appear. mdmsig is a bit mask, in which a bit is on (1) or off
+ (0) according to whether the corresponding signal is to be
+ waited for. These symbols are defined in ckcdeb.h:
+ BM_CTS (bit 0) means wait for Clear To Send
+ BM_DSR (bit 1) means wait for Data Set Ready
+ BM_DCD (bit 2) means wait for Carrier Detect
+ Returns:
+ -3: Not implemented.
+ -2: This line does not have modem control.
+ -1: Timeout: time limit exceeded before all signals were
+ detected.
+ 1: Success.
+
+ int
+ ttxin(n,buf) int n; CHAR *buf;
+ Reads x characters from the tty device into the specified buf,
+ stripping parity if parity is not none. This call waits
+ forever, there is no timeout. This function is designed to be
+ called only when you know that at least x characters are
+ waiting to be read (as determined, for example, by ttchk()).
+ This function should use the same buffer as ttinc().
+
+ int
+ txbufr(timo) int timo;
+ Reads characters into the internal communications input buffer.
+ timo is a timeout interval, in seconds. 0 means no timeout,
+ wait forever. Called by ttinc() (and possibly ttxin() and
+ ttinl()) when the communications input buffer is empty. The
+ buffer should be called ttxbuf[], its length is defined by the
+ symbol TXBUFL. The global variable txbufn is the number of
+ characters available to be read from ttxbuf[], and txbufp is
+ the index of the next character to be read. Should not be
+ called if txbufn > 0, in which case the buffer does not need
+ refilling. This routine returns:
+ -2: Communications disconnect
+ -1: Timeout
+ >=0: A character (0 - 255) On success, the first character that
+ was read, with the variables txbufn and txbufp set
+ appropriately for any remaining characters.
+ NOTE: Currently this routine is used internally only by the
+ UNIX and VMS versions. The aim is to make it available to all
+ versions so there is one single coherent and efficient way of
+ reading from the communications device or network.
+
+ 4.E.2.6. Miscellaneous system-dependent functions
+
+ VOID
+ ztime(s) char **s;
+ Returns a pointer, s, to the current date-and-time string in s.
+ This string must be in the fixed-field format associated with
+ the C runtime asctime() function, like: "Sun Sep 16 13:23:45
+ 1973\n" so that callers of this function can extract the
+ different fields. The pointer value is filled in by ztime, and
+ the data it points to is not safe, so should be copied to a
+ safe place before use. ztime() has no return value. As a side
+ effect, this routine can also fill in the following two
+ external variables (which must be defined in the
+ system-dependendent modules for each platform):
+ long ztusec: Fraction of seconds of clock time, microseconds.
+ long ztmsec: Fraction of seconds of clock time, milliseconds.
+ If these variables are not set by zstime(), they remain at
+ their initial value of -1L.
+
+ int
+ gtimer()
+ Returns the current value of the elapsed time counter in
+ seconds (see rtimer), or 0 on any kind of error.
+
+ #ifdef GFTIMER
+ CKFLOAT
+ gftimer()
+ Returns the current value of the elapsed time counter in
+ seconds, as a floating point number, capable of representing
+ not only whole seconds, but also the fractional part, to the
+ millisecond or microsecond level, whatever precision is
+ available. Requires a function to get times at subsecond
+ precision, as well as floating-point support. That's why it's
+ #ifdef'd.
+
+ #endif /* GFTIMER */
+
+ int
+ msleep(m) int m;
+ Sleeps (pauses, does nothing) for m milliseconds (a millisecond
+ is one thousandth of a second). Returns:
+ -1: on failure.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ VOID
+ rtimer()
+ Sets the elapsed time counter to zero. If you want to time how
+ long an operation takes, call rtimer() when it starts and
+ gtimer when it ends. rtimer() has no return value.
+
+ #ifdef GFTIMER
+ VOID
+ rftimer()
+ Sets the elapsed time counter to zero. If you want to time how
+ long an operation takes, call rftimer() when it starts and
+ gftimer when it ends. rftimer() has no return value. Note:
+ rftimer() is to be used with gftimer() and rtimer() is to be
+ used with gtimer(). See the rftimer() description.
+
+ #endif /* GFTIMER */
+
+ int
+ sysinit()
+ Does whatever needs doing upon program start. In particular, if
+ the program is running in any kind of privileged mode, turns
+ off the privileges (see priv_ini()). Returns:
+ -1: on error.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ syscleanup()
+ Does whatever needs doing upon program exit. Returns:
+ -1: on error.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ int
+ psuspend()
+ Suspends the Kermit process, puts it in the background so it
+ can be continued ("foregrounded") later. Returns:
+ -1: if this function is not supported.
+ 0: on success.
+
+ [ [114]Contents ] [ [115]C-Kermit ] [ [116]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.F. Group F: Network Support
+
+ As of version 5A, C-Kermit includes support for several networks.
+ Originally, this was just worked into the ttopen(), ttclos(), ttinc(),
+ ttinl(), and similar routines in [117]ckutio.c. But this made it
+ impossible to share this code with non-UNIX versions, like VMS,
+ AOS/VS, OS/2, etc. So as of edit 168, network code has been separated
+ out into its own module and header file, ckcnet.c and ckcnet.h:
+
+ [118]ckcnet.h: Network-related symbol definitions.
+ [119]ckcnet.c: Network i/o (TCP/IP, X.25, etc), shared by most
+ platforms.
+ [120]cklnet.c: Network i/o (TCP/IP, X.25, etc) specific to Stratus
+ VOS.
+
+ The routines and variables in these modules fall into two categories:
+
+ 1. Support for specific network packages like SunLink X.25 and TGV
+ MultiNet, and:
+ 2. support for specific network virtual terminal protocols like CCITT
+ X.3 and TCP/IP Telnet.
+
+ Category (1) functions are analogs to the tt*() functions, and have
+ names like netopen, netclos, nettinc, etc. Group A-D modules do not
+ (and must not) know anything about these functions -- they continue to
+ call the old Group E functions (ttopen, ttinc, etc). Category (2)
+ functions are protocol specific and have names prefixed by a protocol
+ identifier, like tn for telnet x25 for X.25.
+
+ ckcnet.h contains prototypes for all these functions, as well as
+ symbol definitions for network types, protocols, and network- and
+ protocol- specific symbols, as well as #includes for the header files
+ necessary for each network and protocol.
+
+ The following functions are to be provided for networks that do not
+ use normal system i/o (open, read, write, close):
+
+ int
+ netopen()
+ To be called from within ttopen() when a network connection is
+ requested. Calling conventions and purpose same as Group E
+ ttopen().
+
+ int
+ netclos()
+ To be called from within ttclos() when a network connection is
+ being closed. Calling conventions and purpose same as Group E
+ ttclos().
+
+ int
+ nettchk()
+ To be called from within ttchk(). Calling conventions and
+ purpose same as Group E ttchk().
+
+ int
+ netflui()
+ To be called from within ttflui(). Calling conventions and
+ purpose same as Group E ttflui().
+
+ int
+ netbreak()
+ To send a network break (attention) signal. Calling conventions
+ and purpose same as Group E ttsndbrk().
+
+ int
+ netinc()
+ To get a character from the network. Calling conventions same
+ as Group E ttsndbrk().
+
+ int
+ nettoc()
+ Send a "character" (byte) to the network. Calling conventions
+ same as Group E ttoc().
+
+ int
+ nettol()
+ Send a "line" (sequence of bytes) to the network. Calling
+ conventions same as Group E ttol().
+
+ Conceivably, some systems support network connections simply by
+ letting you open a device of a certain name and letting you do i/o to
+ it. Others (like the Berkeley sockets TCP/IP library on UNIX) require
+ you to open the connection in a special way, but then do normal i/o
+ (read, write). In such a case, you would use netopen(), but you would
+ not use nettinc, nettoc, etc.
+
+ VMS TCP/IP products have their own set of functions for all network
+ operations, so in that case the full range of netxxx() functions is
+ used.
+
+ The technique is to put a test in each corresponding ttxxx() function
+ to see if a network connection is active (or is being requested), test
+ for which kind of network it is, and if necessary route the call to
+ the corresponding netxxx() function. The netxxx() function must also
+ contain code to test for the network type, which is available via the
+ global variable ttnet.
+
+ [ [121]Contents ] [ [122]C-Kermit ] [ [123]Kermit Home ]
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.F.1. Telnet Protocol
+
+ (This section needs a great deal of updating...)
+
+ As of edit 195, Telnet protocol is split out into its own files, since
+ it can be implemented in remote mode, which does not have a network
+ connection:
+
+ [124]ckctel.h: Telnet protocol symbol definitions.
+ [125]ckctel.c: Telnet protocol.
+
+ The Telnet protocol is supported by the following variables and
+ routines:
+
+ int tn_init
+ Nonzero if telnet protocol initialized, zero otherwise.
+
+ int
+ tn_init()
+ Initialize the telnet protocol (send initial options).
+
+ int
+ tn_sopt()
+ Send a telnet option.
+
+ int
+ tn_doop()
+ Receive and act on a telnet option from the remote.
+
+ int
+ tn_sttyp()
+ Send terminal type using telnet protocol.
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.F.2. FTP Protocol
+
+ (To be filled in...)
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.F.3. HTTP Protocol
+
+ (To be filled in...)
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.F.4. X.25 Networks
+
+ These routines were written SunLink X.25 and have since been adapted
+ to at least on one other: IBM AIXLink/X.25.
+
+ int
+ x25diag()
+ Reads and prints X.25 diagnostics
+
+ int
+ x25oobh()
+ X.25 out of band signal handler
+
+ int
+ x25intr()
+ Sends X.25 interrupt packet
+
+ int
+ x25reset()
+ Resets X.25 virtual circuit
+
+ int
+ x25clear()
+ Clear X.25 virtual circuit
+
+ int
+ x25stat()
+ X.25 status
+
+ int
+ setqbit()
+ Sets X.25 Q-bit
+
+ int
+ resetqbit()
+ Resets X.25 Q-bit
+
+ int
+ x25xin()
+ Reads n characters from X.25 circuit.
+
+ int
+ x25inl()
+ Read a Kermit packet from X.25 circuit.
+
+ [ [126]Contents ] [ [127]C-Kermit ] [ [128]Kermit Home ]
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.F.5. Adding New Network Types
+
+ Example: Adding support for IBM X.25 and Hewlett Packard X.25. First,
+ add new network type symbols for each one. There are already some
+ network types defined for other X.25 packages:
+
+ NET_SX25 is the network-type ID for SunLink X.25.
+ NET_VX25 is the network-type ID for VOS X.25.
+
+ So first you should new symbols for the new network types, giving them
+ the next numbers in the sequence, e.g.:
+
+#define NET_HX25 11 /* Hewlett-Packard X.25 */
+#define NET_IX25 12 /* IBM X.25 */
+
+ This is in ckcnet.h.
+
+ Then we need symbols to say that we are actually compiling in the code
+ for these platforms. These would be defined on the cc command line:
+
+ -DIBMX25 (for IBM)
+ -DHPX25 (for HP)
+
+ So we can build C-Kermit versions for AIX and HP-UX both with and
+ without X.25 support (since not all AIX and IBM systems have the
+ needed libraries, and so an executable that was linked with them might
+ no load).
+
+ Then in ckcnet.h:
+
+#ifdef IBMX25
+#define ANYX25
+#endif /* IBMX25 */
+
+#ifdef HPX25
+#define ANYX25
+#endif /* HPX25 */
+
+ And then use ANYX25 for code that is common to all of them, and IBMX25
+ or HPX25 for code specific to IBM or HP.
+
+ It might also happen that some code can be shared between two or more
+ of these, but not the others. Suppose, for example, that you write
+ code that applies to both IBM and HP, but not Sun or VOS X.25. Then
+ you add the following definition to ckcnet.h:
+
+#ifndef HPORIBMX25
+#ifdef HPX25
+#define HPORIBMX25
+#else
+#ifdef IBMX25
+#define HPORIBMX25
+#endif /* IBMX25 */
+#endif /* HPX25 */
+#endif /* HPORIBMX25 */
+
+ You can NOT use constructions like "#if defined (HPX25 || IBMX25)";
+ they are not portable.
+
+ [ [129]Contents ] [ [130]C-Kermit ] [ [131]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.G. Group G: Formatted Screen Support
+
+ So far, this is used only for the fullscreen local-mode file transfer
+ display. In the future, it might be extended to other uses. The
+ fullscreen display code is in and around the routine screenc() in
+ [132]ckuusx.c.
+
+ In the UNIX version, we use the curses library, plus one call from the
+ termcap library. In other versions (OS/2, VMS, etc) we insert dummy
+ routines that have the same names as curses routines. So far, there
+ are two methods for simulating curses routines:
+
+ 1. In VMS, we use the Screen Management Library (SMG), and insert
+ stubs to convert curses calls into SMG calls.
+ 2. In OS/2, we use the MYCURSES code, in which the stub routines
+ actually emit the appropriate escape sequences themselves.
+
+ Here are the stub routines:
+
+ int
+ tgetent(char *buf, char *term)
+ Arguments are ignored. Returns 1 if the user has a supported
+ terminal type, 0 otherwise. Sets a global variable (for
+ example, "isvt52" or "isdasher") to indicate the terminal type.
+
+ VOID
+ move(int row, int col)
+ Sends the escape sequence to position the cursor at the
+ indicated row and column. The numbers are 0-based, e.g. the
+ home position is 0,0.
+
+ int
+ clear()
+ Sends the escape sequence to clear the screen.
+
+ int
+ clrtoeol()
+ Sends the escape sequence to clear from the current cursor
+ position to the end of the line.
+
+ In the MYCURSES case, code must be added to each of the last three
+ routines to emit the appropriate escape sequences for a new terminal
+ type.
+
+ clearok(curscr), wrefresh()
+ In real curses, these two calls are required to refresh the
+ screen, for example after it was fractured by a broadcast
+ message. These are useful only if the underlying screen
+ management service keeps a copy of the entire screen, as curses
+ and SMG do. C-Kermit does not do this itself.
+
+ [ [133]Contents ] [ [134]C-Kermit ] [ [135]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.H. Group H: Pseudoterminal Support
+
+ (To be filled in...)
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.I. Group I: Security
+
+ (To be filled in...)
+
+ [ [136]Contents ] [ [137]C-Kermit ] [ [138]Kermit Home ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ APPENDIX I. FILE PERMISSIONS
+
+ I.1. Format of System-Dependent File Permissions in A-Packets
+
+ The format of this field (the "," attribute) is interpreted according
+ to the System ID ("." Attribute).
+
+ For UNIX (System ID = U1), it's the familiar 3-digit octal number, the
+ low-order 9 bits of the filemode: Owner, Group, World, e.g. 660 =
+ read/write access for owner and group, none for world, recorded as a
+ 3-digit octal string. High-order UNIX permission bits are not
+ transmitted.
+
+ For VMS (System ID = D7), it's a 4-digit hex string, representing the
+ 16-bit file protection WGOS fields (World,Group,Owner,System), in that
+ order (which is the reverse of how they're shown in a directory
+ listing); in each field, Bit 0 = Read, 1 = Write, 2 = Execute, 3 =
+ Delete. A bit value of 0 means permission is granted, 1 means
+ permission is denied. Sample:
+
+ r-01-00-^A/!FWERMIT.EXE'"
+ s-01-00-^AE!Y/amd/watsun/w/fdc/new/wermit.exe.DV
+ r-02-01-^A]"A."D7""B8#119980101 18:14:05!#8531&872960,$A20B-!7(#512@ #.Y
+ s-02-01-^A%"Y.5!
+
+ A VMS directory listing shows the file's protection as (E,RWED,RED,RE)
+ which really means (S=E,O=RWED,G=RED,W=RE), which is reverse order
+ from the internal storage, so (RE,RED,RWED,E). Now translate each
+ letter to its corresponding bit:
+
+ RE=0101, RED=1101, RWED=1111, E=0010
+
+ Now reverse the bits:
+
+ RE=1010, RED=0010, RWED=0000, E=1101
+
+ This gives the 16-bit quantity:
+
+ 1010001000001101
+
+ This is the internal representation of the VMS file permission; in
+ hex:
+
+ A20B
+
+ as shown in the sample packet above.
+
+ The VMS format probably would also apply to RSX or any other FILES-11
+ system.
+
+ I.2. Handling of Generic Protection
+
+ To be used when the two systems are different (and/or do not recognize
+ or understand each other's local protection codes).
+
+ First of all, the book is wrong. This should not be the World
+ protection, but the Owner protection. The other fields should be set
+ according to system defaults (e.g. UNIX umask, VMS default protection,
+ etc), except that no non-Owner field should give more permissions than
+ the Owner field.
+
+ [ [139]Top ] [ [140]Contents ] [ [141]C-Kermit Home ] [ [142]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+
+ C-Kermit Program Logic Manual / [143]The Kermit Project /
+ [144]Columbia University / [145]kermit@columbia.edu / 10 April 2004
+
+References
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+ 111. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html
+ 112. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcnet.h
+ 113. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 114. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html#contents
+ 115. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 116. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 117. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 118. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcnet.h
+ 119. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcnet.c
+ 120. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/cklnet.c
+ 121. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html#contents
+ 122. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 123. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 124. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckctel.h
+ 125. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckctel.c
+ 126. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html#contents
+ 127. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 128. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 129. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html#contents
+ 130. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 131. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 132. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckuusx.c
+ 133. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html#contents
+ 134. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 135. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 136. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html#contents
+ 137. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 138. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 139. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html#top
+ 140. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html#contents
+ 141. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 142. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 143. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 144. http://www.columbia.edu/
+ 145. mailto:kermit@columbia.edu
--- /dev/null
+COMMENT - Standard C-Kermit initialization file
+;
+; For C-Kermit Version: 8.0
+;
+; Filename:
+; .kermrc (UNIX, OS-9, Aegis)
+; CKERMIT.INI (OS/2, VMS, OpenVMS, AOS/VS, Atari ST, Commodore Amiga)
+; ckermit.ini (Stratus VOS)
+; K95.INI (Kermit 95 -- but this big version is not used there)
+; K2.INI (Kermit/2 -- but ditto)
+;
+; Authors:
+; Frank da Cruz, Christine M. Gianone, Jeffrey Altman
+; Columbia University, New York, NY 10025-7799, USA
+;
+; This is the standard and recommended C-Kermit 8.0 initialization file. To
+; override settings or definitions made in this file, to add new settings or
+; definitions, or to make any other desired customizations, create a separate,
+; personal customization file called:
+;
+; .mykermrc (UNIX, OS-9, Aegis, BeBox, Plan 9)
+; CKERMOD.INI (OS/2, VMS, OpenVMS, AOS/VS, Atari ST, Commodore Amiga)
+; ckermod.ini (VOS)
+;
+; You can also define the customization filename in an environment
+; variable (logical name in VMS), CKERMOD, which takes precedence over
+; the names shown above.
+;
+; WHAT THIS FILE DOES:
+;
+; . Defines your default dialing directory name:
+; .kdd for UNIX, OS-9 and Aegis; CKERMIT.KDD for other operating systems.
+; You can override this with the environment variable K_DIAL_DIRECTORY
+; . Defines your default network directory name:
+; .knd for UNIX, OS-9 and Aegis; CKERMIT.KND for other operating systems.
+; You can override this with the environment variable K_NET_DIRECTORY
+; . Defines your default services directory name:
+; .ksd for UNIX, OS-9 and Aegis; CKERMIT.KSD for other operating systems.
+; You can override this with environment variable K_SERVICE_DIRECTORY.
+; . Defines your customization file name (name given above)
+; . Performs system-dependent setups for UNIX, VMS, OS/2, etc.
+; . Defines VTPRINT macros for use with K95, MS-DOS Kermit, etc.
+; . If you have a services directory, all the macros needed to use it are
+; defined. If you don't have a services directory, the macros are not
+; defined and Kermit starts faster.
+; . Executes your personal customization file, if you have one.
+; NOTE: Your customization file is NOT executed by Kermit itself; it is
+; executed by this file.
+;
+; In UNIX, with C-Kermit 7.0 and later, you can store this file with a name
+; other than .kermrc, and it will not be executed automatically, but, if you
+; give this file execute permission, you can execute directly because of the
+; "kerbang line" at the top, whenever you want all of the above actions to
+; occur. The kerbang line must reflect the actual full path of the Kermit
+; 7.0-or-later executable.
+;
+; C-Kermit 6.0 is documented in the book "Using C-Kermit", 2nd Edition,
+; by Frank da Cruz and Christine M. Gianone, 1997, Digital Press /
+; Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 1-55558-164-1. New features of subsequent
+; versions are documented at the Kermit website:
+; http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+;
+; Everything after this point depends on the script programming language.
+; The CHECK command terminates this command file immediately if the script
+; programming language (IF command) is not configured.
+;
+set take error on ; This makes CHECK quit if no script language.
+check if ; Do we have an IF command? If not, quit now.
+set take error off ; Back to normal.
+
+local _sd _servicedir _xp ; Declare local variables.
+
+COMMENT - C-Kermit version 6.0 or later required.
+;
+
+asg _xp \v(xprogram)
+if not def _xp asg _xp \v(program)
+if not equal "\m(_xp)" "C-Kermit" -
+ stop 1 \v(cmdfile): This initialization file is only for C-Kermit.
+echo Executing \v(cmdfile) for \v(system)...
+if < \v(version) 60000 -
+ stop 1 \v(cmdfile): C-Kermit 6.0 or later required.
+
+forward \v(system) ; First do system-dependent items...
+
+:unknown ; Should not happen
+Stop 1 Error: System type unknown!
+
+:Aegis ; Apollo Aegis and
+:UNIX ; UNIX, all versions
+asg _myinit -
+ \v(home).mykermrc ; Customization filename
+if remote forward COMMON ; Skip local-mode items if "-R"
+asg _dialdir -
+ \v(home).kdd ; C-Kermit dialing directory
+asg _netdir -
+ \v(home).knd ; C-Kermit network directory
+asg _servicedir -
+ \v(home).ksd ; C-Kermit services directory
+forward COMMON ; End of UNIX section
+
+:OS9/68K ; OS-9
+asg _myinit -
+ \v(home).mykermrc ; Customization filename
+if remote forward COMMON
+asg _dialdir -
+ \v(home).kdd ; C-Kermit dialing directory
+asg _netdir -
+ \v(home).knd ; C-Kermit network directory
+asg _servicedir -
+ \v(home).ksd ; C-Kermit services directory
+else set file display crt
+forward COMMON ; End of OS-9 section
+
+:VMS ; VMS and OpenVMS
+forward COMMON
+
+:OS/2 ; Kermit 95
+:WIN32
+echo This initialization file is not for use with K95.
+forward COMMON ; End of OS/2 section
+
+:AOS/VS ; Data General AOS/VS
+set window 1 ; Sliding windows don't work
+set file char dg-international ; File character-set
+set xfer char latin1 ; Transfer character-set
+set file display crt ; File transfer fisplay
+def cli push ; Escape to CLI
+def reset - ; Macro to reset DG DASHER terminal
+ run write [!ascii 236 306 301]
+forward COMMON ; End of AOS/VS section
+
+:Amiga ; Commodore Amiga
+def cls echo \27[H\27[2J ; CLS command to clear the screen
+set file char latin1 ; Use Latin Alphabet 1 for file transfer
+set xfer char latin1 ; ...
+forward COMMON ; End of Amiga section
+
+:Atari_ST ; Atari ST
+def cls echo \27H\27J ; Clear screen a`la VT52
+set server display on ; Show file xfer display in server mode too
+set server timeout 15 ; Nonzero required for ^C interruption!
+forward COMMON ; End of Atari ST section
+
+:Macintosh ; Apple Macintosh
+set server display on ; Show file xfer display in server mode too.
+forward COMMON
+
+:Stratus_VOS ; Stratus VOS
+asg _myinit \v(home)ckermod.ini
+if remote forward COMMON
+asg _dialdir \v(home)ckermit.kdd
+asg _netdir \v(home)ckermit.knd
+asg _servicedir \v(home)ckermit.ksd
+forward COMMON ; End of Stratus VOS section
+
+:COMMON ; For all systems
+
+; Define macros that are useful when running C-Kermit in remote mode.
+; These macros serve no purpose on local-mode-only versions such as
+; OS/2, Macintosh, Amiga, and Atari ST Kermit, so we skip defining them
+; for those systems.
+;
+if not = 0 \findex(\v(system),WIN32:OS/2:Macintosh:Amiga:Atari_ST) -
+ forward files
+
+; VTPRINT macro. Print a file on your PC's local printer.
+
+def VTPRINT echo \27[5i, type \%1, echo \27[4i
+; or if your printer needs a formfeed to force the page out:
+; def VTPRINT def echo \27[5i, type \%1, echo \12\27[4i
+
+; Macros for host-initiated file transfer using APC:
+; NOT NEEDED ANY MORE because of autodownload/autoupload.
+; Remove the following FORWARD command to reinstate these definitions:
+
+:FILES
+
+; Get customization and directory file names. Environment variables take
+; precedence, so you do not have to edit this file to change these filenames.
+;
+if def \$(CKERMOD) assign _myinit \$(CKERMOD)
+if not def _myinit assign _myinit \v(home)CKERMOD.INI
+
+if remote forward CUSTOM ; Skip all this if -R given on command line
+
+if def \$(K_NET_DIRECTORY) assign _netdir \$(K_NET_DIRECTORY)
+if not def _netdir assign _netdir \v(home)CKERMIT.KND
+
+if def \$(K_DIAL_DIRECTORY) assign _dialdir \$(K_DIAL_DIRECTORY)
+if not def _dialdir assign _dialdir \v(home)CKERMIT.KDD
+
+CHECK DIAL ; Is there a DIAL command?
+xif fail { ; No.
+ echo DIAL disabled
+ forward CUSTOM
+}
+
+CHECK NETWORK
+xif success {
+ xif exist \m(_netdir) {
+ set net directory \m(_netdir)
+ echo { Network directory is \m(_netdir) }
+ }
+}
+
+if eq "\v(name)" "telnet" forward CUSTOM
+
+xif exist \m(_dialdir) {
+ set dial directory \m(_dialdir)
+ echo { Dial directory is \m(_dialdir) }
+}
+
+COMMENT - Services directory
+
+if def \$(K_SERVICE_DIRECTORY) assign _servicedir \$(K_SERVICE_DIRECTORY)
+if not def _servicedir assign _servicedir \v(home)CKERMIT.KSD
+
+; If no services directory is found skip all the big macro definitions and
+; go straight to the bottom, where we execute the customization file.
+
+if not exist \m(_servicedir) forward custom
+
+echo { Services directory is \m(_servicedir)}
+
+def MAX_SVCS 200 ; Adjust this if you have more entries
+define _sd 0 ; Assume no services directory
+open read \m(_servicedir) ; Try to open services directory file
+xif success {
+ declare \&d[\m(MAX_SVCS)] ; It's open, declare directory array
+ for \%i 1 \m(MAX_SVCS) 1 { ; Read the lines into the array
+ read \&d[\%i]
+ if fail break
+ }
+ close read
+ xif > \%i \m(MAX_SVCS) {
+ echo Too many entries in services directory
+ echo { Maximum is \m(MAX_SVCS).}
+ echo { Change definition of MAX_SVCS in \v(cmdfile) to allow more. }
+ echo { Services directory disabled.}
+ } else {
+ asg \&d[0] \feval(\%i - 1)
+ define _sd 1
+ }
+}
+
+xif not \m(_sd) {
+ def access echo { Services directory not available.}
+ asg list \m(access)
+} else {
+ def FIND {
+ set case off
+ for \%i 1 \&d[0] 1 {
+ if eq {\%1} {\fsubstr(\&d[\%i],1,\flen(\%1))} break
+ }
+ if not > \%i \&d[0] return \&d[\%i]
+ }
+ def LIST {
+ xif > \v(argc) 1 {
+ do find \%1
+ if def \v(return) echo \v(return)
+ else echo \%1: Not found
+ } else {
+ echo \&d[0] items in services directory:
+ for \%i 1 \&d[0] 1 { echo \fcont(\&d[\%i]) }
+ }
+ }
+ def SPLIT { asg _word1 \%1, asg _word2 \%2 }
+ def DOACCESS { ; (Used internally by ACCESS macro)
+ do \%5 \%6 \%7 \%8 \%9 ; Do the connection macro
+ if fail end 1
+ split \%3 ; Get words from \%3
+ asg \%3 \m(_word1)
+ asg \%2 \m(_word2)
+ do \%3 \%4 {\%1} \%2 ; Login macro, userid, password, prompt
+ }
+ def ACCESS {
+ if not defined \%1 end 1 access what? ; Check service
+ do find \%1 ; Look it up
+ if success doaccess {\%2} \v(return) ; OK, try it
+ else end 1 "\%1" not in services directory ; Not found
+ if fail end 1 ; DOACCESS failed?
+ xif eq \v(cmdlevel) 1 {
+ echo
+ echo ACCESS: Login succeeded - CONNECTing...
+ show escape
+ output \13
+ connect /quietly
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+:CONNECTION ; Macros for making connections
+
+COMMENT - SERIAL macro. Arguments:
+; \%1 = device name
+; \%2 = speed
+;
+def SERIAL {
+ if < \v(argc) 3 ; All arguments given?
+ end 1 Usage: SERIAL device speed ; No.
+ set line \%1 ; OK, try to SET LINE.
+ if failure - ; If this failed,
+ end 1 Can't open device: \%1 ; print message and quit.
+ set speed \%2 ; Try to set the speed.
+ if fail end 1 Unsupported speed: \%2 ; Failed.
+ echo Connection successful. ; Succeeded.
+}
+
+COMMENT - NET macro. Arguments:
+; \%1 = network type
+; \%2 = host name or address
+;
+def NET {
+ if < \v(argc) 3 end 1 Usage: NET network host
+ set network type \%1
+ if fail end 1 unsupported network: \%1
+ set login user ; Don't send user ID.
+ set host \%2
+ if fail end 1 Can't reach host: \%2
+ echo Connection successful.
+}
+
+COMMENT - CALL macro. Arguments:
+;
+; \%1 = modem type
+; \%2 = device name
+; \%3 = speed
+; \%4 = phone number
+;
+def CALL {
+ if < \v(argc) 5 - ; All arguments present?
+ end 1 Usage: CALL modem device speed number
+ xif not equal {\v(modem)} {\%1} { ; Set modem type
+ set modem \%1
+ if fail end 1 unknown modem type: \%1
+ }
+ xif not equal {\v(line)} {\%2} { ; Communication device
+ set line \%2
+ if fail end 1 can't open device: \%2
+ }
+ xif not equal {\v(speed)} {\%3} { ; Communication speed
+ set speed \%3
+ if fail end 1 unsupported speed: \%3
+ }
+ dial \%4 ; Dial the number
+ if fail end 1 Can't place call: \%4
+ end 0 Connection successful.
+}
+
+COMMENT - TCPCALL macro. Arguments:
+;
+; \%1 = server name:port
+; \%2 = modem type
+; \%3 = phone number
+;
+def TCPCALL {
+ if < \v(argc) 4 - ; All arguments present?
+ end 1 Usage: TCPCALL server[:port] modem number
+ set net type tcp/ip ; Which network to use
+ if fail end 1 unsupported network: tcp/ip
+ set host \%1 ; Access server and port
+ if fail end 1 can't access server \%1
+ set modem \%2 ; Set modem type
+ if fail end 1 unknown modem type: \%2
+ dial \%3 ; Dial the number
+ if fail end 1 Can't place call: \%3
+ end 0 Connection successful.
+}
+
+COMMENT - SPRINT macro. Arguments:
+; \%1 = Service name or address
+;
+def SPRINT {
+ if < \v(argc) 2 end 1 Usage: \%0 service
+ set input timeout proceed
+ output @D\13
+ input 10 TERMINAL=
+ if fail end 1 No terminal prompt
+ out D1\13
+ inp 10 @
+ if fail end 1 No atsign prompt
+ output c \%1\13
+ input 10 CONNECTED
+ if fail end 1 Can't access \%1 from SprintNet
+}
+
+COMMENT - ULOGIN macro. For logging into systems where user ID is required
+; but there is no password. Arguments:
+; \%1 = UNIX user ID
+;
+define ULOGIN {
+ if < \v(argc) 2 end 1 Usage: \%0 userid
+ set input timeout proceed ; Handle timeouts ourselves
+ set case on ; Case is important in UNIX
+ minput 5 login: Username: {User ID:} {User Name:}
+ out \%1\13 ; Send username, carriage return
+ end 0
+}
+
+COMMENT - VMSLOGIN macro. Arguments:
+; \%1 = VMS user ID
+; \%2 = Password. If password not supplied, it is prompted for.
+; \%3 = System prompt. If omitted a default is supplied.
+;
+define VMSLOGIN {
+ if < \v(argc) 2 end 1 Usage: \%0 userid [ password [ prompt ] ]
+ while not defined \%2 {
+ askq \%2 { \%1's password: }
+ }
+ set parity none ; Set communication parameters
+ set duplex full
+ set handshake none
+ set input timeout proceed ; Handle timeouts ourselves
+ in 5 Username: ; Is prompt already there?
+ xif fail { ; No.
+ for \%i 1 3 1 { ; Try 3 times to get it.
+ out \13 ; Send carriage return
+ in 5 Username: ; Look for prompt
+ if success break ; Success, go log in
+ }
+ if > \%i 3 end 1 No Username prompt
+ }
+ out \%1\13 ; Send username, carriage return
+ inp 5 Password: ; Wait 5 sec for this prompt
+ if fail end 1 No password prompt
+ pause ; Wait a sec
+ out \%2\13 ; Send password
+ xif not emulation { ; No emulator built in?
+ set input echo off ; Protect terminal from this
+ minput 10 {\27Z} {\27[c} {\27[0c} ; Get terminal ID query
+ xif success { ; Got one
+ output \27[\?1c ; Send VT100 terminal ID
+ in 2 \27[6n ; Screen dimension query?
+ if succ out \27[\v(rows);\v(cols)R ; Send dimensions
+ }
+ set input echo on ; Echo input again
+ }
+ if not def \%3 - ; If we were not given a prompt
+ asg \%3 {\v(prompt)} ; use the SET LOGIN PROMPT value
+ if not def \%3 - ; If we still don't have a prompt
+ asg \%3 {\13$\32} ; use this one as the default
+ reinp 0 \%3 ; Did we INPUT the prompt already?
+ if fail inp 60 \%3 ; No, look now.
+ if fail end 1
+}
+
+COMMENT - UNIXLOGIN macro. Arguments:
+; \%1 = UNIX user ID
+; \%2 = Password. If password not supplied, it is prompted for.
+; \%3 = System prompt. If omitted a default is supplied.
+;
+define UNIXLOGIN {
+ local \%m \%i
+ if < \v(argc) 2 -
+ end 1 Usage: \%0 userid [ password [ prompt ] ]
+ while not defined \%2 {
+ askq \%2 { \%1's password: }
+ }
+ set input echo on
+ set parity none ; Set communication parameters.
+ set duplex full
+ set handshake none
+ set input timeout proceed ; Handle timeouts ourselves
+ set case on ; Case is important in UNIX
+ def \%m 10 ; Waiting time for INPUT
+ for \%i 1 5 1 {
+ minput \%m login: {ssword:} {Password for \%1:}
+ if success break
+ output \B\13
+ \%m ::= 6-\%1
+ }
+ if > \%i 5 end 1 {No response from host}
+ xif = \v(minput) 1 { ; Have username prompt
+ output \%1\13 ; Send username
+ minput 5 {ssword:} {ssword for \%1:} ; Wait for password prompt
+ if fail end 1 {No password prompt}
+ }
+ pause ; Wait a sec
+ out \%2\13 ; Send password
+ if not def \%3 - ; If we were not given a prompt
+ asg \%3 {\v(prompt)} ; use the SET LOGIN PROMPT value
+ if not def \%3 - ; If we still don't have a prompt
+ asg \%3 {\10$ } ; use this one as the default
+ reinp 0 \%3 ; Did we INPUT the prompt already?
+ if fail inp 60 \%3 ; No, look now.
+ if fail end 1
+}
+
+COMMENT - VMLINELOGIN macro. Arguments:
+; \%1 = User ID
+; \%2 = Password
+;
+define VMLINELOGIN {
+ if < \v(argc) 2 -
+ end 1 Usage: \%0 userid [ password ]
+ while not defined \%2 {
+ askq \%2 { \%1's password: }
+ }
+ set parity mark ; Set communication parameters
+ set flow none
+ set handshake xon
+ set duplex half
+ set input timeout quit ; Don't bother with IF FAILURE
+ input 10 BREAK KEY ; Look for BREAK KEY prompt
+ pause 1 ; Wait a second
+ output \B ; Send BREAK
+ input 10 .\17, output logon \%1\13 ; Now log in
+ input 10 .\17, output \%2\13 ; Send password
+ input 10 .\17, output \13 ; Send carriage return
+ input 10 .\17, output \13 ; Send another one
+ end 0
+}
+
+COMMENT - VMFULLOGIN macro. Arguments:
+; \%1 = User ID
+; \%2 = Password
+;
+define VMFULLOGIN {
+ if < \v(argc) 2 -
+ end 1 Usage: \%0 userid [ password ]
+ while not defined \%2 {
+ askq \%2 { \%1's password: }
+ }
+ set input timeout quit ; Quit if INPUT fails
+ set parity even ; Set communication parameters
+ set duplex full
+ set handshake none
+ set flow xon/xoff
+ out \13 ; Send carriage return
+ inp 5 TERMINAL TYPE: ; Get terminal-type prompt
+ out vt-100\13 ; Just send "vt-100"
+ inp 20 RUNNING ; Get RUNNING message
+ pau 1 ; Wait one second
+ out \%1\9\%2\13 ; Send user ID, tab, password
+ out \13\13 ; Two more carriage returns
+ end 0
+}
+
+COMMENT - CISLOGIN macro. Arguments:
+; \%1 = CompuServe User ID
+; \%2 = Password
+; \%3 = Prompt
+;
+define CISLOGIN {
+ if < \v(argc) 2 -
+ end 1 Usage: \%0 userid [ password [ prompt ] ]
+ while not defined \%2 {
+ askq \%2 { \%1's password: }
+ }
+ set terminal bytesize 7 ; No 8-bit characters
+ set input timeout quit ; Skip the IF FAILURE's
+ output \13 ; Send initial carriage return
+ input 5 Host Name: ; Look for Host Name prompt
+ output cis\13 ; Send "cis" and carriage return
+ input 5 User ID: ; Look for User ID prompt
+ output \%1\13 ; Send ID and carriage return
+ input Password: ; Look for Password prompt
+ output \%2\13 ; Send password and CR
+ if not def \%3 asg \%3 \v(prompt)
+ if not def \%3 asg \%3 {CompuServe Information Service}
+ input 30 \%3
+ end 0
+}
+
+COMMENT - DOWLOGIN macro. Arguments:
+; \%1 = Dow Jones Password
+;
+define DOWLOGIN {
+ while not defined \%1 { ; Get password
+ askq \%1 { Dow Jones password: }
+ }
+ set input timeout proceed
+ input 20 SERVICE PLEASE\?\?\?\? ; Look for Dow prompt
+ if fail end 1 No service prompt
+ out djnr\13 ; Select DJNR
+ input 10 @@@@@@@@ ; Get password prompt
+ if fail end 1 No password prompt
+ pause 1 ; Wait a second, then...
+ output \%1\13 ; send password and CR
+ input 30 ENTER QUERY ; Get DJNR query prompt
+ if fail end 1 No main query prompt
+ pause 1
+}
+
+COMMENT - DJNRSPRINT macro: Log in to Dow Jones via SprintNet.
+;
+def djnrsprint sprint dow, if success dowlogin
+
+COMMENT - NOLOGIN macro. Does nothing. Use when login not required.
+;
+def nologin comment
+
+:CUSTOM ; Customization file
+
+; In VMS and OpenVMS, allow for system-wide site customizations
+
+xif equal "\v(system)" "VMS" {
+ xif exist CKERMIT_INI:CKERMIT.SYS {
+ echo Executing CKERMIT_INI:CKERMIT.SYS
+ take CKERMIT_INI:CKERMIT.SYS
+ }
+}
+
+; Execute user's personal customization file
+
+xif exist \m(_myinit) { ; If it exists,
+ echo Executing \m(_myinit)... ; print message,
+ take \m(_myinit) ; and TAKE the file.
+}
+
+; Finish up with traditional greeting.
+
+if < \v(ntime) 43200 echo Good Morning!
+ else if < \v(ntime) 61200 echo Good Afternoon!
+ else echo Good Evening.
+
+End ; of C-Kermit 8.0 initialization file.
--- /dev/null
+
+ [ [1]Contents ] [ [2]C-Kermit ] [ [3]Kermit Home ]
+
+ Supplement to Using C-Kermit, Second Edition
+
+For C-Kermit 7.0
+
+As of C-Kermit version: 7.0.196
+This file last updated: 8 February 2000
+
+Authors: Frank da Cruz and Christine M. Gianone
+Address: The Kermit Project
+ Columbia University
+ 612 West 115th Street
+ New York NY 10025-7799
+ USA
+Fax: +1 (212) 662-6442
+E-Mail: [4]kermit-support@columbia.edu
+Web: [5]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+Or: [6]http://www.kermit-project.org/
+Or: [7]http://www.columbia.nyc.ny.us/kermit/
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ NOTICES
+
+ This document:
+ Copyright © 1997, 2000, Frank da Cruz and Christine M. Gianone.
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Kermit 95:
+ Copyright © 1995, 2000, Trustees of Columbia University in the
+ City of New York. All rights reserved.
+
+ C-Kermit:
+ Copyright © 1985, 2000,
+ Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York. All
+ rights reserved. See the C-Kermit [8]COPYING.TXT file or the
+ copyright text in the [9]ckcmai.c module for disclaimer and
+ permissions.
+
+ When Kerberos(TM) and/or SRP(TM) (Secure Remote Password) and/or SSL
+ protocol are included:
+ Portions Copyright © 1990, Massachusetts Institute of
+ Technology.
+ Portions Copyright © 1991, 1993 Regents of the University of
+ California.
+ Portions Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 by AT&T.
+ Portions Copyright © 1997, Stanford University.
+ Portions Copyright © 1995-1997, Eric Young
+ <eay@cryptosoft.com>.
+
+ For the full text of the third-party copyright notices, see
+ [10]Appendix V.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ WHAT IS IN THIS FILE
+
+ This file lists changes made to C-Kermit since the second edition of
+ the book [11]Using C-Kermit was published and C-Kermit 6.0 was
+ released in November 1996. Use this file as a supplement to the second
+ edition of Using C-Kermit until the third edition is published some
+ time in 2000. If the "most recent update" shown above is long ago,
+ contact Columbia University to see if there is a newer release.
+
+ For further information, also see the [12]CKCBWR.TXT ("C-Kermit
+ beware") file for hints, tips, tricks, restrictions, frequently asked
+ questions, etc, plus the system-specific "beware file", e.g.
+ [13]CKUBWR.TXT for UNIX, [14]CKVBWR.TXT for VMS, etc, and also any
+ system-specific update files such as KERMIT95.HTM for Kermit 95 (in
+ the DOCS\MANUAL\ subdirectory of your K95 directory).
+
+ This Web-based copy of the C-Kermit 7.0 update notes supersedes the
+ plain-text CKERMIT2.TXT file. All changes after 19 January 2000
+ appear only here in the Web version. If you need an up-to-date
+ plain-text copy, use your Web browser to save this page as plain
+ text.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ ABOUT FILENAMES
+
+ In this document, filenames are generally shown in uppercase, but on
+ file systems with case-sensitive names such as UNIX, OS-9, and AOS/VS,
+ lowercase names are used: [15]ckubwr.txt, [16]ckermit70.txt, etc.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ ADDITIONAL FILES
+
+ Several other files accompany this new Kermit release:
+
+ SECURITY.TXT
+ Discussion of Kermit's new authentication and encryption
+ features:
+
+ + [17]Plain-text version
+ + [18]HTML (hypertext) version
+
+ IKSD.TXT
+ How to install and manage an Internet Kermit Service Daemon.
+
+ + [19]Plain-text version
+ + [20]HTML (hypertext) version
+
+ Also see [21]cuiksd.htm for instructions for use.
+
+ TELNET.TXT
+ A thorough presentation of Kermit's new advanced Telnet
+ features and controls.
+
+ + [22]Plain-text version
+ + [23]HTML (hypertext) version
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ THE NEW C-KERMIT LICENSE
+
+ The C-Kermit license was rewritten for version 7.0 to grant automatic
+ permission to packagers of free operating-system distributions to
+ include C-Kermit 7.0. Examples include Linux (GNU/Linux), FreeBSD,
+ NetBSD, etc. The new license is in the [24]COPYING.TXT file, and is
+ also displayed by C-Kermit itself when you give the VERSION or
+ COPYRIGHT command. The new C-Kermit license does not apply to
+ [25]Kermit 95.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+ Thanks to Jeff Altman, who joined the Kermit Project in 1995, for much
+ of what you see in C-Kermit 7.0, especially in the networking and
+ security areas, and his key role in designing and implementing the
+ Internet Kermit Service Daemon. And special thanks to Lucas Hart for
+ lots of help with the VMS version; to Peter Eichhorn for continuous
+ testing on the full range of HP-UX versions and for a consolidated set
+ of HP-UX makefile targets; and to Colin Allen, Mark Allen, Roger
+ Allen, Ric Anderson, William Bader, Mitch Baker, Mitchell Bass, Nelson
+ Beebe, Gerry Belanger, Jeff Bernsten, Mark Berryman, John Bigg, Volker
+ Borchert, Jonathan Boswell, Tim Boyer, Frederick Bruckman, Kenneth
+ Cochran, Jared Crapo, Bill Delaney, Igor Sobrado Delgado, Clarence
+ Dold, Joe Doupnik, John Dunlap, Max Evarts, Patrick French, Carl
+ Friedberg, Carl Friend, Hirofumi Fujii, Andrew Gabriel, Gabe Garza,
+ Boyd Gerber, David Gerber, George Gilmer, Hunter Goatley, DJ Hagberg,
+ Kevin Handy, Andy Harper, Randolph Herber, Sven Holström, Michal
+ Jaegermann, Graham Jenkins, Dick Jones, Terry Kennedy, Robert D Keys,
+ Nick Kisseberth, Igor Kovalenko, David Lane, Adam Laurie, Jeff
+ Liebermann, Eric Lonvick, Hoi Wan Louis, Arthur Marsh, Gregorie
+ Martin, Peter Mauzey, Dragan Milicic, Todd Miller, Christian Mondrup,
+ Daniel Morato, Dat Nguyen, Herb Peyerl, Jean-Pierre Radley, Steve
+ Rance, Stephen Riehm, Nigel Roles, Larry Rosenman, Jay S Rouman, David
+ Sanderson, John Santos, Michael Schmitz, Steven Schultz, Bob Shair,
+ Richard Shuford, Fred Smith, Michael Sokolov, Jim Spath, Peter Szell,
+ Ted T'so, Brian Tillman, Linus Torvalds, Patrick Volkerding, Martin
+ Vorländer, Steve Walton, Ken Weaverling, John Weekley, Martin
+ Whitaker, Jim Whitby, Matt Willman, Joellen Windsor, Farrell Woods,
+ and many others for binaries, hosting, reviews, suggestions, advice,
+ bug reports, and all the rest over the 3+ year C-Kermit 7.0
+ development cycle. Thanks to Russ Nelson and the board of the Open
+ Software Initiative ([26]http://www.opensource.org) for their
+ cooperation in developing the new C-Kermit license and to the
+ proprietors of those free UNIX distributions that have incorporated
+ C-Kermit 7.0 for their cooperation and support, especially FreeBSD's
+ Jörg Wunsch.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ NOTE TO KERMIT 95 USERS
+
+ Kermit 95 and C-Kermit share the same command and scripting language,
+ the same Kermit file-transfer protocol implementation, and much else
+ besides.
+
+ Like the book [27]Using C-Kermit, this file concentrates on the
+ aspects of C-Kermit that are common to all versions: UNIX, VMS,
+ Windows, OS/2, VOS, AOS/VS, etc. Please refer to your Kermit 95
+ documentation for information that is specific to Kermit 95.
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 corresponds to Kermit 95 1.1.19.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ C-KERMIT VERSIONS AND VERSION NUMBERS
+
+ "C-Kermit" refers to all the many programs that are compiled in whole
+ or in part from common C-language source code, comprising:
+
+ * A Kermit file transfer protocol module
+ * A command parser and script execution module
+ * A modem-dialing module
+ * A network support module
+ * A character-set translation module.
+
+ and several others. These "system-independent" modules are combined
+ with system-dependent modules for each platform to provide the
+ required input/output functions, and also in some cases overlaid with
+ an alternative user interface, such as Macintosh Kermit's
+ point-and-click interface, and in some cases also a terminal emulator,
+ as Kermit 95.
+
+ The C-Kermit version number started as 1.0, ... 3.0, 4.0, 4.1 and then
+ (because of confusion at the time with Berkeley UNIX 4.2), 4B, 4C, and
+ so on, with the specific edit number in parentheses, for example
+ 4E(072) or 5A(188). This scheme was used through 5A(191), but now we
+ have gone back to the traditional numbering scheme with decimal
+ points: major.minor.edit; for example 7.0.196. Internal version
+ numbers (the \v(version) variable), however, are compatible in
+ C-Kermit 5A upwards.
+
+ Meanwhile, C-Kermit derivatives for some platforms (Windows,
+ Macintosh) might go through several releases while C-Kermit itself
+ remains the same. These versions have their own platform-specific
+ version numbers, such as Kermit 95 1.1.1, 1.1.2, and so on.
+
+ C-Kermit Version History:
+
+ 1.0 1981-1982 Command-line only, 4.2 BSD UNIX only
+ 2.0 (*) (who remembers...)
+ 3.0 May 1984 Command-line only, supports several platforms
+ 4.0-4.1 Feb-Apr 1985 (*) First interactive and modular version
+ 4C(050) May 1985
+ 4D(060) April 1986
+ 4E(066) August 1987 Long packets
+ 4E(068) January 1988
+ 4E(072) January 1989
+ 4F(095) August 1989 (*) Attribute packets
+ 5A(188) November 1992 Scripting, TCP/IP, sliding windows (1)
+ 5A(189) September 1993 Control-char unprefixing
+ 5A(190) October 1994 Recovery
+ 5A(191) April 1995 OS/2 only
+ 6.0.192 September 1996 Intelligent dialing, autodownload, lots more (2)
+ 6.1.193 1997-98 (*) Development only
+ 6.1.194 June 1998 K95 only - switches, directory recursion, more
+ 7.0.195 August 1999 IKSD + more (CU only as K95 1.1.18-CU)
+ 7.0.196 1 January 2000 Unicode, lots more
+
+ (*) Never formally released (4.0 was a total rewrite)
+ (1) Using C-Kermit, 1st Edition
+ (2) Using C-Kermit, 2nd Edition
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+CONTENTS
+
+ I. [28]C-KERMIT DOCUMENTATION
+
+ II. [29]NEW FEATURES
+
+ (0) [30]INCOMPATIBILITIES WITH PREVIOUS RELEASES
+ (1) [31]PROGRAM AND FILE MANAGEMENT AND COMMANDS
+ 1.0. [32]Bug fixes
+ 1.1. [33]Command Continuation
+ 1.2. [34]Editor Interface
+ 1.3. [35]Web Browser and FTP Interface
+ 1.4. [36]Command Editing
+ 1.5. [37]Command Switches
+ 1.5.1. [38]General Switch Syntax
+ 1.5.2. [39]Order and Effect of Switches
+ 1.5.3. [40]Distinguishing Switches from Other Fields
+ 1.5.4. [41]Standard File Selection Switches
+ 1.5.5. [42]Setting Preferences for Different Commands
+ 1.6. [43]Dates and Times
+ 1.7. [44]Partial Completion of Keywords
+ 1.8. [45]Command Recall
+ 1.9. [46]EXIT Messages
+ 1.10. [47]Managing Keyboard Interruptions
+ 1.11. [48]Taming the Wild Backslash -- Part Deux
+ 1.11.1. [49]Background
+ 1.11.2. [50]Kermit's Quoting Rules
+ 1.11.3. [51]Passing DOS Filenames from Kermit to Shell Commands
+ 1.11.4. [52]Using Variables to Hold DOS Filenames
+ 1.11.5. [53]Passing DOS Filenames as Parameters to Macros
+ 1.11.6. [54]Passing DOS File Names from Macro Parameters to the
+DOS Shell
+ 1.11.7. [55]Passing DOS Filenames to Kermit from the Shell
+ 1.12. [56]Debugging
+ 1.13. [57]Logs
+ 1.14. [58]Automatic File-Transfer Packet Recognition at the Command Pr
+ompt
+ 1.15. [59]The TYPE Command
+ 1.16. [60]The RESET Command
+ 1.17. [61]The COPY and RENAME Commands
+ 1.18. [62]The MANUAL Command
+ 1.19. [63]String and Filename Matching Patterns
+ 1.20. [64]Multiple Commands on One Line
+ 1.21. [65]What Do I Have?
+ 1.22. [66]Generalized File Input and Output
+ 1.22.1. [67]Why Another I/O System?
+ 1.22.2. [68]The FILE Command
+ 1.22.3. [69]FILE Command Examples
+ 1.22.4. [70]Channel Numbers
+ 1.22.5. [71]FILE Command Error Codes
+ 1.22.6. [72]File I/O Variables
+ 1.22.7. [73]File I/O Functions
+ 1.22.8. [74]File I/O Function Examples
+ 1.23. [75]The EXEC Command
+ 1.24. [76]Getting Keyword Lists with '?'
+ (2) [77]MAKING AND USING CONNECTIONS
+ 2.0. [78]SET LINE and SET HOST Command Switches
+ 2.1. [79]Dialing
+ 2.1.1. [80]The Dial Result Message
+ 2.1.2. [81]Long-Distance Dialing Changes
+ 2.1.3. [82]Forcing Long-Distance Dialing
+ 2.1.4. [83]Exchange-Specific Dialing Decisions
+ 2.1.5. [84]Cautions about Cheapest-First Dialing
+ 2.1.6. [85]Blind Dialing (Dialing with No Dialtone)
+ 2.1.7. [86]Trimming the Dialing Dialog
+ 2.1.8. [87]Controlling the Dialing Speed
+ 2.1.9. [88]Pretesting Phone Number Conversions
+ 2.1.10. [89]Greater Control over Partial Dialing
+ 2.1.11. [90]New DIAL-related Variables and Functions
+ 2.1.12. [91]Increased Flexibility of PBX Dialing
+ 2.1.13. [92]The DIAL macro - Last-Minute Phone Number Conversions
+ 2.1.14. [93]Automatic Tone/Pulse Dialing Selection
+ 2.1.15. [94]Dial-Modifier Variables
+ 2.1.16. [95]Giving Multiple Numbers to the DIAL Command
+ 2.2. [96]Modems
+ 2.2.1. [97]New Modem Types
+ 2.2.2. [98]New Modem Controls
+ 2.3. [99]TELNET and RLOGIN
+ 2.3.0. [100]Bug Fixes
+ 2.3.1. [101]Telnet Binary Mode Bug Adjustments
+ 2.3.2. [102]VMS UCX Telnet Port Bug Adjustment
+ 2.3.3. [103]Telnet New Environment Option
+ 2.3.4. [104]Telnet Location Option
+ 2.3.5. [105]Connecting to Raw TCP Sockets
+ 2.3.6. [106]Incoming TCP Connections
+ 2.4. [107]The EIGHTBIT Command
+ 2.5. [108]The Services Directory
+ 2.6. [109]Closing Connections
+ 2.7. [110]Using C-Kermit with External Communication Programs
+ 2.7.0. [111]C-Kermit over tn3270 and tn5250
+ 2.7.1. [112]C-Kermit over Telnet
+ 2.7.2. [113]C-Kermit over Rlogin
+ 2.7.3. [114]C-Kermit over Serial Communication Programs
+ 2.7.4. [115]C-Kermit over Secure Network Clients
+ 2.7.4.1. [116]SSH
+ 2.7.4.2. [117]SSL
+ 2.7.4.3. [118]SRP
+ 2.7.4.4. [119]SOCKS
+ 2.7.4.5. [120]Kerberos and SRP
+ 2.8. [121]Scripting Local Programs
+ 2.9. [122]X.25 Networking
+ 2.9.1. [123]IBM AIXLink/X.25 Network Provider Interface for AIX
+ 2.9.2. [124]HP-UX X.25
+ 2.10. [125]Additional Serial Port Controls
+ 2.11. [126]Getting Access to the Dialout Device
+ 2.12. [127]The Connection Log
+ 2.13. [128]Automatic Connection-Specific Flow Control Selection
+ 2.14. [129]Trapping Connection Establishment and Loss
+ 2.15. [130]Contacting Web Servers with the HTTP Command
+ (3) [131]TERMINAL CONNECTION
+ 3.1. [132]CONNECT Command Switches
+ 3.2. [133]Triggers
+ 3.3. [134]Transparent Printing
+ 3.4. [135]Binary and Text Session Logs
+ (4) [136]FILE TRANSFER AND MANAGEMENT
+ 4.0. [137]Bug Fixes, Minor Changes, and Clarifications
+ 4.1. [138]File-Transfer Filename Templates
+ 4.1.1. [139]Templates in the As-Name
+ 4.1.2. [140]Templates on the Command Line
+ 4.1.3. [141]Post-Transfer Renaming
+ 4.2. [142]File-Transfer Pipes and Filters
+ 4.2.1. [143]Introduction
+ 4.2.1.1. [144]Terminology
+ 4.2.1.2. [145]Notation
+ 4.2.1.3. [146]Security
+ 4.2.2. [147]Commands for Transferring from and to Pipes
+ 4.2.2.1. [148]Sending from a Command
+ 4.2.2.2. [149]Receiving to a Command
+ 4.2.3. [150]Using File-Transfer Filters
+ 4.2.3.1. [151]The SEND Filter
+ 4.2.3.2. [152]The RECEIVE Filter
+ 4.2.4. [153]Implicit Use of Pipes
+ 4.2.5. [154]Success and Failure of Piped Commands
+ 4.2.6. [155]Cautions about Using Pipes to Transfer Directory Trees
+ 4.2.7. [156]Pipes and Encryption
+ 4.2.8. [157]Commands and Functions Related to Pipes
+ 4.2.8.1. [158]The OPEN !READ and OPEN !WRITE Commands
+ 4.2.8.2. [159]The REDIRECT Command
+ 4.2.8.3. [160]Receiving Mail and Print Jobs
+ 4.2.8.4. [161]Pipe-Related Functions
+ 4.3. [162]Automatic Per-File Text/Binary Mode Switching
+ 4.3.1. [163]Exceptions
+ 4.3.2. [164]Overview
+ 4.3.3. [165]Commands
+ 4.3.4. [166]Examples
+ 4.4. [167]File Permissions
+ 4.4.1. [168]When ATTRIBUTES PROTECTION is OFF
+ 4.4.1.1. [169]Unix
+ 4.4.1.2. [170]VMS
+ 4.4.2. [171]When ATTRIBUTES PROTECTION is ON
+ 4.4.2.1. [172]System-Specific Permissions
+ 4.4.2.1.1. [173]UNIX
+ 4.4.2.1.2. [174]VMS
+ 4.4.2.2. [175]System-Independent Permissions
+ 4.5. [176]File Management Commands
+ 4.5.1. [177]The DIRECTORY Command
+ 4.5.2. [178]The CD and BACK Commands
+ 4.5.2.1. [179]Parsing Improvements
+ 4.5.2.2. [180]The CDPATH
+ 4.5.3. [181]Creating and Removing Directories
+ 4.5.4. [182]The DELETE and PURGE Commands
+ 4.6. [183]Starting the Remote Kermit Server Automatically
+ 4.7. [184]File-Transfer Command Switches
+ 4.7.1. [185]SEND Command Switches
+ 4.7.2. [186]GET Command Switches
+ 4.7.3. [187]RECEIVE Command Switches
+ 4.8. [188]Minor Kermit Protocol Improvements
+ 4.8.1. [189]Multiple Attribute Packets
+ 4.8.2. [190]Very Short Packets
+ 4.9. [191]Wildcard / File Group Expansion
+ 4.9.1. [192]In UNIX C-Kermit
+ 4.9.2. [193]In Kermit 95
+ 4.9.3. [194]In VMS, AOS/VS, OS-9, VOS, etc.
+ 4.10. [195]Additional Pathname Controls
+ 4.11. [196]Recursive SEND and GET: Transferring Directory Trees
+ 4.11.1. [197]Command-Line Options
+ 4.11.2. [198]The SEND /RECURSIVE Command
+ 4.11.3. [199]The GET /RECURSIVE Command
+ 4.11.4. [200]New and Changed File Functions
+ 4.11.5. [201]Moving Directory Trees Between Like Systems
+ 4.11.6. [202]Moving Directory Trees Between Unlike Systems
+ 4.12. [203]Where Did My File Go?
+ 4.13. [204]File Output Buffer Control
+ 4.14. [205]Improved Responsiveness
+ 4.15. [206]Doubling and Ignoring Characters for Transparency
+ 4.16. [207]New File-Transfer Display Formats
+ 4.17. [208]New Transaction Log Formats
+ 4.17.1. [209]The BRIEF Format
+ 4.17.2. [210]The FTP Format
+ 4.18. [211]Unprefixing NUL
+ 4.19. [212]Clear-Channel Protocol
+ 4.20. [213]Streaming Protocol
+ 4.20.1. [214]Commands for Streaming
+ 4.20.2. [215]Examples of Streaming
+ 4.20.2.1. [216]Streaming on Socket-to-Socket Connections
+ 4.20.2.2. [217]Streaming on Telnet Connections
+ 4.20.2.3. [218]Streaming with Limited Packet Length
+ 4.20.2.4. [219]Streaming on Dialup Connections
+ 4.20.2.5. [220]Streaming on X.25 Connections
+ 4.20.3. [221]Streaming - Preliminary Conclusions
+ 4.21. [222]The TRANSMIT Command
+ 4.22. [223]Coping with Faulty Kermit Implementations
+ 4.22.1. [224]Failure to Accept Modern Negotiation Strings
+ 4.22.2. [225]Failure to Negotiate 8th-bit Prefixing
+ 4.22.3. [226]Corrupt Files
+ 4.22.4. [227]Spurious Cancellations
+ 4.22.5. [228]Spurious Refusals
+ 4.22.6. [229]Failures during the Data Transfer Phase
+ 4.22.7. [230]Fractured Filenames
+ 4.22.8. [231]Bad File Dates
+ 4.23. [232]File Transfer Recovery
+ 4.24. [233]FILE COLLISION UPDATE Clarification
+ 4.25. [234]Autodownload Improvements
+ (5) [235]CLIENT/SERVER
+ 5.0. [236]Hints
+ 5.1. [237]New Command-Line Options
+ 5.2. [238]New Client Commands
+ 5.3. [239]New Server Capabilities
+ 5.3.1. [240]Creating and Removing Directories
+ 5.3.2. [241]Directory Listings
+ 5.4. [242]Syntax for Remote Filenames with Embedded Spaces
+ 5.5. [243]Automatic Orientation Messages upon Directory Change
+ 5.6. [244]New Server Controls
+ 5.7. [245]Timeouts during REMOTE HOST Command Execution
+ (6) [246]INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER SETS
+ 6.0. [247]ISO 8859-15 Latin Alphabet 9
+ 6.1. [248]The HP-Roman8 Character Set
+ 6.2. [249]Greek Character Sets
+ 6.3. [250]Additional Latin-2 Character Sets
+ 6.4. [251]Additional Cyrillic Character Sets
+ 6.5. [252]Automatic Character-Set Switching
+ 6.6. [253]Unicode
+ 6.6.1. [254]Overview of Unicode
+ 6.6.2. [255]UCS Byte Order
+ 6.6.2. [256]UCS Transformation Formats
+ 6.6.3. [257]Conformance Levels
+ 6.6.4. [258]Relationship of Unicode with Kermit's Other Character Sets
+ 6.6.5. [259]Kermit's Unicode Features
+ 6.6.5.1. [260]File Transfer
+ 6.6.5.2. [261]The TRANSLATE Command
+ 6.6.5.3. [262]Terminal Connection
+ 6.6.5.4. [263]The TRANSMIT Command
+ 6.6.5.5. [264]Summary of Kermit Unicode Commands
+ 6.7. [265]Client/Server Character-Set Switching
+ (7) [266]SCRIPT PROGRAMMING
+ 7.0. [267]Bug Fixes
+ 7.1. [268]The INPUT Command
+ 7.1.1. [269]INPUT Timeouts
+ 7.1.2. [270]New INPUT Controls
+ 7.1.3. [271]INPUT with Pattern Matching
+ 7.1.4. [272]The INPUT Match Result
+ 7.2. [273]New or Improved Built-In Variables
+ 7.3. [274]New or Improved Built-In Functions
+ 7.4. [275]New IF Conditions
+ 7.5. [276]Using More than Ten Macro Arguments
+ 7.6. [277]Clarification of Function Call Syntax
+ 7.7. [278]Autodownload during INPUT Command Execution
+ 7.8. [279]Built-in Help for Functions.
+ 7.9. [280]Variable Assignments
+ 7.9.1. [281]Assignment Operators
+ 7.9.2. [282]New Assignment Commands
+ 7.10. [283]Arrays
+ 7.10.1. [284]Array Initializers
+ 7.10.2. [285]Turning a String into an Array of Words
+ 7.10.3. [286]Arrays of Filenames
+ 7.10.4. [287]Automatic Arrays
+ 7.10.5. [288]Sorting Arrays
+ 7.10.6. [289]Displaying Arrays
+ 7.10.7. [290]Other Array Operations
+ 7.10.8. [291]Hints for Using Arrays
+ 7.10.9. [292]Do-It-Yourself Arrays
+ 7.10.10. [293]Associative Arrays
+ 7.11. [294]OUTPUT Command Improvements
+ 7.12. [295]Function and Variable Diagnostics
+ 7.13. [296]Return Value of Macros
+ 7.14. [297]The ASSERT, FAIL, and SUCCEED Commands.
+ 7.15. [298]Using Alarms
+ 7.16. [299]Passing Arguments to Command Files
+ 7.17. [300]Dialogs with Timed Responses
+ 7.18. [301]Increased Flexibility of SWITCH Case Labels
+ 7.19. "[302]Kerbang" Scripts
+ 7.20. [303]IF and XIF Statement Syntax
+ 7.20.1. [304]The IF/XIF Distinction
+ 7.20.2. [305]Boolean Expressions (The IF/WHILE Condition)
+ 7.21. [306]Screen Formatting and Cursor Control
+ 7.22. [307]Evaluating Arithmetic Expressions
+ 7.23. [308]Floating-Point Arithmetic
+ 7.24. [309]Tracing Script Execution
+ 7.25. [310]Compact Substring Notation
+ 7.26. [311]New WAIT Command Options
+ 7.26.1. [312]Waiting for Modem Signals
+ 7.26.2. [313]Waiting for File Events
+ 7.27. [314]Relaxed FOR and SWITCH Syntax
+ (8) [315]USING OTHER FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOLS
+ (9) [316]COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS
+ 9.0. [317]Extended-Format Command-Line Options
+ 9.1. [318]Command Line Personalities
+ 9.2. [319]Built-in Help for Command Line Options
+ 9.3. [320]New Command-Line Options
+ (10) [321]C-KERMIT AND G-KERMIT
+
+III. [322]APPENDICES
+
+III.1. [323]Character Set Tables
+III.1.1. [324]The Hewlett Packard Roman8 Character Set
+III.1.2. [325]Greek Character Sets
+III.1.2.1. [326]The ISO 8859-7 Latin / Greek Alphabet
+III.1.2.2. [327]The ELOT 927 Character Set
+III.1.2.3. [328]PC Code Page 869
+III.2. [329]Updated Country Codes
+
+IV. [330]ERRATA & CORRIGENDA: Corrections to "Using C-Kermit" 2nd Edition.
+V. [331]ADDITIONAL COPYRIGHT NOTICES
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+I. C-KERMIT DOCUMENTATION
+
+ The user manual for C-Kermit is:
+
+ Frank da Cruz and Christine M. Gianone, [332]Using C-Kermit, Second
+ Edition, Digital Press / Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn, MA, 1997,
+ 622 pages, ISBN 1-55558-164-1.
+
+ [333]CLICK HERE for reviews.
+
+ The present document is a supplement to Using C-Kermit 2nd Ed, not a
+ replacement for it.
+
+ US single-copy price: $52.95; quantity discounts available. Available
+ in bookstores or directly from Columbia University:
+
+ The Kermit Project
+ Columbia University
+ 612 West 115th Street
+ New York NY 10025-7799
+ USA
+ Telephone: +1 (212) 854-3703
+ Fax: +1 (212) 662-6442
+
+ Domestic and overseas orders accepted. Price: US $44.95 (US, Canada,
+ and Mexico). Shipping: $4.00 within the USA; $15.00 to all other
+ countries. Orders may be paid by MasterCard or Visa, or prepaid by
+ check in US dollars. Add $65 bank fee for checks not drawn on a US
+ bank. Do not include sales tax. Inquire about quantity discounts.
+
+ You can also order by phone from the publisher, Digital Press /
+ [334]Butterworth-Heinemann, with MasterCard, Visa, or American
+ Express:
+
+ +1 800 366-2665 (Woburn, Massachusetts office for USA & Canada)
+ +44 1865 314627 (Oxford, England distribution centre for UK & Europe)
+ +61 03 9245 7111 (Melbourne, Vic, office for Australia & NZ)
+ +65 356-1968 (Singapore office for Asia)
+ +27 (31) 2683111 (Durban office for South Africa)
+
+ A [335]German-language edition of the First Edition is also available:
+
+ Frank da Cruz and Christine M. Gianone, C-Kermit - Einführung und
+ Referenz, Verlag Heinz Heise, Hannover, Germany (1994). ISBN
+ 3-88229-023-4. Deutsch von Gisbert W. Selke. Price: DM 88,00.
+ Verlag Heinz Heise GmbH & Co. KG, Helstorfer Strasse 7, D-30625
+ Hannover. Tel. +49 (05 11) 53 52-0, Fax. +49 (05 11) 53 52-1 29.
+
+ The [336]Kermit file transfer protocol is specified in:
+
+ Frank da Cruz, Kermit, A File Transfer Protocol, Digital Press,
+ Bedford, MA, 1987, 379 pages, ISBN 0-932376-88-6. US single-copy
+ price: $39.95. Availability as above.
+
+ News and articles about Kermit software and protocol are published
+ periodically in the journal, [337]Kermit News. Subscriptions are free;
+ contact Columbia University at the address above.
+
+ Online news about Kermit is published in the
+ [338]comp.protocols.kermit.announce and
+ [339]comp.protocols.kermit.misc newsgroups.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+II. NEW FEATURES
+
+ Support for the Bell Labs Plan 9 operating system was added to version
+ 6.0 too late to be mentioned in the book (although it does appear on
+ the cover).
+
+ Specific changes and additions are grouped together by major topic,
+ roughly corresponding to the chapters of [340]Using C-Kermit.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 0. INCOMPATIBILITIES WITH PREVIOUS RELEASES
+
+ 1. C-Kermit 7.0 uses FAST Kermit protocol settings by default. This
+ includes "unprefixing" of certain control characters. Because of
+ this, file transfers that worked with previous releases might not
+ work in the new release (but it is more likely that they will
+ work, and much faster). If a transfer fails, you'll get a
+ context-sensitive hint suggesting possible causes and cures.
+ Usually SET PREFIXING ALL does the trick.
+ 2. C-Kermit 7.0 transfers files in BINARY mode by default. To restore
+ the previous behavior, put SET FILE TYPE TEXT in your C-Kermit
+ initialization file.
+ 3. No matter whether FILE TYPE is BINARY or TEXT by default, C-Kermit
+ 7.0 now switches between text and binary mode automatically on a
+ per-file basis according to various criteria, including (a) which
+ kind of platform is on the other end of the connection (if known),
+ (b) the version of Kermit on the other end, and (c) the file's
+ name (see [341]Section 4, especially [342]4.3). To disable this
+ automatic switching and restore the earlier behavior, put SET
+ TRANSFER MODE MANUAL in your C-Kermit initialization file. To
+ disable automatic switching for a particular transfer, include a
+ /TEXT or /BINARY switch with your SEND or GET command.
+ 4. The RESEND and REGET commands automatically switch to binary mode;
+ previously if RESEND or REGET were attempted when FILE TYPE was
+ TEXT, these commands would fail immediately, with a message
+ telling you they work only when the FILE TYPE is BINARY. Now they
+ simply do this for you. See [343]Section 4.23 for additional
+ (important) information.
+ 5. SET PREFIXING CAUTIOUS and MINIMAL now both prefix linefeed (10
+ and 138) in case rlogin, ssh, or cu are "in the middle", since
+ otherwise <LF>~ might appear in Kermit packets, and this would
+ cause rlogin, ssh, or cu to disconnect, suspend,escape back, or
+ otherwise wreck the file transfer. Xon and Xoff are now always
+ prefixed too, even when Xon/Xoff flow control is not in effect,
+ since unprefixing them has proven dangerous on TCP/IP connections.
+ 6. In UNIX, VMS, Windows, and OS/2, the DIRECTORY command is built
+ into C-Kermit itself rather than implemented by running an
+ external command or program. The built-in command might not behave
+ the way the platform-specific external one did, but many options
+ are available for customization. Of course the underlying
+ platform-specific command can still be accessed with "!", "@", or
+ "RUN" wherever the installation does not forbid. In UNIX, the "ls"
+ command can be accessed directly as "ls" in C-Kermit. See
+ [344]Section 4.5.1 for details.
+ 7. SEND ? prints a list of switches rather than a list of filenames.
+ If you want to see a list of filenames, use a (system-dependent)
+ construction such as SEND ./? (for UNIX, Windows, or OS/2), SEND
+ []? (VMS), etc. See [345]Sections 1.5 and [346]4.7.1.
+ 8. In UNIX, OS-9, and Kermit 95, the wildcard characters in previous
+ versions were * and ?. In C-Kermit 7.0 they are *, ?, [, ], {, and
+ }, with dash used inside []'s to denote ranges and comma used
+ inside {} to separate list elements. If you need to include any of
+ these characters literally in a filename, precede each one with
+ backslash (\). See [347]Section 4.9.
+ 9. SET QUIET { ON, OFF } is now on the command stack, just like SET
+ INPUT CASE, SET COUNT, SET MACRO ERROR, etc, as described on p.458
+ of [348]Using C-Kermit, 2nd Edition. This allows any macro or
+ command file to SET QUIET ON or OFF without worrying about saving
+ and restoring the global QUIET value. For example, this lets you
+ write a script that tries SET LINE on lots of devices until it
+ finds one free without spewing out loads of error messages, and
+ also without disturbing the global QUIET setting, whatever it was.
+ 10. Because of the new "." operator (which introduces assignments),
+ macros whose names begin with "." can not be invoked "by name".
+ However, they still can be invoked with DO.
+ 11. The syntax of the EVALUATE command has changed. See [349]Section
+ 7.9.2. To restore the previous syntax, use SET EVALUATE OLD.
+ 12. The \v(directory) variable now includes the trailing directory
+ separator; in previous releases it did not. This is to allow
+ constructions such as:
+ cd \v(dir)data.tmp
+ to work across platforms that might have different directory
+ notation, such as UNIX, Windows, and VMS.
+ 13. Prior to C-Kermit 7.0, the FLOW-CONTROL setting was global and
+ sticky. In C-Kermit 7.0, there is an array of default flow-control
+ values for each kind of connection, that are applied automatically
+ at SET LINE/PORT/HOST time. Thus a SET FLOW command given before
+ SET LINE/PORT/HOST is likely to be undone. Therefore SET FLOW can
+ be guaranteed to have the desired effect only if given after the
+ SET LINE/PORT/HOST command.
+ 14. Character-set translation works differently in the TRANSMIT
+ command when (a) the file character-set is not the same as the
+ local end of the terminal character-set, or (b) when the terminal
+ character-set is TRANSPARENT.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1. PROGRAM AND FILE MANAGEMENT AND COMMANDS
+
+ 1.0. Bug Fixes
+
+ The following patches were issued to correct bugs in C-Kermit 6.0.
+ These are described in detail in the 6.0 PATCHES file. All of these
+ fixes have been incorporated in C-Kermit 6.1 (never released except as
+ K95 1.1.16-17) and 7.0.
+
+ 0001 All UNIX C-Kermit mishandles timestamps on files before 1970
+ 0002 Solaris 2.5++ Compilation error on Solaris 2.5 with Pro C
+ 0003 All VMS CKERMIT.INI Fix for VMS
+ 0004 VMS/VAX/UCX 2.0 C-Kermit 6.0 can't TELNET on VAX/VMS with UCX 2.0
+ 0005 All C-Kermit Might Send Packets Outside Window
+ 0006 All MOVE from SEND-LIST does not delete original files
+ 0007 Solaris 2.5++ Higher serial speeds on Solaris 2.5
+ 0008 All C-Kermit application file name can't contain spaces
+ 0009 AT&T 7300 UNIXPC setuid and hardware flow-control problems
+ 0010 Linux on Alpha Patch to make ckutio.c compile on Linux/Alpha
+ 0011 OS-9/68000 2.4 Patch to make ck9con.c compile on OS-9/68000 2.4
+ 0012 MW Coherent 4.2 Patches for successful build on Coherent 4.2
+ 0013 SINIX-Y 5.43 "delay" variable conflicts with <sys/clock.h>
+ 0014 VMS/VAX/CMU-IP Subject: Patches for VAX/VMS 5.x + CMU-IP
+ 0015 All XECHO doesn't flush its output
+ 0016 VMS CD and other directory operations might not work
+ 0017 Linux 1.2.x++ Use standard POSIX interface for high serial speeds
+ 0018 UNIX SET WILDCARD-EXPANSION SHELL dumps core
+ 0019 All Hayes V.34 modem init string problem
+ 0020 All READ command does not fail if file not open
+ 0021 All Problems with long function arguments
+ 0022 All Certain \function()s can misbehave
+ 0023 All X MOD 0 crashes program
+ 0024 All Internal bulletproofing for lower() function
+ 0025 OpenBSD Real OpenBSD support for C-Kermit 6.0
+ 0026 All Incorrect checks for macro/command-file nesting depth
+ 0027 All ANSWER doesn't automatically CONNECT
+ 0028 All Overzealous EXIT warning
+ 0029 All OUTPUT doesn't echo when DUPLEX is HALF
+ 0030 All Minor problems with REMOTE DIRECTORY/DELETE/etc
+ 0031 All CHECK command broken
+ 0032 All Problem with SET TRANSMIT ECHO
+ 0033 UNIX, VMS, etc HELP SET SERVER says too much
+ 0034 All READ and !READ too picky about line terminators
+ 0035 All END from inside SWITCH doesn't work
+ 0036 All Problem telnetting to multihomed hosts
+ 0037 All Redirection failures in REMOTE xxx > file
+
+ REDIRECT was missing in many UNIX C-Kermit implementations; in version
+ 7.0, it should be available in all of them.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.1. Command Continuation
+
+ Comments that start with ";" or "#" can no longer be continued. In:
+
+ ; this is a comment -
+ echo blah
+
+ the ECHO command will execute, rather than being taken as a
+ continuation of the preceding comment line. This allows easy
+ "commenting out" of commands from macro definitions.
+
+ However, the text of the COMMENT command can still be continued onto
+ subsequent lines:
+
+ comment this is a comment -
+ echo blah
+
+ As of version 6.0, backslash is no longer a valid continuation
+ character. Only hyphen should be used for command continuation. This
+ is to make it possible to issue commands like "cd a:\" on DOS-like
+ systems.
+
+ As of version 7.0:
+
+ * You can quote a final dash to prevent it from being a continuation
+ character:
+ echo foo\-
+ This prints "foo-". The command is not continued.
+ * You can enter commands such as:
+ echo foo - ; this is a comment
+ interactively and they are properly treated as continued commands.
+ Previously this worked only in command files.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.2. Editor Interface
+
+ SET EDITOR name [ options ]
+ Lets you specify a text-editing program. The name can be a
+ fully specified pathname like /usr/local/bin/emacs19/emacs, or
+ it can be the name of any program in your PATH, e.g. "set
+ editor emacs". In VMS, it must be a DCL command like "edit",
+ "edit/tpu", "emacs", etc. If an environment variable EDITOR is
+ defined when Kermit starts, its value is the default editor.
+ You can also specify options to be included on the editor
+ command line. Returns to Kermit when the editor exits.
+
+ EDIT [ filename ]
+ If the EDIT command is given without a filename, then if a
+ previous filename had been given to an EDIT command, it is
+ used; if not, the editor is started without a file. If a
+ filename is given, the editor is started on that file, and the
+ filename is remembered for subsequent EDIT commands.
+
+ SHOW EDITOR
+ Displays the full pathname of your text editor, if any, along
+ with any command line options, and the file most recently
+ edited (and therefore the default filename for your next EDIT
+ command).
+
+ Related variables: \v(editor), \v(editopts), \v(editfile).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.3. Web Browser and FTP Interface
+
+ C-Kermit includes an FTP command, which simply runs the FTP program;
+ C-Kermit does not include any built-in support for Internet File
+ Transfer Protocol, nor any method for interacting directly with an FTP
+ server. In version 7.0, however, C-Kermit lets you specify your FTP
+ client:
+
+ SET FTP-CLIENT [ name [ options ] ]
+ The name is the name of the FTP executable. In UNIX, Windows,
+ or OS/2, it can be the filename of any executable program in
+ your PATH (e.g. "ftp.exe" in Windows, "ftp" in UNIX); elsewhere
+ (or if you do not have a PATH definition), it must be the fully
+ specified pathname of the FTP program. If the name contains any
+ spaces, enclose it braces. Include any options after the
+ filename; these depend the particular ftp client.
+
+ The Web browser interface is covered in the following subsections.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.3.1. Invoking your Browser from C-Kermit
+
+ BROWSE [ url ]
+ Starts your preferred Web browser on the URL, if one is given,
+ otherwise on the most recently given URL, if any. Returns to
+ Kermit when the browser exits.
+
+ SET BROWSER [ name [ options ] ]
+ Use this command to specify the name of your Web browser
+ program, for example: "set browser lynx". The name must be in
+ your PATH, or else it must be a fully specified filename; in
+ VMS it must be a DCL command.
+
+ SHOW BROWSER
+ Displays the current browser, options, and most recent URL.
+
+ Related variables: \v(browser), \v(browsopts), \v(browsurl).
+
+ Also see [350]Section 2.15: Contacting Web Servers with the HTTP
+ Command.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.3.2. Invoking C-Kermit from your Browser
+
+ The method for doing this depends, of course, on your browser. Here
+ are some examples:
+
+ Netscape on UNIX (X-based)
+ In the Options->Applications section, set your Telnet
+ application to:
+
+ xterm -e /usr/local/bin/kermit/kermit -J %h %p
+
+ (replace "/usr/local/bin/kermit/kermit" by C-Kermit's actual
+ pathname). -J is C-Kermit's command-line option to "be like
+ Telnet"; %h and %p are Netscape placeholders for hostname and
+ port.
+
+ Lynx on UNIX
+ As far as we know, this can be done only at compile time. Add
+ the following line to the Lynx userdefs.h file before building
+ the Lynx binary:
+
+ #define TELNET_COMMAND "/opt/bin/kermit -J"
+
+ And then add lines like the following to the Lynx.cfg file:
+
+ DOWNLOADER:Kermit binary download:/opt/bin/kermit -i -V -s %s -a %s:TRUE
+ DOWNLOADER:Kermit text download:/opt/bin/kermit -s %s -a %s:TRUE
+
+ UPLOADER:Kermit binary upload:/opt/bin/kermit -i -r -a %s:TRUE
+ UPLOADER:Kermit text upload:/opt/bin/kermit -r -a %s:TRUE
+ UPLOADER:Kermit text get:/opt/bin/kermit -g %s:TRUE
+ UPLOADER:Kermit binary get:/opt/bin/kermit -ig %s:TRUE
+
+ But none of the above is necessary if you make C-Kermit your default
+ Telnet client, which you can do by making a symlink called 'telnet' to
+ the C-Kermit 7.0 binary. See [351]Section 9.1 for details.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.4. Command Editing
+
+ Ctrl-W ("Word delete") was changed in 7.0 to delete back to the
+ previous non-alphanumeric, rather than all the way back to the
+ previous space.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.5. Command Switches
+
+ As of version 7.0, C-Kermit's command parser supports a new type of
+ field, called a "switch". This is an optional command modifier.
+
+ 1.5.1. General Switch Syntax
+
+ A switch is a keyword beginning with a slash (/). If it takes a value,
+ then the value is appended to it (with no intervening spaces),
+ separated by a colon (:) or equal sign (=). Depending on the switch,
+ the value may be a number, a keyword, a filename, a date/time, etc.
+ Examples:
+
+ send oofa.txt ; No switches
+ send /binary oofa.zip ; A switch without a value
+ send /protocol:zmodem oofa.zip ; A switch with a value (:)
+ send /protocol=zmodem oofa.zip ; A switch with a value (=)
+ send /text /delete /as-name:x.x oofa.txt ; Several switches
+
+ Like other command fields, switches are separated from other fields,
+ and from each other, by whitespace, as shown in the examples just
+ above. You can not put them together like so:
+
+ send/text/delete/as-name:x.x oofa.txt
+
+ (as you might do in VMS or DOS, or as we might once have done in
+ TOPS-10 or TOPS0-20, or PIP). This is primarily due to ambiguity
+ between "/" as switch introducer versus "/" as UNIX directory
+ separator; e.g. in:
+
+ send /delete/as-name:foo/text oofa.txt
+
+ Does "foo/text" mean the filename is "foo" and the transfer is to be
+ in text mode, or does it mean the filename is "foo/text"? Therefore we
+ require whitespace between switches to resolve the ambiguity. (That's
+ only one of several possible ambiguities -- it is also conceivable
+ that a file called "text" exists in the path "/delete/as-name:foo/").
+
+ In general, if a switch can take a value, but you omit it, then either
+ a reasonable default value is supplied, or an error message is
+ printed:
+
+ send /print:-Plaserwriter oofa.txt ; Value included = print options
+ send /print oofa.txt ; Value omitted, OK
+ send /mail:kermit@columbia.edu oofa.txt ; Value included = address
+ send /mail oofa.txt ; Not OK - address required
+ ?Address required
+
+ Context-sensitive help (?) and completion (Esc or Tab) are available
+ in the normal manner:
+
+ C-Kermit> send /pr? Switch, one of the following:
+ /print /protocol
+ C-Kermit> send /pro<ESC>tocol:? File-transfer protocol,
+ one of the following:
+ kermit xmodem ymodem ymodem-g zmodem
+ C-Kermit> send /protocol:k<TAB>ermit
+
+ If a switch takes a value and you use completion on it, a colon (:) is
+ printed at the end of its name to indicate this. If it does not take a
+ value, a space is printed.
+
+ Also, if you type ? in a switch field, switches that take values are
+ shown with a trailing colon; those that don't take values are shown
+ without one.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.5.2. Order and Effect of Switches
+
+ The order of switches should not matter, except that they are
+ evaluated from left to right, so if you give two switches with
+ opposite effects, the rightmost one is used:
+
+ send /text /binary oofa.zip ; Sends oofa.zip in binary mode.
+
+ Like other command fields, switches have no effect whatsoever until
+ the command is entered (by pressing the Return or Enter key). Even
+ then, switches affect only the command with which they are included;
+ they do not have global effect or side effects.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.5.3. Distinguishing Switches from Other Fields
+
+ All switches are optional. A command that uses switches lets you give
+ any number of them, including none at all. Example:
+
+ send /binary oofa.zip
+ send /bin /delete oofa.zip
+ send /bin /as-name:mupeen.zip oofa.zip
+ send oofa.zip
+
+ But how does Kermit know when the first "non-switch" is given? It has
+ been told to look for both a switch and for something else, the data
+ type of the next field (filename, number, etc). In most cases, this
+ works well. But conflicts are not impossible. Suppose, for example, in
+ UNIX there was a file named "text" in the top-level directory. The
+ command to send it would be:
+
+ send /text
+
+ But C-Kermit would think this was the "/text" switch. To resolve the
+ conflict, use braces:
+
+ send {/text}
+
+ or other circumlocutions such as "send //text", "send /./text", etc.
+
+ The opposite problem can occur if you give an illegal switch that
+ happens to match a directory name. For example:
+
+ send /f oofa.txt
+
+ There is no "/f" switch (there are several switches that begin with
+ "/f", so "/f" is ambiguous). Now suppose there is an "f" directory in
+ the root directory; then this command would be interpreted as:
+
+ Send all the files in the "/f" directory, giving each one an
+ as-name of "oofa.txt".
+
+ This could be a mistake, or it could be exactly what you intended;
+ C-Kermit has no way of telling the difference. To avoid situations
+ like this, spell switches out in full until you are comfortable enough
+ with them to know the minimum abbreviation for each one. Hint: use ?
+ and completion while typing switches to obtain the necessary feedback.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.5.4. Standard File Selection Switches
+
+ The following switches are used on different file-oriented commands
+ (such as SEND, DIRECTORY, DELETE, PURGE) to refine the selection of
+ files that match the given specification.
+
+ /AFTER:date-time
+ Select only those files having a date-time later than the one
+ given. See [352]Section 1.6 for date-time formats. Synonym:
+ /SINCE.
+
+ /NOT-AFTER:date-time
+ Select only those files having a date-time not later than (i.e.
+ earlier or equal to) the one given. Synonym: /NOT-SINCE.
+
+ /BEFORE:date-time
+ Select only those files having a date-time earlier than the one
+ given.
+
+ /NOT-BEFORE:date-time
+ Select only those files having a date-time not earlier than
+ (i.e. later or equal to) the one given.
+
+ /DOTFILES
+ UNIX and OS-9 only: The filespec is allowed to match files
+ whose names start with (dot) period. Normally these files are
+ not shown.
+
+ /NODOTFILES
+ (UNIX and OS-9 only) Don't show files whose names start with
+ dot (period). This is the opposite of /DOTFILES, and is the
+ default. Note that when a directory name starts with a period,
+ the directory and (in recursive operations) all its
+ subdirectories are skipped.
+
+ /LARGER-THAN:number
+ Only select files larger than the given number of bytes.
+
+ /SMALLER-THAN:number
+ Only select files smaller than the given number of bytes.
+
+ /EXCEPT:pattern
+ Specifies that any files whose names match the pattern, which
+ can be a regular filename, or may contain "*" and/or "?"
+ metacharacters (wildcards), are not to be selected. Example:
+
+ send /except:*.log *.*
+
+ sends all files in the current directory except those with a
+ filetype of ".log". Another:
+
+ send /except:*.~*~ *.*
+
+ sends all files except the ones that look like Kermit or EMACS
+ backup files (such as "oofa.txt.~17~") (of course you can also
+ use the /NOBACKUP switch for this).
+
+ The pattern matcher is the same one used by IF MATCH string
+ pattern ([353]Section 7.4), so you can test your patterns using
+ IF MATCH. If you need to match a literal * or ? (etc), precede
+ it by a backslash (\). If the pattern contains any spaces, it
+ must be enclosed in braces:
+
+ send /except:{Foo bar} *.*
+
+ The pattern can also be a list of up to 8 patterns. In this
+ case, the entire pattern must be enclosed in braces, and each
+ sub-pattern must also be enclosed in braces; this eliminates
+ the need for designating a separator character, which is likely
+ to also be a legal filename character on some platform or
+ other, and therefore a source of confusion. You may include
+ spaces between the subpatterns but they are not necessary. The
+ following two commands are equivalent:
+
+ send /except:{{ck*.o} {ck*.c}} ck*.?
+ send /except:{{ck*.o}{ck*.c}} ck*.?
+
+ If a pattern is to include a literal brace character, precede
+ it with "\". Also note the apparent conflict of this list
+ format and the string-list format described in [354]Section
+ 4.9.1. In case you want to include a wildcard string-list with
+ braces on its outer ends as an /EXCEPT: argument, do it like
+ this:
+
+ send /except:{{{ckuusr.c,ckuus2.c,ckuus6.c}}} ckuus*.c
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.5.5. Setting Preferences for Different Commands
+
+ Certain oft-used commands offer lots of switches because different
+ people have different requirements or preferences. For example, some
+ people want to be able to delete files without having to watch a list
+ of the deleted files scroll past, while others want to be prompted for
+ permission to delete each file. Different people prefer different
+ directory-listing styles. And so on. Such commands can be tailored
+ with the SET OPTIONS command:
+
+ SET OPTIONS command [ switch [ switch [ ... ] ] ]
+ Sets each switch as the default for the given command,
+ replacing the "factory default". Of course you can also
+ override any defaults established by the SET OPTIONS command by
+ including the relevant switches in the affected command any
+ time you issue it.
+
+ SHOW OPTIONS
+ Lists the commands that allows option-setting, and the options
+ currently in effect, if any, for each. Switches that have
+ synonyms are shown under their primary name; for example. /LOG
+ and /VERBOSE are shown as /LIST.
+
+ Commands for which options may be set include DIRECTORY, DELETE,
+ PURGE, and TYPE. Examples:
+
+ SET OPTIONS DIRECTORY /PAGE /NOBACKUP /HEADING /SORT:DATE /REVERSE
+ SET OPTIONS DELETE /LIST /NOHEADING /NOPAGE /NOASK /NODOTFILES
+ SET OPTIONS TYPE /PAGE
+
+ Not necessarily all of a command's switches can be set as options. For
+ example, file selection switches, since these would normally be
+ different for each command.
+
+ Put the desired SET OPTIONS commands in your C-Kermit customization
+ file for each command whose default switches you want to change every
+ time you run C-Kermit.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.6. Dates and Times
+
+ Some commands and switches take date-time values, such as:
+
+ send /after:{8-Feb-2000 10:28:01}
+
+ Various date-time formats are acceptable. The rules for the date are:
+
+ * The year must have 4 digits.
+ * If the year comes first, the second field is the month.
+ * The day, month, and year may be separated by spaces, /, -, or
+ underscore.
+ * The month may be numeric (1 = January) or spelled out or
+ abbreviated in English.
+
+ If the date-time string contains any spaces, it must be enclosed in
+ braces. Examples of legal dates:
+
+ Interpretation:
+ 2000-Feb-8 8 February 2000
+ {2000 Feb 8} 8 February 2000
+ 2000/Feb/8 8 February 2000
+ 2000_Feb_8 8 February 2000
+ 2000-2-8 8 February 2000
+ 2000-02-08 8 February 2000
+ 8-Feb-2000 8 February 2000
+ 08-Feb-2000 8 February 2000
+ 12/25/2000 25 December 2000
+ 25/12/2000 25 December 2000
+
+ The last two examples show that when the year comes last, and the
+ month is given numerically, the order of the day and month doesn't
+ matter as long as the day is 13 or greater (mm/dd/yyyy is commonly
+ used in the USA, whereas dd/mm/yyyy is the norm in Europe). However:
+
+ 08/02/2000 Is ambiguous and therefore not accepted.
+
+ If a date is given, the time is optional and defaults to 00:00:00. If
+ the time is given with a date, it must follow the date, separated by
+ space, /, -, or underscore, and with hours, minutes, and seconds
+ separated by colon (:). Example:
+
+ 2000-Feb-8 10:28:01 Represents 8 February 2000, 10:28:01am
+
+ If a date is not given, the current date is used and a time is
+ required.
+
+ Time format is hh:mm:ss or hh:mm or hh in 24-hour format, or followed
+ by "am" or "pm" (or "AM" or "PM") to indicate morning or afternoon.
+ Examples of times that are acceptable:
+
+ Interpretation:
+ 3:23:56 3:23:56am
+ 3:23:56am 3:23:56am
+ 3:23:56pm 3:23:56pm = 15:23:56
+ 15:23:56 3:23:56pm = 15:23:56
+ 3:23pm 3:23:00pm = 15:23:00
+ 3:23PM 3:23:00pm = 15:23:00
+ 3pm 3:00:00pm = 15:00:00
+
+ Examples of legal date-times:
+
+ send /after:{8 Feb 2000 10:28:01}
+ send /after:8_Feb_2000_10:28:01
+ send /after:8-Feb-2000/10:28:01
+ send /after:2000/02/08/10:28:01
+ send /after:2000/02/08_10:28:01
+ send /after:2000/02/08_10:28:01am
+ send /after:2000/02/08_10:28:01pm
+ send /after:2000/02/08_10:28pm
+ send /after:2000/02/08_10pm
+ send /after:10:00:00pm
+ send /after:10:00pm
+ send /after:10pm
+ send /after:22
+
+ Finally, there is a special all-numeric format you can use:
+
+ yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss
+
+ For example:
+
+ 20000208 10:28:01
+
+ This is Kermit's standard date-time format (based on ISO 8601), and is
+ accepted (among other formats) by any command or switch that requires
+ a date-time, and is output by any function whose result is a calendar
+ date-time.
+
+ There are no optional parts to this format and it must be exactly 17
+ characters long, punctuated as shown (except you can substitute
+ underscore for space in contexts where a single "word" is required).
+ The time is in 24-hour format (23:00:00 is 11:00pm). This is the
+ format returned by \fdate(filename), so you can also use constructions
+ like this:
+
+ send /after:\fdate(oofa.txt)
+
+ which means "all files newer than oofa.txt".
+
+ Besides explicit dates, you can also use the any of the following
+ shortcuts:
+
+ TODAY
+ Stands for the current date at 00:00:00.
+
+ TODAY 12:34:56
+ Stands for the current date at the given time.
+
+ YESTERDAY
+ Stands for yesterday's date at 00:00:00. A time may also be
+ given.
+
+ TOMORROW
+ Stands for tomorrow's date at 00:00:00. A time may also be
+ given.
+
+ + number { DAYS, WEEKS, MONTHS, YEARS } [ time ]
+ Is replaced by the future date indicated, relative to the
+ current date. If the time is omitted, 00:00:00 is used.
+ Examples: +3days, +2weeks, +1year, +37months.
+
+ - number { DAYS, WEEKS, MONTHS, YEARS } [ time ]
+
+ Is replaced by the past date indicated, relative to the current
+ date. If the time is omitted, 00:00:00 is used.
+
+ The time can be separated from the date shortcut by any of the same
+ separators that are allowed for explicit date-times: space, hyphen,
+ slash, period, or underscore. In switches and other space-delimited
+ fields, use non-spaces to separate date/time fields, or enclose the
+ date-time in braces, e.g.:
+
+ purge /before:-4days_12:00:00
+ purge /before:{- 4 days 12:00:00}
+
+ Of course you can also use variables:
+
+ define \%n 43
+ purge /before:-\%ndays_12:00:00
+
+ Shortcut names can be abbreviated to any length that still
+ distinguishes them from any other name that can appear in the same
+ context, e.g. "TOD" for today, "Y" for yesterday. Also, the special
+ abbreviation "wks" is accepted for WEEKS, and "yrs" for "YEARS".
+
+ (To see how to specify dates relative to a specific date, rather than
+ the current one, see the [355]\fmjd() function description below.)
+
+ You can check date formats with the DATE command. DATE by itself
+ prints the current date and time in standard format: yyyymmdd
+ hh:mm:ss. DATE followed by a date and/or time (including shortcuts)
+ converts it to standard format if it can understand it, otherwise it
+ prints an error message.
+
+ The following variables and functions deal with dates and times; any
+ function argument designated as "date-time" can be in any of the
+ formats described above.
+
+ \v(day)
+ The first three letters of the English word for the current day
+ of the week, e.g. "Wed".
+
+ \fday(date-time)
+ The first three letters of the English word for day of the week
+ of the given date. If a time is included, it is ignored.
+ Example: \fday(8 Feb 1988) = "Mon".
+
+ \v(nday)
+ The numeric day of the week: 0 = Sunday, 1 = Monday, ..., 6 =
+ Saturday.
+
+ \fnday(date-time)
+ The numeric day of the week for the given date. If a time is
+ included, it is ignored. Example: \fnday(8 Feb 1988) = "1".
+
+ \v(date)
+ The current date as dd mmm yyyy, e.g. "08 Feb 2000" (as in this
+ example, a leading zero is supplied for day-of-month less than
+ 10).
+
+ \v(ndate)
+ The current date in numeric format: yyyymmdd, e.g. "20000208".
+
+ \v(time)
+ The current time as hh:mm:ss, e.g. "15:27:14".
+
+ \ftime(time)
+ The given free-format date and/or time (e.g. "3pm") returns the
+ time (without the date) converted to hh:mm:ss 24-hour format,
+ e.g. "15:00:00" (the date, if given, is ignored).
+
+ \v(ntime)
+ The current time as seconds since midnight, e.g. "55634".
+
+ \v(tftime)
+ The elapsed time of the most recent file-transfer operation in
+ seconds.
+
+ \v(intime)
+ The elapsed time for the most recent INPUT command to complete,
+ in milliseconds.
+
+ \fntime(time)
+ The given free-format date and/or time is converted to seconds
+ since midnight (the date, if given, is ignored). This function
+ replaces \ftod2secs(), which is now a synonym for \fntime().
+ Unlike \ftod2secs(), \fntime() allows a date to be included,
+ and it allows the time to be in free format (like 3pm), and it
+ allows the amount of time to be more than 24 hours. E.g.
+ \fntime(48:00:00) = 172800. Example of use:
+
+ set alarm \fntime(48:00:00) ; set alarm 48 hours from now.
+
+ \fn2time(seconds)
+ The given number of seconds is converted to hh:mm:ss format.
+
+ \fdate(filename)
+ Returns the modification date-time of the given file in
+ standard format: yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss.
+
+ \fcvtdate(date-time)
+ Converts a free-format date and/or time to Kermit standard
+ format: yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss. If no argument is given, returns the
+ current date-time in standard format. If a date is given but no
+ time, the converted date is returned without a time. If a time
+ is given with no date, the current date is supplied. Examples:
+
+ \fcvtdate(4 Jul 2000 2:21:17pm) = 20000704 14:21:17
+ \fcvtdate() = 20000704 14:21:17 (on 4 Jul 2000 at 2:21:17pm).
+ \fcvtd(4 Jul 2000) = 20000704
+ \fcvtd(6pm) = 20000704 18:00:00 (on 4 Jul 2000 at 6:00pm).
+
+ \fdayofyear(date-time)
+ \fdoy(date-time)
+ Converts a free-format date and/or time to yyyyddd, where ddd
+ is the 3-digit day of the year, and 1 January is Day 1. If a
+ time is included with the date, it is returned in standard
+ format. If a date is included but no time, the date is returned
+ without a time. If a time is given with no date, the time is
+ converted and the current date is supplied. If no argument is
+ given, the current date-time is returned. Synonym: \fdoy().
+ Examples:
+
+ \fddayofyear(4 Jul 2000 2:21:17pm) = 2000185 14:21:17
+ \fdoy() = 2000185 14:21:17 (on 4 Jul 2000 at 2:21:17pm).
+ \fdoy(4 Jul 2000) = 2000185
+ \fdoy(6pm) = 2000185 18:00:00 (on 4 Jul 2000 at 6:00pm).
+
+ Note: The yyyyddd day-of-year format is often erroneously referred to
+ as a Julian date. However, a true Julian date is a simple counting
+ number, the number of days since a certain fixed day in the past.
+ [356]See \fmjd() below.
+
+ \fdoy2date(date-time)
+ Converts a date or date-time in day-of-year format to a
+ standard format date. A yyyyddd-format date must be supplied;
+ time is optional. The given date is converted to yyyymmdd
+ format. If a time is given, it is converted to 24-hour format.
+ Examples:
+
+ \fdoy2date(2000185) = 20000704
+ \fdoy2(2000185 3pm) = 20000704 15:00:00
+
+ \fmjd(date-time)
+ Converts free-format date and/or time to a Modified Julian Date
+ (MJD), the number of days since 17 Nov 1858 00:00:00. If a time
+ is given, it is ignored. Examples:
+
+ \fmjd(4 Jul 2000) = 50998
+ \fmjd(17 Nov 1858) = 0
+ \fmjd(16 Nov 1858) = -1
+
+ \fmjd2date(mjd)
+ Converts an MJD (integer) to standard date format, yyyymmdd:
+
+ \fmjd2(50998) = 4 Jul 1998
+ \fmjd2(0) = 17 Nov 1858
+ \fmjd2(-1) = 16 Nov 1858
+ \fmjd2(-365) = 17 Nov 1857
+
+ MJDs are normal integers and, unlike DOYs, may be added, subtracted,
+ etc, with each other or with other integers, to obtain meaningful
+ results. For example, to find out the date 212 days ago:
+
+ echo \fmjd2date(\fmjd()-212)
+
+ Constructions such as this can be used in any command where a
+ date-time is required, e.g.:
+
+ send /after:\fmjd2date(\fmjd()-212)
+
+ to send all files that are not older than 212 days (this is equivalent
+ to "send /after:-212days").
+
+ MJDs also have other regularities not exhibited by other date formats.
+ For example, \fmodulus(\fmjd(any-date),7) gives the day of the week
+ for any date (where 4=Sun, 5=Mon, ..., 3=Sat). (However, it is easier
+ to use \fnday() for this purpose, and it gives the more conventional
+ result of 0=Sun, 1=Mon, ..., 6=Sat).
+
+ Note that if MJDs are to be compared, they must be compared
+ numerically (IF <, =, >) and not lexically (IF LLT, EQUAL, LGT),
+ whereas DOYs must be compared lexically if they include a time (which
+ contains ":" characters); however, if DOYs do not include a time, they
+ may also be compared numerically.
+
+ In any case, lexical comparison of DOYs always produces the
+ appropriate result, as does numeric comparison of MJDs.
+
+ The same comments apply to sorting. Also note that DOYs are fixed
+ length, but MJDs can vary in length. However, all MJDs between 3 April
+ 1886 and 30 Aug 2132 are 5 decimal digits long. (MJDs become 6 digits
+ long on 31 Aug 2132, and 7 digits long on 13 Oct 4596).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.7. Partial Completion of Keywords
+
+ Partial completion of keywords was added in C-Kermit 7.0. In prior
+ versions, if completion was attempted (by pressing the Esc or Tab key)
+ on a string that matched different keywords, you'd just get a beep.
+ Now Kermit completes up to the first character where the possibly
+ matching keywords differ and then beeps. For example:
+
+ C-Kermit> send /n<Tab>
+
+ which matches /NOT-BEFORE and /NOT-AFTER, now completes up to the
+ dash:
+
+ C-Kermit> send /n<Tab>ot-<Beep>
+
+ Partial completion works for filenames too (as it has for some years).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.8. Command Recall
+
+ C-Kermit has had a command history buffer for some time, which could
+ be scrolled interactively using control characters or (in Kermit 95
+ only) arrow keys. Version 7.0 adds a REDO command that allows the most
+ recent command matching a given pattern to be re-executed:
+
+ { REDO, RR, ^ } [ pattern ]
+ Search the command history list for the most recent command
+ that matches the given pattern, and if one is found, execute it
+ again.
+
+ The pattern can be a simple string (like "send"), in which case the
+ last SEND command is re-executed. Or it can contain wildcard
+ characters "*" and/or "?", which match any string and any single
+ character, respectively (note that "?" must be preceded by backslash
+ to override its normal function of giving help), and in most C-Kermit
+ versions may also include [] character lists and {} string lists (see
+ [357]Section 4.9).
+
+ The match works by appending "*" to the end of the given pattern (if
+ you didn't put one there yourself). Thus "redo *oofa" becomes "redo
+ *oofa*" and therefore matches the most recent command that contains
+ "oofa" anywhere within the command. If you want to inhibit the
+ application of the trailing "*", e.g. to force matching a string at
+ the end of a command, enclose the pattern in braces:
+
+ redo {*oofa}
+
+ matches the most recent command that ends with "oofa".
+
+ REDO commands themselves are not entered into the command history
+ list. If no pattern is given, the previous (non-REDO) command is
+ re-executed. The REDOne command is reinserted at the end of the
+ command history buffer, so the command scrollback character (Ctrl-P,
+ Ctrl-B, or Uparrow) can retrieve it.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ C-Kermit> echo foo
+ foo
+ C-Kermit> show alarm
+ (no alarm set)
+ C-Kermit> echo blah
+ blah
+ C-Kermit> redo ; Most recent command
+ blah
+ C-Kermit> redo s ; Most recent command starting with "s"
+ (no alarm set)
+ C-Kermit> redo echo f ; Most recent command starting with "echo f"
+ foo
+ C-Kermit> redo *foo ; Most recent command that has "foo" in it
+ foo
+ C-Kermit> <Ctrl-P> ; Scroll back
+ C-Kermit> echo foo ; The REDOne command is there
+ C-Kermit> redo {*foo} ; Most recent command that ends with "foo"
+ foo
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ Since REDO, REDIAL, and REDIRECT all start the same way, and RED is
+ the designated non-unique abbreviation for REDIAL, REDO must be
+ spelled out in full. For convenience, RR is included as an invisible
+ easy-to-type synonym for REDO. You can also use the "^" character for
+ this:
+
+ C-Kermit> ^ ; Most recent command
+ C-Kermit> ^ s ; Most recent command starting with "s"
+ C-Kermit> ^s ; Ditto (space not required after "^").
+ C-Kermit> ^*foo ; Most recent command that has "foo" in it.
+ C-Kermit> ^{*foo} ; Most recent command ends with "foo".
+
+ Unlike the manual command-history-scrolling keys, the REDO command can
+ be used in a script, but it's not recommended (since the command to be
+ REDOne might not be found, so if the REDO command fails, you can't
+ tell whether it was because REDO failed to find the requested command,
+ or because the command was found but it failed).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.9. EXIT Messages
+
+ The EXIT and QUIT commands now accept an optional message to be
+ printed. This makes the syntax of EXIT and QUIT just like END and
+ STOP:
+
+ { EXIT, QUIT, END, STOP } [ status-code [ message ] ]
+
+ where status-code is a number (0 indicating success, nonzero
+ indicating failure). This is handy in scripts that are never supposed
+ to enter interactive mode:
+
+ dial 7654321
+ if fail exit 1 Can't make connection - try again later.
+
+ Previously this could only be done in two steps:
+
+ dial 7654321
+ xif fail { echo Can't make connection - try again later, exit 1 }
+
+ A status code must be included in order to specify a message. In the
+ case of EXIT and QUIT, the default status code is contained in the
+ variable \v(exitstatus), and is set automatically by various events
+ (file transfer failures, etc; it can also be set explicitly with the
+ SET EXIT STATUS command). If you want to give an EXIT or QUIT command
+ with a message, but without changing the exit status from what it
+ normally would have been, use the \v(exitstatus) variable, e.g.:
+
+ exit \v(existatus) Goodbye from \v(cmdfile).
+
+ The EXIT status is returned to the system shell or whatever other
+ process invoked C-Kermit, e.g. in UNIX:
+
+ C-Kermit> exit 97 bye bye
+ bye bye
+ $ echo $?
+ 97
+ $
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.10. Managing Keyboard Interruptions
+
+ When C-Kermit is in command or file-transfer mode (as opposed to
+ CONNECT mode), it can be interrupted with Ctrl-C. Version 7.0 adds the
+ ability to disarm the Ctrl-C interrupt:
+
+ SET COMMAND INTERRUPT { ON, OFF }
+ COMMAND INTERRUPT is ON by default, meaning the Ctrl-C can be
+ used to interrupt a command or a file transfer in progress. Use
+ OFF to disable these interruptions, and use it with great
+ caution for obvious reasons.
+
+ SET TRANSFER INTERRUPT { ON, OFF }
+ This can be used to disable keyboard interruption of file
+ transfer when C-Kermit is in local mode, or to re-enable it
+ after it has been disabled. This applies to the X, Z, E, and
+ similar keys as well as to the system interrupt character,
+ usually Ctrl-C. This is distinct from SET TRANSFER
+ CANCELLATION, which tells whether packet mode can be exited by
+ sending a special sequence of characters.
+
+ Several other commands can be interrupted by pressing any key while
+ they are active. Version 7.0 adds the ability to disable this form of
+ interruption also:
+
+ SET INPUT CANCELLATION { ON, OFF }
+ Whether an INPUT command in progress can be interrupted by
+ pressing a key. Normally ON. Setting INPUT CANCELLATION OFF
+ makes INPUT commands uninterruptible except by Ctrl-C (unless
+ COMMAND INTERRUPTION is also OFF).
+
+ SET SLEEP CANCELLATION { ON, OFF }
+ Whether a SLEEP, PAUSE, or WAIT command in progress can be
+ interrupted by pressing a key. Normally ON. Setting SLEEP
+ CANCELLATION OFF makes these commands uninterruptible except by
+ Ctrl-C (unless COMMAND INTERRUPTION is also OFF). Synonyms: SET
+ PAUSE CANCELLATION, SET WAIT CANCELLATION.
+
+ So to make certain a script is not interruptible by the user, include
+ these commands:
+
+ SET TRANSFER INTERRUPT OFF
+ SET SLEEP CANCELLATION OFF
+ SET INPUT CANCELLATION OFF
+ SET COMMAND INTERRUPTION OFF
+
+ Make sure to turn them back on afterwards if interruption is to be
+ re-enabled.
+
+ When a PAUSE, SLEEP, WAIT, or INPUT command is interrupted from the
+ keyboard, the new variable \v(kbchar) contains a copy of the (first)
+ character that was typed and caused the interruption, provided it was
+ not the command interrupt character (usually Ctrl-C). If these
+ commands complete successfully or time out without a keyboard
+ interruption, the \v(kbchar) variable is empty.
+
+ The \v(kbchar) variable (like any other variable) can be tested with:
+
+ if defined \v(kbchar) command
+
+ The command is executed if the variable is not empty.
+
+ The \v(kbchar) variable can be reset with WAIT 0 (PAUSE 0, SLEEP 0,
+ etc).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.11. Taming The Wild Backslash -- Part Deux
+
+ [358]Using C-Kermit, 2nd Edition, contains a brief section, "Taming
+ the Wild Backslash", on page 48, which subsequent experience has shown
+ to be inadequate for Kermit users intent on writing scripts that deal
+ with Windows, DOS, and OS/2 filenames, in which backslash (\) is used
+ as the directory separator. This section fills in the blanks.
+
+ 1.11.1. Background
+
+ The Kermit command language shares a certain unavoidable but annoying
+ characteristic with most other command languages that are capable of
+ string replacement, namely the necessity to "quote" certain characters
+ when you want them to be taken literally. This is a consequence of the
+ facts that:
+
+ 1. One or more characters must be set aside to denote replacement,
+ rather than acting as literal text.
+ 2. We have only 96 printable characters to work with in ASCII, which
+ is still the only universally portable character set.
+ 3. There is no single printable character that is unused everywhere.
+ 4. Variables are not restricted to certain contexts, as they are in
+ formal programming languages like C and Fortran, but can appear
+ anywhere at all within a command, and therefore require special
+ syntax.
+
+ Thus there can be conflicts. To illustrate, the standard UNIX shell
+ uses dollar sign ($) to introduce variables. So the shell command:
+
+ echo $TERM
+
+ displays the value of the TERM variable, e.g. vt320. But suppose you
+ want to display a real dollar sign:
+
+ echo The price is $10.20
+
+ This causes the shell to evaluate the variable "$1", which might or
+ might not exist, and substitute its value, e.g.:
+
+ The price is 0.20
+
+ (in this case the $1 variable had no value.) This is probably not what
+ you wanted. To force the dollar sign to be taken literally, you must
+ apply a "quoting rule", such as "precede a character by backslash (\)
+ to force the shell to take the character literally":
+
+ echo The price is \$10.20
+ The price is $10.20
+
+ But now suppose you want the backslash AND the dollar sign to be taken
+ literally:
+
+ echo The price is \\$10.20
+
+ This doesn't work, since the first backslash quotes the second one,
+ thereby leaving the dollar sign unquoted again:
+
+ The price is \0.20
+
+ Quoting the dollar sign requires addition of a third backslash:
+
+ echo The price is \\\$10.20
+ The price is \$10.20
+
+ The first backslash quotes the second one, and the third backslash
+ quotes the dollar sign.
+
+ Every command language -- all UNIX shells, VMS DCL, DOS Batch, AOS/VS
+ CLI, etc etc -- has similar rules. UNIX shell rules are probably the
+ most complicated, since many printable characters -- not just one --
+ are special there: dollar sign, single quote, double quote, backslash,
+ asterisk, accent grave, number sign, ampersand, question mark,
+ parentheses, brackets, braces, etc -- practically every
+ non-alphanumeric character needs some form of quoting if it is to be
+ taken literally. And to add to the confusion, the UNIX shell offers
+ many forms of quoting, and many alternative UNIX shells are available,
+ each using slightly different syntax.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.11.2. Kermit's Quoting Rules
+
+ Kermit's basic quoting rules are simple by comparison (there are, of
+ course, additional syntax requirements for macro definitions, command
+ blocks, function calls, etc, but they are not relevant here).
+
+ The following characters are special in Kermit commands:
+
+ Backslash (\)
+ Introduces a variable, or the numeric representation of a
+ special character, or a function, or other item for
+ substitution. If the backslash is followed by a digit or by any
+ of the following characters:
+
+ x, o, d, m, s, f, v, $, %, &, :, {
+
+ this indicates a special substitution item; otherwise the
+ following character is to be taken literally (exceptions: \ at
+ end of line is taken literally; \n, \b, and \n are special
+ items in the OUTPUT command only).
+
+ Semicolon (;)
+ (Only when at the beginning of a line or preceded by at least
+ one space or tab) Introduces a comment.
+
+ Number sign (#)
+ (Only when at the beginning of a line or preceded by at least
+ one space or tab) Just like semicolon; introduces a comment.
+
+ Question mark (?)
+ (Only at the command prompt - not in command files or macros)
+ Requests context-sensitive help.
+
+ To force Kermit to take any of these characters literally, simply
+ precede it by a backslash (\).
+
+ Sounds easy! And it is, except when backslash also has a special
+ meaning to the underlying operating system, as it does in DOS,
+ Windows, and OS/2, where it serves as the directory separator in
+ filenames such as:
+
+ D:\K95\KEYMAPS\READ.ME
+
+ Using our rule, we would need to refer to this file in Kermit commands
+ as follows:
+
+ D:\\K95\\KEYMAPS\\READ.ME
+
+ But this would not be obvious to new users of Kermit software on DOS,
+ Windows, or OS/2, and it would be annoying to seasoned ones. Thus
+ MS-DOS Kermit and Kermit 95 go to rather extreme lengths to allow the
+ more natural notation, as in:
+
+ send d:\k95\keymaps\read.me
+
+ The reason this is tricky is that we also need to allow for variables
+ and other expressions introduced by backslash in the same command. For
+ example, suppose \%a is a variable whose value is "oofa" (without the
+ quotes). What does the following command do?
+
+ send d:\%a
+
+ Does it send the file named "oofa" in the current directory of the D:
+ disk, or does it send a file named "%a" in the root directory of the
+ D: disk? This is the kind of trouble we get into when we attempt to
+ bend the rules in the interest of user friendliness. (The answer is:
+ if the variable \%a has definition that is the name of an existing
+ file, that file is sent; if a file d:\%a exists, it is sent; otherwise
+ if both conditions are true, the variable takes precedence, and the
+ literal filename can be forced by quoting: \\%a.)
+
+ In Kermit 95 (but not MS-DOS Kermit), we also bend the rules another
+ way by allowing you to use forward slash (/) rather than backslash (\)
+ as the directory separator:
+
+ send d:/k95/keymaps/read.me
+
+ This looks more natural to UNIX users, and in fact is perfectly
+ acceptable to the Windows 95/98/NT and OS/2 operating systems on the
+ API level. BUT (there is always a "but") the Microsoft shell,
+ COMMAND.COM, for Windows 95/98 and NT does not allow this notation,
+ and therefore it can not be used in any Kermit command -- such as RUN
+ -- that invokes the Windows command shell AND your command shell is
+ COMMAND.COM or any other shell that does not allow forward slash as
+ directory separator (some alternative shells do allow this).
+
+ NOTE: There exists a wide variety of alternative shells from third
+ parties that do not have this restriction. If you are using a shell
+ that accepts forward slash as a directory separator, you can stop
+ reading right now -- UNLESS (there is always an "unless") you want
+ your scripts to be portable to systems that have other shells. Also
+ note that some Windows shells might actually REQUIRE forward
+ slashes (instead of backslashes) as directory separators; we do not
+ treat this situation below, but the treatment is obvious -- use
+ slash rather backslash as the directory separator.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.11.3. Passing DOS Filenames from Kermit to Shell Commands
+
+ The following Kermit commands invoke the system command shell:
+
+ RUN (and its synonyms ! and @)
+ REDIRECT
+ PIPE
+
+ Each of these commands takes a shell command as an operand. These
+ shell commands are not, and can not be, parsed by Kermit since Kermit
+ does not know the syntax of shell commands, and so can't tell the
+ difference between a keyword, a filename, a variable, a switch, or
+ other item. Therefore the rules can not be bent since Kermit doesn't
+ know where or how to bend them. To illustrate (using the regular
+ Windows shell):
+
+ run c:\\windows\\command\\chkdsk.exe
+
+ works OK, but:
+
+ run c:/windows/command/chkdsk.exe
+
+ is not accepted by COMMAND.COM. But:
+
+ run c:\windows\command\chkdsk.exe
+
+ results in Kermit applying its quoting rules before sending the text
+ to the shell. Since "w" and "c" are not in the list of backslash-item
+ codes, the backslash means "take the following character literally".
+ Thus, by the time this filename gets to the Windows shell, it has
+ become:
+
+ c:windowscommandchkdsk.exe
+
+ which is probably not what you wanted. (If "w" and "c" were in the
+ list, the results could be even stranger.) Even more confusing is the
+ case where a directory or filename starts with one or more digits:
+
+ run c:\123\lotus.exe
+
+ in which "\123" is the Kermit notation for ASCII character 123, which
+ happens to be left brace ({), resulting in "c:{lotus.exe".
+
+ So when passing filenames to a Windows shell, always use double
+ backslashes as directory separators, to ensure that the shell gets
+ single backslashes:
+
+ run c:\\windows\\command\\chkdsk.exe
+ run c:\\123\\lotus.exe
+
+ Similar problems might occur with the built-in EDIT, BROWSE, and FTP
+ commands. These commands result in Kermit building a shell command
+ internally to invoke the associated helper program; the form of this
+ command might conflict with the form demanded by certain alternative
+ shells.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.11.4. Using Variables to Hold DOS Filenames
+
+ Now to the next level. Suppose you want to write a script in which
+ filenames are parameters, and therefore are stored in variables.
+ Example:
+
+ define \%f c:\windows\command\chkdsk.exe
+ ...
+ run \%f
+
+ Obviously this won't work for the reasons just noted; the RUN command
+ requires directory separators be coded as double backslashes:
+
+ define \%f c:\\windows\\command\\chkdsk.exe
+ ...
+ run \%f
+
+ This will work; no surprises here. However, if you had used ASSIGN
+ rather than DEFINE, you might have been surprised after all; review
+ pages 348-349 of [359]Using C-Kermit (2nd Ed) for the difference
+ between DEFINE and ASSIGN.
+
+ We have said that any Kermit 95 or MS-DOS Kermit command that parses
+ filenames itself -- SEND, for example -- does not require double
+ backslashes since it knows it is parsing a filename. So since the
+ following works:
+
+ send c:\windows\command\chkdsk.exe
+
+ Should the following also work?
+
+ define \%f c:\windows\command\chkdsk.exe
+ ...
+ send \%f
+
+ Answer: No. Why? Because \%f is evaluated "recursively", to allow for
+ the possibility that its definition contains further variable
+ references. This is true of all "backslash-percent-letter" (or -digit)
+ variables, and also for array references. So \%f becomes
+ c:\windows\command\chkdsk.exe, which becomes
+ c:windowscommandchkdsk.exe.
+
+ The trick here is to use the "other" kind of variable, that is
+ evaluated only "one level deep" rather than recursively:
+
+ define filename c:\windows\command\chkdsk.exe
+ ...
+ send \m(filename)
+
+ Similarly if you want to prompt the user for a filename:
+
+ ask filename { Please type a filename: }
+ Please type a filename: c:\windows\command\chkdsk.exe
+ send \m(filename)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.11.5. Passing DOS Filenames as Parameters to Macros
+
+ Suppose you want to pass a DOS filename containing backslashes as a
+ parameter to a Kermit macro. This raises two issues:
+
+ 1. Parameters to macros are "just text" and so are fully evaluated
+ before they are passed to the macro.
+ 2. Once inside the macro, the formal parameters \%1, \%2, ... \%9 are
+ the type of variable that is evaluated recursively.
+
+ Thus a DOS filename is ruined once in the act of parsing the macro
+ invocation, and again when referring to it from within the macro. To
+ illustrate, suppose "test" is a macro. Then in the invocation:
+
+ test c:\mydir\blah.txt
+
+ "c:mydirblah.txt" is assigned to \%1. However, if we double the
+ backslashes:
+
+ test c:\\mydir\\blah.txt
+
+ "c:\mydir\blah.txt" is assigned to \%1. But then when you refer to \%1
+ in the macro, it is evaluated recursively, resulting in
+ "c:mydirblah.txt". To illustrate:
+
+ define test echo \%1
+ test c:\mydir\blah.txt
+ c:mydirblah.txt
+ test c:\\mydir\\blah.txt
+ c:mydirblah.txt
+ test c:\\\\mydir\\\\blah.txt
+ c:\mydir\blah.txt
+
+ Let's address each part of the problem separately. First, inside the
+ macro. You can use the \fcontents() function to force a
+ backslash-percent variable (such as a macro argument) to be evaluated
+ one level deep instead of recursively, for example:
+
+ define test echo { The filename is "\fcontents(\%1)"}
+
+ test c:\mydir\blah.txt ; We don't expect this to work
+ The filename is "c:mydirblah.txt" ; and it doesn't.
+ test c:\\mydir\\blah.txt ; But this does...
+ The filename is "c:\mydir\blah.txt"
+
+ Thus if the filename arrives inside the macro with single backslashes,
+ the backslashes are preserved if you always refer to the parameter
+ through the \fcontents() function.
+
+ Now how to ensure that backslashes are not stripped or misinterpreted
+ when passing a filename to a macro? This brings us back to what we
+ learned in earlier sections:
+
+ 1. If it is a literal filename, either double the backslashes, or (if
+ the filename is to be used only within Kermit itself and not
+ passed to a DOS shell, or it is to be passed to an alternative
+ shell that accepts forward slash as a directory separator), use
+ forward slash instead of backslash as the directory separator.
+ 2. If it is a variable that contains a filename, make sure you use a
+ macro-style variable name, rather than a
+ backslash-percent-character name.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ define test echo \fcontents(\%1)
+ define filename c:\mydir\blah.txt
+
+ test c:\\mydir\\blah.txt ; Literal filename with double backslashes
+ c:\mydir\blah.txt
+
+ test c:/mydir/blah.txt ; Literal filename with forward slashes
+ c:/mydir/blah.txt
+
+ test \m(filename) ; Variable
+ c:\mydir\blah.txt
+
+ But what if you don't like these rules and you still want to pass a
+ literal filename containing single backslashes to a macro? This is
+ possible too, but a bit tricky: turn command quoting off before
+ invoking the macro, and then turn it back on inside the macro.
+ Example:
+
+ define test set command quoting on, echo \fcontents(\%1)
+
+ set command quoting off
+ test c:\mydir\blah.txt
+ c:\mydir\blah.txt
+
+ Upon return from the macro, command quoting is back on (since the
+ macro turned it on).
+
+ Obviously this trick can not be used if the filename is stored in a
+ variable, since it prevents the variable from being evaluated.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.11.6. Passing DOS File Names from Macro Parameters to the DOS Shell
+
+ Now suppose you need to pass a DOS filename to a macro, and the macro
+ needs to pass it, in turn, to the Windows shell via (say) Kermit's RUN
+ command. This works too:
+
+ define xrun run \fcontents(\%1)
+ xrun c:\\windows\\command\\chkdsk.exe
+
+ (or you can use the SET COMMAND QUOTING OFF / ON technique described
+ above to avoid the double backslashes.) But..
+
+ xrun c:/windows/command/chkdsk.exe
+
+ does not work if the Windows shell does not recognize "/" as a
+ directory separator. If there is a chance that a filename might be
+ passed to the macro in this form, the macro will need to convert it to
+ a form acceptable to the shell:
+
+ define xrun run \freplace(\fcontents(\%1),/,\\)
+
+ Here we replace all occurrences (if any) of "/" in the argument with
+ "\" prior to issuing the RUN command. Of course, in order to specify
+ "\" as a literal character in the \freplace() argument list, we have
+ to double it.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.11.7. Passing DOS Filenames to Kermit from the Shell
+
+ As noted in the manual, the \&@[] array contains Kermit's command-line
+ arguments. Suppose one of these arguments, say \&@[3], is a DOS
+ filename such as C:\FOO\BAR\BAZ\OOFA.TXT. (Note: In C-Kermit 7.0 and
+ K95 1.1.18 and later, command-line arguments after "=" or "--" are
+ also available in the top-level \%1..9 variables; see [360]Section
+ 7.5.)
+
+ Of course you can eliminate any problems by using forward slashes
+ rather than backslashes in the filename, but sometimes this is not
+ possible, as when the Kermit command line is being generated by
+ another program than can only generate "native" format DOS filenames.
+
+ As noted in the manual, "\%x" variables and \&x[] arrays are always
+ evaluated "all the way" (recursively). If the contents of one of these
+ variables contains backslashes, this causes another level of
+ evaluation.
+
+ There is another kind of variable, which is evaluated only "one level
+ deep". You can use this to prevent interpretation of the backslashes
+ in the filenames. Example:
+
+ assign filename \fcontents(\&@[3]) ; Transfer contents
+ ...
+ send \m(filename)
+
+ Or, more simply:
+
+ send \fcontents(\&@[3])
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.12. Debugging
+
+ The debug log is produced when you give a "log debug" command. This is
+ normally done at the request of the Kermit help desk, for forwarding
+ to the Kermit developers for analysis as a last resort in
+ troubleshooting problems. (Last resort because it can grow quite huge
+ in a very short time.) In cases where timing information is critical
+ to understanding a problem, you can tell C-Kermit to put a timestamp
+ on each debug log line by giving the command:
+
+ SET DEBUG TIMESTAMP ON
+
+ At any time before or after activating the debug log (SET DEBUG
+ TIMESTAMP OFF turns off timestamping). Timestamps can be turned off
+ and on as desired while logging. Obviously, they increase the size and
+ growth rate of the log significantly, and so should be used sparingly.
+ Timestamps are of the form hh:mm:ss.xxx, where .xxx is thousands of a
+ second (but is included only on platforms that include this feature).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.13. Logs
+
+ In UNIX C-Kermit and in K-95, you can now direct any log to a pipe.
+ This not only lets you send your logs to places other than disk files,
+ but also lets you customize them to any desired degree.
+
+ LOG { DEBUG, PACKETS, SESSION, TRANSACTION, CONNECTION } { file, pipe
+ } ...
+ A "pipe" is the name of a command, preceded by a vertical bar.
+ If the pipe contains any spaces, it must be enclosed in braces.
+
+ Here are some examples for UNIX (always remember the importance of
+ getting the UNIX shell quoting rules right):
+
+ LOG TRANSACTIONS |lpr
+ This sends the transaction log to the default UNIX printer,
+ rather than to a file (use "lp" rather than "lpr" if
+ necessary).
+
+ LOG TRANSACTIONS {| myfilter > t.log}
+ For those who don't like the format of the transaction log, or
+ want to extract certain information from it; write your own
+ output filter.
+
+ LOG SESSION {| lpr -Plaserwriter}
+ This sends the session log to a specific UNIX printer, rather
+ than to a file. Note the braces around the pipeline. These are
+ required because it contains spaces.
+
+ LOG DEBUG {| tail -100 > debug.log}
+ This causes the debug log file to contain only the final 100
+ lines. Suppose C-Kermit crashes under some unpredictable
+ circumstances, and you need a debug log to catch it in the act.
+ But the debug log can grow to huge proportions very quickly,
+ possibly filling up the disk. Piping the debug log through
+ "tail" results in keeping only the last 100 lines (or other
+ number of your choice).
+
+ LOG DEBUG {| grep "^TELNET" > debug.log}
+ This one shows how to log only Telnet negotiations. Piping the
+ debug log through grep or egrep lets you log only specific
+ information, rather than everything. "man grep" for further
+ info.
+
+ LOG DEBUG {| gzip -c > debug.log.gz}
+ Creates a full debug log, but compressed by gzip to save space.
+
+ LOG PACKETS {| tr "\\01" "X" | cut -c9- > packet.log}
+ This one writes the regular packet log, but translates the
+ Ctrl-A that starts each packet to the letter "X" and removes
+ the s-nn-nn- notation from the beginning of each line. Note the
+ double backslash (normal Kermit quoting rules). "man tr" and
+ "man cut" for further info.
+
+ See [361]Section 2.12 for information about the new connection log.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.14. Automatic File-Transfer Packet Recognition at the Command Prompt
+
+ Beginning in version 7.0, C-Kermit can recognize Kermit (and in some
+ cases also Zmodem) file-transfer packets while at its command prompt.
+ This is convenient (for example), if you escaped back from a remote
+ Kermit program and told the local Kermit program to send a file, but
+ forgot to tell the remote Kermit program to receive it (and the local
+ Kermit did not have the "send a Kermit receive command" feature
+ available). This feature is controlled by the following command:
+
+ SET COMMAND AUTODOWNLOAD { ON, OFF }
+ When ON, which is the default, the command parser recognizes
+ Kermit packets when Kermit is in remote mode. An S packet makes
+ it go into receive mode, an I packet makes it go into server
+ mode. When OFF, packet recognition is disabled and the behavior
+ when a packet is received at the command prompt is as it was in
+ C-Kermit 6.1 and earlier (namely to print an error message).
+
+ COMMAND AUTODOWNLOAD is the command-mode equivalent of TERMINAL
+ AUTODOWNLOAD, which is effective during CONNECT mode.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.15. The TYPE Command
+
+ The TYPE command now accepts a selection of optional switches
+ ([362]Section 1.5), and also sets several variables.
+
+ Syntax: TYPE [ switches... ] filename
+
+ Variables:
+
+ \v(ty_ln)
+ Line number of current line (during TYPE command; see /PREFIX)
+
+ \v(ty_lc)
+ Line count of file most recently TYPEd.
+
+ \v(ty_mc)
+ Match count of file most recently TYPEd (see /MATCH).
+
+ Switches:
+
+ /PAGE
+ If /PAGE is included, Kermit pauses at the end of each
+ screenful and issues a "more?" prompt. You may press the space
+ bar to view the next page (screenful), or press "q" or "n" to
+ return to the C-Kermit prompt. If this switch is given, it
+ overrides the COMMAND MORE-PROMPTING setting for this command
+ only. If it is not given, paging is according to COMMAND
+ MORE-PROMPTING.
+
+ /NOPAGE
+ Do not pause at the end of each screenful; show the whole file
+ (or all selected lines) at once. If this switch is given, it
+ overrides the COMMAND MORE-PROMPTING setting for this command
+ only. If it is not given, paging is according to COMMAND
+ MORE-PROMPTING.
+
+ /HEAD[:n]
+ Only show the first n lines of the file (where n is a number).
+ If n is omitted, 10 is used.
+
+ /TAIL[:n]
+ Only show the last n lines of the file (where n is a number).
+ If nis omitted, 10 is used. Note: /HEAD and /TAIL can't be
+ combined; if you give both switches, only the most recent one
+ is used.
+
+ /MATCH:pattern
+ Only type lines from the file that match the given pattern (see
+ [363]Section 4.9.1 for pattern notation). UNIX users familiar
+ with grep should note a significant difference: there is no
+ implied "*" at the beginning and end of the pattern. Thus:
+
+ TYPE /MATCH:foo Lists lines whose entire contents are "foo".
+ TYPE /MATCH:foo* Lists lines that start with "foo".
+ TYPE /MATCH:*foo Lists lines that end with "foo".
+ TYPE /MATCH:*foo* Lists lines that have "foo" anywhere in them.
+
+ /HEAD and /TAIL apply after /MATCH, so "type /tail:20
+ /match:x*" shows the last 20 lines in the file that start with
+ "x".
+
+ /PREFIX:string
+ Print the given string at the beginning of each line. The
+ string may be a constant, a variable, or a quoted variable. If
+ it's an unquoted variable, its value at the time the TYPE
+ command was given is used as a constant. If it is a quoted
+ variable, it is re-evaluated for each line; a useful variable
+ for this context is \v(ty_ln) (the line number of the current
+ line being typed). If the prefix is to include spaces, it must
+ be enclosed in braces. Examples:
+
+ type /prefix:{oofa.txt: } /match:*thing* oofa.txt
+ Prints all lines in oofa.txt that contain "thing" with
+ the filename itself as the prefix (similar to UNIX grep).
+
+ type /prefix:{\v(time). } oofa.txt
+ Prefixes each line of oofa.txt with the time at which the
+ TYPE command was given (one backslash)
+
+ type /prefix:{\\v(time). } oofa.txt
+ Prefixes each line of oofa.txt with the time at which
+ that line is being typed (two backslashes).
+
+ type /prefix:{\\v(ty_ln). } oofa.txt
+ Prefixes each line of oofa.txt with its line number.
+
+ type /prefix:{\\flpad(\\v(ty_ln),4). } oofa.txt
+ Same as the previous example, except the line number is
+ right-adjusted in a 4-column field.
+
+ /WIDTH[:n]
+ Truncates each line at column n (which must be a number) prior
+ to printing it. This option can be used for long lines when you
+ don't want them to wrap. If nis omitted, your current screen
+ width is used.
+
+ /COUNT
+ Counts lines and -- if /MATCH was included, matches -- but does
+ not print any lines from the file. The line and match count is
+ shown at the end, and the variables \v(ty_lc) and \v(ty_lm) are
+ set accordingly.
+
+ SET OPTIONS TYPE { /PAGE, /NOPAGE, /WIDTH:n }
+ Sets the paging default for TYPE commands, which can be
+ overridden in any particular TYPE command by including the
+ desired switch.
+
+ If a TYPE command is given with no switch, and no SET OPTIONS TYPE
+ selection is in effect, paging is according to your COMMAND
+ MORE-PROMPTING setting (SHOW COMMAND).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.16. The RESET Command
+
+ The RESET command, added in 7.0, closes all open files and logs, but
+ does not affect the open connection (if any).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.17. The COPY and RENAME Commands
+
+ As of C-Kermit 7.0, in the UNIX version only, the COPY and RENAME
+ commands are built in and do not call the underlying platform's COPY
+ or RENAME command. This allows them to work in "NOPUSH" versions and
+ other circumstances where it can't access system commands, and it
+ allows file copying and renaming to be done portably in scripts. The
+ characteristics of the built-in COPY or RENAME include:
+ * It fails if the source file is a directory or is wild or lacks
+ read access.
+ * It fails if the source file is the destination file.
+ * It allows the destination file to be a directory, in which case
+ the source file is copied (or renamed) into it with the same name.
+ * It overwrites an existing destination file if its permission
+ allows.
+ * It sets the new file's permission according to umask but also
+ carries forward the source file's execute permission bits if the
+ destination file did not already exist.
+ * It fails if interrupted by Ctrl-C.
+ * Upon error, it prints an appropriate message.
+ * It returns standardized error codes that can be tested by IF
+ SUCCESS / FAIL.
+
+ These commands now also accept the following switches:
+
+ /LIST (/LOG, /VERBOSE) = Print "file1 => file2 (OK)" (or error message).
+ /NOLIST (/NOLOG, /QUIET) = Don't print anything (except error messages).
+
+ /NOLIST is the default.
+
+ The same built-in code is used by the UNIX C-Kermit server to execute
+ REMOTE COPY commands (except in this case no switches are available).
+
+ The COPY command also accepts the following additional switches. When
+ any of these are given (and they can be used in any combination except
+ /SWAP and /APPEND), some of the checks listed above are relaxed, and
+ thus it might be possible to get into trouble in certain cases, e.g.
+ when the source and target files are the same file:
+
+ /APPEND = Append source file to destination file.
+ /SWAP-BYTES = Swap bytes (see [364]Section 6.6.5).
+ /FROMB64 = Decode the source file from Base64 encoding.
+ /TOB64 = Encode the target file in Base64.
+
+ Base64 is the encoding commonly used for enclosures in Internet email.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.18. The MANUAL Command
+
+ The MANUAL command can be used to access the appropriate Kermit manual
+ or other manual. The general syntax is:
+
+ MANUAL [ string ]
+ If the string is omitted, C-Kermit asks the underlying system
+ to access the C-Kermit manual using whatever method is
+ appropriate for the system.
+
+ The specific action depends on the system. In UNIX, a "man" command is
+ issued; "kermit" is the default argument but other manual topics may
+ be specified. If the "man" command allows index or string searching,
+ the appropriate syntax may be included.
+
+ In Kermit 95, the MANUAL command brings up the HTML online K95 manual.
+
+ In VMS and elsewhere, "man" is simply translated to "help", with a
+ default argument of "kermit"; other and/or additional arguments may be
+ included according to the definition of the system's "help" command.
+
+ Correct operation of the "man" command in C-Kermit depends on the
+ appropriate man page or help topic having been installed in the right
+ place with the right permissions and format.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.19. String and Filename Matching Patterns
+
+ A pattern is a string that includes special notation for matching
+ classes or sequences of characters. C-Kermit 7.0 / K95 1.1.19 supports
+ patterns in several places:
+
+ * Filenames ([365]Section 4.9)
+ * SWITCH case labels ([366]Section 7.18)
+ * The new IF MATCH statement ([367]Section 7.4)
+ * TYPE /MATCH ([368]Section 1.15)
+ * SET FILE TEXT-PATTERNS and BINARY-PATTERNS ([369]Section 4.3)
+ * The \fsearch() and \farraylook() functions ([370]Sections 7.3 and
+ [371]7.10.7)
+ * The \fpattern() function used with [M,RE]INPUT ([372]Section 7.1)
+
+ Patterns are also called wildcards, especially when used for filename
+ matching. C-Kermit's pattern syntax is explained in [373]Section
+ 4.9.1, and also by the HELP WILDCARDS command.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.20. Multiple Commands on One Line
+
+ As of C-Kermit 7.0, commands can be grouped together on one line by
+ separating the commands with commas and enclosing the list in braces.
+ For example:
+
+ C-Kermit> { echo One, echo Two, echo Three }
+ C-Kermit> do { echo One, echo Two, echo Three }
+
+ Command lists can be nested:
+
+ [ do ] { echo One, echo Two, if true { echo A, echo B}, echo Three }
+
+ and the END command works as it does in macros:
+
+ [ do ] { echo One, echo Two, if true end, echo Three }
+
+ The "one line" stricture is, of course, pliant to line-continuation
+ conventions, namely that lines ending in hyphen (-) or left brace ({)
+ are to be continued. Thus the first example can also be rendered:
+
+ [ do ] {
+ echo One
+ echo Two
+ echo Three
+ }
+
+ (the "do" is optional).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.21. What Do I Have?
+
+ C-Kermit can be built for hundreds of different platforms with
+ practically countless configuration options. Certain commands might
+ not be available in certain configurations, etc. Even on the same
+ platform, different builds are possible: "maximum functionality",
+ "minimum size", "maximum performance", and so on. You can find out a
+ lot about the configuration of your C-Kermit program with the SHOW
+ FEATURES command. Of course, a lot of what it says, especially in the
+ bottom part, might seem like gibberish, but can be deciphered with a
+ Rosetta Stone (such as the C-Kermit source or the [374]ckccfg.txt
+ file). In any case, the output from SHOW FEATURES might easily explain
+ why some expected feature is missing, or some buffer is smaller than
+ expected. Here's a sample of the bottom section for the SunOS version:
+
+C-Kermit 7.0.196, 1 Jan 2000
+
+Major optional features included:
+ Network support (type SHOW NET for further info)
+ Telnet Kermit Option
+ Hardware flow control
+ External XYZMODEM protocol support
+ Latin-1 (West European) character-set translation
+ Latin-2 (East European) character-set translation
+ Cyrillic (Russian, Ukrainian, etc) character-set translation
+ Greek character-set translation
+ Hebrew character-set translation
+ Japanese character-set translation
+ Unicode character-set translation
+ Pseudoterminal control
+ REDIRECT command
+ RESEND command
+ Fullscreen file transfer display
+ Control-character unprefixing
+ Streaming
+ Autodownload
+
+Major optional features not included:
+ No Kerberos(TM) authentication
+ No SRP(TM) (Secure Remote Password) protocol
+ No Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol
+ No Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol
+ No encryption
+ No X Windows forwarding
+
+Host info:
+ Machine: sun4m
+ Model: (unknown)
+ OS: SunOS
+ OS Release: 4.1.3_U1
+ OS Version: 4
+
+Target: sunos41gsc
+GCC version: 2.7.2
+Compiled Dec 31 1999 10:38:54, options:
+ __GNUC__ __STDC__ _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL _SC_JOB_CONTROL ARRAYREFLEN=1024 BIGBUFOK
+ BROWSER BSD4 CK_ANSIC CK_APC CK_AUTODL CK_CURSES CK_DNS_SRV CK_ENVIRONMENT
+ CK_FAST CK_LOGIN CK_MKDIR CK_NAWS CK_PCT_BAR CK_PERMS CK_RECALL CK_RTSCTS
+ CK_SPEED CK_TIMERS CK_TMPDIR CK_TTGWSIZ CK_TTYFD CK_WREFRESH CKEXEC
+ CKFLOAT=double CKGHNLHOST ckmaxfiles=64 CKMAXOPEN=64 CKMAXPATH=1023 CKREALPATH
+ CKREGEX CKSYSLOG CKTUNING CMDBL=32763 CMDDEP=64 CONGSPD DCMDBUF DIRENT DYNAMIC
+ FNFLOAT FORDEPTH=32 GFTIMER HADDRLIST HDBUUCP IFDEBUG IKS_OPTION IKSDB
+ IKSDCONF INBUFSIZE=32768 INPBUFSIZ=4096 MAC_MAX=16384 MACLEVEL=128 MAXDDIR=32
+ MAXDNUMS=4095 MAXGETPATH=128 MAXTAKE=54 MAXWLD=102400 MSENDMAX=1024 NETCMD
+ NETCONN NETPTY NOKVERBS NOSETBUF OBUFSIZE=32768 PARSENSE PATTERNS PIPESEND
+ RENAME RLOGCODE SAVEDUID SELECT SIG_V SOL_SOCKET sparc STREAMING sun SUNOS4
+ SYSTIMEH TCPSOCKET TIMEH TLOG TNCODE TTLEBUF TTSPDLIST UIDBUFLEN=256 UNIX
+ UNPREFIXZERO USE_LSTAT USE_MEMCPY VNAML=4096 WHATAMI XFRCAN Z_MAXCHAN=46
+ z_maxchan=46 ZXREWIND
+
+ byte order: big endian
+
+ sizeofs: int=4 long=4 short=2 char=1 char*=4 float=4 double=8
+
+ floating-point: precision=16 rounding=1
+
+ Without going into detail about what all the notation means, notice a
+ couple things:
+
+ * The Options section shows symbols ("macros") in effect during
+ compilation, together with their values (for those that have
+ values). The options are listed in alphabetical order to make any
+ particular option easier to find.
+ * MAXWLD is the maximum number of files that a wildcard can expand
+ to.
+ * Anything starting with "NO" is a feature (or something other than
+ a feature) that has been deliberately "compiled out", or omitted.
+ * Important items for script writers include: CMDBL=32763 (the size
+ of the command buffer and therefore the maximum length for a macro
+ or variable definition; CMDDEP=64 (the limit on recursion depth);
+ FORDEPTH=32 (the nesting limit on FOR loops); INBUFSIZE=32768 (the
+ size of the INPUT command circular buffer); MAC_MAX=16384 (the
+ maximum number of macros), etc.
+
+ See the [375]ckccfg.txt file for details.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.22. Generalized File Input and Output
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 adds a new generalized I/O system for stream files,
+ augmenting (and to some extent, overlapping with) the older OPEN,
+ READ, WRITE, and CLOSE commands. In the new file i/o system, which can
+ be used simultaneously with the old one, all commands are grouped
+ together under the new FILE keyword, and some related functions and
+ variables are added.
+
+ 1.22.1. Why Another I/O System?
+
+ The well-known LOG, OPEN, READ, WRITE, and CLOSE commands have the
+ following restrictions:
+
+ 1. Only one READ file and one WRITE file can be open at a time.
+ 2. The READ and WRITE commands are strictly line oriented.
+ 3. These commands can not be used with binary files.
+ 4. They do not support read/write access or random access.
+ 5. The syntax is a bit counterintuitive for programmers.
+
+ The new file i/o system allows multiple files to be open at once, in
+ any desired combination of modes (read/write/append) supported by the
+ operating system, for line, block (record), or character i/o, for
+ sequential or random access, using consistent syntax and conventions.
+
+ The new system, however, does not replace the old one, since the old
+ system still must be used for:
+
+ 1. The session, packet, debug, transaction, and connection logs.
+ 2. Reading and writing commands rather than files.
+ 3. Existing scripts.
+
+ The new system works only with regular files, not with commands or
+ pipes or mailboxes or pseudoterminals. No special provisions are made
+ in the FILE commands for handling devices or network connections, nor
+ for preventing you from trying to open them; if the underlying
+ operating system treats them like regular stream disk files, the FILE
+ commands (except, of course SEEK, REWIND, and COUNT) might work with
+ them. (In C programming terms, the FILE commands are, at present,
+ nothing more than a front end to fopen() / fread() / fwrite() /
+ fclose() and friends, which are a portable API to sequential files,
+ but this might change in the future for platforms like VMS and VOS
+ that have more complicated file systems.)
+
+ Definitions:
+
+ Channel
+ A number assigned to a file when it is opened, by which it must
+ be referred to in all input/output operations.
+
+ Read/Write Pointer
+ The current position in an open file, expressed as the 0-based
+ byte count from the beginning.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.22.2. The FILE Command
+
+ FILE keyword [ switches ] channel [ data ]
+ The keyword specifies the function: FILE OPEN, FILE READ, FILE
+ WRITE, FILE CLOSE, etc. For convenience (and for familiarity to
+ C programmers), the two-word FILE commands can be shortened to
+ the single words FOPEN, FREAD, FWRITE, FCLOSE, and so on.
+ Switches are optional, and modify or amplify the requested file
+ function.
+
+ As in C, Fortran, and other programming languages, open files are
+ referred to by "channels", integers such as 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on. A
+ channel number is assigned when you open a file. The number of
+ available channels depends on the underlying operating system, and can
+ be seen in the variable:
+
+ \v(f_max)
+
+ or by giving the FILE LIST (FLIST) command. Channels are discussed in
+ greater detail in [376]Section 1.22.4.
+
+ FILE command errors can be caught with IF FAIL after the FILE command.
+ In addition, the \v(f_error) variable is set to the completion code of
+ the command: 0 if no error, or a negative number if there was an
+ error. The error codes are listed in [377]Section 1.22.5.
+
+ The command to open a file is:
+
+ FILE OPEN [ switches ] variable filename
+ Opens a file for the type of access specified by the switches,
+ or for read-only access if no switches are given. Upon success,
+ a channel number is assigned to this file and stored in the
+ given variable so you can refer to the open file in subsequent
+ i/o commands. If the file can not be opened, the FILE OPEN
+ command fails. Synonym: FOPEN.
+
+ The FILE OPEN switches are:
+
+ /READ
+ Open the file for read access. If no switches are given, /READ
+ is assumed. If the file does not exist or can't be opened for
+ read access, the FILE OPEN command fails.
+
+ /WRITE
+ Allow writing. If a file of the same name already exists, it is
+ overwritten unless /READ or /APPEND is also included. If a file
+ of the given name does not exist, it is created.
+
+ /APPEND
+ Equivalent to /WRITE, except that if the file exists, it is not
+ destroyed. The read/write pointer is set to the end of the
+ file, so unless you change it with FILE SEEK or REWIND (see
+ below), the first FILE WRITE command adds to the end of the
+ file, preserving what was there already. If /WRITE is also
+ given, it is ignored.
+
+ /BINARY
+ Open the file in "binary" mode, rather than text mode. This
+ switch is meaningless (but still can be used) in UNIX. In VMS,
+ Windows, and OS/2, it inhibits end-of-line processing and
+ conversion, and so should be used for binary files and/or files
+ that are to be accessed in record or character mode rather than
+ line by line.
+
+ The variable for the channel number can be any kind of variable: the
+ \%x kind, a macro name, or an array element. But it must be a
+ variable, not a number -- C-Kermit assigns the channel number; you
+ can't tell it what number to use.
+
+ Example:
+
+ FILE OPEN \%c oofa.txt ; Open oofa.txt for reading.
+ IF FAIL exit 1 Can't open oofa.txt ; Always check to see if it worked.
+ ECHO oofa.txt: channel = \%c
+
+ If the file oofa.txt is opened successfully, a channel number is
+ assigned to the variable \%c. Here's another example using a macro
+ name for the channel number:
+
+ FILE OPEN channel oofa.txt ; Open oofa.txt for reading.
+ IF SUCCESS ECHO oofa.txt: channel = \m(channel)
+
+ Switches can be combined when it makes sense and the underlying
+ operating system allows it. For example, to open a file in binary mode
+ for reading and writing (sometimes called "update"):
+
+ FILE OPEN /READ /WRITE /BINARY \%c budget.db
+
+ Some combinations might be allowed, others not. For example /READ
+ /APPEND will usually not be allowed. /WRITE /APPEND is treated as
+ /APPEND.
+
+ A major advantage of the new system over the older one is that you can
+ have multiple files open at once. Suppose, for example, that you want
+ to open all the files in a certain directory at once:
+
+ .\%n := \ffiles(/usr/olga*,&f) ; Get file list into array.
+ if ( > \%n \v(f_max) ) { ; Make sure there aren't too many.
+ exit 1 {\v(dir): \%n = Too many files}
+ }
+ declare \&c[\%n] ; Make array for channel numbers.
+ for \%i 1 \%n 1 { ; Loop to open every file...
+ file open \&c[\%i] \&f[\%i] ; Try to open this one
+ if fail exit 1 Open error: \&f[\%i] ; Check for failure
+ }
+
+ If this loop completes successfully, the \&c[] array will contain \%n
+ channel numbers of open files in elements 1 through \%n.
+
+ Any file that you open with FILE OPEN stays open until Kermit exits,
+ or you close it explicitly. The command to close a file is:
+
+ FILE CLOSE { ALL, channel }
+ If a channel number is given and the channel refers to an open
+ file, the file is closed and the channel is freed for reuse; if
+ the channel does not refer to an open file, an error message is
+ printed and the command fails. If ALL is specified instead of a
+ specific channel, all files opened with FILE OPEN are closed
+ and if all open files were closed successfully (even if no
+ files were open), the command succeeds; if any open file could
+ not be closed, the command fails; however, all open files that
+ could be closed are still closed. Synonym: FCLOSE.
+
+ FILE CLOSE might fail because, for example, the disk filled up or a
+ quota was exceeded. Example:
+
+ fopen /write \%c new.txt ; Open new.txt for writing.
+ if fail exit 1 ; Check for error.
+ fclose \%c ; Close the file we just opened.
+
+ This creates a 0-length file called new.txt.
+
+ Note that FILE OPEN /WRITE (without /READ or /APPEND) always creates a
+ new file, and therefore destroys any file with the same name that
+ might already exist (assuming you have permission to delete it). To
+ avoid overwriting existing files, simply check first:
+
+ if exist new.txt exit 1 {Fatal - new.txt already exists}
+ fopen /write \%c new.txt
+ if fail ...
+
+ The next two commands give information about open files:
+
+ FILE STATUS channel
+ Tells the name of the file, if any, open on the given channel
+ and the switches it was opened with. The read/write pointer is
+ also shown; this is where the next read or write will occur;
+ "[EOF]" is shown if the current position in the open file is
+ the end -- i.e. the next read will fail if the file was opened
+ in /READ mode; the next write will add material to the end. The
+ current line number (0-based) is also shown if known. The FILE
+ STATUS command succeeds if the channel is open, and fails if
+ there is no open file on the given channel, or if the channel
+ number is invalid or out of range. Synonym: FSTATUS.
+
+ FILE LIST
+ Lists the channel number and name of each open file, along with
+ its OPEN modes (R, W, A, B, RW, etc) and its current read/write
+ pointer or "[EOF]" if it is at the end. Also tells the number
+ of files currently opened with FILE OPEN, plus the maximum
+ number of open files allowed by the system and the maximum
+ number allowed for FILE OPEN. Synonym: FLIST.
+
+ Next come the commands for reading and writing files:
+
+ FILE READ [ switches ] channel [ variable ]
+ Reads data from the file on the given channel number into the
+ variable, if one was given; if no variable was given, the
+ result is printed on the screen. IMPORTANT: The variable should
+ normally be a macro name rather than a \%x or \&x[] variable if
+ you want backslash characters in the file to be taken literally
+ (see pp.408-412 of [378]Using C-Kermit for an explanation; you
+ can also read into a \%x or \&x[] variable, but then you must
+ remember to protect future references to by \fcontents() if you
+ don't want C-Kermit to process any backslashes it might
+ contain). The desired amount of data (according to the
+ switches) is read from the file at the current read/write
+ pointer, and upon completion the read/write position is updated
+ to first byte after the data that was read, no matter what
+ switches were given. Synonym: FREAD.
+
+ FILE WRITE [ switches ] channel text
+ Writes the given text to the file on the given channel number.
+ The text, of course, can be literal text or a variable, or any
+ combination. If the text might contain leading or trailing
+ spaces, it must be enclosed in braces if you want to preserve
+ them. Synonym: FWRITE.
+
+ Before proceeding, a caution about the NUL character. C-Kermit is so
+ named because it is a Kermit program written in the C language. In C,
+ character strings are represented as a sequence of non-NUL bytes
+ terminated by a NUL byte (a byte in which all bits are 0). Thus a C
+ string can not contain NUL bytes; it always ends with the first NUL
+ byte. C-Kermit variables are implemented as C strings and therefore
+ can't contain NUL bytes either, so the FILE READ and FILE WRITE
+ commands do not handle files or strings that contain NUL bytes, except
+ when the /CHARACTER switch is included with the FILE READ or WRITE
+ command, or when /LPAD:0 or /RPAD:0 is given with the FILE WRITE
+ command; these switches are explained below.
+
+ Also note that Kermit can not be used read or write binary numbers in
+ the machine's internal format (integer or floating-point); in general,
+ numbers can be processed only when represented as numeric or
+ floating-point strings.
+
+ FILE READ switches are:
+
+ /LINE
+ Specifies that a line of text is to be read. A line is defined
+ according to the underlying operating system's text-file
+ format. For example, in UNIX a line is a sequence of characters
+ up to and including a linefeed, or the end of the file, which
+ ever comes first. The line terminator (if any) is removed
+ before assigning the text to the variable. If no switches are
+ included with the FILE READ command, /LINE is assumed. Normally
+ this switch should not be used with files opened in /BINARY
+ mode (but nothing prevents it either).
+
+ /SIZE:number
+ Specifies that the given number of bytes (characters) is to be
+ read. The actual number of bytes returned will be less if the
+ end of file is reached (or a NUL byte is encountered). For
+ example, if a file is 514 bytes long, FILE READ /SIZE:512
+ returns 512 bytes the first time and 2 bytes the second time.
+ FILE READ /SIZE provides a kind of "record i/o" for files that
+ do not necessarily contain lines. The resulting block of
+ characters is assigned to the variable without any editing.
+ Synonym: /BLOCK.
+
+ /CHARACTER
+ Equivalent to /SIZE:1. If FILE READ /CHAR succeeds but the
+ variable is empty, this indicates a NUL byte was read. Synonym:
+ BYTE.
+
+ FILE WRITE switches are:
+
+ /LINE
+ Specifies that an appropriate line terminator is to be added to
+ the end of the text. If no switches are included, /LINE is
+ assumed.
+
+ /SIZE:number
+ Specifies that the given number of bytes (characters) is to be
+ written. If the given text is longer than the requested size,
+ it is truncated; if is shorter, it is padded according /LPAD
+ and /RPAD switches. Synonym: /BLOCK.
+
+ /LPAD[:value]
+ If /SIZE was given, but the text is shorter than the requested
+ size, the text is padded on the left with sufficient copies of
+ the character whose ASCII value is given to write the given
+ length. If no value is specified, 32 (the code for Space) is
+ used. The value can also be 0 to write the indicated number of
+ NUL bytes. If /SIZE was not given, this switch is ignored.
+
+ /RPAD[:value]
+ Like LPAD, but pads on the right.
+
+ /CHARACTER
+ Specifies that one character should be written. If the text is
+ empty or not given, a NUL character is written; otherwise the
+ first character of text is given. Synonym: /BYTE.
+
+ /STRING
+ Specifies that the text is to be written as-is, with no
+ terminator added.
+
+ Here's an example in which we copy a text file line by line:
+
+ file open /read \%c oofa.txt ; Open input file
+ if fail exit 1 Can't open input file ; Check that it's open
+ file open /write \%d new.txt ; Open output file
+ if fail exit 1 Can't open output file ; Check
+ while true { ; Loop to copy lines
+ file read /line \%c line ; Read a line
+ if fail break ; Assume failure = end of file
+ file write /line \%d {\m(line)} ; Write the line to output file
+ if fail exit 1 Write failure ; Failure here is fatal
+ }
+ file close \%c ; Close the two files
+ file close \%d
+
+ Note that since /LINE is the default for both FILE READ and FILE
+ WRITE, it can be omitted as in the following example, where we also
+ use the short names for the FILE commands.
+
+ fopen /read \%c oofa.txt ; Open input file
+ if fail exit 1 Can't open input file ; Check that it's open
+ fopen /write \%d new.txt ; Open output file
+ if fail exit 1 Can't open output file ; Check
+ while true { ; Loop to copy lines
+ fread \%c line ; Read a line
+ if fail break ; Assume failure = end of file
+ fwrite \%d {\m(line)} ; Write the line to output file
+ if fail exit 1 Write failure ; Failure here is fatal
+ }
+ fclose \%c ; Close the two files
+ fclose \%d
+
+ Here's the same example using "record i/o" (the open and close
+ sequences are are omitted since they are the same as above). The
+ result is the same, but execution is much faster:
+
+ while true { ; Loop to copy blocks
+ fread /size:512 \%c block ; Read a block into \%a
+ if fail break ; Assume failure = end of file
+ fwrite /string \%d {\m(block)} ; Write the block to output file
+ if fail exit 1 Write failure ; Failure here is fatal
+ }
+
+ Although record i/o is faster, it should not be used in line-oriented
+ applications, since it returns arbitrary chunks of the file to your
+ script, rather than lines. In this example, FWRITE /STRING is used
+ rather than FWRITE /SIZE:512 to avoid the last output block being
+ padded beyond the original file's length.
+
+ A file can also be copied character by character, but this is much
+ slower than line i/o and VERY much slower than block i/o:
+
+ while true { ; Loop to copy blocks
+ fread /char \%c c ; Read a character into c
+ if fail break ; Assume failure = end of file
+ fwrite /char \%d {\m(c)} ; Write character to output file
+ if fail exit 1 Write failure ; Failure is fatal
+ }
+
+ Although character i/o is slow, it is the only way to process files
+ that contain NUL characters (i.e. bytes composed of only zero bits).
+ In the example above, when "fread /char \%c c" returns a NUL, the c
+ variable is empty. But since the FREAD /CHAR command did not fail, we
+ know the result was really a NUL. FWRITE /CHAR, when given an empty
+ variable (or no variable at all) writes a NUL. Thus the loop above
+ will copy any file at all (very slowly). In non-copying applications,
+ NULs are detected like this:
+
+ fread /char \%c c
+ if fail (do something)
+ if not def c (a NUL byte was read)
+
+ Finally some advanced file operations:
+
+ FILE FLUSH channel
+ For output files only: commits all previous writes to disk, in
+ case the computer was buffering them. Synonym: FFLUSH.
+
+ FILE COUNT [ { /BYTES, /LINES, /LIST, /NOLIST } ] channel
+ By default, or if the /BYTES switch is given, counts the bytes
+ in the file, if any, open on the given channel. If the /LINES
+ switch is given, counts lines in the file. If the /LIST switch
+ is given, the result is printed. If the /NOLIST switch is
+ given, the result is not printed. /QUIET is a synonym for
+ /NOLIST. If neither /LIST nor /NOLIST is given, the result is
+ printed if the command is given at top level, i.e. not from a
+ command file or macro. In all cases, the result of the most
+ recent FILE COUNT command is stored in the variable
+ \v(f_count). Note that FILE COUNT /LINE works (and can only
+ work) by reading the entire file; expect it to take some time
+ if the file is large. Synonym: FCOUNT.
+
+ FILE REWIND channel
+ Moves the read/write pointer to the beginning of the file.
+ Equivalent to FILE SEEK channel 0. Synonym: FREWIND.
+
+ FILE SEEK [ switches ] channel { [{+,-}]number, LAST, EOF }
+ Moves the read/write pointer for the file on this channel to
+ the given position, which may be a byte (character) number or a
+ line number, expressed in either absolute or relative terms.
+ Switches:
+
+ /BYTE
+ The number given is a byte number. Synonym: /CHARACTER.
+
+ /LINE
+ The number given is a line number.
+
+ /ABSOLUTE
+ The number given is absolute.
+
+ /RELATIVE
+ The number given is relative to the current position.
+
+ By default, or if the /BYTE switch is given, the number is a
+ byte number (0 = first byte). If /LINE is given, the number is
+ a line number (0 = first line). EOF means to move to the end of
+ the file. LAST means to move to the last line or character of
+ the file, depending on whether it's a line or character seek.
+
+ If neither the /RELATIVE nor the /ABSOLUTE switch is given,
+ then if a signed number is given, the motion is relative to the
+ current position. An expression that evaluates to a negative
+ number is not considered signed for this purpose; that is, a
+ sign (+ or -) must be included as the first character of the
+ number in the command itself to force a relative seek (in the
+ absence of /RELATIVE or /ABSOLUTE).
+
+ If the number has no sign, or if the /ABSOLUTE switch is given,
+ the number represents an absolute position (relative to the
+ beginning of the file). Subsequent FILE READs or WRITEs will
+ take place at the new position.
+
+ If the read/write pointer is placed after the end of the file,
+ a subsequent FILE READ will fail, but a FILE WRITE will succeed
+ (possibly creating a file with "holes"). If a FILE SEEK /BYTE
+ command is given, the current line becomes unknown (unless the
+ position is 0) and subsequent FILE SEEK /RELATIVE /LINE
+ commands will fail until the next non-relative FILE SEEK /LINE
+ command is given. Synonym: FSEEK.
+
+ An absolute FILE SEEK to a negative position fails silently, as does a
+ relative seek to a position before the beginning of the file.
+
+ A caution about relative SEEKs: remember that the number is relative
+ to the current position. Whenever you read or write, this changes the
+ position. In each of the following examples, assume the file open on
+ channel \%c is positioned at line n (the FREAD target variable is
+ omitted for lack of space):
+
+ { FREAD \%c, FSEEK /LINE \%c -1, FREAD \%c } <-- Reads line n twice
+ { FREAD \%c, FSEEK /LINE \%c +0, FREAD \%c } <-- Reads lines n and n+1
+ { FREAD \%c, FSEEK /LINE \%c +1, FREAD \%c } <-- Reads lines n and n+2
+ { FREAD \%c, FSEEK /LINE \%c -2, FREAD \%c } <-- Reads lines n and n-1
+ { FREAD \%c, FSEEK /LINE \%c -3, FREAD \%c } <-- Reads lines n and n-2
+
+ Another caution: Using FSEEK and FREAD /SIZE to repeatedly read the
+ same disk block (e.g. when sampling a database record that is
+ frequently updated) might not give you updated disk blocks due to the
+ internal buffering and caching of the C library (this probably varies
+ from one platform/compiler combination to another). If necessary you
+ can force a fresh disk read with a close/open sequence:
+
+ FCLOS \%c
+ FOPEN \%c samefilename
+ FSEEK \%c samespot
+ FREAD /SIZE:howmanybytes \%c variable
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.22.3. FILE Command Examples
+
+ To read the last 10 lines of a text file into an array:
+
+ fopen /read \%c oofa.txt ; Open the file
+ if fail exit 1 Can't open oofa.txt ; Always check for failure
+ dcl \&a[10] ; Declare a 10-element array
+ fcount /line \%c ; Count lines in the file
+ fseek /line \%c \v(f_count)-10 ; Seek to 10 lines from the end
+ if fail exit 1 Can't seek ; Check for failure
+ for \%i 1 10 1 { fread \%c \&a[\%i] } ; Read the last 10 lines
+ fclose \%c ; Close the file
+
+ Note that blank lines show up as empty (undefined) array elements, for
+ example if you give a "show array a" command at this point. This is
+ normal. You can still use these elements; e.g.:
+
+ for \%i 1 10 1 { echo \%i. \&a[\%i] } ; Display the 10 lines
+
+ Here is how to read the last line of a file (already open on channel
+ \%c):
+
+ fseek /line \%c last ; Seek directly to last line
+
+ Alternatively:
+
+ fseek /line \%c eof ; Seek to end of file
+ fseek /line \%c -1 ; Seek to beginning of last line
+
+ Alternatively:
+
+ fcount /line \%c ; Count the file's lines
+ fseek /line \%c \v(f_count)-1 ; Seek to last line
+ fread \%c ; Read it
+
+ To read every other line from the file (using relative SEEK), skipping
+ the first line:
+
+ fopen /read \%c oofa.txt ; Open the file
+ while ( success ) { ; Loop through lines
+ fseek /line \%c +1 ; Skip a line
+ if success fread \%c ; Read & display a line
+ }
+ fclose \%c ; Close the file
+
+ Here is how to read the lines of a file in reverse order:
+
+ fopen /read \%c oofa.txt ; Open
+ if fail exit 1 ; Check
+ fseek /line \%c last ; Seek to last line
+ while success { ; Loop
+ fread \%c ; Read line
+ fseek /line \%c -2 ; Seek backwards two lines
+ }
+ fclose \%c ; Close the file
+
+ The loop works because a relative SEEK outside the file fails.
+
+ It is also possible to use block i/o to manage random-access files
+ with fixed-length records (as long as they don't contain NUL
+ characters). Suppose, for example, you have a file of "card image"
+ records with fixed-field information about customers, such as:
+
+ Name: Columns 1-32 (column numbers are 1-based)
+ Address: Columns 33-72
+ Balance: Columns 73-80
+
+ The records are indexed by customer number, starting with 0. There are
+ no line terminators separating them. Therefore the record for customer
+ number n starts at position nx 80 (\%n*80).
+
+ Now suppose we received a payment from customer number 173 and want to
+ update the balance:
+
+ .\%n = 173 ; Customer (record) number
+ .\%a = 12.72 ; Amount
+ fopen /read /write \%c customer.db ; Open the file
+ if fail stop 1 OPEN FAILED: \f_errmsg() ; Check
+ fseek /byte \%c 80*\%n ; Seek to record
+ fread /size:80 \%c r ; Read the record
+ if fail stop 1 READ FAILED: \f_errmsg() ; Check (IMPORTANT)
+ .\%b := \fright(\m(r),8) ; Extract the balance
+ .\%b := \ffpadd(\%b,\%a,2) ; Add the new payment
+ if fail stop 1 ARITHMETIC ERROR: \%b/\%a ; Catch bad records
+ .r := {\fleft(\m(r),72)\flpad(\%b,8)} ; Update the record
+ fseek /byte \%c 80*\%n ; Reposition to same spot
+ fwrite /size:80 \%c {\m(r)} ; Replace the record
+ if fail stop 1 WRITE FAILED: \f_errmsg() ; Check
+ fclose \%c ; Close the file
+
+ REMEMBER: Using FILE SEEK to move beyond the end of file can result in
+ a file with holes when writing; when reading, an end-of-file error
+ will occur -- be sure to check for it.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.22.4. Channel Numbers
+
+ C-Kermit's channel numbers are integers from 0 to some
+ platform-dependent limit, such as 46 or 1985 (the value of \v(f_max)).
+ This is the limit placed by the operating system on the number of
+ files that may be opened by one process or user or job, minus the
+ standard input, output, and error files, and minus the number of files
+ reserved by C-Kermit for logs, OPEN READ and WRITE, and file transfer
+ (and maybe some command files -- the \v(f_max) number can't be exact).
+
+ Although you must include a variable in the FILE OPEN command, to
+ which the channel number is assigned, you don't have to use a variable
+ in the other FILE commands if you know what the number is -- you can
+ just put the number. This saves you a few keystrokes when typing
+ commands at the prompt:
+
+ fopen \%c oofa.txt
+ flist
+ 0. /usr/olga.oofa.txt (R) 0
+
+ This tells the channel number is 0 (the number on the left is the
+ channel file's channel number). Of course you can also find it by
+ echoing the variable:
+
+ echo \%c
+ 0
+
+ Or with "fstatus \%c". Now you can type commands like:
+
+ fread 0
+
+ to read a line from the file. Obviously, however, using digits rather
+ than a variable for the channel number would be poor practice in a
+ script.
+
+ If in commands like:
+
+ fread \%c \%a
+
+ you have trouble remembering which variable is which, note that the
+ channel number is, indeed, a number. Anywhere C-Kermit accepts a
+ number it can also accept an expression, so you can put parentheses
+ around the channel number to remind you it's the channel number and
+ not the variable into which data is to be read:
+
+ fread (\%c) \%a
+
+ Normally channel numbers are assigned sequentially as 0, 1, 2, ... up
+ to the limit. However, once you start closing files, there can be
+ holes in the sequence. New channels are assigned to fill in the holes.
+ Thus you can't depend on channel numbers being in any particular
+ sequence.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.22.5. FILE Command Errors
+
+ Each FILE command sets the variable \v(f_error) to one of the
+ following values:
+
+ 0 = No error
+ -1 = System error
+ -2 = Attempt to read after end of file
+ -3 = Channel not open
+ -4 = Channel number out of range (negative or too large)
+ -5 = Numeric argument (size, ...) out of range
+ -6 = File not found
+ -7 = Bad or missing filename
+ -8 = Too many files are already open (FILE OPEN only)
+ -9 = Forbidden operation (e.g. write to a read-only file)
+ -10 = Access denied
+ -11 = Illegal combination of OPEN modes (FILE OPEN only)
+ -12 = Buffer overflow
+ -13 = Current line number unknown (for relative line seeks)
+ -14 through -98: Reserved.
+ -99 = Requested operation not implemented in this version of C-Kermit
+ -999 = Unknown error
+
+ When \v(f_error) is -1, this means the FILE command failed because
+ because of a system error, in which case you can examine the following
+ variables:
+
+ \v(errno) = System error number.
+ \v(errstring) = Error message corresponding to \v(errno).
+
+ A special function is available for translating the \v(f_error) code
+ to an error message string:
+
+\f_errmsg([code])
+ If the code is -1, returns error message of the most recent system
+ error; otherwise if the code is a valid \v(f_error) value, the associated
+ message is returned. If the code is omitted, the status message
+ corresponding to the current \v(f_error) value is returned.
+
+ A FILE command that fails prints the appropriate error message
+ automatically, except when the command is READ or SEEK and the error
+ is -2 (end of file); in that case, the command still fails, but does
+ not print a message. This allows constructions such as:
+
+ fopen \%c oofa.txt
+ while success { fread \%c }
+ fclose \%c
+
+ to work as expected, i.e. without an annoying message when the end of
+ file is reached.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.22.6. File I/O Variables
+
+ The variables associated with the file i/o package are:
+
+ \v(f_count)
+ Result of the most recent FILE COUNT (FCOUNT) command.
+
+ \v(f_error)
+ Numeric error code of most recent FILE command (0 = no error).
+
+ \v(f_max)
+ Maximum number of files open simultaneously.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.22.7. File I/O Functions
+
+ Some of the FILE commands can also be issued as function calls, which
+ makes script writing a bit more convenient, especially for C
+ programmers. Also, several functions are provided that do not have
+ command equivalents. Each of these functions takes a channel number as
+ the first argument. These functions do not work for OPEN { READ,
+ !READ, WRITE, !WRITE, and APPEND } files.
+
+ \f_status(channel)
+ Returns 0 if the channel is not open, otherwise a number
+ between 1 and 15 which is the sum of the OPEN modes:
+
+ 1 = /READ
+ 2 = /WRITE
+ 4 = /APPEND
+ 8 = /BINARY
+
+ The remaining functions work only for open channels. Each of these
+ functions can fail for the applicable reasons listed in [379]Section
+ 1.22.5. For instructions on handling function errors, see [380]Section
+ 7.12.
+
+ \f_pos(channel)
+ Returns the file's current read/write pointer (0-based). There
+ is no FILE command equivalent.
+
+ \f_line(channel)
+ Returns the file's current line number (0-based), if known,
+ otherwise -1. There is no FILE command equivalent. The line
+ number is known as long as no character or block i/o has been
+ done on the channel.
+
+ \f_handle(channel)
+ Returns the "file handle" of the file. That is, it translates
+ the portable C-Kermit channel number into a system-specific
+ file handle or number that can be passed to other programs on
+ the same platform. In UNIX this is a file descriptor. There is
+ no FILE command equivalent.
+
+ \f_eof(channel)
+ Returns 1 if the read/write pointer of the file on the given
+ channel is at the end of the file, 0 otherwise. Convenient in
+ WHILE statements, e.g.:
+
+ while not \f_eof(\%c) { fread \%c }
+
+ \f_getchar(channel)
+ Equivalent to FREAD /CHAR. Returns the character actually read.
+ If \f_getchar() does not fail but the return value is empty,
+ this means a NULL character was read.
+
+ \f_getline(channel)
+ Equivalent to FREAD /LINE. Returns the line actually read, but
+ with the line terminator stripped. If \f_getline() does not
+ fail but the return value is empty, this normally means an
+ empty line was read.
+
+ \f_getblock(channel,n)
+ Equivalent to FREAD /SIZE:n. Returns the block of characters
+ actually read. If the returned block is smaller than n, it
+ indicates either that the end of file was reached or a NUL
+ character is in the block.
+
+ \f_putchar(channel,c)
+ Equivalent to FWRITE /CHARACTER. Writes the character c. If c
+ contains more than one character, only the first is written. If
+ c is empty a NUL is written. Returns the number of characters
+ written on success, or a negative error code upon failure.
+
+ \f_putline(channel,string)
+ Equivalent to FWRITE /LINE. Writes the string and adds the
+ appropriate line termination character or sequence. If the
+ string is empty or omitted, an empty line is written. Returns
+ the number of characters written on success, or a negative
+ error code upon failure.
+
+ \f_putblock(channel,string)
+ Equivalent to FWRITE /STRING. Writes the string as given. If
+ the string is empty or omitted, nothing is written. Returns the
+ number of characters written on success, or a negative error
+ code upon failure.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.22.8. File I/O Function Examples
+
+ fopen /read \%c oofa.txt ; Open our favorite file for reading
+ if failure exit 1 ; Check that it's open
+ while not \f_eof(\%c) { ; Loop until EOF
+ .line := \f_getline(\%c) ; Get a line
+ if success echo {\m(line)} ; Echo it
+ }
+ if not \f_eof(\%c) { ; Check reason for loop exit
+ exit 1 File Error: \f_errmsg() ; If not EOF say so.
+ }
+
+ frewind \%c ; Rewind the file
+ while not \f_eof(\%c) { ; Same thing but with block i/o
+ .block := \f_getblock(\%c,256) ; (much faster than line i/o)
+ if success xecho {\m(block)}
+ }
+
+ frewind \%c ; Rewind again
+ while not \f_eof(\%c) { ; Same deal but with character i/o
+ .c := \f_getchar(\%c) ; (much slower than line i/o)
+ if success xecho {\m(c)}
+ }
+ close \%c
+
+ To close all open files (equivalent to FCLOSE ALL):
+
+ for \%i 0 \v(f_max)-1 1 {
+ if \f_status(\%i) fclose \%i
+ }
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.23. The EXEC Command
+
+ The EXEC command is available only in UNIX.
+
+ EXEC [ /REDIRECT ] command [ arg1 [ arg2 [ ... ] ]
+ Runs the given command with the arguments in such a way that
+ the command replaces C-Kermit in memory, and C-Kermit ceases to
+ execute. EXEC is like RUN, except instead of returning to
+ C-Kermit when finished, the command returns to whatever process
+ invoked Kermit.
+
+ In the normal case, no files are closed, so the EXEC'd command
+ inherits the open files, read/write pointers, working directory,
+ process ID, user ID (unless command is SUID), group ID (unless command
+ is SGID), groups, etc. (In UNIX, the EXEC command is simply a front
+ end for execvp().)
+
+ If the /REDIRECT switch is included, then if a connection is open (SET
+ LINE or SET HOST), it becomes the standard input and output of the
+ EXEC'd program. If no connection is open, the /REDIRECT switch has no
+ effect. For example to use C-Kermit for PPP dialing in Linux:
+
+ set modem type usr ; Specify the kind of modem you have
+ set line /dev/ttyS1 ; Specify the device it's connected to
+ set speed 57600 ; and the speed
+ set flow rts/cts ; and flow control.
+ set dial retries 100 ; Try the dial sequence up to 100 times.
+ dial {{9-212-555-1212}{9-212-555-1213}{9-212-555-1214}{9-212-555-1215}}
+ if fail exit 1
+ for \%i 1 16 1 { ; Try up to 16 times to get login prompt
+ input 10 Login: ; Wait 10 sec for it to appear
+ if success break ; Got it - proceed...
+ output \13 ; Send a carriage return and try again
+ }
+ if ( > \%i 16 ) stop 1 NO LOGIN PROMPT
+ lineout \(myuserid) ; Send user ID
+ input 30 assword: ; Wait for Password prompt
+ if fail stop 1 NO PASSWORD PROMPT
+ lineout \m(mypassword) ; Send the password.
+ exec /redirect pppd ; Replace ourselves with pppd.
+
+ In this example we assume that the script has already set up the
+ myuserid and mypassword variables -- normally the password should be
+ prompted for, rather than stored on disk. Notice the advantages over
+ the well-known "chat script":
+ * You don't have to control the modem itself with AT commands;
+ Kermit's DIAL command does this for you.
+ * You can have Kermit automatically redial as many times as you want
+ until it gets a connection (if this is legal in your country).
+ * You can have Kermit fetch the number or numbers from a dialing
+ directory.
+ * You can have Kermit cycle through a list of phone numbers (this is
+ new in C-Kermit 7.0; see [381]Section 2.1.16) without having to
+ enter the numbers in a dialing directory.
+ * Dialing is location-independent; you can use the same script to
+ dial from different areas or countries.
+ * Once the connection is made, the full power of Kermit's script
+ language is available to manage the dialog with the terminal
+ server or other device that answers the phone call.
+
+ NOTE: PPP and SLIP dialing are not available in Windows 95/98/NT/2000,
+ whose APIs do not provide a method for an application to hand over a
+ connection to the PPP or SLIP driver.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1.24. Getting Keyword Lists with '?'
+
+ Suppose you type "te" at the C-Kermit> 6.0 prompt and then Esc or Tab
+ to request keyword completion. Kermit beeps, indicating that more than
+ one command starts with "te". But if you type '?' to see what they
+ are, Kermit shows only "telnet". So why the beep? Because of invisible
+ keywords like "telopt", "terminal", and "text". Lots of keywords are
+ invisible because they are either synonyms for other keywords or else
+ esoteric options to be used only in special circumstances, so we don't
+ want them cluttering up the menus.
+
+ But then there is no way for you to discover them. So in C-Kermit 7.0,
+ if you type '?' AFTER the beginning of a keyword field, then invisible
+ keywords are shown too:
+
+ C-Kermit> te<Esc><BEEP>
+ C-Kermit> te? Command, one of the following:
+ telnet telopt terminal text
+ C-Kermit>te
+
+ But if '?' is typed at the beginning of a field, only visible keywords
+ are shown, as before (so, in this example, if '?' is typed at the
+ C-Kermit> prompt, "telnet" is the only command shown that starts with
+ "te").
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2. MAKING AND USING CONNECTIONS The SET LINE, SET HOST, and SET PORT (a
+ synonym for SET LINE) commands have new synonyms, in which the word SET is
+ replaced by the word OPEN: OPEN LINE, etc. There is no new functionality
+ here, but OPEN is a better verb, since SET generally takes no action, whereas
+ these commands actually try to open a connection. Furthermore, there is the
+ symmetry with CLOSE.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.0. SET LINE and SET HOST Command SwitchesThe SET LINE (SET PORT) and SET
+ HOST commands now allow switches before the device or host name, in most
+ cases, and under certain circumstances, also at the end. The new syntax is
+ backwards compatible with the previous syntax; thus SET LINE, SET PORT, and
+ SET HOST commands in command files written for C-Kermit 6.0 or earlier still
+ work. The expanded syntax is:
+
+ { OPEN, SET } { LINE, PORT, HOST } [ switches ] device-or-address [ switches
+ ]
+
+ The first group of switches is:
+
+ /NETWORK-TYPE:{TCP/IP,X.25,PIPE,PTY...}
+ When more than one network type is available, this lets you
+ specify the type of network to use for this connection without
+ affecting your global SET NETWORK TYPE. See [382]Section 2.7
+ about pipes and ptys.
+
+ /USERID:[string]
+ This switch is equivalent to SET LOGIN USERID. If a string is
+ given, it sent to host during Telnet negotiations; if this
+ switch is given but the string is omitted, no user ID is sent
+ to the host. If this switch is not given, your current LOGIN
+ USERID (\v(userid) value), if any, is sent. Unlike most other
+ switches, this one is "sticky", since the value must persist
+ throughout the session in case the server requests the ID
+ string at a later time.
+
+ /CONNECT
+ Enter CONNECT mode immediately and automatically after the
+ device or connection is open. On serial devices, however, when
+ CARRIER-WATCH is not OFF, wait up to 1 second for the Carrier
+ Detect signal to appear before trying to connect, to give the
+ device time to react DTR, which might have been off prior to
+ opening the device.
+
+ /SERVER
+ Enter server mode immediately and automatically after the
+ device or connection is open. Treatment of carrier is the same
+ as for /CONNECT.
+
+ /WAIT
+ /NOWAIT
+ For Telnet connections only: Like SET TELNET WAIT { ON, OFF },
+ but applies only to this connection, and in fact applies only
+ when OPENing this connection (which is usually the only place
+ it matters). Typically you would use TELNET /NOWAIT to make a
+ connection to a misbehaving Telnet server that does not reply
+ to negotiations as required by the Telnet protocol definition.
+
+ Note: /CONNECT and /SERVER switches are not available in the RLOGIN
+ and TELNET commands, since these commands already include an implicit
+ /CONNECT and preclude automatic entry into server mode.
+
+ The /CONNECT and /SERVER switches are especially useful with "set host
+ *" connections. For example, suppose you want to start a Kermit server
+ on socket 3000 of your TCP host. Normally you would have to give the
+ command:
+
+ set host * 3000
+
+ and then wait for a connection to come in, and only then could you
+ give the SERVER command (or else define a macro to do this, and then
+ execute the macro). Now you can do it in one step:
+
+ set host /server * 3000
+
+ This tells C-Kermit to wait for the connection and then enter server
+ mode once it comes in, no matter how long it takes. Similarly, "set
+ host /conn *" can be used to wait for a "chat" connection to come in.
+
+ Another set of switches is available in VMS only, for use only with
+ SET LINE:
+
+ /SHARE
+ Allows the SET LINE device to be opened in shared mode.
+ Normally it makes no sense to open a serial device in shared
+ mode, but it's necessary when C-Kermit is running in an
+ environment such as DECIntact, that opens your job's
+ controlling terminal in such a way that C-Kermit can't open it
+ too, unless it enables SHARE privilege. Note: SHARE privilege
+ is required.
+
+ /NOSHARE
+ Requires that the SET LINE device not be in use by any other
+ process in order for it to be successfully opened by C-Kermit.
+ If neither /SHARE nor /NOSHARE is specified, /NOSHARE is used.
+
+ The second group of switches is:
+
+ /NO-TELNET-INIT
+ Do not send initial Telnet negotiations even if this is a
+ Telnet port.
+
+ /RAW-SOCKET
+ This is a connection to a raw TCP socket ([383]Section 2.3.5).
+
+ /RLOGIN
+ Use Rlogin protocol even if this is not an Rlogin port.
+
+ /TELNET
+ Send initial Telnet negotiations even if this is not a Telnet
+ port.
+
+ As of C-Kermit 7.0 and K95 1.1.19, the TELNET command includes an
+ implicit /TELNET switch. So if you TELNET to a non-TELNET port, Kermit
+ sends initial Telnet negotiations. This makes sense, since that's what
+ "telnet" means.
+
+ If you want to make a connection to a non-Telnet port without sending
+ initial Telnet negotiations, use:
+
+ set host [ /connect ] name-or-address port
+
+ or:
+
+ telnet name-or-address port /no-telnet-init
+
+ Additional switches might be added in the future; type "set host ?" or
+ "set line ?" to see a current list.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1. Dialing
+
+ Automatic redialing is illegal or restricted in many countries, so
+ until C-Kermit 7.0, it was disabled by default, i.e. until a SET DIAL
+ RETRIES command was given. In C-Kermit 7.0, if no SET DIAL RETRIES
+ command has been given, a default is picked dynamically at DIAL time
+ based on the calling country code, if known. At this writing, the only
+ country code known to have no restrictions on automatic redialing is
+ 1. So in this case a limit of 10 is chosen; otherwise 1. If you have
+ not given an explicit SET DIAL RETRIES command, SHOW DIAL shows the
+ value as "(auto)", and then the value actually used is shown when you
+ give the DIAL command.
+
+ As of C-Kermit 7.0, automatic redialing is automatically canceled if
+ the call could not be placed because no dialtone was detected.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.1. The Dial Result Message
+
+ If DIAL DISPLAY is not ON, the "Call complete" message now shows the
+ modem's call result message, for example:
+
+ Dialing: ...
+ Call complete: "CONNECT 31200/ARQ/V32/LAPM/V42BIS"
+
+ The exact format and contents of this message, of course, depends on
+ the make, model, and configuration of your modem, so use your modem
+ manual to interpret it. The call result message is also available in
+ C-Kermit's \v(dialresult) variable.
+
+ C-Kermit> echo \v(dialresult)
+ CONNECT 31200/ARQ/V32/LAPM/V42BIS
+ C-Kermit> echo Speed = \fword(\v(dialresult),2)
+ Speed = 31200
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ Suppose your modem reports the modulation speed as shown above and you
+ want to ensure your call is completed at (say) 24000 bps or more. You
+ can use a little macro to do the job:
+
+define HSDIAL { ; High Speed DIAL
+ local \%s
+ if < \v(argc) 1 if not def \v(dialnumber) end 1 Usage: \%0 number
+ set dial retries 100
+ set dial interval 1
+ while true {
+ dial \%*
+ if fail end 1 DIAL failed.
+ asg \%s \fword(\v(dialresult),2)
+ if def \%s if numeric \%s if not < \%s 24000 break
+ }
+}
+
+ (See [384]Section 7.5 about the \%* variable.)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.2. Long-Distance Dialing Changes
+
+ Due to the glut of cell phones, pagers, fax machines, ISPs, etc, area
+ codes and dialing rules are changing all the time. In the North
+ American Numbering Plan (NANP) countries (USA, Canada, etc), area
+ codes are split or overlayed with increasing frequency, and 10- and
+ 11-digit dialing is gradually becoming the norm for local calls.
+ Changes are occurring In Europe, too, partly for these reasons and
+ partly because of some new EC rules.
+
+ In France, effective 18 October 1996, all calls, even local ones, must
+ be dialed with an area code. French area codes are presently 1-digit
+ numbers, 1-6, and the long-distance dialing prefix is 0. All calls
+ within France are considered long distance and begin with 01, 02, ...,
+ 06.
+
+ Effective 1 May 1997, all calls within the US state of Maryland, even
+ local ones, must be dialed with an area code but without the
+ long-distance prefix -- this is the now widely-known North American
+ phenomenon of "ten digit dialing". The same is happening elsewhere --
+ many cities in Florida adopted 10-digit dialing in 1998.
+
+ In Italy beginning 19 June 1998, all calls to fixed (as opposed to
+ mobile) numbers must be prefixed by 0. When calling into Italy from
+ outside, the 0 must follow the country code (39). Calls to cell
+ phones, however, must be placed without the 0. Then on 29 December
+ 2000, the 0 will become a 4 (for calling fixed numbers) and a prefix
+ of 3 must used for calling mobile phones. More info at:
+ http://www.telecomitalia.it/npnn/.
+
+ In Spain, effective 4 April 1998, with hard cutover on 18 July 1998,
+ all calls within the country must be dialed with 9 digits, and all
+ calls from outside Spain must also be dialed with 9 digits (after the
+ country code, 34). The new 9-digit numbers all begin with "9". More
+ info at: [385]http://www.telefonica.es/cambiodenumeracion/
+
+ Several new dialing features and commands have been added in version
+ 6.1 and 7.0 to address these changes.
+
+ C-Kermit 6.0 and Kermit 95 1.1.11 and earlier handle the French
+ situation via a reasonable subterfuge (setting the local area code to
+ a nonexistent one), but did not handle "ten-digit dialing" well at
+ all; the recommended technique was to change the long-distance dialing
+ prefix to nothing, but this defeated Kermit's "list numbers for one
+ name" feature when the numbers were in different locations. For
+ example:
+
+ set dial ld-prefix
+ dial onlineservice
+
+ where "onlineservice" is a dialing directory entry name corresponding
+ to entries that are in (say) Maryland as well as other states, would
+ not correctly dial the numbers not in Maryland.
+
+ A new command lets you specify a list of area codes to be considered
+ local, except that the area code must be dialed:
+
+ SET DIAL LC-AREA-CODES [ areacode [ areacode [ areacode [ ... ] ] ] ]
+ The list may include up to 32 area codes. If a number is called
+ whose area code is in this list, it is dialed WITHOUT the
+ long-distance prefix, but WITH the area code.
+
+ So in Maryland, which (last time we looked) has two area codes, 410
+ and 301, the setup would be:
+
+ SET DIAL LC-AREA-CODES 410 301
+
+ Example:
+
+ SET DIAL LD-PREFIX 1
+ SET DIAL AREA-CODE 301
+ SET DIAL LC-AREA-CODES 410 301 <-- Area codes in 10-digit dialing region
+ DIAL +1 (301) 765-4321 <-- Dials 3017654321 (local with area code)
+ DIAL +1 (410) 765-4321 <-- Dials 4107654321 (local with area code)
+ DIAL +1 (212) 765-4321 <-- Dials 12127654321 (long distance)
+
+ The SET DIAL LC-AREA-CODES command does not replace the SET DIAL
+ AREA-CODE command. The latter specifies the area code you are dialing
+ from. If the called number is in the same area code, then the area
+ code is dialed if it is also in the LC-AREA-CODES list, and it is not
+ dialed otherwise. So if "301" had not appeared in the LC-AREA-CODES
+ list in the previous example:
+
+ SET DIAL LD-PREFIX 1
+ SET DIAL AREA-CODE 301
+ SET DIAL LC-AREA-CODES 410 <-- Area codes in 10-digit dialing region
+ DIAL +1 (301) 765-4321 <-- Dials 7654321 (local)
+ DIAL +1 (410) 765-4321 <-- Dials 4107654321 (local with area code)
+ DIAL +1 (212) 765-4321 <-- Dials 12127654321 (long distance)
+
+ The new Kermit versions also add a Local Call Prefix and Local Call
+ Suffix, in case you have any need for it. These are added to the
+ beginning and of local phone numbers (i.e. numbers that are not
+ long-distance or international). Examples:
+
+ SET DIAL LD-PREFIX 1
+ SET DIAL LC-PREFIX 9
+ SET DIAL LC-SUFFIX *
+ SET DIAL LC-AREA-CODES 410 <-- Area codes in 10-digit dialing region
+ SET DIAL AREA-CODE 301
+ DIAL +1 (301) 765-4321 <-- Dials 97654321* (local)
+ DIAL +1 (410) 765-4321 <-- Dials 94107654321* (local with area code)
+ DIAL +1 (212) 765-4321 <-- Dials 12127654321 (long distance)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.3. Forcing Long-Distance Dialing
+
+ Suppose a number is in your country and area, but for some reason you
+ need to dial it long-distance anyway (as is always the case in
+ France). There have always been various ways to handle this:
+
+ 1. Temporarily set your area code to a different (or nonexistent or
+ impossible) one (but this required knowledge of which area codes
+ were nonexistent or impossible in each country).
+ 2. Dial the number literally instead of using the portable format,
+ but this defeats the purpose of the portable dialing directory.
+
+ Now there is also a new command that, very simply, can force
+ long-distance dialing:
+
+ SET DIAL FORCE-LONG-DISTANCE { ON, OFF }
+ If a call is placed to a portable phone number within the same
+ country code as the calling number, it is dialed with the
+ long-distance prefix and the area code if FORCE-LONG-DISTANCE
+ is ON. If OFF, the regular rules and procedures apply.
+
+ Example (France):
+
+ SET DIAL COUNTRY-CODE 33
+ SET DIAL AREA-CODE 6
+ SET DIAL FORCE-LONG-DISTANCE ON
+
+ (In fact, SET DIAL COUNTRY-CODE 33 automatically sets DIAL
+ FORCE-LONG-DISTANCE ON...)
+
+ Example (USA, for a certain type of reverse-charge calling in which
+ the called number must always be fully specified):
+
+ SET DIAL PREFIX 18002666328$ ; 1-800-COLLECT
+ SET DIAL COUNTRY-CODE 1
+ SET DIAL AREA-CODE 212
+ SET DIAL FORCE-LONG-DISTANCE ON
+
+ Example (Toronto, where calls to exchange 976 within area code 416
+ must be dialed as long distance, even when you are dialing from area
+ code 416):
+
+ SET DIAL COUNTRY-CODE 1
+ SET DIAL AREA-CODE 416
+ SET DIAL FORCE-LONG-DISTANCE ON
+ DIAL +1 (416) 976-xxxx
+
+ If dialing methods were consistent and sensible, of course it would be
+ possible to always dial every domestic call as if it were long
+ distance. But in many locations this doesn't work or if it does, it
+ costs extra. The following macro can be used for dialing any given
+ number with forced long-distance format:
+
+ define LDIAL {
+ local \%x
+ set dial force-long-distance on
+ dial \%*
+ asg \%x \v(success)
+ set dial force-long-distance off
+ end \%x
+ }
+
+ (See [386]Section 7.5 about the \%* variable.)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.4. Exchange-Specific Dialing Decisions
+
+ This applies mainly to the North American Numbering Plan (NANP). Refer
+ to the section "Alternative notations" in [387]Using C-Kermit 2nd
+ Edition, pages 106-107, and the story about Toronto on page 110. Using
+ the new LC-AREA-CODES list, we can address the problem by treating the
+ exchange as part of the area code:
+
+ SET DIAL LD-PREFIX 1
+ SET DIAL AREA-CODE 416
+ SET DIAL LC-AREA-CODES 905276
+ DIAL +1 416 765 4321 <-- 7654321 (local)
+ DIAL +1 905 276 4321 <-- 9052764321 (local with area code)
+ DIAL +1 905 528 4321 <-- 19055284321 (long distance)
+
+ The same technique can be used in Massachusetts (story at top of page
+ 111) and in any other place where dialing to some exchanges within a
+ particular area code is local, but to others in the same area code is
+ long distance.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.5. Cautions about Cheapest-First Dialing
+
+ Kermit does not maintain a knowledge base of telephony information; it
+ only provides the tools to let you enter a phone number in a standard
+ format and dial it correctly from any location in most cases.
+
+ In particular, Kermit does not differentiate the charging method from
+ the dialing method. If a call that is DIALED as long-distance (e.g.
+ from 212 to 718 in country code 1) is not CHARGED as long distance, we
+ have no way of knowing that without keeping a matrix of charging
+ information for every area-code combination within every country, and
+ any such matrix would be obsolete five minutes after it was
+ constructed. Thus, "cheapest-first" sorting is only as reliable as our
+ assumption that the charging method follows the dialing method. A good
+ illustration would be certain online services that have toll-free
+ dialup numbers which they charge you a premium (in your online service
+ bill) for using.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.6. Blind Dialing (Dialing with No Dialtone)
+
+ C-Kermit's init string for Hayes-like modems generally includes an X4
+ command to enable as many result codes as possible, so that Kermit can
+ react appropriately to different failure reasons. One of the result
+ codes that X4 enables is "NO DIALTONE". A perhaps not obvious side
+ effect of enabling this result code that the modem must hear dialtone
+ before it will dial.
+
+ It is becoming increasingly necessary to force a modem to dial even
+ though it does not hear a dialtone on the phone line; for example,
+ with PBXs that have strange dialtones, or with phone systems in
+ different countries, or with ISDN phones, etc. This is called "blind
+ dialing".
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 has two new commands to cope with this situation:
+
+ SET DIAL IGNORE-DIALTONE { ON, OFF }
+ OFF (the default) means to tell the modem to wait for dialtone
+ before dialing. ON means to enable "blind dialing", i.e. tell
+ the modem NOT to wait for dialtone before dialing. Generally
+ this is accomplished by sending ATX3 to the modem just prior to
+ dialing. SET MODEM TYPE xxx and then SHOW MODEM displays
+ Kermit's built-in "ignore dialtone" command.
+
+ SET DIAL COMMAND IGNORE-DIALTONE text
+ This lets you change the built-in ignore-dialtone command (such
+ as ATX3) to whatever you choose, in case the built-in one does
+ not work, or another command works better.
+
+ Notes:
+ 1. The ignore-dialtone command is not sent unless SET DIAL
+ IGNORE-DIALTONE is ON.
+ 2. The ATX3 command generally disables not only NO DIALTONE, but also
+ BUSY. So this will prevent Kermit from detecting when the line is
+ busy. This is a property of the modem, not of Kermit.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.7. Trimming the Dialing Dialog
+
+ The command:
+
+ SET MODEM COMMAND action [ command ]
+
+ is used to override Kermit's built-in modem commands for each action,
+ for each kind of modem in its internal database. If you include a
+ command, this is used instead of the built-in one. If you omit the
+ command, this restores the original built-in command.
+
+ If you want to omit the command altogether, so Kermit doesn't send the
+ command at all, or wait for a response, use:
+
+ SET MODEM COMMAND action {}
+
+ That is, specify a pair of empty braces as the command, for example:
+
+ SET MODEM COMMAND ERROR-CORRECTION ON {}
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.8. Controlling the Dialing Speed
+
+ The rate at which characters are sent to the modem during dialing is
+ normally controlled by the built-in modem database. You might want to
+ override this if Kermit seems to be dialing too slowly, or it is
+ sending characters to the modem faster than the modem handle them. A
+ new command was added for this in C-Kermit 7.0:
+
+ SET DIAL PACING number
+ Specifies the number of milliseconds (thousandths of seconds)
+ to pause between each character when sending commands to the
+ modem during DIAL or ANSWER command execution. 0 means no pause
+ at all, -1 (the default) or any other negative number means to
+ use the value from the database. Any number greater than 0 is
+ the number of milliseconds to pause.
+
+ HINT: You might also need to control the rate at which the modem
+ generates Touch Tones during dialing, for example when sending a
+ numeric page. There are two ways to do this. One way is to insert
+ pause characters into the dialing string. For modems that use the AT
+ command set, the pause character is comma (,) and causes a 2-second
+ pause. On most modems, you can use the S8 register to change the pause
+ interval caused by comma in the dialing string. The other way is to
+ set your modem's tone generation interval, if it has a command for
+ that. Most AT-command-set modems use S11 for this; the value is in
+ milliseconds. For example on USR modems:
+
+ ATS11=200
+
+ selects an interval of 200 milliseconds to separate each dialing tone.
+
+ Hint: To add S-Register settings or other commands to your dialing
+ procedure, use the new SET MODEM COMMAND PREDIAL-INIT command
+ ([388]Section 2.2.2).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.9. Pretesting Phone Number Conversions
+
+ The LOOKUP command now accepts telephone numbers as well as
+ directory-entry names, for example:
+
+ LOOKUP +1 (212) 7654321
+
+ When given a phone number, LOOKUP prints the result of converting the
+ phone number for dialing under the current dialing rules. For example,
+ if my country code is 1 and my area code is 212, and I am dialing out
+ from a PBX whose outside-line prefix is "93,":
+
+ C-Kermit> lookup +1 (212) 7654321
+ +1 (212) 7654321 => 93,7654321
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ You can also use the \fdialconvert(phone-number) function
+ ([389]Section 2.1.11) to do this programmatically:
+
+ C-Kermit> echo "\fdialconvert(+1 (212) 7654321)"
+ "93,7654321"
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ So the new LOOKUP behaves as follows:
+
+ LOOKUP portable-format-phone-number
+ Displays how the number would actually be dialed Sets FAILURE
+ if there was a conversion error, otherwise SUCCESS.
+
+ LOOKUP literal-format-phone-number
+ Displays the same literal-format-phone-number Always sets
+ SUCCESS.
+
+ LOOKUP dialing-directory-name
+ Displays all matching entries and converts portable phone
+ numbers. Sets SUCCESS if at least one entry was found,
+ otherwise FAILURE.
+
+ LOOKUP =anything
+ Displays "=anything" and sets SUCCESS.
+
+ There is, at present, no programmatic way to fetch numbers from the
+ dialing directory. This will be considered for a future release.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.10. Greater Control over Partial Dialing
+
+ The following rules now apply to partial dialing:
+
+ * Phone number transformations based on country and area code,
+ application of prefixes, etc, are performed only on the first
+ PDIAL.
+ * Each PDIAL argument is looked up in the dialing directory, so it
+ is possible have directory entries for pieces of phone numbers or
+ other information.
+ * Suffixes are not applied automatically, since there is no way for
+ C-Kermit to know in which PDIAL segment you want them to be
+ applied.
+
+ However, the suffix that *would* have been applied, based on the
+ dialing rules that were invoked when processing the first PDIAL
+ command, is stored in the variable:
+
+ \v(dialsuffix)
+
+ which you can include in any subsequent PDIAL or DIAL commands.
+
+ Example:
+
+ pdial {\m(my_long_distance_pager_number_part_1)}
+ pdial {\m(my_long_distance_pager_number_part_2)}
+ pdial {\v(dialsuffix)}
+ pdial {\m(my_long_distance_pager_number_part_3)}
+ pdial {@\m(numeric_pager_code)#}
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.11. New DIAL-related Variables and Functions
+
+ \fdialconvert(s)
+ s is a phone number in either literal or portable format (not a
+ dialing directory entry name). The function returns the dial
+ string that would actually be used by the DIAL command when
+ dialing from the current location, after processing country
+ code, area code, and other SET DIAL values, and should be the
+ same as the result of LOOKUP when given a telephone number.
+
+ \v(dialsuffix)
+ Contains the suffix, if any, that was applied in the most
+ recent DIAL command, or the suffix that would have been applied
+ in the most recent PDIAL command. Use this variable to send the
+ dial suffix at any desired point in a PDIAL sequence.
+
+ \v(dialtype)
+ A number indicating the type of call that was most recently
+ placed. Can be used after a normal DIAL command, or after the
+ first PDIAL command in a PDIAL sequence. Values are:
+
+ -2: Unknown because TAPI handled the phone number translation.
+ -1: Unknown because some kind of error occured.
+ 0: Internal within PBX.
+ 1: Toll-free.
+ 2: Local within calling area.
+ 3: Unknown (e.g. because a literal-format phone number was given).
+ 4: Long distance within country.
+ 5: International
+
+ \v(dialcount)
+ The current value of the DIAL retry counter, for use in a DIAL
+ macro ([390]Section 2.1.13).
+
+ \v(d$px)
+ PBX Exchange (see [391]Section 2.1.12).
+
+ Other dial-related variables, already documented in [392]Using
+ C-Kermit (or other sections of this document, e.g. [393]Section
+ 2.1.1), include \v(dialnumber), \v(dialstatus), etc. A convenient way
+ to display all of them is:
+
+ show variable dial ; hint: abbreviate "sho var dial"
+
+ This shows the values of all the variables whose names start with
+ "dial". Also "show variable d$" (to show the \v(d$...) variables).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.12. Increased Flexibility of PBX Dialing
+
+ Refer to [394]Using C-Kermit, 2nd Edition, pages 107-108. Recall that
+ three commands are needed to configure C-Kermit for dialing from a
+ PBX:
+
+ SET DIAL PBX-EXCHANGE number
+ SET DIAL PBX-INSIDE-PREFIX number
+ SET DIAL PBX-OUTSIDE-PREFIX number
+
+ Unfortunately, this model does not accommodate PBXs that have more
+ than one exchange. For example our PBX at Columbia University (which
+ must handle more than 10,000 phones) has 853-xxxx and 854-xxxx
+ exchanges.
+
+ Beginning in C-Kermit 7.0, the SET DIAL PBX-EXCHANGE command accepts a
+ list of exchanges, e.g.:
+
+ SET DIAL PBX-EXCHANGE 853 854
+
+ (multiple exchanges are separated by spaces, not commas).
+
+ So now when dialing a portable-format number that has the same country
+ and area codes as those of your dialing location, C-Kermit compares
+ the exchange of the dialed number with each number in the PBX Exchange
+ list (rather than with a single PBX Exchange number, as it did
+ formerly) to determine whether this is an internal PBX number or an
+ external call. If it is an external call, then the PBX Outside Prefix
+ is applied, and then the normal dialing rules for local or
+ long-distance calls.
+
+ If it is an inside call, the exchange is replaced by the PBX Inside
+ Prefix. But if the PBX has more than one exchange, a single fixed PBX
+ Inside Prefix is probably not sufficient. For example, at Columbia
+ University, we must dial 3-xxxx for an internal call to 853-xxxx, but
+ 4-xxxx for a call to 854-xxxx. That is, the inside prefix is the final
+ digit of the exchange we are dialing. For this reason, C-Kermit 7.0
+ provides a method to determine the inside prefix dynamically at
+ dialing time, consisting of a new variable and new syntax for the SET
+ DIAL PBX-INSIDE-PREFIX command:
+
+ \v(d$px)
+ This variable contains the exchange that was matched when a PBX
+ internal call was detected. For example, if the PBX exchange
+ list is "853 854" and a call is placed to +1 (212) 854-9999,
+ \v(d$px) is set to 854.
+
+ SET DIAL PBX-INSIDE-PREFIX \fxxx(...)
+ If the PBX Inside Prefix is defined to be a function, its
+ evaluation is deferred until dialing time. Normally, this would
+ be a string function having \v(d$px) as an operand. Of course,
+ you can still specify a constant string, as before.
+
+ So given the following setup:
+
+ SET DIAL COUNTRY-CODE 1
+ SET DIAL AREA-CODE 212
+ SET DIAL PBX-OUTSIDE-PREFIX 93,
+ SET DIAL PBX-EXCHANGE 853 854
+ SET DIAL PBX-INSIDE-PREFIX \fright(\v(d$px),1)
+
+ The following numbers give the results indicated:
+
+ Number Result
+ +1 (212) 854-9876 4-9876
+ +1 (212) 853-1234 3-1234
+ +1 (212) 765-4321 93,765-4321
+ +1 (333) 765-4321 93,1333765-4321
+
+ Furthermore, the K_PBX_XCH environment variable may now be set to a
+ list of exchanges to automatically initialize C-Kermit's PBX exchange
+ list, for example (in UNIX ksh or bash):
+
+ export K_PBX_XCH="853 854"
+
+ (Quotes required because of the space.) Of course, this variable can
+ also be set to a single exchange, as before:
+
+ export K_PBX_XCH=853
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.13. The DIAL macro - Last-Minute Phone Number Conversions
+
+ After a DIAL or LOOKUP command is given, a list of phone numbers is
+ assembled from the dialing directory (if any), with all
+ location-dependent conversion rules applied as described in Chapter 5
+ of [395]Using C-Kermit.
+
+ However, additional conversions might still be required at the last
+ minute based on local or ephemeral conditions. So that you can have
+ the final word on the exact format of the dial string, C-Kermit 7.0
+ lets you pass the converted string through a macro of your own design
+ for final processing before dialing. The relevant command is:
+
+ SET DIAL MACRO [ name ]
+ Specifies the name of a macro to be run on each phone number
+ after all built-in conversions have been applied, just before
+ the number is dialed. If no name is given, no macro is run. The
+ phone number, as it would have been dialed if there were no
+ dial macro, is passed to the macro.
+
+ The dial macro can do anything at all (except start a file transfer).
+ However, the normal use for the macro would be to modify the phone
+ number. For this reason the phone number is passed to the macro as
+ argument number 1 (\%1). To cause a modified number to be dialed, the
+ macro should terminate with a RETURN statement specifying a return
+ value. To leave the number alone, the macro should simply end.
+ Example:
+
+ define xxx return 10108889999$\%1
+ set dial macro xxx
+ dial xyzcorp
+
+ This defines a DIAL MACRO called xxx, which puts an access code on the
+ front of the number. Another example might be:
+
+ def xxx if equal "\v(modem)" "hayes-1200" return \freplace(\%1,$,{,,,,,})
+ set dial macro xxx
+ dial xyzcorp
+
+ which replaces any dollar-sign in the dial string by a series of five
+ commas, e.g. because this particular modem does not support the "wait
+ for bong" feature (remember that commas that are to be included
+ literally in function arguments must be enclosed in braces to
+ distinguish them from the commas that separate the arguments) and when
+ the IF condition is not satisfied, the macro does not return a value,
+ and so the number is not modified. Then when a DIAL command is given
+ referencing a dialing directory entry, "xyzcorp". The macro is
+ automatically applied to each matching number.
+
+ Numerous dial-, modem-, communications-, and time-related variables
+ are available for decision making your dial macro. Type SHOW VARIABLES
+ for a list. Of particular interest is the \v(dialcount) variable,
+ which tells how many times the DIAL command gone through its retry
+ loop: 1 on the first try, 2 on the second, 3 on the third, and so on,
+ and the \v(dialresult) and \v(dialstatus) variables.
+
+ Here are some other applications for the DIAL MACRO (from users):
+
+ * Phone numbers in the dialing directory are formatted with '-' for
+ readability, but some modems don't like the hyphens, so the DIAL
+ macro is used to remove them before dialing; e.g
+ 0090-123-456-78-99 becomes 00901234567899: "def xxx return
+ \freplace(\%1,-)".
+ * To set some specific modem (or other) options depending on the
+ called customer or telephone number.
+ * Choosing the most appropriate provider based on (e.g.) time of
+ day, or cycling through a list of providers in case some providers
+ might be busy.
+
+ To illustrate the final item, suppose you have a choice among many
+ phone service providers; the provider is chosen by dialing an access
+ code before the number. Different providers might be better (e.g.
+ cheaper) for certain times of day or days of the week, or for dialing
+ certain locations; you can use the DIAL macro to add the access for
+ the most desirable provider.
+
+ Similarly, when the same number might be reached through multiple
+ providers, it's possible that one provider might not be able to
+ complete the call, but another one can. In that case, you can use the
+ DIAL macro to switch providers each time through the DIAL loop --
+ that's where the \v(dialcount) variable comes in handy.
+
+ The following command can be used to debug the DIAL macro:
+
+ SET DIAL TEST { ON, OFF }
+ Normally OFF, so the DIAL command actually dials. When ON, the
+ DIAL command performs all lookups and number conversions, and
+ then goes through the number list and retry loop, but instead
+ of actually dialing, lists the numbers it would have called if
+ none of the DIAL attempts succeeded (or more precisely, every
+ number was always busy).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.14. Automatic Tone/Pulse Dialing Selection
+
+ SET DIAL METHOD { AUTO, DEFAULT, PULSE, TONE }
+ Chooses the dialing method for subsequent calls.
+
+ Prior to version 7.0, C-Kermit's DIAL METHOD was DEFAULT by default,
+ meaning it does not specify a dialing method to the modem, but relies
+ on the modem to have an appropriate default dialing method set. So,
+ for example, when using Hayes compatible modems, the dial string would
+ be something like ATD7654321, rather than ATDT7654321 or ATDP7654321.
+
+ In C-Kermit 7.0 and K95 1.1.19, the dial method can be set from the
+ environment variable:
+
+ K_DIAL_METHOD
+
+ when Kermit starts. The values can be TONE, PULSE, or DEFAULT, e.g.
+ (UNIX):
+
+ set K_DIAL_METHOD=TONE; export K_DIAL_METHOD
+
+ In the absence of a K_DIAL_METHOD definition, the new default SET DIAL
+ METHOD is AUTO rather than DEFAULT. When DIAL METHOD is AUTO and the
+ local country code is known, then if tone dialing is universally
+ available in the corresponding area, tone dialing is used; if dialing
+ from a location where pulse dialing is mandatory, pulse dialing is
+ used.
+
+ The "tone country" and "pulse country" lists are preloaded according
+ to our knowledge at the time of release. You can see their contents in
+ the SHOW DIAL listing. You can change the lists with:
+
+ SET DIAL TONE-COUNTRIES [ cc [ cc [ ... ] ] ]
+ Replaces the current TONE-COUNTRIES list with the one given.
+ Each cc is a country code; separate them with spaces (not
+ commas). Example:
+
+ set dial tone-countries 1 358 44 46 49
+
+ If no country codes are given, the current list, if any, is
+ removed, in which case SET DIAL METHOD AUTO is equivalent to
+ SET DIAL METHOD DEFAULT.
+
+ SET DIAL PULSE-COUNTRIES [ cc [ cc [ ... ] ] ]
+ Replaces the current PULSE-COUNTRIES list with the one give.
+ Syntax and operation is like SET DIAL TONE-COUNTRIES.
+
+ If the same country code appears in both lists, Pulse takes
+ precedence.
+
+ The SET DIAL TONE- and PULSE-COUNTRIES commands perform no
+ verification whatsoever on the cc's, since almost any syntax might be
+ legal in some settings. Furthermore, there is no facility to edit the
+ lists; you can only replace the whole list. However, since the only
+ purpose of these lists is to establish a basis for picking tone or
+ pulse dialing automatically, all you need to override the effect of
+ the list is to set a specific dialing method with SET DIAL METHOD TONE
+ or SET DIAL METHOD PULSE.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.15. Dial-Modifier Variables
+
+ As of C-Kermit 7.0, dial modifiers are available in the following
+ variables:
+
+ \v(dm_lp) Long pause
+ \v(dm_sp) Short pause
+ \v(dm_pd) Pulse dial
+ \v(dm_td) Tone dial
+ \v(dm_wa) Wait for answer
+ \v(dm_wd) Wait for dialtone
+ \v(dm_rc) Return to command mode
+
+ You can use these in your dial strings in place of hardwired modifiers
+ like "@", ",", etc, for increased portability of scripts. Example:
+
+ C-Kermit>set modem type usrobotics
+ C-Kermit>sho variables dm
+ \v(dm_lp) = ,
+ \v(dm_sp) = /
+ \v(dm_pd) = P
+ \v(dm_td) = T
+ \v(dm_wa) = @
+ \v(dm_wd) = W
+ \v(dm_rc) = ;
+ C-Kermit>exit
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.1.16. Giving Multiple Numbers to the DIAL Command
+
+ Prior to C-Kermit 7.0, the only way to give a DIAL command a list of
+ phone numbers to try until one answers was to create a dialing
+ directory that had multiple entries under the same name, and then use
+ that entry name in the DIAL command. Now a list of numbers can be
+ given to the DIAL command directly in the following format:
+
+ dial {{number1}{number2}{number3}...}
+
+ This is the same list format used by SEND /EXCEPT: and other commands
+ that allow a list where normally a single item is given. Restrictions
+ on this form of the DIAL command are:
+
+ * The first two braces must be adjacent; spacing is optional
+ thereafter.
+ * Each number must be an actual number to dial, not a dialing
+ directory entry.
+ * Dialing directory entries may not contain number lists in this
+ format.
+
+ In all other respects, the numbers are treated as if they had been
+ fetched from the dialing directory; they can be in literal or portable
+ format, etc. Example:
+
+ dial {{7654321} {+1 (212) 5551212} { 1-212-5556789 }}
+
+ The list can be any length at all, within reason.
+
+ This feature is especially handy for use with the K95 Dialer, allowing
+ a list of phone numbers to be specified in the Telephone Number box
+ without having to set up or reference a separate dialing directory.
+
+ You can also use it to add commonly-dialed sequences as variables in
+ your C-Kermit customization file, e.g.:
+
+ define work {{7654321}{7654322}{7654323}}
+
+ and then:
+
+ dial {\m(work)}
+
+ (the variable name must be enclosed in braces).
+
+ Or more simply:
+
+ define work dial {{7654321}{7654322}{7654323}}
+
+ and then:
+
+ work
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.2. Modems
+
+ 2.2.1. New Modem Types
+
+ Since C-Kermit 6.0:
+
+ atlas-newcom-33600ifxC Atlas/Newcom 33600
+ att-keepintouch AT&T KeepinTouch PCMCIA V.32bis Card Modem
+ att-1900-stu-iii AT&T Secure Data STU-III Model 1900
+ att-1910-stu-iii AT&T Secure Data STU-III Model 1910
+ bestdata Best Data
+ cardinal Cardinal V.34 MVP288X series.
+ compaq Compaq Data+Fax (e.g. in Presario)
+ fujitsu Fujitsu Fax/Modem Adapter
+ generic-high-speed Any modern error-correcting data-compressing modem
+ itu-t-v25ter/v250 ITU-T (CCITT) V.25ter (V.250) standard command set
+ megahertz-att-v34 Megahertz AT&T V.34
+ megahertz-xjack Megahertz X-Jack
+ motorola-codex Motorola Codex 326X Series
+ motorola-montana Motorola Montana
+ mt5634zpx Multitech MT5634ZPX
+ rockwell-v90 Rockwell V.90 56K
+ rolm-244pc Siemens/Rolm 244PC (AT command set)
+ rolm-600-series Siemens/Rolm 600 Series (AT command set)
+ spirit-ii QuickComm Spirit II
+ suprasonic SupraSonic V288+
+ supra-express-v90 Supra Express V.90
+
+ One of the new types, "generic-high-speed" needs a bit of explanation.
+ This type was added to easily handle other types that are not
+ explicitly covered, without going through the bother of adding a
+ complete user-defined modem type. This one works for modern modems
+ that use the AT command set, on the assumption that all the default
+ ("factory") settings of the modem (a) are appropriate for Kermit, (b)
+ include error correction, data compression, and speed buffering; and
+ (c) are recallable with the command AT&F.
+
+ If the command to recall your modem's profile is not AT&F, use the SET
+ MODEM COMMAND INIT-STRING command to specify the appropriate modem
+ command. The default init-string is AT&F\13 (that is, AT, ampersand,
+ F, and then carriage return); a survey of about 20 modern modem types
+ shows they all support this, but they might mean different things by
+ it. For example, the USR Sportster or Courier needs AT&F1 (not AT&F,
+ which is equivalent to AT&F0, which recalls an inappropriate profile),
+ so for USR modems:
+
+ set modem type generic-high-speed
+ set modem command init AT&F1\13
+
+ Of course, USR modems already have their own built-in modem type. But
+ if you use this one instead, it will dial faster because it has fewer
+ commands to give to the modem; in that sense "&F1" is like a macro
+ that bundles numerous commands into a single one. See your modem
+ manual for details about factory profiles and commands to recall them.
+
+ WARNING: Do not use the generic-high-speed modem type in operating
+ systems like VMS where hardware flow control is not available, at
+ least not unless you change the init string from AT&F\13 to something
+ else that enables local Xon/Xoff or other appropriate type of flow
+ control.
+
+ Also see [396]Section 2.1.7 for additional hints about making dialing
+ go faster.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.2.2. New Modem Controls
+
+ SET MODEM CAPABILITIES list
+ In C-Kermit 7.0, this command automatically turns MODEM
+ SPEED-MATCHING OFF if SB (Speed Buffering) is in the list, and
+ turns it ON if SB is absent.
+
+ SET MODEM COMMAND PREDIAL-INIT [ text ]
+ Commands to be sent to the modem just prior to dialing.
+ Normally none.
+
+ SET MODEM SPEAKER { ON, OFF }
+ Determines whether modem speaker is on or off while call is
+ being placed. ON by default. Note: This command does not
+ provide fine-grained control over when the speaker is on or
+ off. Normally, ON means while the call is being placed, until
+ the point at which carrier is successfully established. If your
+ modem has a different speaker option that you want to choose,
+ then use the SET MODEM COMMAND SPEAKER ON text command to
+ specify this option.
+
+ SET MODEM COMMAND SPEAKER { ON, OFF } [ text ]
+ Specify or override the commands to turn your modem's speaker
+ on and off.
+
+ SET MODEM VOLUME { LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH }
+ When MODEM SPEAKER is on, select volume. Note: In some modems,
+ especially internal ones, these commands have no effect; this
+ is a limitation of the particular modem, not of Kermit.
+
+ SET MODEM COMMAND VOLUME { LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH } [ text ]
+ Specify or override the commands to set your modem's speaker
+ volume.
+
+ SET MODEM COMMAND IGNORE-DIALTONE [ text ]
+ The command to enable blind dialing ([397]Section 2.1.6).
+
+ SET MODEM ESCAPE-CHARACTER code
+ Has been augmented to allow codes of 0 or less: < 0 means the
+ escape mechanism is disabled. = 0 means to use (restore) the
+ default value from the modem database. > 0 and < 128 is a
+ literal value to be used instead of the default one. > 127
+ means the escape mechanism is disabled. This affects "modem
+ hangup". When the escape mechanism is disabled, but SET MODEM
+ HANGUP-METHOD is MODEM-COMMAND, it sends the hangup command
+ immediately, without the <pause>+++<pause> business first. This
+ is useful (for example) when sending lots of numeric pages, a
+ process in which never we go online, and so never need to
+ escape back. Eliminating the unnecessary pauses and escape
+ sequence allows a lot more pages to be sent per unit time.
+
+ Recall that C-Kermit can dial modems to which it is connected via
+ TCP/IP (Telnet or Rlogin) as described on page 126 of [398]Using
+ C-Kermit, 2nd Ed. In this case the MODEM HANGUP-METHOD should be
+ MODEM-COMMAND, since RS-232 signals don't work over TCP/IP
+ connections. As noted in the manual, such connections are set up by
+ the following sequence:
+
+ set host host [ port ]
+ set modem type name
+ dial number
+
+ But this can cause complications when you use Kermit to switch between
+ serial and TCP/IP connections. In the following sequence:
+
+ set host name
+ set modem type name
+ set port name
+
+ the first two commands obey the rules for dialing out over Telnet.
+ However, the SET PORT command requires that Kermit close its current
+ (Telnet) connection before it can open the serial port (since Kermit
+ can only have one connection open at a time). But since a modem type
+ was set after the "set host" command was given, Kermit assumes it is a
+ Telnet dialout connection and so sends the modem's hangup sequence is
+ sent to the Telnet host. To avoid this, close the network connection
+ explicitly before opening the serial one:
+
+ set host name
+ close
+ set modem type name
+ set port name
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.3. TELNET and RLOGIN
+
+ For additional background, please also read the [399]TELNET.TXT file,
+ also available on the Web in [400]HTML format.
+
+ Cautions:
+
+ * If making a Telnet connection with C-Kermit takes a very long
+ time, like over a minute, whereas the system Telnet program makes
+ the same connection immediately, try including the /NOWAIT switch:
+ C-Kermit> telnet /nowait hostname
+ See [401]TELNET.TXT or [402]TELNET.HTM for details. If it also
+ takes a very long time to make a Telnet connection with system
+ Telnet, then the delay is most likely caused by reverse DNS
+ lookups when your host is not properly registered in DNS.
+ * When supplying numeric IP addresses to C-Kermit or to any other
+ application (regular Telnet, Rlogin, etc), do not include leading
+ 0's in any fields unless you intend for those fields to be
+ interpreted as octal (or hex) numbers. The description of the
+ Internet address interpreter (the sockets library inet_addr()
+ routine) includes these words:
+
+ All numbers supplied as "parts" in a "." notation may be decimal,
+ octal, or hexadecimal, as specified in the C language (that is, a
+ leading 0x or 0X implies hexadecimal; otherwise, a leading 0
+ implies octal; otherwise, the number is interpreted as decimal).
+ To illustrate, 128.59.39.2 and 128.059.039.002 are not the same
+ host! Even though most of the fields contain non-octal digits.
+ Using system Telnet (not Kermit):
+ $ telnet 128.059.039.002
+ Trying 128.49.33.2 ...
+ Of course the same thing happens with Kermit because it uses (as
+ it must) the same system service for resolving network addresses
+ that Telnet, FTP, and all other TCP/IP applications use.
+ * The RLOGIN section on page 123 does not make it clear that you can
+ use the SET TELNET TERMINAL-TYPE command to govern the terminal
+ type that is reported by C-Kermit to the RLOGIN server.
+ * Note that the SET TCP commands described on pages 122-123 might be
+ absent; some platforms that support TCP/IP do not support these
+ particular controls.
+
+ New commands:
+
+ TELOPT { AO, AYT, BREAK, CANCEL, EC, EL, EOF, EOR, GA, IP, DMARK,
+ DO, DONT, NOP, SB, SE, SUSP, WILL, WONT }
+ This command was available previously, but supported only DO,
+ DONT, WILL, and WONT. Now it lets you send all the Telnet
+ protocol commands. Note that certain commands do not require a
+ response, and therefore can be used as nondestructive "probes"
+ to see if the Telnet session is still open; e.g.:
+
+ set host xyzcorp.com
+ ...
+ telopt nop
+ if fail stop 1 Connection lost
+
+ SET TCP ADDRESS [ ip-address ]
+ Specifies the IP address of the computer that C-Kermit is
+ running on. Normally this is not necessary. The exception would
+ be if your machine has multiple network adapters (physical or
+ virtual) with a different address for each adapter AND you want
+ C-Kermit to use a specific address when making outgoing
+ connections or accepting incoming connections.
+
+ SET TCP DNS-SERVICE-RECORDS { ON, OFF }
+ Tells C-Kermit whether to try to use DNS SRV records to
+ determine the host and port number upon which to find an
+ advertised service. For example, if a host wants regular Telnet
+ connections redirected to some port other than 23, this feature
+ allows C-Kermit to ask the host which port it should use. Since
+ not all domain servers are set up to answer such requests, this
+ feature is OFF by default.
+
+ SET TCP REVERSE-DNS-LOOKUP { ON, OFF, AUTO }
+ Tells Kermit whether to perform a reverse DNS lookup on TCP/IP
+ connections. This allows Kermit to determine the actual
+ hostname of the host it is connected to, which is useful for
+ connections to host pools, and is required for Kerberos
+ connections to host pools and for incoming connections. If the
+ other host does not have a DNS entry, the reverse lookup could
+ take a long time (minutes) to fail, but the connection will
+ still be made. Turn this option OFF for speedier connections if
+ you do not need to know exactly which host you are connected to
+ and you are not using Kerberos. AUTO, the default, means the
+ lookup is done on hostnames, but not on numeric IP addresses.
+
+ SET TELNET WAIT-FOR-NEGOTIATIONS { ON, OFF }
+ Each Telnet option must be fully negotiated either On or Off
+ before the session can continue. This is especially true with
+ options that require sub-negotiations such as Authentication,
+ Encryption, and Kermit; for proper support of these options
+ Kermit must wait for the negotiations to complete. Of course,
+ Kermit has no way of knowing whether a reply is delayed or not
+ coming at all, and so will wait a minute or more for required
+ replies before continuing the session. If you know that
+ Kermit's Telnet partner will not be sending the required
+ replies, you can set this option of OFF to avoid the long
+ timeouts. Or you can instruct Kermit to REFUSE specific options
+ with the SET TELOPT command.
+
+ SET TELOPT [ { /CLIENT, /SERVER } ] option
+ { ACCEPTED, REFUSED, REQUESTED, REQUIRED }
+ [ { ACCEPTED, REFUSED, REQUESTED, REQUIRED } ]
+ SET TELOPT lets you specify policy requirements for Kermit's
+ handling of Telnet option negotiations. Setting an option is
+ REQUIRED causes Kermit to offer the option to the peer and
+ disconnect if the option is refused. REQUESTED causes Kermit to
+ offer an option to the peer. ACCEPTED results in no offer but
+ Kermit will attempt to negotiate the option if it is requested.
+ REFUSED instructs Kermit to refuse the option if it is
+ requested by the peer.
+
+ Some options are negotiated in two directions and accept
+ separate policies for each direction; the first keyword applies
+ to Kermit itself, the second applies to Kermit's Telnet
+ partner; if the second keyword is omitted, an appropriate
+ (option-specific) default is applied. You can also include a
+ /CLIENT or /SERVER switch to indicate whether the given
+ policies apply when Kermit is the Telnet client or the Telnet
+ server; if no switch is given, the command applies to the
+ client.
+
+ Note that some of Kermit's Telnet partners fail to refuse
+ options that they do not recognize and instead do not respond
+ at all. In this case it is possible to use SET TELOPT to
+ instruct Kermit to REFUSE the option before connecting to the
+ problem host, thus skipping the problematic negotiation.
+
+ Use SHOW TELOPT to view current Telnet Option negotiation
+ settings. SHOW TELNET displays current Telnet settings.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.3.0. Bug Fixes
+
+ If "set host nonexistent-host" was given (and it properly failed),
+ followed by certain commands like SEND, the original line and modem
+ type were not restored and C-Kermit thought that it still had a
+ network hostname; fixed in 7.0.
+
+ 2.3.1. Telnet Binary Mode Bug Adjustments
+
+ SET TELNET BUG BINARY-ME-MEANS-U-TOO { ON, OFF } was added to edit 192
+ after the book was printed. Also SET TELNET BUG BINARY-U-MEANS-ME-TOO.
+ The default for both is OFF. ON should be used when communicating with
+ a Telnet partner (client or server) that mistakenly believes that
+ telling C-Kermit to enter Telnet binary mode also means that it, too,
+ is in binary mode, contrary to the Telnet specification, which says
+ that binary mode must be negotiated in each direction separately.
+
+ 2.3.2. VMS UCX Telnet Port Bug Adjustment
+
+ A new command, SET TCP UCX-PORT-BUG, was added for VMS versions with
+ UCX (DEC TCP/IP), applying only to early versions of UCX, like 2.2 or
+ earlier. If you try to use VMS C-Kermit to make a Telnet connection
+ using a port name (like "telnet", which is used by default), the
+ underlying UCX getservbyname() function might return the service
+ number with its bytes swapped and the connection will fail. If "telnet
+ hostname 23" works, then your version of UCX has this bug and you can
+ put "set tcp ucx-port-bug on" in your CKERMIT.INI file to get around
+ it.
+
+ 2.3.3. Telnet New Environment Option
+
+ The TELNET NEW-ENVIRONMENT option ([403]RFC 1572) is supported as 7.0.
+ This option allows the C-Kermit Telnet client to send certain
+ well-known variables to the Telnet server, including USER, PRINTER,
+ DISPLAY, and several others. This feature is enabled by default in
+ Windows and OS/2, disabled by default elsewhere. The command to enable
+ and disable it is:
+
+ SET TELNET ENVIRONMENT { ON, OFF }
+
+ When ON, and you Telnet to another computer, you might (or might not)
+ notice that the "login:" or "Username:" prompt does not appear --
+ that's because your username was sent ahead, in which case the remote
+ system might prompt you only for your password (similar to Rlogin).
+ Use "set telnet environment off" to defeat this feature, particularly
+ in scripts where the dialog must be predictable. You can also use this
+ command to specify or override specific well-known environment
+ variable values:
+
+ SET TELNET ENVIRONMENT { ACCT,DISPLAY,JOB,PRINTER,SYSTEMTYPE,USER } [ text ]
+
+ 2.3.4. Telnet Location Option
+
+ The TELNET LOCATION option ([404]RFC 779) is supported in 7.0. This
+ option allows the C-Kermit Telnet client to send a location string to
+ the server if the server indicates its willingness to accept one. If
+ an environment variable named LOCATION exists at the time C-Kermit
+ starts, its value is used as the location string. If you want to
+ change it, use:
+
+ SET TELNET LOCATION text
+
+ If you omit the text from this command, the Telnet location feature is
+ disabled.
+
+ SET TELNET ENVIRONMENT DISPLAY is used to set the DISPLAY variable
+ that is sent to the host, as well as the the XDISPLAY location.
+
+ 2.3.5. Connecting to Raw TCP Sockets
+
+ The SET HOST and TELNET commands now accept an optional switch,
+ /RAW-SOCKET, at the end, only if you first give a host and a port.
+ Example:
+
+ set host xyzcorp.com 23 /raw-socket
+ set host 128.49.39.2:2000 /raw-socket
+ telnet xyzcorp.com 3000 /raw
+
+ Without this switch, C-Kermit behaves as a Telnet client when (a) the
+ port is 23 or 1649, or (b) the port is not 513 and the server sent
+ what appeared to be Telnet negotiations -- that is, messages starting
+ with 0xFF (IAC). With this switch, Kermit should treat all incoming
+ bytes as raw data, and will not engage in any Telnet negotiations or
+ NVT CRLF manipulations. This allows transparent operation through
+ (e.g.) raw TCP ports on Cisco terminal servers, through the 'modemd'
+ modem server, etc.
+
+ 2.3.6. Incoming TCP Connections
+
+ Accomplished via SET HOST * port, were introduced in C-Kermit 6.0, but
+ for UNIX only. In Version 7.0, they are also available for VMS.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.4. The EIGHTBIT Command
+
+ EIGHTBIT is simply a shorthand for: SET PARITY NONE, SET TERMINAL
+ BYTESIZE 8, SET COMMAND BYTESIZE 8; that is, a way to set up an 8-bit
+ clean connection in a single command.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.5. The Services Directory
+
+ Chapter 7 of [405]Using C-Kermit does not mention the ULOGIN macro,
+ which is used by our sample services directory, CKERMIT.KND. Unlike
+ UNIXLOGIN, VMSLOGIN, etc, this one is for use with systems that
+ require a user ID but no password. Therefore it doesn't prompt for a
+ password or wait for a password prompt from the remote service.
+
+ In version 7.0, the CALL macro was changed to not execute a SET MODEM
+ TYPE command if the given modem type was the same as the current one;
+ otherwise the new SET MODEM TYPE command would overwrite any
+ customizations that the user had made to the modem settings. Ditto for
+ SET LINE / SET PORT and SET SPEED.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.6. Closing Connections
+
+ Until version 7.0, there was never an obvious and general way to close
+ a connection. If a serial connection was open, it could be closed by
+ "set line" or "set port" (giving no device name); if a network
+ connection was open, it could be closed by "set host" (no host name).
+
+ In version 7.0, a new command closes the connection in an obvious and
+ straightforward way, no matter what the connection type:
+
+ CLOSE [ CONNECTION ]
+
+ The CLOSE command was already present, and required an operand such as
+ DEBUG-LOG, WRITE-FILE, etc, and so could never be given by itself. The
+ new CONNECTION operand is now the default operand for CLOSE, so CLOSE
+ by itself closes the connection, if one is open, just as you would
+ expect, especially if you are a Telnet or Ftp user.
+
+ Also see the description of the new SET CLOSE-ON-DISCONNECT command in
+ [406]Section 2.10.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.7. Using C-Kermit with External Communication Programs
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 includes a new ability to create and conduct sessions
+ through other communications programs. Two methods are available:
+
+ 1. Pty (pseudoterminal): The external program is run on a
+ "pseudoterminal", which is controlled by Kermit. This method works
+ with practically any external program, but it is not portable. At
+ this writing, it works only on some (not all) UNIX versions, and
+ not on any non-UNIX platforms.
+ 2. Pipe: The external program's standard input and output are
+ redirected through a "pipe" controlled by Kermit. This method is
+ relatively portable -- it should work across all UNIX versions,
+ and it also works in Windows and OS/2 -- but it is effective only
+ when the external program actually uses standard i/o (and many
+ don't).
+
+ The two methods are started differently but are used the same way
+ thereafter.
+
+ The purpose of this feature is to let you use C-Kermit services like
+ file transfer, character-set translation, scripting, automatic
+ dialing, etc, on connections that Kermit can't otherwise make itself.
+
+ This feature is the opposite of the REDIRECT feature, in which
+ C-Kermit makes the connection, and redirects an external (local)
+ command or program over this connection. In a pty or pipe connection,
+ C-Kermit runs and controls a local command or program, which makes the
+ connection. (The same method can be used to simply to control a local
+ program without making a connection; see [407]Section 2.8.)
+
+ To find out if your version of Kermit includes PTY support, type "show
+ features" and look for NETPTY in the alphabetical list of options. For
+ pipes, look for NETCMD.
+
+ The commands are:
+
+ SET NETWORK TYPE PTY or SET NETWORK TYPE PIPE
+ SET HOST command
+ where command is any interactive command. If the command does
+ not use standard i/o, you must use SET NETWORK TYPE PTY.
+
+ Notes:
+
+ * COMMAND is an invisible synonym for PIPE.
+ * The command and its arguments are case-sensitive in UNIX.
+
+ The SET NETWORK TYPE, SET HOST sequence sets the given network type
+ for all subsequent SET HOST commands until another SET NETWORK TYPE
+ command is given to change it.
+
+ You can also use the new /NETWORK-TYPE:PTY or /NETWORK-TYPE:PIPE (or
+ simply /PIPE or /PTY) switches on the SET HOST command itself:
+
+ SET HOST /NETWORK-TYPE:PIPE command ; These two are the same
+ SET HOST /PIPE command
+
+ SET HOST /NETWORK-TYPE:PTY command ; Ditto
+ SET HOST /PTY command
+
+ These are like SET NETWORK TYPE followed by SET HOST, except they
+ apply only to the connection being made and do not change the global
+ network type setting (see [408]Section 1.5 about the difference
+ between switches and SET commands).
+
+ Include any command-line options with the command that might be
+ needed, as in this example where C-Kermit uses another copy of itself
+ as the communications program:
+
+ SET HOST /PIPE /CONNECT kermit -YQJ xyzcorp.com
+
+ As usual, if you include the /CONNECT switch, SET HOST enters CONNECT
+ mode immediately upon successful execution of the given command.
+ Therefore new commands are available as a shorthand for SET HOST
+ /CONNECT /PTY and /PIPE:
+
+ PTY [ command ]
+ PIPE [ command ]
+ The PTY and PIPE commands work like the TELNET and RLOGIN
+ commands: they set up the connection (in this case, using the
+ given command) and then enter CONNECT mode automatically (if
+ the PIPE or PTY command is given without a command, it
+ continues the current session if one is active; otherwise it
+ gives an error message).
+
+ The PIPE command is named after the mechanism by which C-Kermit
+ communicates with the command: UNIX pipes. C-Kermit's i/o is "piped"
+ through the given command. Here is a typical example:
+
+ PIPE rlogin -8 xyzcorp.com
+
+ This is equivalent to:
+
+ SET HOST /PIPE rlogin -8 xyzcorp.com
+ CONNECT
+
+ and to:
+
+ SET HOST /PIPE /CONNECT rlogin -8 xyzcorp.com
+
+ IMPORTANT:
+ If you are writing a script, do not use the PIPE, PTY, TELNET,
+ or RLOGIN command unless you really want C-Kermit to enter
+ CONNECT mode at that point. Normally SET HOST is used in
+ scripts to allow the login and other dialogs to be controlled
+ by the script itself, rather than by an actively participating
+ human at the keyboard.
+
+ Throughput of pty and pipe connections is limited by the performance
+ of the chosen command or program and by the interprocess communication
+ (IPC) method used and/or buffering capacity of the pipe or pty, which
+ in turn depends on the underlying operating system.
+
+ In one trial (on SunOS 4.1.3), we observed file transfer rates over an
+ rlogin connection proceeding at 200Kcps for downloads, but only 10Kcps
+ for uploads on the same connection with the same settings (similar
+ disparities were noted in HP-UX). Examination of the logs revealed
+ that a write to the pipe could take as long as 5 seconds, whereas
+ reads were practically instantaneous. On the other hand, using Telnet
+ as the external program rather than rlogin, downloads and uploads were
+ better matched at about 177K each.
+
+ Most external communication programs, like C-Kermit itself, have
+ escape characters or sequences. Normally these begin with (or consist
+ entirely of) a control character. You must be sure that this control
+ character is not "unprefixed" when uploading files, otherwise the
+ external program will "escape back" to its prompt, or close the
+ connection, or take some other unwanted action. When in CONNECT mode,
+ observe the program's normal interaction rules. Of course C-Kermit's
+ own escape character (normally Ctrl-\) is active too, unless you have
+ taken some action to disable it.
+
+ On PTY connections, the underlying PTY driver is not guaranteed to be
+ transparent to control characters -- for example, it might expand
+ tabs, translate carriage returns, generate signals if it sees an
+ interrupt character, and so on. Similar things might happen on a PIPE
+ connection. For this reason, if you plan to transfer files over a PTY
+ or PIPE connection, tell the file sender to:
+
+ SET PREFIXING ALL
+ This causes all control characters to be prefixed and
+ transmitted as printable ASCII characters.
+
+ If the external connection program is not 8-bit clean, you should
+ also:
+
+ SET PARITY SPACE
+ This causes 8-bit data to be encoded in 7 bits using single
+ and/or locking shifts.
+
+ And if it does not make a reliable connection (such as those made by
+ Telnet, Rlogin, Ssh, etc), you should:
+
+ SET STREAMING OFF
+ This forces C-Kermit to treat the connection as unreliable and
+ to engage in its normal ACK/NAK protocol for error detection
+ and correction, rather than "streaming" its packets, as it
+ normally does on a network connection ([409]Section 4.20).
+
+ In some cases, buffer sizes might be restricted, so you might also
+ need to reduce the Kermit packet length to fit; this is a
+ trial-and-error affair. For example, if transfers always fail with
+ 4000-byte packets, try 2000. If that fails too, try 1000, and so on.
+ The commands are:
+
+ SET RECEIVE PACKET-LENGTH number
+ This tells the file receiver to tell the file sender the
+ longest packet length it can accept.
+
+ SET SEND PACKET-LENGTH number
+ This tells the file sender not to send packets longer than the
+ given length, even if the receiver says longer ones are OK. Of
+ course, if the receiver's length is shorter, the shorter length
+ is used.
+
+ If none of this seems to help, try falling back to the bare minimum,
+ lowest-common-denominator protocol settings:
+
+ ROBUST
+ No sliding windows, no streaming, no control-character
+ unprefixing, packet length 90.
+
+ And then work your way back up by trial and error to get greater
+ throughput.
+
+ Note that when starting a PIPE connection, and the connection program
+ (such as telnet or rlogin) prints some greeting or information
+ messages before starting the connection, these are quite likely to be
+ printed with a stairstep effect (linefeed without carriage return).
+ This is because the program is not connected with the UNIX terminal
+ driver; there's not much Kermit can do about it. Once the connection
+ is made, everything should go back to normal. This shouldn't happen on
+ a PTY connection because a PTY is, indeed, a terminal.
+
+ On a similar note, some connection programs (like Solaris 2.5 rlogin)
+ might print lots of error messages like "ioctl TIOCGETP: invalid
+ argument" when used through a pipe. They are annoying but usually
+ harmless. If you want to avoid these messages, and your shell allows
+ redirection of stderr, you can redirect stderr in your pipe command,
+ as in this example where the user's shell is bash:
+
+ PIPE rlogin xyzcorp.com 2> /dev/null
+
+ Or use PTY rather than PIPE, since PTY is available on Solaris.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.7.0. C-Kermit over tn3270 and tn5250
+
+ Now you can make a connection from C-Kermit "directly" to an IBM
+ mainframe and transfer files with it, assuming it has Kermit-370
+ installed. Because tn3270 is neither 8-bit clean nor transparent to
+ control characters, you must give these commands:
+
+ SET PREFIXING ALL ; Prefix all control characters
+ SET PARITY SPACE ; Telnet connections are usually not 8-bit clean
+
+ and then:
+
+ SET HOST /PTY /CONNECT tn3270 abccorp.com
+
+ or simply:
+
+ pty tn3270 abccorp.com
+
+ SET HOST /PIPE does not work in this case, at least not for file
+ transfer. File transfer does work, however, with SET HOST /PTY,
+ provided you use the default packet length of 90 bytes; anything
+ longer seems to kill the session.
+
+ You can also make connections to IBM AS/400 computers if you have a
+ tn5250 program installed:
+
+ pty tn5250 hostname
+
+ In this case, however, file transfer is probably not in the cards
+ since nobody has ever succeeded in writing a Kermit program for the
+ AS/400. Hint:
+
+ define tn3270 {
+ check pty
+ if fail end 1 Sorry - no PTY support...
+ pty tn3270 \%*
+ }
+
+ Similarly for tn5250. Note that CHECK PTY and CHECK PIPE can be used
+ in macros and scripts to test whether PTY or PIPE support is
+ available.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.7.1. C-Kermit over Telnet
+
+ Although C-Kermit includes its own Telnet implementation, you might
+ need to use an external Telnet program to make certain connections;
+ perhaps because it has access or security features not available in
+ C-Kermit itself. As noted above, the only precautions necessary are
+ usually:
+
+ SET PREFIXING ALL ; Prefix all control characters
+ SET PARITY SPACE ; Telnet connections might not be 8-bit clean
+
+ and then:
+
+ SET HOST /PTY (or /PIPE) /CONNECT telnet abccorp.com
+
+ or, equivalently:
+
+ PTY (or PIPE) telnet abccorp.com
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.7.2. C-Kermit over Rlogin
+
+ C-Kermit includes its own Rlogin client, but this can normally be used
+ only if you are root, since the rlogin TCP port is privileged. But
+ ptys and pipes let you make rlogin connections with C-Kermit through
+ your computer's external rlogin program, which is normally installed
+ as a privileged program:
+
+ SET PREFIXING ALL
+
+ and then:
+
+ SET HOST /PTY (or /PIPE) /CONNECT rlogin -8 abccorp.com
+
+ or, equivalently:
+
+ PTY (or PIPE) rlogin -8 abccorp.com
+
+ The "-8" option to rlogin enables transmission of 8-bit data. If this
+ is not available, then include SET PARITY SPACE if you intend to
+ transfer files.
+
+ Note that the normal escape sequence for rlogin is Carriage Return
+ followed by Tilde (~), but only when the tilde is followed by certain
+ other characters; the exact behavior depends on your rlogin client, so
+ read its documentation.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.7.3. C-Kermit over Serial Communication Programs
+
+ Ptys and pipes also let you use programs that make serial connections,
+ such as cu or tip. For example, C-Kermit can be used through cu to
+ make connections that otherwise might not be allowed, e.g. because
+ C-Kermit is not installed with the required write permissions to the
+ dialout device and the UUCP lockfile directory.
+
+ Suppose your UUCP Devices file contains an entry for a serial device
+ tty04 to be used for direct connections, but this device is protected
+ against you (and Kermit when you run it). In this case you can:
+
+ SET CONTROL PREFIX ALL
+ PTY (or PIPE) cu -l tty04
+
+ (Similarly for dialout devices, except then you also need to include
+ the phone number in the "cu" command.)
+
+ As with other communication programs, watch out for cu's escape
+ sequence, which is the same as the rlogin program's: Carriage Return
+ followed by Tilde (followed by another character to specify an action,
+ like "." for closing the connection and exiting from cu).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.7.4. C-Kermit over Secure Network Clients
+
+ DISCLAIMER: There are laws in the USA and other countries regarding
+ use, import, and/or export of encryption and/or decryption or other
+ forms of security software, algorithms, technology, and
+ intellectual property. The Kermit Project attempts to follow all
+ known statutes, and neither intends nor suggests that Kermit
+ software can or should be used in any way, in any location, that
+ circumvents any regulations, laws, treaties, covenants, or other
+ legitimate canons or instruments of law, international relations,
+ trade, ethics, or propriety.
+
+ For secure connections or connections through firewalls, C-Kermit 7.0
+ can be a Kerberos, SRP, and/or SOCKS client when built with the
+ appropriate options and libraries. But other application-level
+ security acronyms and methods -- SSH, SSL, SRP, TLS -- pop up at an
+ alarming rate and are (a) impossible to keep up with, (b) usually
+ mutually incompatible, and (c) have restrictions on export or
+ redistribution and so cannot be included in C-Kermit itself.
+
+ However, if you have a secure text-based Telnet (or other) client that
+ employs one of these security methods, you can use C-Kermit "through"
+ it via a pty or pipe.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.7.4.1. SSH
+
+ C-Kermit does not and can not incorporate SSH due to licensing,
+ patent, and USA export law restrictions.
+
+ The UNIX SSH client does not use standard input/output, and therefore
+ can be used only by Kermit's PTY interface, if one is present. The
+ cautions about file transfer, etc, are the same as for Rlogin.
+ Example:
+
+ SET PREFIXING ALL
+ PTY ssh XYZCORP.COM
+
+ Or, for a scripted session:
+
+ SET PREFIXING ALL
+ SET HOST /PTY ssh XYZCORP.COM
+
+ Hint:
+
+ define ssh {
+ check pty
+ if fail end 1 Sorry - no PTY support...
+ pty ssh \%*
+ }
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.7.4.2. SSL
+
+ Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is another TCP/IP security overlay, this
+ one designed by and for Netscape. An SSL Telnet client is available
+ for UNIX from the University of Queensland. More info at:
+
+ [410]http://www.psy.uq.oz.au/~ftp/Crypto/
+
+ Interoperability with C-Kermit is unknown. C-Kermit also includes its
+ own built-in SSL/TLS support, but it is not exportable; [411]CLICK
+ HERE file for details.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.7.4.3. SRP
+
+ SRP(TM) is Stanford University's Secure Remote Password protocol. An
+ SRP Telnet client is available from Stanford:
+
+ [412]http://srp.stanford.edu/srp/
+
+ Stanford's SRP Telnet client for UNIX has been tested on SunOS and
+ works fine with C-Kermit, as described in [413]Section 2.7.1, e.g.
+
+ SET PREFIX ALL
+ PTY (or PIPE) srp-telnet xenon.stanford.edu
+
+ C-Kermit itself can be built as an SRP Telnet client on systems that
+ have libsrp.a installed; the C-Kermit support code, however, may not
+ be exported outside the USA or Canada.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.7.4.4. SOCKS
+
+ C-Kermit can be built as a SOCKS-aware client on systems that have a
+ SOCKS library. See section 8.1.1 of the [414]ckccfg.txt file.
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 can also be run over SOCKSified Telnet or rlogin clients
+ with SET NETWORK TYPE COMMAND. Suppose the Telnet program on your
+ system is SOCKS enabled but C-Kermit is not. Make Kermit connections
+ like this:
+
+ SET PREFIX ALL
+ PTY (or PIPE) telnet zzz.com
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.7.4.5. Kerberos
+
+ UNIX C-Kermit can be built with MIT Kerberos IV or V authentication
+ and encryption. Instructions are available in a [415]separate
+ document. Additional modules are required that can not be exported
+ from the USA to any country except Canada, by US law.
+
+ If you have Kerberos installed but you don't have a Kerberized version
+ of C-Kermit, you can use ktelnet as C-Kermit's external communications
+ program to make secure connections without giving up C-Kermit's
+ services:
+
+ SET PREFIX ALL
+ PTY (or PIPE) ktelnet cia.gov
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.8. Scripting Local Programs
+
+ If your version of Kermit has PTY support built in, then any
+ text-based program can be invoked with SET HOST /PTY or equivalent
+ command and controlled using the normal sequence of OUTPUT, INPUT, IF
+ SUCCESS commands (this is the same service that is provided by the
+ 'expect' program, but controlled by the Kermit script language rather
+ than Tcl).
+
+ When PTY service is not available, then any program that uses standard
+ input and output can be invoked with SET HOST /PIPE.
+
+ Here's an example in which we start an external Kermit program, wait
+ for its prompt, give it a VERSION command, and then extract the
+ numeric version number from its response:
+
+ set host /pty kermit -Y
+ if fail stop 1 {Can't start external command}
+ input 10 C-Kermit>
+ if fail stop 1 {No C-Kermit> prompt}
+ output version\13
+ input 10 {Numeric: }
+ if fail stop 1 {No match for "Numeric:"}
+ clear input
+ input 10 \10
+ echo VERSION = "\fsubstr(\v(input),1,6)"
+ output exit\13
+
+ This technique could be used to control any other interactive program,
+ even those that do screen formatting (like Emacs or Vi), if you can
+ figure out the sequence of events. If your Kermit program doesn't have
+ PTY support, then the commands are restricted to those using standard
+ i/o, including certain shells, interactive text-mode "hardcopy"
+ editors like ex, and so on.
+
+ If you are using the PTY interface, you should be aware that it runs
+ the given program or command directly on the pty, without any
+ intervening shell to interpret metacharacters, redirectors, etc. If
+ you need this sort of thing, include the appropriate shell invocation
+ as part of your command; for example:
+
+ pty echo *
+
+ just echoes "*"; whereas:
+
+ pty ksh -c "echo *"
+
+ echoes all the filenames that ksh finds matching "*".
+
+ Similarly for redirection:
+
+ set host /pty ksh -c "cat > foo" ; Note: use shell quoting rules here
+ set transmit eof \4
+ transmit bar
+
+ And for that matter, for built-in shell commands:
+
+ set host /pty ksh -c "for i in *; do echo $i; done"
+
+ The PIPE interface, on the other hand, invokes the shell
+ automatically, so:
+
+ pipe echo *
+
+ prints filenames, not "*".
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.9. X.25 Networking
+
+ X.25 networking is documented in [416]Using C-Kermit, 2nd Edition.
+ When the book was published, X.25 was available only in SunOS,
+ Solaris, and Stratus VOS. Unlike TCP/IP, X.25 APIs are not
+ standardized; each vendor's X.25 libraries and services (if they have
+ them at all) are unique.
+
+ This section describes new additions.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.9.1. IBM AIXLink/X.25 Network Provider Interface for AIX
+
+ Support for X.25 was added via IBM's Network Provider Interface (NPI),
+ AIXLink/X.25 1.1, to the AIX 4.x version of C-Kermit 7.0.
+ Unfortunately, AIXLink/X.25 is a rather bare-bones facility, lacking
+ in particular any form of PAD support (X.3, X.28, X.29). Thus, the AIX
+ version of C-Kermit, when built to include X.25 networking, has
+ neither a PAD command, nor a SET PAD command. The same is true for the
+ underlying AIX system: no PAD support. Thus it is not possible to have
+ an interactive shell session over an X.25 connection into an AIX
+ system (as far as we know), even from X.25-capable Kermit versions
+ (such as Solaris or VOS) that do include PAD support.
+
+ Thus the X.25 capabilities in AIX C-Kermit are limited to peer-to-peer
+ connections, e.g. from a C-Kermit client to a C-Kermit server. Unlike
+ the Solaris, SunOS, and VOS versions, the AIX version can accept
+ incoming X.25 connections:
+
+ set network type x.25
+ if fail stop 1 Sorry - no X.25 support
+ ; Put any desired DISABLE or ENABLE or SET commands here.
+ set host /server *
+ if fail stop 1 X.25 "set host *" failed
+
+ And then access it from the client as follows:
+
+ set network type x.25
+ if fail stop 1 Sorry - no X.25 support
+ set host xxxxxxx ; Specify the X.25/X.121 address
+ if fail stop 1 Can't open connection
+
+ And at this point the client can use the full range of client
+ commands: SEND, GET, REMOTE xxx, FINISH, BYE.
+
+ The AIX version also adds two new variables:
+
+ \v(x25local_nua)
+ The local X.25 address.
+
+ \v(x25remote_nua)
+ The X.25 address of the host on the other end of the
+ connection.
+
+ C-Kermit's AIX X.25 client has not been tested against anything other
+ than a C-Kermit X.25 server on AIX. It is not known if it will
+ interoperate with C-Kermit servers on Solaris, SunOS, or VOS.
+
+ To make an X.25 connection from AIX C-Kermit, you must:
+
+ set x25 call-user-data xxxx
+
+ where xxxx can be any even-length string of hexadecimal digits, e.g.
+ 123ABC.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.9.2. HP-UX X.25
+
+ Although C-Kermit presently does not include built-in support for
+ HP-UX X.25, it can still be used to make X.25 connections as follows:
+ start Kermit and tell it to:
+
+ set prefixing all
+ set parity space
+ pty padem address
+
+ This should work in HP-UX 9.00 and later (see [417]Section 2.7). If
+ you have an earlier HP-UX version, or the PTY interface doesn't work
+ or isn't available, try:
+
+ set prefixing all
+ set parity space
+ pipe padem address
+
+ Failing that, use Kermit to telnet to localhost and then after logging
+ back in, start padem as you would normally do to connect over X.25.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.10. Additional Serial Port Controls
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 adds the following commands for greater control over
+ serial ports. These commands are available only in C-Kermit versions
+ whose underlying operating systems provide the corresponding services
+ (such as POSIX and UNIX System V), and even then their successful
+ operation depends on the capabilities of the specific device and
+ driver.
+
+ SET DISCONNECT { ON, OFF }
+ On a SET LINE or SET PORT connection with SET CARRIER ON or
+ AUTO, if the carrier signal drops during the connection,
+ indicating that the connection has been lost, and C-Kermit
+ notices it, this setting governs what happens next. With SET
+ DISCONNECT OFF, which is consistent with previous behavior, and
+ therefore the default, C-Kermit continues to keep the device
+ open and allocated. With SET DISCONNECT ON, C-Kermit
+ automatically closes and releases the device when it senses a
+ carrier on-to-off transition, thus allowing others to use it.
+ However, it remains the default device for i/o (DIAL, REDIAL,
+ INPUT, SEND, CONNECT, etc), so if a subsequent i/o command is
+ given, the device is reopened if it is still available. When it
+ has been automatically closed in this manner, SHOW
+ COMMUNICATIONS puts "(closed)" after its name, and in UNIX, the
+ lockfile disappears -- both from SHOW COMM and from the
+ lockfile directory itself. Synonym: SET CLOSE-ON-DISCONNECT.
+
+ SET EXIT ON-DISCONNECT { ON, OFF }
+ Like DISCONNECT, but makes the program exit if a connection
+ drops.
+
+ Note that SET CLOSE-ON-DISCONNECT and SET EXIT ON-DISCONNECT apply
+ only to connections that drop; they do not apply to connections that
+ can't be made in the first place. For example, they have no effect
+ when a SET LINE, SET HOST, TELNET, or DIAL command fails.
+
+ HANGUP
+ If [CLOSE-ON-]DISCONNECT is ON, and the HANGUP command is given
+ on a serial device, and the carrier signal is no longer present
+ after the HANGUP command, the device is closed and released.
+
+ SET PARITY HARDWARE { EVEN, ODD }
+ Unlike SET PARITY { EVEN, ODD, MARK, SPACE }, which selects 7
+ data bits plus the indicated kind of parity (to be done in
+ software by Kermit itself), SET PARITY HARDWARE selects 8 data
+ bits plus even or odd parity, to be done by the underlying
+ hardware, operating system, or device driver. This command is
+ effective only with a SET LINE or SET PORT device. That is, it
+ has no effect in remote mode, nor on network connections. There
+ is presently no method for selecting 8 data bits plus mark or
+ space parity. If hardware parity is in effect, the variable
+ \v(hwparity) is set to "even" or "odd". Note: some platforms
+ might also support settings of SPACE, MARK, or NONE.
+
+ SET STOP-BITS { 1, 2 }
+ This tells the number of 1-bits to insert after an outbound
+ character's data and parity bits, to separate it from the next
+ character. Normally 1. Choosing 2 stop bits should do no harm,
+ but will slow down serial transmission by approximately 10
+ percent. Historically, 2 stop bits were used with Teletypes (at
+ 110 bps or below) for print-head recovery time. There is
+ presently no method for choosing any number of stop bits
+ besides 1 and 2.
+
+ SET SERIAL [ dps ]
+ dps stands for Data-bits, Parity, Stop-bits. This is the
+ notation familiar to many people for serial port configuration:
+ 7E1, 8N1, 7O2, etc. The data bits number also becomes the
+ TERMINAL BYTESIZE setting. The second character is E for Even,
+ O for Odd, M for Mark, S for Space, or N for None. The list of
+ available options depends on the capabilities of the specific
+ platform. If dps is omitted, 8N1 is used. Type "set serial ?"
+ for a list of available choices. Examples:
+
+ SET SERIAL 7E1
+ Equivalent to SET PARITY EVEN, SET STOP-BITS 1, SET TERM
+ BYTE 7.
+
+ SET SERIAL 8N1
+ Equivalent to SET PARITY NONE, SET STOP-BITS 1, SET TERM
+ BYTE 8.
+
+ SET SERIAL 7E2
+ Equivalent to SET PARITY EVEN and SET STOP-BITS 2, SET
+ TERM BYTE 7.
+
+ SET SERIAL 8E2
+ Same as SET PARITY HARDWARE EVEN, SET STOP-BITS 2, SET
+ TERM BYTE 8.
+
+ SET SERIAL
+ Same as SET PARITY NONE and SET STOP-BITS 1, SET TERM
+ BYTE 8.
+
+ Notes:
+
+ * The SET SERIAL xx2 options are available only in Kermit versions
+ where the SET PARITY HARDWARE command is also available. (SHOW
+ FEATURES includes "HWPARITY" in its options list.)
+ * The SET SERIAL 7xx and 8N1 options affect the software parity
+ setting, even for network connections.
+ * As noted in the manual, selecting 8 data bits does not give you
+ 8-bit terminal sessions in CONNECT mode unless you also SET
+ TERMINAL BYTESIZE 8. The default terminal bytesize remains 7, to
+ protect against the situation where the remote host is generating
+ parity but you don't know about it. If the terminal bytesize was 8
+ by default and you CONNECTed to such a host, you would see only
+ garbage on your screen.
+ * If you do not give a SET STOP-BITS or SET SET SERIAL command,
+ C-Kermit does not attempt to set the device's stop bits; instead,
+ it uses whatever setting the device uses when not given explicit
+ instructions about stop bits.
+
+ SHOW COMMUNICATIONS displays the current settings. Stop bits and
+ hardware parity are shown only for SET PORT / SET LINE (serial)
+ devices, since they do not apply to network connections or to remote
+ mode. STOP-BITS is shown as "(default)" if you have not given an
+ explicit SET STOP-BITS or SET SERIAL command.
+
+ The \v(serial) variable shows the SET SERIAL setting (8N1, 7E1, etc).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.11. Getting Access to the Dialout Device
+
+ This section is for UNIX only; note the special words about QNX at
+ the end. Also see [418]Section 2.0 for SET LINE switches,
+ particularly the /SHARE switch for VMS only.
+
+ C-Kermit does its best to obey the UUCP lockfile conventions of each
+ platform (machine, operating system, OS version) where it runs, if
+ that platform uses UUCP.
+
+ But simply obeying the conventions is often not good enough, due to
+ the increasing likelihood that a particular serial device might have
+ more than one name (e.g. /dev/tty00 and /dev/term/00 are the same
+ device in Unixware 7; /dev/cua and /dev/cufa are the same device in
+ NeXTSTEP), plus the increasingly widespread use of symlinks for device
+ names, such as /dev/modem.
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 goes to greater lengths than previous versions to
+ successfully interlock with other communications program (and other
+ instances of Kermit itself); for example, by:
+
+ * Creation of dual lockfiles whenever a symlink is used; one for the
+ link name and one for the real name.
+ * Creation of dual lockfiles in HP-UX according to HP rules.
+ * Creation of dual uppercase/lowercase lockfile names in SCO
+ UNIX/ODT/OSR5.
+ * The use of ttylock() in versions of AIX where it works.
+ * The use, wherever possible, of lockfile names based on
+ inode/major/minor device number rather than device name.
+
+ See the [419]ckuins.txt and [420]ckubwr.txt files for details.
+
+ QNX is almost unique among UNIX varieties in having no UUCP programs
+ nor UUCP-oriented dialout-device locking conventions. QNX does,
+ however, allow a program to get the device open count. This can not be
+ a reliable form of locking unless all applications do it (and they
+ don't), so by default, Kermit uses this information only for printing
+ a warning message such as:
+
+ C-Kermit>set line /dev/ser1
+ WARNING - "/dev/ser1" looks busy...
+
+ However, if you want to use it as a lock, you can do so with:
+
+ SET QNX-PORT-LOCK { ON, OFF }
+
+ QNX-PORT-LOCK is OFF by default; if you set in ON, C-Kermit fails to
+ open any dialout device when its open count indicates that another
+ process has it open. SHOW COMM (in QNX only) displays the setting, and
+ if you have a port open, it also shows the current open count (with
+ C-Kermit's own access always counting as 1).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.12. The Connection Log
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 adds the ability to log connections, so you can see where
+ you've been and have a record of calls you've made. A connection is
+ defined as any communications session that is begun by SET LINE, SET
+ PORT, DIAL, SET HOST, TELNET, or RLOGIN. Connections are not logged
+ unless you request it; the command is:
+
+ LOG CX [ filename [ { NEW, APPEND } ] ]
+ Enables logging of connections in the given file. If the
+ trailing { NEW, APPEND } keyword is omitted, the file is opened
+ for appending; i.e. new records are written to the end. If NEW
+ is specified, a new file is created; if a file of the same name
+ already existed, it is overwritten. If the filename is omitted,
+ CX.LOG in your home (login) directory is used (note:
+ uppercase). To accept all defaults, just use "log connections"
+ (or "l c" for short). Synonym: LOG CONNECTIONS.
+
+ CLOSE CX-LOG
+ This closes the connection log if it was open. (Note, the CLOSE
+ CONNECTION command closes the connection itself).
+
+ SHOW CX
+ This shows your current connection, if any, including the
+ elapsed time (since you opened it). Synonym: SHOW CONNECTION.
+
+ \v(cx_time)
+ This variable shows the elapsed time of your current
+ connection, or if there is no current connection, of your most
+ recent connection, of if there have been no connections, 0.
+
+ The connection contains one line per connection, of the form:
+
+ yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss username pid p=v [ p=v [ ... ] ]
+
+ where the timestamp (in columns 1-18) shows when the connection was
+ made; username is the login identity of the person who made the
+ connection; pid is Kermit's process ID when it made the connection.
+ The p's are parameters that depend on the type of connection, and the
+ v's are their values:
+
+ T = Connection Type (TCP, SERIAL, DIAL, DECNET, etc).
+ H = The name of the Host from which the connection was made.
+ N = Destination phone Number or Network host name or address.
+ D = Serial connections only: Device name.
+ O = Dialed calls only: Originating country code & area code if known.
+ E = Elapsed time in hh:mm:ss format (or hhh:mm:ss, etc).
+
+ If you always want to keep a connection log, simply add:
+
+ log connections
+
+ to your C-Kermit customization file. Note, however, that if you make a
+ lot of connections, your CX.LOG will grow and grow. You can handle
+ this by adding a "logrotate" procedure like the following to your
+ customization file, before the "log connections" command:
+
+ define LOGROTATE { ; Define LOGROTATE macro
+ local \%i \%m \%d \%n \%f MAX
+ def MAX 4 ; How many months to keep
+ if not def \%1 - ; No argument given
+ end 1 \%0: No filename given
+ if not = 1 \ffiles(\%1) - ; Exactly 1 file must match
+ end 1 \%0: \%1 - File not found
+ .\%d := \fsubstr(\fdate(\%1),1,6) ; Arg OK - get file year & month
+ if = \%d - ; Compare file year & month
+ \fsubstr(\v(ndate),1,6) - ; with current year & month
+ end 0 ; Same year & month - done
+ rename \%1 \%1.\%d ; Different - rename file
+ .\%n := \ffiles(\%1.*) ; How many old files
+ if < \%n \m(MAX) end 0 ; Not enough to rotate
+ .\%m := \%1.999999 ; Initial compare string
+ for \%i 1 \%n 1 { ; Loop thru old logs
+ .\%f := \fnextfile() ; Get next file name
+ if llt \%f \%m .\%m := \%f ; If this one older remember it
+ }
+ delete \%m ; Delete the oldest one
+ }
+ log connections ; Now open the (possibly new) log
+ logrotate \v(home)CX.LOG ; Run the LOGROTATE macro
+
+ As you can see, this compares the yyyymm portion of the modification
+ date (\fdate()) of the given file (\%1) with the current yyyymm. If
+ they differ, the current file has the yyyymm suffix (from its most
+ recent modification date) appended to its name. Then we search through
+ all other such files, find the oldest one, and delete it. Thus the
+ current log, plus the logs from the most recent four months, are kept.
+ This is all done automatically every time you start C-Kermit.
+
+ On multiuser systems, it is possible to keep a single, shared,
+ system-wide connection log, but this is not recommended since (a) it
+ requires you keep a publicly write-accessible logfile (a glaring
+ target for mischief), and (b) it would require each user to log to
+ that file and not disable logging. A better method for logging
+ connections, in UNIX at least, is syslogging (see [421]ckuins.txt
+ Section 15 and [422]Section 4.2 of the [423]IKSD Administration Guide
+ for details).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.13. Automatic Connection-Specific Flow Control Selection
+
+ Beginning in C-Kermit 7.0, the appropriate flow-control method for
+ each connection type is kept in a table, for example:
+
+ Remote: NONE
+ Modem: RTS/CTS
+ Direct-Serial: NONE
+ TCPIP: NONE
+
+ The size of the table and values for each connection type can vary
+ from platform to platform. Type "set flow ?" for a list of available
+ flow-control types.
+
+ The table is used to automatically select the appropriate kind of flow
+ control whenever you make a connection. You can display the table
+ with:
+
+ SHOW FLOW-CONTROL
+
+ The defaults are as follows:
+
+ Remote:
+ NONE or XON/XOFF. This is because C-Kermit is not allowed to
+ find out what type of connection the incoming user has (*). No
+ kind of flow control will work on every kind of connection,
+ including (unexpectedly) KEEP, which we would have liked to
+ use, but not turning off flow control at the remote end during
+ file transfer on TCP/IP connections is fatal to the transfer
+ (except in VMS and HP-UX, where it must be set to Xon/Xoff!)
+ Therefore if you are dialing in to a serial port on a server
+ (UNIX or VMS) where C-Kermit is running, you will need to tell
+ C-Kermit to "set flow keep" before transferring files (assuming
+ the modem and port are configured correctly by the system
+ administrator; otherwise you'll need to give a specific kind of
+ flow control, e.g. "set flow xon/xoff"), so in this case
+ C-Kermit will not disable flow control, as it must do when you
+ are coming via Telnet (directly or through a terminal server,
+ except on VMS and HP-UX).
+
+ Modem:
+ This applies when you dial out with a modem. In this case, the
+ MODEM FLOW-CONTROL setting takes affect after the SET FLOW
+ setting, so it can pick the most appropriate flow control for
+ the combination of the particular modem and the
+ computer/port/driver that is dialing.
+
+ Direct-Serial:
+ The default here is NONE because C-Kermit has no way of knowing
+ what kind of flow control, if any, is or can be done by the
+ device at the other end of the connection. RTS/CTS would be a
+ bad choice here, because if the CTS signal is not asserted, the
+ connection will hang. And since direct connections are often
+ made with 3-wire cables, there is a good chance the CTS signal
+ will not be received.
+
+ TCPIP:
+ NONE, since TCP and IP provide their own flow control
+ transparently to the application, except in VMS, where Xon/Xoff
+ is the default due to the requirements of the VMS TCP/IP
+ products.
+
+ Other networks:
+ NONE, since networks should provide their flow control
+ transparently to the application.
+
+ (*) This is possibly the worst feature of UNIX, VMS, and other
+ platforms where C-Kermit runs. If C-Kermit was able to ask the
+ operating system what kind of connection it had to the user, it could
+ set up many things for you automatically.
+
+ You can modify the default-flow-control table with:
+
+ SET FLOW-CONTROL /xxx { NONE, KEEP, RTS/CTS, XON/XOFF, ... }
+
+ where "xxx" is the connection type, e.g.
+
+ SET FLOW /REMOTE NONE
+ SET FLOW /DIRECT RTS/CTS
+
+ If you leave out the switch, SET FLOW works as before, choosing the
+ flow control method to be used on the current connection:
+
+ SET FLOW XON/XOFF
+
+ Thus, whenever you make a connection with SET PORT, SET LINE, DIAL,
+ SET HOST, TELNET, RLOGIN, etc, an appropriate form of flow control is
+ selected automatically. You can override the automatic selection with
+ a subsequent SET FLOW command, such as SET FLOW NONE (no switch
+ included).
+
+ The flow control is changed automatically too when you give a SET
+ MODEM TYPE command. For example, suppose your operating system (say
+ Linux) supports hardware flow control (RTS/CTS). Now suppose you give
+ the following commands:
+
+ set line /dev/ttyS2 ; Automatically sets flow to NONE
+ set modem type usr ; Automatically sets flow to RTS/CTS
+ set modem type rolm ; Doesn't support RTS/CTS so now flow is XON/XOFF
+
+ IMPORTANT: This new feature tends to make the order of SET LINE/HOST
+ and SET FLOW commands matter, where it didn't before. For example, in
+ VMS:
+
+ SET FLOW KEEP
+ SET LINE TTA0:
+
+ the SET LINE undoes the SET FLOW KEEP command; the sequence now must
+ be:
+
+ SET FLOW /DIRECT KEEP
+ SET LINE TTA0:
+
+ or:
+
+ SET LINE TTA0:
+ SET FLOW KEEP
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.14. Trapping Connection Establishment and Loss
+
+ If you define a macro called ON_OPEN, it is executed any time that a
+ SET LINE, SET PORT, SET HOST, TELNET, RLOGIN or similar command
+ succeeds in opening a connection. The argument is the host or device
+ name (as shown by SHOW COMMUNICATIONS, and the same as \v(line)). This
+ macro can be used for all sorts of things, like automatically setting
+ connection- or host-specific parameters when the connection is opened.
+ Example:
+
+ def ON_OPEN {
+ switch \%1 {
+ :abccorp.com, set reliable off, break
+ :xyzcorp.com, set receive packet-length 1000, break
+ etc etc...
+ }
+ }
+
+ If you define a macro called ON_CLOSE, it will be executed any time
+ that a SET LINE, SET PORT, SET HOST, TELNET, RLOGIN or any other kind
+ of connection that C-Kermit has made is closed, either by the remote
+ or by a local CLOSE, HANGUP, or EXIT command or other local action,
+ such as when a new connection is opened before an old one was
+ explicitly closed.
+
+ As soon as C-Kermit notices the connection has been closed, the
+ ON_CLOSE macro is invoked at (a) the top of the command parsing loop,
+ or (b) when a connection is closed implicitly by a command such as SET
+ LINE that closes any open connection prior to making a new connection,
+ or (c) when C-Kermit closes an open connection in the act of exiting.
+
+ The ON_CLOSE macro was inspired by the neverending quest to unite
+ Kermit and SSH. In this case using the "tunnel" mechanism:
+
+ def TUNNEL { ; \%1 = host to tunnel to
+ local \%p
+ if not def \%1 stop 1
+ assign tunnelhost \%1 ; Make global copy
+ undef on_close
+ set macro error off
+ close connection ; Ignore any error
+ open !read tunnel start \%1
+ read \%p ; Get port number
+ if fail stop 1 Tunnel failure: \%1
+ close read
+ if fail stop 1 Tunnel failure: \%1 ; See [424]Section 4.2.8.1
+ assign on_close { ; Set up close handler
+ echo Closing tunnel: \m(tunnelhost)
+ !tunnel stop \m(tunnelhost)
+ undef on_close
+ }
+ set host localhost:\%p /telnet
+ if success end 0
+ undef on_close
+ stop 1 Connection failure: \%1
+ }
+
+ In this case, when the connection stops, we also need to shut down the
+ tunnel, even if it is at a later time after TUNNEL has finished
+ executing. This way we can escape back, reconnect, transfer files, and
+ so on until the connection is broken by logging out from the remote,
+ or by explicitly closing it, or by EXITing from C-Kermit, at which
+ time the tunnel is shut down.
+
+ When the connection is closed, no matter how, the ON_CLOSE macro
+ executes and then undefines (destroys) itself, since we don't want to
+ be closing tunnels in the future when we close subsequent connections.
+
+ Other such tricks can be imagined, including ending ON_CLOSE with a
+ STOP command to force the command stack to be peeled all the way back
+ to the top, for example in a deeply nested script that depends on the
+ connection being open:
+
+ def on_close { stop 1 CONNECTION LOST }
+
+ When C-Kermit invokes the ON_CLOSE macro, it supplies one argument
+ (\%1): the reason the connection was closed as a number, one of the
+ following:
+
+ 2 - Fatal failure to negotiate a required item on a network connection.
+ 1 - Closed by C-Kermit command.
+ 0 - All others (normally closed by remote).
+
+ which may be used for any purpose; for example, to add a comment to
+ the connection log:
+
+ def on_close {
+ local \%m
+ if not open cx end 0
+ switch \%1 {
+ :0, .\%m = Closed by remote, break
+ :1, .\%m = Closed by me, break
+ :2, .\%m = Network protocol negotiation failure, break
+ }
+ if def \%m writeln cx {# \%m}
+ }
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.15. Contacting Web Servers with the HTTP Command
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 (at this writing, the UNIX version only) supports direct
+ contact and interaction with Web servers via HTTP 1.0 protocol. To
+ make a connection, use Kermit's normal method for making a TCP/IP
+ connection, but specify the HTTP port:
+
+ SET HOST host http [ switches ]
+
+ where host is the IP hostname or address, and http is the name of the
+ TCP port for the Web server. Relevant switches include:
+
+ /RAW
+ Treat the connection as a transparent binary pipe. This switch
+ may be required if a port other than 'http' is used.
+
+ /SSL
+ Make an secure private connection with SSL (only if SSL support
+ is included in your version of Kermit). In this case the port
+ name might need to be https rather than http, e.g. "set host
+ secureserver.xyxcorp.com https /ssl".
+
+ /TLS
+ Make an secure private connection with TLS (only if TLS support
+ is included in your version of Kermit). In this case the port
+ name would be https rather than http.
+
+ Then you can issue an HTTP command. In most cases, the server closes
+ the connection when the command is complete. Example:
+
+ SET HOST www.columbia.edu http
+ IF FAIL EXIT 1 Can't contact server
+ HTTP GET kermit/index.html
+
+ At this point the connection is closed, since that's how HTTP 1.0
+ works. If you want to perform additional operations, you must
+ establish a new connection with another SET HOST command.
+
+ The HTTP command acts as a client to the Web server, except instead of
+ displaying the results like a Web browser would, it stores them. Any
+ HTTP command can (but need not) include any or all of the following
+ switches:
+
+ /AGENT:user-agent
+ Identifies the client to the server; "C-Kermit" or "Kermit-95"
+ by default.
+
+ /HEADER:header-line
+ Used for specifying any optional headers. A list of headers is
+ provided using braces for grouping:
+
+ /HEADER:{{tag:value}{tag:value}...}
+
+ For a listing of valid tag value and value formats see [425]RFC
+ 1945: Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.0. A maximum of
+ eight headers may be specified.
+
+ /USER:name
+ In case a page requires a username for access.
+
+ /PASSWORD:password
+ In case a page requires a password for access.
+
+ /ARRAY:arrayname
+ Tells Kermit to store the response headers in the given array,
+ one line per element. The array need not be declared in
+ advance. Example:
+
+ C-Kermit? http /array:c get kermit/index.html
+ C-Kermit? show array c
+ Dimension = 9
+ 1. Date: Fri, 26 Nov 1999 23:12:22 GMT
+ 2. Server: Apache/1.3.4 (Unix)
+ 3. Last-Modified: Mon, 06 Sep 1999 22:35:58 GMT
+ 4. ETag: "bc049-f72-37d441ce"
+ 5. Accept-Ranges: bytes
+ 6. Content-Length: 3954
+ 7. Connection: close
+ 8. Content-Type: text/html
+
+ As you can see, the header lines are like MIME e-mail header lines:
+ identifier, colon, value. The /ARRAY switch is the only method
+ available to a script to process the server responses for a POST or
+ PUT command.
+
+ The HTTP commands are:
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] GET remote-filename [ local-filename ]
+ Retrieves the named file. If a local-filename is given, the
+ file is stored locally under that name; otherwise it is stored
+ with its own name.
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] HEAD remote-filename local-filename
+ Like GET except without actually getting the file; instead it
+ gets only the headers, storing them into the given file, whose
+ name must be given, one line per header item, as shown above in
+ the /ARRAY: switch description.
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] INDEX remote-directory [ local-filename ]
+ Retrieves the file listing for the given server directory.
+ NOTE: This command is not supported by most Web servers.
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] POST [ /MIME-TYPE:type ] local-file remote-file
+ Used to send a response as if it were sent from a form. The
+ data to be posted must be read from a file.
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] PUT [ /MIME-TYPE:type ] local-file remote-file
+ Uploads a local file to a server file.
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] DELETE remote-filename
+ Instructs the server to delete the specified filename.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3. TERMINAL CONNECTION
+
+ 3.1. CONNECT Command Switches
+
+ The following switches (see [426]Section 1.5) were added to the
+ CONNECT command in 7.0:
+
+ /QUIETLY
+ Don't print the "Connecting to..." or "Back at..." messages. CQ
+ is an invisible command synonym for CONNECT /QUIETLY.
+
+ /TRIGGER:string
+ Specify a trigger or triggers ([427]Section 3.2) effective for
+ this CONNECT command only, temporarily overriding any current
+ SET TERMINAL TRIGGER values ([428]Section 3.2).
+
+ Note: Other switches might also be available; type "connect ?" for a
+ list, "help connect" for a description of each.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.2. Triggers
+
+ Triggers were added for UNIX, VMS, AOS/VS, and K95 in C-Kermit 7.0.
+
+ SET TERMINAL TRIGGER string
+ Tells C-Kermit to look for the given string during all
+ subsequent CONNECT sessions, and if seen, to return to command
+ mode automatically, as if you had escaped back manually. If the
+ string includes any spaces, you must enclose it in braces.
+ Example:
+
+ set terminal trigger {NO CARRIER}
+
+ Comparisons are made after character-set translation.
+
+ If a string is to include a literal brace character, precede it with a
+ backslash:
+
+ ; My modem always makes this noise when the connection is lost:
+ set terminal trigger |||ppp\{\{\{\{UUUUUUU
+
+ If you want Kermit to look for more than one string simultaneously,
+ use the following syntax:
+
+ set terminal trigger {{string1}{string2}...{stringn}}
+
+ In this case, C-Kermit will return to command mode automatically if
+ any of the given strings is encountered. Up to 8 strings may be
+ specified.
+
+ If the most recent return to command mode was caused by a trigger, the
+ new variable, \v(trigger), shows the trigger value; otherwise
+ \v(trigger) is empty.
+
+ The SHOW TRIGGER command displays the SET TERMINAL TRIGGER values as
+ well as the \v(trigger) value.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.3. Transparent Printing
+
+ As noted in the manual, C-Kermit's CONNECT command on UNIX is not a
+ terminal emulator, but rather a "semitransparent pipe" between the
+ terminal or emulator you are using to access C-Kermit, and the remote
+ host to which C-Kermit is connected. The "semitransparent" qualifier
+ is because of character-set translation as well as several actions
+ taken by the emulator in response to the characters or strings that
+ pass through it, such as APCs, Kermit packets (autodownload),
+ triggers, etc.
+
+ The UNIX version of C-Kermit 7.0 adds another such action: Transparent
+ printing, also called Controller printing (as distinct from Autoprint
+ or line or screen print). It is intended mainly for use on UNIX
+ workstation consoles (as opposed to remote logins), but with some care
+ can also be used when accessing C-Kermit remotely.
+
+ Transparent printing is related to APC by sharing C-Kermit's built-in
+ ANSI escape-sequence parser to detect "printer on" and "printer off"
+ sequences from the host. When the printer-on sequence is received, all
+ subsequent arriving characters -- including NUL, control characters,
+ and escape sequences -- are sent to the SET PRINTER device instead of
+ to your screen until the printer-off sequence is received, or you
+ escape back, whichever happens first. These bytes are not translated
+ or modified or filtered in any way by Kermit (except for possibly
+ stripping of the 8th bit, as noted below), but if filtering or
+ translation is desired, this can be accomplished by your SET PRINTER
+ selection (e.g. by choosing a pipeline of filters).
+
+ By default, your SET PRINTER device is your default UNIX printer, but
+ it can also be a file, a command, or the null device (which causes all
+ printer material to be discarded). See [429]Using C-Kermit, 2nd Ed.,
+ p.41 for details.
+
+ Transparent printing is controlled by the command:
+
+ SET TERMINAL PRINT { ON, OFF }
+ When ON, transparent-print sequences are obeyed, and printing
+ occurs on the system where C-Kermit is running. When OFF,
+ transparent print sequences are ignored and passed through to
+ your actual terminal or emulator, along with the data they
+ enclose. OFF is the default, for compatibility with earlier
+ C-Kermit releases. As noted in the manual, when the current SET
+ PRINTER device is a file, transparent-print material is
+ appended to it; the file is not overwritten.
+
+ SET TERMINAL BYTESIZE { 7, 8 }
+ SET PARITY { EVEN, ODD, MARK, SPACE, NONE }
+ If the terminal bytesize is 7, or PARITY is not NONE, the 8th
+ bit of each byte is stripped prior to printing.
+
+ The transparent-print escape sequences are:
+
+ <ESC>[5i
+ Printer On. Send all subsequent incoming bytes to the printer
+ without any kind of filtering, translation, or alteration.
+ Note: <ESC> stands for ASCII character number 27 (decimal),
+ Escape.
+
+ <ESC>[4i
+ Printer Off. Resume displaying incoming bytes on the screen.
+
+ These are the same sequences used by DEC VT100 and higher terminals
+ and other ANSI X3.64 and ISO 6429 compatible terminals. There is no
+ provision for selecting other printer-control sequences.
+
+ Restrictions:
+
+ 1. You must SET TERM TRANSPARENT-PRINT ON before you can use this
+ feature.
+ 2. Only the 7-bit forms of the escape sequences are supported. The
+ 8-bit CSI C1 control is not recognized.
+ 3. Autoprint is not supported, since this requires a full-fledged
+ terminal emulator with direct access to the screen.
+ 4. The start-print and stop-print sequences pass through to the
+ screen (there is no way to avoid this without causing unacceptable
+ delays or deadlocks in CONNECT mode). Thus if your terminal or
+ emulator also supports transparent printing via these same
+ sequences, an empty file will be sent to its printer. Normally
+ this has no effect.
+
+ Point (4) is similar to the situation with autodownload and APC --
+ when you have several Kermit clients in a chain, you should take care
+ that these features are enabled in only one of them.
+
+ Example 1:
+
+ set printer {|lpr -Plaser} ; Specify the printer (if not default).
+ set term print on ; Enable transparent printing.
+ set term byte 8 ; Enable 8-bit characters.
+ connect ; Enter CONNECT mode.
+
+ Example 2:
+
+ set printer /home/users/olga/printer.log ; Send printer material to a file.
+
+ Example 3:
+
+ set printer {| grep -v ^Received | lpr} ; Filter out some lines
+
+ Then use "pcprint" or "vtprint" commands on the host to initiate
+ transparent print operations. See [430]Using C-Kermit, 2nd Ed., p.406
+ for details.
+
+ Here is a sample "pcprint" shell script for UNIX:
+
+ #!/bin/sh
+ echo -n '<ESC>[5i'
+ if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
+ cat
+ else
+ cat $*
+ fi
+ echo -n '<FF><ESC>[4i'
+ # (end)
+
+ (Replace "<ESC>" by the actual ASCII Escape character and "<FF>" by
+ the ASCII Formfeed character).
+
+ If you always want transparent printing enabled, put "set term print
+ on" in your C-Kermit customization file (~/.mykermrc in UNIX). The
+ "set term bytesize" selection, however, is a property of each separate
+ connection.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.4. Binary and Text Session Logs
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 corrects an oversight in earlier releases, in which
+ binary session logs (SET SESSION-LOG BINARY) translated character sets
+ and performed various formatting transformations (e.g. "newline mode")
+ before writing characters to the session log. In C-Kermit 7.0,
+ binary-mode session logging writes characters as they come in, before
+ anything (other that parity-bit stripping) is done to them. Text-mode
+ session logging records the characters after processing.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4. FILE TRANSFER
+
+ Every file is transferred either in text mode (which implies
+ record-format and character-set translation) or binary mode (in which
+ each byte is sent literally without any kind of conversion). The mode
+ in which a file is transferred is controlled by (a) the default mode,
+ in the absence of any other indications; (b) the SET FILE TYPE
+ command; (c) various automatic mechanisms based on client/server
+ negotiations, directory information or filename patterns, etc.
+
+ The default FILE TYPE was changed from TEXT to BINARY in C-Kermit 7.0
+ because:
+
+ * Transferring a text file in binary mode does less damage than
+ transferring a binary file in text mode.
+ * Only binary-mode transfers can be recovered from the point of
+ failure.
+ * The automatic transfer-mode mechanisms switch to text mode on a
+ per-file basis anyway, so only those files that are not covered by
+ the automatic mechanisms are affected.
+ * All file transfers on the Web are done in binary mode, so people
+ are accustomed to it and expect it.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.0. BUG FIXES, MINOR CHANGES, AND CLARIFICATIONS
+
+ 4.0.0. Filenames with Spaces
+
+ Filenames that contain spaces are a major nuisance to a program like
+ Kermit, whose command language is line- and word-oriented, in which
+ words are separated by spaces and a filename is assumed to be a
+ "word". In general (unless noted otherwise in the description of a
+ particular command), there is only one way to refer to such files in
+ Kermit commands, and that is to enclose the name in braces:
+
+ send {this file}
+
+ Tells Kermit to send the file whose name is "this file" (two words, no
+ quotes). Of course, various circumlocutions are also possible, such
+ as:
+
+ define \%a this file
+ send \%a
+
+ BUT, perhaps contrary to expectation, you can't use "\32" to represent
+ the space:
+
+ send this\32file
+
+ does not work. Why? Because the Kermit parser, which must work on many
+ operating systems including Windows, has no way of knowing what you
+ mean by "this\32file". Do you mean a file whose name is "this file" in
+ the current directory? Or do you mean a file whose name is "32file" in
+ the "this" subdirectory of the current directory? Guessing won't do
+ here; Kermit must behave consistently and deterministically in all
+ cases on all platforms.
+
+ Note that you can't use Esc or Tab within {...} for filename
+ completion, or question mark to get a filename list. However, you can
+ include wildcards; for example:
+
+ send {* *}
+
+ sends all files whose name contains a space.
+
+ All things considered, it is best to avoid spaces in file and
+ directory names if you can. Also see [431]Section 5.4 on this topic.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.0.1. Packet out of Window
+
+ C-Kermit 6.0 could send packets "out of window" if the window size was
+ greater than 1 and ACKs had arrived out of order. Fixed in 6.1.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.0.2. MOVE after ADD SEND-LIST
+
+ ADD SEND-LIST followed by MOVE did not delete original files; fixed in
+ 6.1. Carrier loss was not detected during transfer; in 7.0 C-Kermit
+ checks for this (but results can not be guaranteed). In any case, the
+ protocol will eventually time out if the connection is lost.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.0.3. GET and RECEIVE As-Names
+
+ In 5A(190) through 6.0.192, the GET and RECEIVE as-name did not
+ properly override the RECEIVE PATHNAMES setting. In 7.0 it does.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.0.4. New Brief Statistics Listing
+
+ Version 7.0 adds a /BRIEF switch to the STATISTICS command, to display
+ a short file-transfer statistics report. /BRIEF is now the default.
+ Use /VERBOSE to see the full display, which is about 25 lines long.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.0.5. Improved FAST Command
+
+ The preinstalled definition of the FAST macro did not take enough
+ factors into account. Now it sets packet lengths and window sizes
+ appropriate to the configuration. Furthermore, in IRIX only, it might
+ restrict the SEND packet length to 4000, to work around a bug in the
+ IRIX Telnet server, depending on the IRIX version (see
+ [432]ckubwr.txt, IRIX section). To see the built-in definition of the
+ FAST macro, type "show macro fast". To change it, simply define it to
+ be whatever you want -- it's just a macro, like any other.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.0.6. The SET SEND BACKUP Command
+
+ Version 7.0 adds SET SEND BACKUP { ON, OFF }. This tells whether
+ backup files should be sent. Backup files are the ones created by
+ Kermit (and EMACS, and possibly other applications) to preserve old
+ copies of files when creating new ones with the same name. Kermit does
+ this when receiving a file and its FILE COLLISION setting is BACKUP
+ (or RENAME, in which case it the new file gets the backup name). On
+ most platforms, the backup name is formed by adding:
+
+ .~n~
+
+ to the end of the filename, where "n" is a number. For example, if the
+ original file is oofa.txt, a backup file might be called:
+
+ oofa.txt.~1~
+
+ (or oofa.txt.~2~, etc). If you SET SEND BACKUP OFF, this tells Kermit
+ not to send files that have backup names. Normally, SET SEND BACKUP is
+ ON (as shown by SHOW PROTOCOL), and backup files are sent if their
+ names match the SEND file specification.
+
+ Also see PURGE, SET FILE COLLISION, SEND /NOBACKUP, DIRECTORY
+ /[NO]BACKUP.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.0.7. The SET { SEND, RECEIVE } VERSION-NUMBERS Command
+
+ VMS Only. Normally when sending files, VMS C-Kermit strips the version
+ number. For example, if the file is FOO.BAR;34, the name is sent as
+ FOO.BAR (without the ";34"). If you want to keep version numbers on
+ when sending files, use SET SEND VERSION-NUMBERS ON. The effect
+ depends on the receiver.
+
+ Normally when receiving files, and an incoming filename includes a
+ VMS-style version number (such as FOO.BAR;34) VMS C-Kermit strips it
+ before trying to create the new file; this way the new file receives
+ the next highest version number in the customary manner for VMS. If
+ you want version numbers on incoming filenames to be used in creating
+ the new files, use SET RECEIVE VERSION-NUMBERS ON.
+
+ Normally these commands would be effective only when VMS C-Kermit is
+ exchanging files with a non-VMS Kermit program, since VMS-to-VMS
+ transfers use labeled mode unless you have gone out of your way to
+ defeat it.
+
+ Example: You want to send all versions of all files in the current
+ directory from a VMS C-Kermit client to a UNIX C-Kermit server. Use:
+
+ set send version-numbers on
+ send *.*;*
+
+ The resulting Unix files will have VMS-style version numbers as part
+ of their name, for example "foo.bar;1", "foo.bar;2", etc.
+
+ Now suppose you want to send these files from Unix to another VMS
+ system and preserve the version numbers. Again we have a Unix C-Kermit
+ server and VMS C-Kermit client. Give these commands to the client:
+
+ set receive version-numbers on
+ get *
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.0.8. The SET { SEND, RECEIVE } { MOVE-TO, RENAME-TO } Commands
+
+ These commands are persistent global versions of the /MOVE-TO: and
+ /RENAME-TO: switches of the SEND, GET, and RECEIVE commands. They
+ should normally be used only when setting up a dedicated
+ transaction-processing application, in which each file is to be moved
+ or renamed immediately after, and only if, it is transferred
+ successfully, so that (for example) an independent, concurrent process
+ can notice when new files appear and process them immediately without
+ having to guess whether they are complete.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.0.9. SET FILE INCOMPLETE AUTO
+
+ SET FILE INCOMPLETE { KEEP, DISCARD }, which tells whether to keep or
+ discard incompletely received files, has a new option, AUTO, which is
+ also the default. It means KEEP the incomplete file if the transfer is
+ in binary mode, otherwise DISCARD it. This reduces the chances that a
+ subsequent recovery operation (RESEND, REGET, etc) could produce a
+ corrupt file, since recovery works only for binary-mode transfers.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.1. FILE-TRANSFER FILENAME TEMPLATES
+
+ File-transfer filename templates allow files to be renamed
+ automatically by the file sender, the receiver, or both, during
+ transfer of groups of files.
+
+ 4.1.1. Templates in the As-Name
+
+ Prior to C-Kermit 6.1 and Kermit 95 1.1.12 the only options that could
+ be used to affect the names of files being transferred were SET
+ FILENAMES { LITERAL, CONVERTED } and SET { SEND, RECEIVE } PATHNAMES {
+ ON, OFF }, plus the "as-name" feature of the SEND (MOVE, etc) and
+ RECEIVE commands.
+
+ Previously, the as-name could be used only for a single file. For
+ example:
+
+ SEND FOO BAR
+
+ would send the file FOO under the name BAR, but:
+
+ SEND *.TXT anything
+
+ was not allowed, since it would give the same name to each file that
+ was sent. When receiving:
+
+ RECEIVE FOO
+
+ would rename the first incoming file to FOO before storing it on the
+ disk, but subsequent files would not be renamed to FOO, since this
+ would result in overwriting the same file repeatedly. Instead, they
+ were stored under the names they arrived with.
+
+ Beginning in C-Kermit 6.1 and Kermit 95 1.1.12, it is possible to
+ specify as-names in SEND, RECEIVE, and related commands even for file
+ groups. This is accomplished by using replacement variables in the
+ as-name, along with optional material such character-string functions
+ and/or constant strings. An as-name containing replacement variables
+ is called a filename template.
+
+ The key to filename templates is the new variable:
+
+ \v(filename)
+
+ During file transfer it is replaced by the name of each file currently
+ being transferred (after transfer, it is the name of the last file
+ transferred).
+
+ So, for example:
+
+ send *.txt \v(filename).new
+
+ sends each file with its own name, but with ".new" appended to it. Of
+ course if the name already contains periods, this could confuse the
+ file receiver, so you can also achieve fancier effects with
+ constructions like:
+
+ send *.txt \freplace(\v(filename),.,_).new
+
+ which replaces all periods in the original filename by underscores,
+ and then appends ".new" to the result. So, for example, oofa.txt would
+ be sent as oofa_txt.new.
+
+ Another new variable that is useful in this regard is \v(filenumber),
+ which is the ordinal number of the current file in the file group, so
+ you can also:
+
+ send *.txt FILE\flpad(\v(filenum),2,0)
+
+ resulting in a series of files called FILE00, FILE01, FILE02, etc. (At
+ the end of the transfer, \v(filenum) tells the number of files that
+ were transferred).
+
+ If you specify a constant as-name when sending a file group:
+
+ send *.txt thisnameonly
+
+ Kermit complains and asks you to include replacement variables in the
+ as-name. You should generally use \v(filename) or \v(filenumber) for
+ this purpose, since other variables (with the possible exception of
+ date/time related variables) do not change from one file to the next.
+ But Kermit accepts any as-name at all that contains any kind of
+ variables for file group, even if the variable will not change. So:
+
+ send *.txt \%a
+
+ is accepted, but all files are sent with the same name (the value of
+ \%a, if it has one and it is constant). If the variable has no value
+ at all, the files are sent under their own names.
+
+ Of course, the value of \%a in the previous example need not be
+ constant:
+
+ define \%a FILE\flpad(\v(filenum),2,0)_at_\v(time)
+ send *.txt \%a
+
+ The RECEIVE command, when given without an as-name, behaves as always,
+ storing all incoming files under the names they arrive with, subject
+ to SET FILE NAME and SET RECEIVE PATHNAMES modifications ([433]Section
+ 4.10).
+
+ However, when an as-name is given in the RECEIVE command, it is
+ applied to all incoming files rather than to just the first. If it
+ does not contain replacement variables, then the current FILE
+ COLLISION setting governs the result. For example:
+
+ receive foo
+
+ will result in incoming files named foo, foo.~1~, foo.~2~, and so on,
+ with the default FILE COLLISION setting of BACKUP. If it does contain
+ replacement variables, of course they are used.
+
+ When receiving files, the \v(filename) variable refers to the name
+ that was received in the incoming file-header packet, BEFORE any
+ processing by SET FILE NAMES or SET RECEIVE PATHNAMES. Since the
+ filenames in file-header packets are usually in uppercase, you would
+ need to convert them explicitly if you want them in lowercase, e.g.:
+
+ receive \flower(\v(filename)).new
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.1.2. Templates on the Command Line
+
+ On the command-line, use templates as shown above as the -a option
+ argument, bearing in mind the propensity of UNIX and perhaps other
+ shells to treat backslash as a shell escape character. So in UNIX (for
+ example):
+
+ kermit -s oofa.* -a x.\\v(filenum)
+
+ By the way, this represents a change from 6.0 and earlier releases in
+ which the as-name (-a argument or otherwise) was not evaluated by the
+ command parser. Thus, for example, in VMS (where the shell does not
+ care about backslashes), it was possible to:
+
+ kermit -s oofa.txt -a c:\tmp\oofa.txt
+
+ Now backslashes in the as-name must be quoted not only for the shell
+ (if necessary) but also for Kermit itself:
+
+ kermit -s oofa.txt -a c:\\tmp\\oofa.txt ; Kermit only
+ kermit -s oofa.txt -a c:\\\\tmp\\\\oofa.txt ; Shell and Kermit
+
+ You can also use the \fliteral() function for this:
+
+ kermit -s oofa.txt -a \fliteral(c:\tmp\oofa.txt) ; Kermit only
+ kermit -s oofa.txt -a \\fliteral(c:\\tmp\\oofa.txt) ; Shell and Kermit
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.1.3. Post-Transfer Renaming
+
+ Filename templates are now also useful in SET { SEND, RECEIVE }
+ RENAME-TO and in the /RENAME-TO: switch, that can be given to the
+ SEND, GET, or RECEIVE commands; this is similar to an as-name, but is
+ effective on a per-file basis if and only if the file was transferred
+ successfully.
+
+ MOVE-TO and RENAME-TO address a requirement commonly stated for
+ transaction processing and similar systems. Suppose, for example, a
+ central system "X" accepts connections from multiple clients
+ simultaneously; a process on X waits for a file to appear and then
+ processes the file. This process must have a way of knowing when the
+ file has been completely and successfully transferred before it starts
+ to process it. This can be accomplished easily using C-Kermit's SET {
+ SEND, RECEIVE } { MOVE-TO, RENAME-TO } command or /MOVE-TO: or
+ /RENAME-TO: switches, described in [434]Sections 4.7.1 through
+ [435]4.7.3.
+
+ Here's an example for the client side, in which files to be sent are
+ placed in a certain directory (/usr/olga/tosend in this example) by
+ another process when they are ready to go. This might be in a hospital
+ or big doctor's office, where medical insurance claims are entered at
+ a number of workstations, and then deposited in the "tosend"
+ directory, from which they are sent to a claims clearinghouse. We
+ assume the connection is already made and a Kermit server is on the
+ other end.
+
+ local srcdir findir ; Declare local (automatic) variables
+ assign srcdir /usr/olga/tosend ; Local source directory (files to send)
+ assign findir /usr/olga/sent ; Where to move files after they are sent
+ log transactions ; Keep a log of transfers
+ cd \m(srcdir) ; Change to the source directory
+ while true { ; Loop forever...
+ send /move-to:\m(findir) * ; Send all files
+ sleep 60 ; Sleep a minute
+ } ; Go back and do it again
+
+ Note how simple this is. Once each file is sent, it is moved so it
+ won't be sent again (you could also use SEND /RENAME-TO: or even SEND
+ /DELETE). If a transfer fails, the file is not moved and so we try
+ again to send it next time around. If there are no files to send, the
+ SEND command does nothing but a message is printed; you can avoid the
+ message by checking first to see if any files are in the directory:
+
+ while true { ; Loop forever...
+ if > \ffiles(*) 0 - ; If there are any files
+ send /move-to:\m(findir) * ; send them.
+ sleep 60 ; Sleep a minute.
+ } ; Go back and do it again.
+
+ It's even simpler on the server side (here again we assume the
+ connection is already in place):
+
+ local rcvdir findir ; Declare local (automatic) variables
+ assign rcvdir /usr/ivan/tmp ; Temporary receiving directory
+ assign findir /usr/ivan/new ; Where to move files after reception
+ log transactions ; Keep a log of transfers
+ cd \m(rcvdir) ; Change to the source directory
+ set receive move-to \m(findir) ; Declare move-to directory.
+ server ; Enter server mode.
+
+ A separate process (e.g. the medical claim-form decoder) can look for
+ files appearing in the /usr/ivan/new directory and process them with
+ every confidence that they have been completely received.
+
+ Note that the use of MOVE-TO can result in moved files overwriting one
+ another (the application would normally avoid this by assigning each
+ transaction a unique, e.g. based on customer number and claim number).
+ But if filename collisions are a possibility in your application,
+ RENAME-TO might be a better choice; you can use any variables you like
+ in the template to ensure uniqueness of the RENAME-TO filename; for
+ example:
+
+ SET RECEIVE RENAME-TO \v(filename)_\v(ndate)_\v(ntime)_\v(userid)_\v(pid)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2. FILE-TRANSFER PIPES AND FILTERS
+
+ 4.2.1. INTRODUCTION
+
+ Beginning in C-Kermit 6.1 and Kermit 95 1.1.12, it is possible to send
+ from a command, or "pipe", as well as from a file, and to receive to a
+ pipe or command. In a typical example, we might want to transfer an
+ entire directory tree from one UNIX system to another (but without
+ using the methods described in [436]Sections 4.3 , [437]4.10,
+ [438]4.11, and [439]4.15). We could do this in multiple steps as
+ follows:
+
+ 1. Create a tar archive of the desired directory tree
+ 2. Compress the tar archive
+ 3. Transfer it in binary mode to the other computer
+ 4. Decompress it
+ 5. Extract the directory tree from the tar archive
+
+ But this is inconvenient and it requires a temporary file, which might
+ be larger than we have room for.
+
+ The new pipe-transfer feature lets you do such things in a single
+ step, and without intermediate files.
+
+ Additional new features, also discussed here, let you specify pre- and
+ post- processing filters for outbound and incoming files, and give you
+ a way to insert the output from shell or system commands into C-Kermit
+ commands.
+
+ The file-transfer related features are available only with Kermit
+ protocol, not with any external protocols, nor with K95's built-in
+ XYZMODEM protocols (because XYZMODEM recovers from transmission errors
+ by rewinding the source file, and you can't rewind a pipe).
+
+ This section begins by discussing the simple and straightforward use
+ of these features in UNIX, in which pipes and input/output redirection
+ are a fundamental component and therefore "just work", and then goes
+ on to discuss their operation in Windows and OS/2, where matters are
+ much more complicated.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.1.1. TERMINOLOGY
+
+ Standard Input
+ This is a precise technical term denoting the normal source of
+ input for a command or program, which is the keyboard of your
+ terminal by default, but which can be redirected to a file or
+ pipe.
+
+ Stdin
+ Abbreviation for Standard Input.
+
+ Standard Output
+ A precise technical term denoting the normal destination for
+ output from a command or program, which is your terminal screen
+ by default, but which can be redirected to a file.
+
+ Stdout
+ Abbreviation for Standard Output.
+
+ Stdio
+ Abbreviation for Standard Input / Standard Output.
+
+ I/O
+ Abbreviation for Input / Output.
+
+ Shell
+ Text-based system command processor, such as the UNIX shell,
+ DOS COMMAND.COM, etc.
+
+ Pipe
+ A mechanism by which the standard output of one program is sent
+ to the standard input of another.
+
+ Pipeline
+ A series of programs connected by pipes.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.1.2. NOTATION
+
+ In command descriptions, "command" is replaced by a shell or system
+ command or pipeline. The command names specified in these commands are
+ interpreted by your shell, just as if you were typing them at the
+ shell prompt, and so if they are in your PATH, they will be found in
+ the expected manner. Therefore you don't have to specify complete
+ pathnames for commands that are programs (but it shouldn't hurt if you
+ do).
+
+ The normal notation for I/O redirection is as follows:
+
+ < Read Stdin from the given file.
+ > Send Stdout to the given file.
+ | Send Stdout from the command on the left to the command on the right.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ sort < foo > bar
+ Sorts the lines in file "foo" and writes the results to file
+ "bar"
+
+ grep -c "some text" *.txt | grep -v ":0" | sort | pr -3 | lpr
+ This is a command pipeline composed of 5 commands:
+
+ grep -c "some text" *.txt
+ Looks in all files whose names end with ".txt" for the string
+ "some text" and writes to Stdout the names of each file
+ followed by a colon and the number of occurrences in each.
+
+ grep -v ":0"
+ Prints to Stdout the lines from Stdin that do NOT contain the
+ string ":0", in this case, it removes the names of files that
+ do not contain "some text".
+
+ sort
+ Sorts the lines from Stdin alphabetically to Stdout.
+
+ pr -3
+ Arranges the lines from Stdin in three columns.
+
+ lpr
+ Prints its Stdin on the default printer.
+
+ Note that the Kermit features described here work only with commands
+ that use Stdio. If you attempt to use them with commands whose input
+ and output can not be redirected, Kermit will most likely get stuck.
+ Kermit has no way of telling how an external command works, nor what
+ the syntax of the shell is, so it's up to you to make sure you use
+ these features only with redirectable commands.
+
+ The quoting rules of your shell apply to the command. Thus in UNIX,
+ where C-Kermit tries to use your preferred shell for running commands,
+ shell "metacharacters" within commands must be escaped if they are to
+ be taken literally, using the methods normal for your shell. For
+ example, the UNIX tr (translate) command must have its arguments in
+ quotes:
+
+ tr "[a-z]" "[A-Z]"
+
+ otherwise the shell is likely to replace them by all filenames that
+ match, which is probably not what you want. This is also true when
+ using your shell directly, and has nothing to do with Kermit.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.1.3. SECURITY
+
+ Some sites might not wish to allow access to system commands or
+ external programs from within Kermit. Such access, including all the
+ features described here, can be disabled in various ways:
+
+ 1. When building from source code, include -DNOPUSH among the CFLAGS.
+ 2. At runtime, give the NOPUSH command.
+ 3. For server mode, give the DISABLE HOST command.
+ 4. Implicit use of pipes can be disabled as described in [440]Section
+ 4.2.4.
+
+ Note: 3 and 4 are not necessary if you have done 1 or 2.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.2. Commands for Transferring from and to Pipes
+
+ SEND /COMMAND sends data from a command or command pipeline, and
+ RECEIVE /COMMENT writes data to a command or pipeline. The GET
+ /COMMAND command asks a server to send material, and then writes the
+ incoming material to a command or pipeline. These features, along with
+ switches (like "/COMMAND", described in [441]Section 4.7) are new to
+ C-Kermit 6.1. The following synonyms are also provided:
+
+ CSEND = SEND /COMMAND
+ CRECEIVE = RECEIVE /COMMAND
+ CGET = GET /COMMAND
+
+ None of these commands can be used if a SEND or RECEIVE FILTER
+ (respectively, [442]Section 4.2.3) is in effect, or if a NOPUSH
+ command ([443]Section 4.2.1.3) has been given, or if the current
+ protocol is not Kermit.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.2.1. Sending from a Command
+
+ SEND /COMMAND command [ as-name ]
+ SEND /AS-NAME:as-name /COMMAND command
+ CSEND command [ as-name ]
+ These three forms are the same. They work like the SEND
+ command, but instead of sending a file, it sends the standard
+ output of the given command, either under the command's own
+ name, or else with the given as-name. If the command contains
+ spaces, it must be enclosed in braces. Braces should also be
+ used for the as-name if it contains spaces. If braces are
+ included around either the command or the as-name, they are
+ removed after parsing but before use. As with SEND, the
+ transfer is in text or binary mode according the current FILE
+ TYPE setting, unless you override the global transfer mode by
+ including a /TEXT or /BINARY switch. The command must require
+ no input.
+
+ When sending from a command or pipeline, C-Kermit has no way of
+ knowing in advance how much data will be sent, and so it can not send
+ the size to the other Kermit in the Attribute packet, and so the
+ receiving Kermit has no way of displaying "percent done" or a progress
+ bar (thermometer).
+
+ Examples that make sense in text mode (illustrated by common UNIX
+ commands):
+
+ SEND /COMMAND finger
+ CSEND finger
+ sends the current "finger" listing (who's logged in) under the
+ name "finger". The two forms "send /command" and "csend" are
+ equivalent; we won't bother showing them both in the rest of
+ the examples.
+
+ SEND /COMMAND:{finger}
+ CSEND {finger}
+ Same as previous example (braces are removed from "{finger}").
+
+ SEND /COMMAND:{ finger }
+ CSEND { finger }
+ Same as previous example, but note that the spaces are kept.
+ This does not prevent the shell from running the "finger"
+ program, but its output is sent under the name " finger " (with
+ a leading and trailing space).
+
+ SEND /COMMAND:finger /AS-NAME:userlist
+ CSEND finger userlist
+ sends the current finger listing under the name "userlist".
+
+ SEND /COMMAND:{finger | sort -r} /AS-NAME:userlist
+ CSEND {finger | sort -r} userlist
+ sends the current finger listing, sorted in reverse order,
+ under the name "userlist". The braces are needed to distinguish
+ the command from the as-name.
+
+ SEND /COMMAND:{finger | sort -r} /AS-NAME:{userlist}
+ CSEND {finger | sort -r} {userlist}
+ Same as previous example (braces are removed from
+ "{userlist}").
+
+ SEND /COMMAND:{finger | sort -r}
+ /AS-NAME:{\freplace(\v(filename),\32,_)}
+
+ CSEND {finger | sort -r} {\freplace(\v(filename),\32,_)}
+ Like the previous example, but sends the output of the command
+ under the name of the command, but with all spaces (\32)
+ replaced by underscores, so the as-name is "finger_|_sort_-r".
+
+ Examples that make sense in binary mode (three equivalent forms are
+ shown):
+
+ SEND /COMMAND /BINARY {tar cf - . | gzip -c} mydir.tar.gz
+ SEND /COMMAND /BINARY /AS-NAME:mydir.tar.gz {tar cf - . | gzip -c}
+ CSEND /BINARY {tar cf - . | gzip -c} mydir.tar.gz
+ Makes a tar archive of the current directory, compresses it
+ with the GNU gzip program, and sends it as "mydir.tar.gz". The
+ other Kermit can, of course, just store it as a file, or it can
+ use CRECEIVE to uncompress and dearchive it as part of the
+ transfer process.
+
+ When using a "pipeline" of commands in the command field, obviously,
+ the first command must not require any input, and the last command
+ should produce some output, and all intermediate commands should get
+ some input and produce some output.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.2.2. Receiving to a Command
+
+ RECEIVE /COMMAND command
+ CRECEIVE command
+ This is like RECEIVE, except incoming material is written to
+ the standard input of the given command, in text or binary mode
+ according to the normal rules for file reception. Be sure to
+ include a redirector to a file (if the command normally writes
+ to standard output), or the output of the command won't go
+ anywhere. The command may contain spaces; braces are not
+ needed, but they are removed if used.
+
+ WARNING: C-Kermit has no way of knowing anything about the command, or
+ even whether it is a command. Thus this command will always cause
+ C-Kermit to enter protocol mode, as long as some text is specified in
+ the command field. However, if the text does not correspond to a
+ command, the transfer will eventually fail with a message such as
+ "Error writing data" or "Failure to close file".
+
+ Examples for text mode (in UNIX):
+
+ RECEIVE /COMMAND sort -r > reverse.txt
+ CRECEIVE sort -r > reverse.txt
+ The text that is received is sorted in reverse order and stored
+ in the file "reverse.txt". The two forms shown are equivalent.
+
+ RECEIVE /COMMAND {sort -r > reverse.txt}
+ CRECEIVE {sort -r > reverse.txt}
+ The same as the previous example; if braces are included, they
+ are simply removed.
+
+ RECEIVE /COMMAND {sort -r > \flower(\v(filename)).reverse}
+ CRECEIVE {sort -r > \flower(\v(filename)).reverse}
+ Same but stores result under the incoming filename, lowercased,
+ and with ".reverse" appended to it.
+
+ RECEIVE /COMMAND sort
+ CRECEIVE sort
+ Does nothing useful, since the output of sort has nowhere to
+ go.
+
+ RECEIVE /COMMAND sort -r | pr -3 | lpr -Plaserjet
+ CRECEIVE sort -r | pr -3 | lpr -Plaserjet
+ The text that is received is sorted in reverse order, arranged
+ into three columns, and sent to the "laserjet" printer.
+
+ Examples for binary mode:
+
+ RECEIVE /COMMAND:{gunzip -c | tar xf -}
+ CRECEIVE {gunzip -c | tar xf -}
+ Assuming the data that is received is a compressed tar archive,
+ uncompresses the archive and passes it to tar for extraction.
+ In this case the braces are needed because otherwise the final
+ "-" would be taken as a command continuation character (see
+ [444]Using C-Kermit, 2nd Edition, p.33).
+
+ GET /COMMAND remote-file command
+ GET /COMMAND /AS-NAME:command remote-file
+ CGET remote-file command
+ This command tells the Kermit client to send a GET request for
+ the given remote file to a Kermit server. Unlike GET, however,
+ the incoming material is written to a command, rather than to a
+ file. If the remote-file or the command contain spaces, they
+ must be enclosed in braces. The same cautions about the command
+ apply as for CRECEIVE.
+
+ Examples (for UNIX):
+
+ GET /COMMAND oofa.txt sort -r > oofa.new
+ GET /COMMAND {oofa.txt} {sort -r > oofa.new}
+ CGET oofa.txt sort -r > oofa.new
+ CGET {oofa.txt} {sort -r > oofa.new}
+ These four are equivalent. Each of them requests the server to
+ send its "oofa.txt" file, and as it arrives, it is sorted in
+ reverse order and written to "oofa.new".
+
+ GET /COMMAND {profile exec a} lpr
+ GET /COMMAND {profile exec a} {lpr}
+ GET /COMMAND /AS-NAME:lpr {profile exec a}
+ GET /COMMAND /AS-NAME:{lpr} {profile exec a}
+ GET /COMMAND /AS:lpr {profile exec a}
+ CGET {profile exec a} lpr
+ CGET {profile exec a} {lpr}
+ Here the remote filename contains spaces so it MUST be enclosed
+ in braces. As it arrives it is sent to the lpr program for
+ printing. Braces are optional around "lpr" since it contains no
+ spaces.
+
+ GET /COMMAND *.txt {cat >> new.txt}
+ GET /AS-NAME:{cat >> new.txt} /COMMAND *.txt
+ CGET *.txt {cat >> new.txt}
+ This gets all the ".txt" files from the server and concatenates
+ them all into a single "new.txt" file on the client.
+
+ GET /COMMAND *.txt {echo \v(filename)>>new.txt;cat>>new.txt}
+ CGET *.txt {echo \v(filename)>>new.txt;cat>>new.txt}
+ As above, but inserts each file's name before its contents.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.3. Using File-Transfer Filters
+
+ The commands described in [445]Section 4.2.2 let you send the output
+ of a command, or receive data into a command. But what if you want to
+ specify preprocessing for files that you send, or postprocessing of
+ files that you receive, even when multiple files are involved? For
+ this you need a way to specify send and receive filters. The commands
+ are SET SEND FILTER and SET RECEIVE FILTER; SHOW PROTOCOL displays the
+ current settings.
+
+ 4.2.3.1. The SEND Filter
+
+ SET SEND FILTER [ command ]
+ This command specifies a command to be run on any file that you
+ SEND (or MOVE, MSEND, etc). It also applies to files sent when
+ in server mode, in response to GET commands, but not to the
+ results of REMOTE commands like REMOTE DIRECTORY, REMOTE TYPE,
+ REMOTE HOST, etc. The command may be, but need not be, enclosed
+ in braces; if it is, the braces are stripped before use. The
+ output of this command is sent, rather than the file itself.
+ The current FILE TYPE setting (TEXT or BINARY) applies to the
+ output of the command. The command must contain at least one
+ instance of \v(filename), for which the name of the actual file
+ is substituted. If the command is omitted, the send filter is
+ removed and files are sent in the normal manner.
+
+ The SET SEND FILTER sets up a "global" filter -- that is, one that
+ applies to all subsequent file-sending commands until you change or
+ remove it. You can also specify a "local" filter to be used in a
+ specific file-sending command by using the /FILTER switch (see
+ [446]Section 1.5); for example:
+
+ SEND /FILTER:command [ other-switches ] filename
+
+ Besides \v(filename), you can include any other script programming
+ notation in the send filter: variable names, array references, calls
+ to built-in string or other functions, and so on. These are evaluated
+ during file transfer, NOT during parsing, and they are evaluated
+ separately for each file.
+
+ When the SEND or MOVE (SEND /DELETE) command is used with a send
+ filter, the output from the filter is sent under the file's original
+ name unless you specify an "as-name" or template. The Attribute packet
+ (if any) contains the original file's attributes (size, creation date,
+ etc). So (for example) if the filter changes the file's size, the
+ progress thermometer might be wrong. (We can't send the size of the
+ output from the filter, because it is not known until the transfer is
+ finished.) If you prefer that the size not be sent, use "set
+ attributes size off".
+
+ You can not use send filters with RESEND (SEND /RECOVER) or PSEND
+ (SEND /START).
+
+ Examples for text mode:
+
+ SET SEND FILTER sort -r \v(filename) ; Braces may be omitted
+ SET SEND FILTER {sort -r \v(filename)} ; Braces may be included
+ SEND *.txt
+ This sends every file in the current directory whose name ends
+ with ".txt" under its own name, but with its lines sorted in
+ reverse order.
+
+ SEND /FILTER:{sort -r \v(filename)} *.txt
+ Same as above, but the filter applies only to this SEND
+ command. Braces are required in this case.
+
+ SET SEND FILTER {sort -r \v(filename)}
+ SEND oofa.txt reverse.txt
+ Sends the oofa.txt file with its lines sorted in reverse order
+ under the name "reverse.txt".
+
+ SET SEND FILTER {sort -r \v(filename)}
+ SEND oofa.* \v(filename).reverse
+ Sends all the oofa.* files with their lines sorted in reverse
+ order; each file is sent under its own name but with ".reverse"
+ appended to it.
+
+ SET SEND FILTER {tr "[a-z]" "[A-Z]" < \v(filename)}
+ SEND *.txt
+ Sends all ".txt" files under their own names, but uppercasing
+ their contents.
+
+ Note that the SEND FILTER applies not only to files that are sent with
+ SEND, MOVE, MSEND, etc, but also to files sent by the C-Kermit server
+ in response to GET requests.
+
+ Examples for binary mode:
+
+ SET SEND FILTER {gzip -c \v(filename)}
+ SEND /BINARY oofa.txt oofa.txt.gz
+ Sends the oofa.txt file, compressed by gzip, as oofa.txt.gz.
+
+ SEND /BINARY /FILTER:{gzip -c \v(filename)} oofa.txt oofa.txt.gz
+ As above, but the filter applies only to this SEND command.
+
+ SET SEND FILTER {gzip -c \v(filename)}
+ SEND /BINARY oofa.* \fupper(\replace(\v(filename),.,_)).GZ
+ Sends all the oofa.* files, compressed by gzip, each under its
+ own name, but with the name uppercased, all periods within the
+ name converted to underscores, and ".GZ" appended to it. So,
+ for example, "oofa.txt" is sent as "OOFA_TXT.GZ".
+
+ In the gzip examples, note that the amount of data that is sent is
+ normally less than the original file size because gzip compresses the
+ file. But Kermit sends the original file size ahead in the attribute
+ packet anyway (unless you tell it not too). Thus the transfer will
+ probably appear to terminate early, e.g. when the receiver's
+ file-transfer display thermometer is only at 40%. If this annoys you,
+ tell Kermit to "set attribute length off". On the other hand, you can
+ use the final position of the thermometer as a measure of the
+ effectiveness of compression.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.3.2. The RECEIVE Filter
+
+ SET RECEIVE FILTER [ command ]
+ This command specifies that the given command will be run on
+ any file that is received before it is written to disk. The
+ command may be, but need not be, enclosed in braces; if it is
+ the braces are stripped before use. The following two commands
+ are equivalent:
+
+ SET RECEIVE FILTER sort -r > \v(filename)
+ SET RECEIVE FILTER {sort -r > \v(filename)}
+
+ The RECEIVE filter command may contain a "\v(filename)" sequence to be
+ replaced by the incoming filename from the file header packet, but it
+ is not required. However you must use it whenever your filter would
+ normally write to Stdout, otherwise its output will be lost.
+
+ The RECEIVE filter command may contain one or more "\v(filename)"
+ sequence to be replaced by the incoming filename from the file header
+ packet, but it is not required. However you must use it whenever your
+ filter would normally write to Stdout, otherwise its output will be
+ lost.
+
+ RECEIVE /FILTER:command and GET /FILTER:command can also be used to
+ specify a filter to be used for only one file-transfer operation.
+
+ UNIX examples for text mode:
+
+ SET RECEIVE FILTER lpr
+ RECEIVE
+ All the files that are received are sent to the default UNIX
+ print spooler.
+
+ RECEIVE /FILTER:lpr
+ Same as above, except the lpr filter is used only with this
+ RECEIVE command.
+
+ RECEIVE lpr
+ This is probably not what you want; it creates a file called
+ lpr.
+
+ SET RECEIVE FILTER {sort -r > \v(filename)}
+ RECEIVE
+ Stores each incoming file with its lines sorted in reverse
+ order, under its own name.
+
+ RECEIVE /FILTER:{sort -r > \v(filename)}
+ As above, but the filter is used only for this RECEIVE command.
+
+ SET RECEIVE FILTER sort -r > \v(filename)
+ RECEIVE reverse.txt
+ Stores each incoming file with its lines sorted in reverse
+ order, under the name "reverse.txt". The actual result depends
+ on the FILE COLLISION setting. If it is OVERWRITE and multiple
+ files arrive, then each incoming file destroys the previous
+ one. If it is BACKUP (the default), filename conflicts are
+ resolve by adding "version numbers" to the filenames:
+ reverse.txt, reverse.txt.~1~, reverse.txt.~2~, etc.
+
+ SET RECEIVE FILTER sort -r > \v(filename)
+ RECEIVE \v(filename).reverse
+ Stores each incoming file with its lines sorted in reverse
+ order, under the name it arrived with, but with ".reverse"
+ appended to it.
+
+ SET RECEIVE FILTER sort -r > \v(filename)
+ RECEIVE \flower(\v(filename)).reverse
+ Like the previous example, but ensures that the filename is
+ lowercase.
+
+ Examples for binary mode:
+
+ SET RECEIVE FILTER gunzip -c > \v(filename)
+ RECEIVE
+ This receives one or more presumably compressed file and
+ uncompresses each one into a file having the same name it was
+ sent with. For example, if the file is sent with the name
+ OOFA.TXT.GZ, it is stored with that name, even after
+ decompression.
+
+ SET RECEIVE FILTER gunzip -c > \v(filename)
+ RECEIVE \flower(\fsubstring(\v(filename),1,\flength(\v(filename))-3))
+ Like the previous example, but the resulting filename has its
+ rightmost three characters removed from it and the remainder is
+ lowercased. So if the incoming filename is OOFA.TXT.GZ, it is
+ stored as oofa.txt after decompression.
+
+ Of course you don't want to type such long hideous commands, so we
+ have also introduced several new functions:
+
+ \fstripx(string[,character])
+ This function removes the rightmost segment of the string that
+ starts with the given character. If no character is given,
+ period (.) is used. Thus it is most conveniently used for
+ stripping the extension from a filename (or the decimal portion
+ from a floating-point number written in US/UK style). Examples:
+
+ \fstripx(OOFA.TXT.GZ) => OOFA.TXT
+ \fstripx(OOFA.TXT.GZ,.) => OOFA.TXT
+ \fstripx(OOFA.TXT.GZ,X) => OOFA.T
+ \fstripx(\fstripx(OOFA.TXT.GZ)) => OOFA
+ \fstripx($100.00) => $100
+
+ \fstripn(string,number)
+ Removes the rightmost number characters from the string.
+ Examples:
+
+ \fstripn(OOFA.TXT.GZ) => OOFA.TXT.GZ
+ \fstripn(OOFA.TXT.GZ,3) => OOFA.TXT
+ \fstripn(OOFA.TXT.GZ,7) => OOFA
+
+ \fstripb(string[,c1[,c2]])
+ Strips enclosing matching braces, brackets, parentheses, or
+ quotes from the string. The second argument, c1, specifies
+ which kind of enclosure to look for; if not specified, any
+ enclosing (), [], <>, {}, "", '', or `' are removed. If c1 is
+ specified and c2 is not, then if c1 is an opening brace,
+ bracket, or parenthesis, the matching closing one is supplied
+ automatically as c2. If both c1 and c2 are specified, then to
+ be stripped the string must begin with c1 and end with c2. If
+ the string is not enclosed in the indicated manner, the result
+ is the original string. Examples:
+
+ \fstripb("abc") => abc
+ \fstripb([abc]) => abc
+ \fstripb([abc) => [abc
+ \fstripb(<abc>) => abc
+ \fstripb(<abc>,[) => <abc>
+ \fstripb((abc)) => abc
+ \fstripb((abc),[) => (abc)
+ \fstripb((abc),{(}) => abc
+ \fstripb(+abc+) => +abc+
+ \fstripb(+abc+,+) => abc
+ \fstripb(+abc+,+,^) => +abc+
+ \fstripb(+abc^,+,^) => abc
+ \fstripb('abc') => abc
+ \fstripb(`abc') => abc
+ \fstripb(``abc'') => `abc'
+ \fstripb(\fstripb(``abc'')) => abc
+
+ Notice the special syntax required for including a literal
+ parenthesis in the argument list. As the last two examples
+ illustrate, \fstripb() strips only one level at at a time;
+ nesting can be used to strip a small fixed number of levels;
+ loops can be used to strip larger or indeterminate numbers of
+ levels.
+
+ \flop(string[,char])
+ Removes the leftmost segment of the string that ends with the
+ given character. If no character is given, period (.) is used.
+ Examples:
+
+ \flop(OOFA.TXT.GZ) => TXT.GZ
+ \flop(OOFA.TXT.GZ,.) => TXT.GZ
+ \flop(OOFA.TXT.GZ,X) => T.GZ
+
+ To remove the leftmost number characters, just use
+ \fsubstring(s,number+1). To return the rightmost number
+ characters, use \fright(s,number).
+
+ So the hideous example:
+
+ receive \flower(\fsubstring(\v(filename),1,\flength(\v(filename))-3))
+
+ can now be written as:
+
+ receive \flower(\fstripx(\v(filename)))
+
+ That is, the filename stripped of its extension and then lowercased.
+ This is not only shorter and less hideous, but also does not depend on
+ the length of the extension being 3.
+
+ Note that when a receive filter is in effect, this overrides your FILE
+ COLLISION setting, since Kermit has no way of knowing what the final
+ destination filename will be (because it does not know, and can not be
+ expected to know, the syntax of every version of every command shell
+ on every platform on the planet).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.4. Implicit Use of Pipes
+
+ If you wish, C-Kermit can also examine incoming filenames to see if
+ they start with "!", and if so, the subsequent text is treated as a
+ command to read from or write to. For example, if a Kermit client is
+ given the following command:
+
+ get {!finger | sort}
+
+ the server on the other end, if it supports this feature, will run the
+ "finger" program, pipe its standard output to the "sort" program, and
+ send sort's standard output back to you. Similarly, if you:
+
+ send oofa.txt !sort -r > oofa.new
+
+ or, equivalently:
+
+ send oofa.txt {!sort -r > oofa.new}
+
+ or:
+
+ send /as-name:{!sort -r > oofa.new} oofa.txt
+
+ this has the receiver send the contents of the incoming oofa.txt file
+ to the sort program, which sorts the text in reverse order and stores
+ the result in oofa.new.
+
+ This use of the exclamation mark should be familiar to UNIX users as
+ the "bang" feature that lets you run an external application or
+ command from within another application.
+
+ Kermit's "bang" feature is disabled by default, since it is not
+ unheard for filenames to actually begin with "!". So if you want to
+ use this feature, you must enable it with the following command:
+
+ SET TRANSFER PIPES { ON, OFF }
+ ON enables the recognition of "!" notation in incoming
+ filenames during file transfer as an indicator that the
+ remaining text is the name of a command. OFF, the default,
+ disables this feature and uses the text as a filename in the
+ normal fashion. This command does NOT affect SEND /COMMAND, GET
+ /COMMAND, CSEND, etc.
+
+ So using a combination of CSEND (SEND /COMMAND) and the "bang"
+ feature, you can transfer a directory tree all in one command
+ (assuming the remote Kermit supports pipe transfers and has them
+ enabled):
+
+ CSEND {tar cf - . | gzip -c} {!gunzip -c | tar xf -}
+
+ or:
+
+ SEND /COMMAND:{tar cf - . | gzip -c} /as:{!gunzip -c | tar xf -}
+
+ Pay close attention to the syntax. Braces are needed around the
+ command because it contains spaces; braces are needed around the
+ as-name because it ends with "-". The as-name must begin with "!" or
+ receiving Kermit will not recognize it as a command. The CSEND command
+ must NOT begin with "!" unless you are running a command whose name
+ really does start that character.
+
+ Similarly, you have a Kermit server send a directory tree to be
+ unpacked on the client end:
+
+ CGET {!tar cf - . | gzip -c} {gunzip -c | tar xf -}
+
+ or:
+
+ GET /COMMAND {!tar cf - . | gzip -c} /as:{gunzip -c | tar xf -}
+
+ Notice how, in this case, the bang is required in the remote command,
+ to distinguish it from a filename, but not in the local command, since
+ by definition of CGET (or GET /COMMAND), it is known to be a command.
+
+ SEND and RECEIVE FILTERs supersede the bang feature. For example, if a
+ file arrives under the name "!gunzip -c | tar xf -", but the receiving
+ Kermit also has been given a command like:
+
+ set receive filter sort -r > \v(filename)
+
+ then the incoming data will be sorted rather than gunzipped.
+
+ Finally, if SET TRANSFER PIPES is ON (and in this case, this must be
+ done in your C-Kermit initialization file), you can send from a pipe
+ on the C-Kermit command line:
+
+ kermit -s "!finger | sort -r" -a userlist
+
+ In this case the "filename" contains spaces and so must be quoting
+ using your shell's quoting rules.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.5. Success and Failure of Piped Commands
+
+ Commands or programs started by Kermit as a result of CSEND or
+ CRECEIVE commands, CGET, SEND /COMMAND, REDIRECT commands (see
+ [447]Section 4.2.8.2), implicit use of pipes, RUN commands, and so
+ forth, should return their exit status codes to the Kermit command
+ that caused them to be run, and therefore IF SUCCESS and IF FAILURE
+ tests after these commands should work as expected. For example:
+
+ CSEND blah < filename
+
+ should fail if there is no command called "blah" or if there is no
+ file called "filename". However, this is not foolproof and sometimes
+ C-Kermit might think a command succeeded when it failed, or vice
+ versa. This is most likely to happen when the highly system-dependent
+ methods that Kermit must use to determine a command's exit status code
+ do not supply the right information.
+
+ It can also happen because some commands might define success and
+ failure differently from what you expect, or because you are using a
+ pipeline composed of many commands, and one of them fails to pass
+ failing exit status codes up the chain. The most likely culprit is the
+ shell itself, which in most cases must be interposed between Kermit
+ and any external program to be run.
+
+ In any case, you can examine the following variable to find out the
+ exit status code returned to Kermit by the process most recently run
+ by any command that runs external commands or programs, including
+ CSEND, CRECEIVE, REDIRECT, RUN, etc:
+
+ \v(pexitstat)
+
+ In UNIX, Windows and OS/2, the value should be -2 if no command has
+ been run yet, 0 if the most recent command succeeded, -1, -3, or -4 if
+ there was an internal error, and a positive number returned by the
+ command itself if the command failed. If the number is in the range
+ 1-127, this is the program's exit status code. If it is 128 or
+ greater, this is supposed to indicate that the command or program was
+ interrupted or terminated from outside itself.
+
+ In Windows 95 and 98, the return values of the default shell are
+ unreliable; various third-party shells can be used to work around this
+ deficiency.
+
+ In VMS, it is the actual exit status code of the command that was run.
+ This is an odd number if the command succeeded, and an even number if
+ it failed. You can see the associated message as follows:
+
+ run write sys$output f$message(\v(pexitstat))
+
+ Or, more conveniently, use the new Kermit function:
+
+ echo \ferrstring(\v(pexitstat))
+
+ which converts a system error code (number) to the corresponding
+ message.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.6. Cautions about Using Pipes to Transfer Directory Trees
+
+ Although utilities such as tar and zip/unzip might be available on
+ different platforms (such as UNIX and Windows), this does not
+ necessarily mean you can use them successfully to transfer directory
+ trees between unlike platforms. For example:
+
+ CSEND {tar cf - . | gzip -c} {!gunzip -c | tar xf -}
+
+ when used from UNIX to Windows will have satisfactory results for
+ binary files, but not for text files. UNIX text files have lines
+ ending with Linefeed (LF) only, whereas Windows text files have lines
+ ending in Carriage Return and Linefeed (CRLF). Thus any text files
+ that were in the archive formed by the first tar command will be
+ unpacked by the second tar command in their original form, and will
+ display and print incorrectly in Windows (except in applications that
+ have been explicitly coded to handle UNIX-format text files). On the
+ other hand if you told gzip to use "text mode" to do record format
+ conversion (assuming there was a way to tell it, as there is with most
+ "zip" programs), this would destroy any binary files in the archive.
+
+ Furthermore, if the archive contains text files that are written in
+ languages other than English, the "special" (accented and/or
+ non-Roman) characters are NOT translated, and are therefore likely
+ show up as gibberish on the target system. For example, West European
+ languages are usually encoded in ISO Latin Alphabet 1 in UNIX, but in
+ PC code page 850 on the PC. Capital A with acute accent is code point
+ 193 (decimal) Latin-1, but 181 in CP850. So A-acute in the UNIX file
+ becomes Middle Box Bottom on the PC, and similarly for all the other
+ special characters, and for all other languages -- Greek, Russian,
+ Hebrew, Japanese, etc.
+
+ So when transferring text files between unlike platforms, you should
+ use direct Kermit file transfers so Kermit can apply the needed
+ record-format and character-set transformations. Use pipelines
+ containing archivers like tar or zip only if all the files are binary
+ or the two systems use the same record format and character set for
+ text files.
+
+ Also see [448]Sections 4.3, [449]4.10, [450]4.11, and [451]4.15 for
+ how to transfer directory trees between both like and unlike systems
+ directly with Kermit.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.7. Pipes and Encryption
+
+ Of course pipelines could be used for encrypted file transfers,
+ assuming proper precautions could be taken concerning the transmission
+ of the key. But there is rarely a good way to do this. To illustrate
+ using UNIX crypt:
+
+ csend {crypt key < filename} {!crypt key > filename}
+
+ Or, more ambitiously:
+
+ csend {tar cf - . | gzip -c | crypt key} {!crypt key | gunzip -c | tar xf -}
+
+ transmits the key in the file header packet as part of the
+ (clear-text) remote command, defeating the entire purpose of
+ encrypting the file data.
+
+ But if you are connected in terminal mode to the remote computer and
+ type:
+
+ creceive {crypt key > filename}
+
+ at the remote Kermit prompt, you have also transmitted the key in
+ clear text over the communications link.
+
+ At present, the only secure way to use CSEND and CRECEIVE with an
+ encryption filter is to have a human operator at both ends, so the key
+ does not have to be transmitted.
+
+ Theoretically it would be possible to use PGP software (Pretty Good
+ Privacy, by Phil Zimmerman, Phil's Pretty Good Software) to avoid key
+ transmission (since PGP uses separate public and private key and "lets
+ you communicate securely with people you've never met, with no secure
+ channels needed for prior exchange of keys"), but the specific method
+ has yet to be worked out.
+
+ HINT: See the PGP User's Guide, e.g. at:
+ [452]http://www.telstra.com.au/docs/PGP/
+ Especially the topic "Using PGP as a UNIX-Style Filter":
+ [453]http://www.telstra.com.au/docs/PGP/pgpdoc2/pgpdoc2_17.html
+
+ In any case, better and more convenient security options are now
+ available: Kerberos authentication and encryption ([454]CLICK HERE for
+ details) and the new ability to run C-Kermit "though" other
+ communication programs, described in [455]Section 2.7.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.8. Commands and Functions Related to Pipes
+
+ 4.2.8.1. The OPEN !READ and OPEN !WRITE Commands
+
+ These are described in [456]Using C-Kermit, and are generally useful
+ with reading output from commands that produce more than one line on
+ their standard output, or writing multiple lines into commands that
+ accept them on their standard input.
+
+ In C-Kermit 7.0 CLOSE !READ is accepted as a synonym for CLOSE READ,
+ and CLOSE !WRITE for CLOSE WRITE.
+
+ Testing the success and failure of these commands, however, can be a
+ bit tricky. Consider:
+
+ open !read lalaskjfsldkfjsldkfj
+
+ (where "lalaskjfsldkfjsldkfj" is neither a valid command nor the name
+ of a program or script that can be run). OPEN !READ, in UNIX at least,
+ translates this into execl(shellpath,shellname,"-c",command). This
+ means it starts your preferred shell (e.g. from the SHELL environment
+ variable) and asks it to execute the given command. It must be this
+ way, because your command can be a either an internal shell command
+ (which only your shell can execute) or an external command, which only
+ your shell knows how to find (it knows your PATH and interprets, etc).
+ Therefore unless OPEN !READ can't start your shell, it always
+ succeeds.
+
+ Continuing with the nonexistent-command example:
+
+ C-Kermit> open !read lalaskjfsldkfjsldkfj
+ C-Kermit> status
+ SUCCESS
+ C-Kermit> read line
+ C-Kermit> status
+ SUCCESS
+ C-Kermit> echo "\m(line)"
+ "bash: lalaskjfsldkfjsldkfj: command not found"
+ C-Kermit> close read
+ C-Kermit> status
+ FAILURE
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ In other words, the failure can not be detected on OPEN, since the
+ OPEN command succeeds if it can start your shell. It can't be detected
+ on READ, since all this does is read output from the shell, which in
+ this case happens to be an error message. However, failure IS detected
+ upon close, since this is the occasion upon which the shell gives
+ Kermit its exit status code.
+
+ For an illustration of this situation, see [457]Section 2.14.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.8.2. The REDIRECT Command
+
+ A second method of I/O redirection is offered by the REDIRECT command.
+ This is a rather advanced and tricky feature that is presently
+ supported only in UNIX C-Kermit, in OS-9 C-Kermit, and in Kermit 95.
+ Syntax:
+
+ REDIRECT command
+ Runs the given command, sending its standard output to the
+ current communications channel (SET LINE, SET PORT, or SET HOST
+ connection), and reading its standard input from the same
+ connection. Works only in local mode -- i.e. a connection is
+ required -- and then only if the given command uses Standard
+ I/O.
+
+ Example:
+
+ redirect finger
+
+ runs the local "finger" command and sends its output over the
+ connection as plain text, where presumably there is a process set up
+ to read it. Another example:
+
+ redirect finger | sort -r
+
+ shows the use of a pipeline.
+
+ Note: REDIRECT differs from CSEND/CRECEIVE in two important ways: (1)
+ it does not use the Kermit protocol, and (2) it uses a bidirectional
+ pipe rather than a one-way pipe.
+
+ The primary use of the REDIRECT command is to run external protocols,
+ such as sz/rz in UNIX for ZMODEM, when they work over Standard I/O(*).
+ Example:
+
+ set host xyzcorp.com
+ (login, etc)
+ redirect sz oofa.zip
+
+ lets you make a Telnet connection with C-Kermit and then do a ZMODEM
+ transfer over it. ZMODEM protocol messages go both ways over the same
+ connection simultaneously.
+
+ It is possible to use C-Kermit on UNIX as your PPP dialer and then to
+ REDIRECT the connection to the PPP software, but C-Kermit 7.0 offers a
+ better approach to PPP dialing in its new EXEC command ([458]Section
+ 1.23).
+
+ In theory, you can also redirect an interactive process. For example,
+ suppose you tell Kermit 95 to wait for an incoming TCP/IP connection:
+
+ set host * 3000
+
+ and then tell C-Kermit on UNIX to:
+
+ set host kermit95hostname 3000
+ redirect ksh
+
+ and then tell Kermit 95 to CONNECT: now you are talking to the UNIX
+ K-shell; you can give commands (pwd, ls, etc) and see the results. In
+ practice, the K-shell's terminal modes are messed up because (a) it is
+ not going through the Unix terminal driver, and (b) it is "smart" and
+ knows it is being redirected, and so acts in a decidedly inhospitable
+ manner (other applications like EMACS, vi, etc, simply refuse to run
+ if their standard i/o has been redirected).
+
+ (*) The publicly-distributed sz/rz programs do not work as clients.
+ However, Omen Technology does offer an up-to-date redirectable
+ client XYZMODEM program called crzsz.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.8.3. Receiving Mail and Print Jobs
+
+ As of 7.0, and in UNIX only, files that are sent to C-Kermit as mail
+ (when the other Kermit uses a MAIL or SEND /MAIL command) or to be
+ printed (via REMOTE PRINT or SEND /PRINT) are now piped directly to
+ the mail or print program, rather than written to temporary files and
+ then mailed or printed and then deleted. This has the advantages of
+ (a) not requiring a temporary file, and (b) allowing mail to have a
+ proper subject in place of the filename. Temporary files were bad not
+ only because they required (a) space, and (b) writeability of the
+ current directory, but also because using them could result in wiping
+ out an existing file. See [459]Section 4.7 for more about SEND /MAIL
+ and SEND /PRINT.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2.8.4. Pipe-Related Functions
+
+ The \fcommand(command) function runs the given shell or system command
+ and returns the command's standard output as its value (with any
+ newline characters stripped from the end), unless the result is too
+ long, in which case it returns the empty string. The maximum length
+ for the result is at least 1022 bytes, and it might be longer on some
+ platforms. Examples (UNIX):
+
+ C-Kermit> echo "\fcommand(date)"
+ "Fri Apr 18 13:31:42 1997"
+ C-Kermit> echo "\fcommand(finger | wc -l)" ; how many users logged in?
+ " 83"
+ C-Kermit> evaluate \fcommand(finger | wc -l) * 2
+ 166
+ C-Kermit> echo Welcome to \fcommand(tty) on \fcommand(date)
+ Welcome to /dev/ttyre on Fri Apr 18 13:31:42 1997
+ C-Kermit> echo "\fcommand(ls oofa.*)"
+ "oofa.c
+ oofa.h
+ oofa.o"
+ C-Kermit> cd /directory-with-thousands-of-files
+ C-Kermit> echo "\fcommand(ls -l)" ; This would be too long
+ ""
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ If a command's output would be too long, you can use the other, more
+ laborious method of reading from a command: OPEN !READ command, READ
+ each line, CLOSE !READ.
+
+ The \frawcommand(command) function is identical to \fcommand(command),
+ except it does not remove trailing newline characters:
+
+ C-Kermit> echo "\frawcommand(date)"
+ "Fri Apr 18 13:31:42 1997
+ "
+ C-Kermit> echo "\frawcommand(ls oofa.*)"
+ "oofa.c
+ oofa.h
+ oofa.o
+ "
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ Use \frawcommand() if you want to retain the final line terminators,
+ or if the command's output is "binary". But remember that if the
+ result of this (or any other) function contains any NUL (ASCII code 0)
+ characters, the first NUL will terminate the result string because
+ this is how C strings work (it's "C-Kermit", remember?).
+
+ These functions are useful not only locally, but also in the
+ client/server arena. If you need to get the results from a system
+ command on the server end into a variable on the client end, just do:
+
+ [ remote ] query kermit command(date)
+
+ The result is in the local \v(query) variable; see [460]Using
+ C-Kermit, 2nd Ed., pp.359-360 for details.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.3. Automatic Per-File Text/Binary Mode Switching
+
+ When transferring files between like systems (e.g. UNIX-to-UNIX),
+ binary mode can be used for all files unless character-set translation
+ is needed, and in fact Kermit programs of recent vintage recognize
+ each others' platforms and switch to binary mode automatically when it
+ is appropriate (e.g. DOS to OS/2, or UNIX to UNIX). (Exception:
+ LABELED mode is chosen for VMS-to-VMS and OS/2-to-OS/2 transfers so
+ complex file formats can be preserved.)
+
+ On a client/server connection between like systems, the transfer mode
+ is currently determined by the file sender, rather than always by the
+ client. If the client is sending, it controls the transfer mode. If a
+ GET command is sent to the server, the server sends all files in
+ binary mode if its TRANSFER CHARACTER-SET is TRANSPARENT; otherwise it
+ uses text mode for text files (according to its text-pattern list) and
+ binary mode for binary files. Of course, the client can control the
+ server's transfer character-set with the REMOTE SET TRANSFER
+ CHARACTER-SET command.
+
+ When transferring files between unlike systems, however, (e.g.
+ UNIX-to-DOS), some files (such as executable program images) must be
+ transferred in binary mode but others (such as plain-text files) must
+ be transferred in text mode so their record format and character sets
+ can be appropriately converted. If a binary file is transferred in
+ text mode, it is ruined. If a text file is transferred in binary mode,
+ then at the very least, its format can be incorrect; at worst it is
+ also corrupted because its character set was not converted (in extreme
+ cases the corruption is total, e.g. because one system is ASCII-based
+ and the other EBCDIC).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.3.1. Exceptions
+
+ VMS C-Kermit, when sending files to a non-VMS system, switches to text
+ or binary mode automatically for each file, based on the record format
+ in the file's directory entry; thus the mechanisms described in this
+ section do not apply to VMS C-Kermit, yet the effect is the same:
+ automatic text/binary mode switching when VMS C-Kermit is sending
+ files. See the VMS Appendix of [461]Using C-Kermit for details.
+
+ Kermit versions that support LABELED or IMAGE transfer mode are
+ likewise not affected by this feature when one of those modes is
+ selected (normally used only when transferring between like systems).
+
+ Kermit versions that support file-transfer pipes and filters are not
+ affected by this feature when pipes or filters are used, since the
+ output of a pipe or filter (such as gzip) is likely to require
+ transfer in a different mode than the original file.
+
+ Finally, SEND /TEXT or SEND /BINARY will force files to be sent in the
+ indicated mode, overriding all automatic transfer-mode-choosing
+ mechanisms.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.3.2. Overview
+
+ Suppose you give C-Kermit a command like:
+
+ SEND *.*
+
+ And suppose the pattern *.* matches a mixture of text files (such as
+ program source code) and binary files (such os object modules or
+ executable programs).
+
+ C-Kermit 6.0 and earlier (except on VMS) send all files in the same
+ mode: whatever you said in your most recent SET FILE TYPE command, or
+ else whatever mode was chosen automatically according to the rules on
+ page 236 of Using C-Kermit, 2nd Ed.
+
+ But when text and binary files are mixed in the same group, and the
+ files are being transferred to an unlike system (e.g. UNIX to IBM
+ Mainframe), this results in corruption of either all the text files or
+ all the binary files.
+
+ Stream-oriented file systems such as in UNIX and DOS do not record any
+ information about the file to tell us whether the file should be
+ transferred in binary or text mode, making it impossible to select the
+ transfer mode for each file in a group automatically with any
+ certainty.
+
+ However, we can use some fairly-well established file naming
+ conventions for this purpose. C-Kermit 7.0 lets you provide lists of
+ filename patterns that are used to separately determine the file type
+ for each individual file being transfered. A pattern is a string,
+ possibly containing the special characters "*" (asterisk, which
+ matches any string of zero of more characters) and/or "?" (question
+ mark, which matches any single character). For example "a*b" matches
+ all files whose names start with "a" and end with "b", such as "ab",
+ "arb", "ababababab", etc, but not "abba". And "a?b" matches any file
+ whose name starts with "a", ends with "b", and is exactly 3 characters
+ long.
+
+ NOTE: When typing commands at the C-Kermit prompt, you must prefix
+ "?" with \ to override its normal function of giving help.
+
+ (Also see [462]Section 4.9 for additional pattern-matching notations
+ that might be available in your version of C-Kermit.)
+
+ When you have specified filename recognition patterns, C-Kermit can
+ transfer the ones whose names match any of the binary-mode patterns in
+ binary mode, and those with names that match any of the text-mode
+ patterns in text mode, and those whose names match neither in the
+ prevailing mode you have chosen, or that was chosen automatically via
+ peer recognition.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.3.3. Commands
+
+ SET FILE PATTERNS { ON, OFF, AUTO }
+ This tells Kermit whether to do per-file filename
+ pattern-matching to determine text or binary mode. The normal
+ and default setting is AUTO, which means to use pattern lists
+ to switch transfer mode only when it is certain that the other
+ Kermit program supports automatic notification of transfer mode
+ (via Attribute packets) on a per-file basis (this information
+ is obtained automatically during protocol startup negotiation).
+ ON means to always determine the transfer mode from the
+ filename and pattern list when sending files. Use OFF to
+ disable this feature (without resetting your pattern lists).
+ Also note that if you have selected LABELED file transfer (SET
+ FILE TYPE LABELED), this takes precedence over
+ filename-matching patterns and all files are sent in labeled
+ mode.
+
+ SET TRANSFER MODE MANUAL
+ Disables the use of filename patterns, no matter what the FILE
+ PATTERNS setting.
+
+ REMOTE SET TRANSFER MODE MANUAL
+ Client command to disable automatic transfer mode, and
+ therefore also filename patterns, in the server. Synonym:
+ REMOTE SET XFER MODE MANUAL.
+
+ { GET, SEND, etc } { /BINARY, /TEXT }
+ Including a /BINARY or /TEXT (or, where supported, /IMAGE or
+ /LABELED) switch with a file-transfer command changes the
+ transfer mode to manual for that command only, and therefore
+ disables patterns that that command.
+
+ SET FILE BINARY-PATTERNS [ pattern [ pattern [ pattern ... ] ] ]
+ A list of zero or more patterns, separated by spaces (not
+ commas). Letters in a pattern are case-sensitive if the
+ underlying filenames are case sensitive (as in UNIX), and
+ case-insensitive otherwise (as in Windows). If a file's name is
+ matched by any pattern in the list and SET FILE PATTERNS is ON,
+ the file is sent in binary mode. Examples:
+
+ SET FILE BINARY-PATTERNS *.gz *.Z *.tar *.zip *.o *.so *.a *.out ; UNIX
+ SET FILE BINARY-PATTERNS *.EXE *.ZIP *.OBJ *.COM ; DOS or OS/2 or Windows
+
+ If a pattern contains spaces, enclose it in braces.
+
+ SET FILE TEXT-PATTERNS [ pattern [ pattern [ pattern ... ] ] ]
+ Like SET FILE BINARY-PATTERNS, but the patterns choose text
+ files rather than binary ones. Examples:
+
+ SET FILE TEXT-PATTERNS *.TXT *.KSC *.HTM* *.BAT ; DOS, Windows, OS/2
+
+ ADD BINARY-PATTERNS [ pattern [ pattern [ pattern ... ] ] ]
+ Adds one or more patterns to the BINARY-PATTERN list.
+
+ ADD TEXT-PATTERNS [ pattern [ pattern [ pattern ... ] ] ]
+ Adds one or more patterns to the TEXT-PATTERN list.
+
+ REMOVE BINARY-PATTERNS [ pattern [ pattern [ pattern ... ] ] ]
+ Removes one or more patterns from the BINARY-PATTERN list. The
+ given patterns are matched with the ones in the BINARY-PATTERNS
+ list with case sensitivity if the underlying file system has
+ case-sensitive names (as do UNIX and OS-9), otherwise with case
+ independence.
+
+ REMOVE TEXT-PATTERNS [ pattern [ pattern [ pattern ... ] ] ]
+ Removes one or more patterns from the TEXT-PATTERN list.
+
+ SHOW PATTERNS
+ Displays the current pattern selections.
+
+ Whenever you give a SET FILE BINARY-PATTERNS or SET FILE TEXT-PATTERNS
+ command, the previous list is replaced. If you give one of these
+ commands without a pattern list, the previous list is removed.
+
+ When patterns are active and files are being sent, text patterns (if
+ any) are applied first (but only if not RESENDing and not sending in
+ LABELED mode), then binary patterns, so if the same pattern appears in
+ both lists, binary mode is chosen.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.3.4. Examples
+
+ Here's an example that might be used when sending files from UNIX:
+
+ set file type binary
+ set file text-patterns *.c *.h *.w *.txt makefile
+ set file binary-patterns *.o
+ msend makefile wermit wart ck*.[cwho] ck*.txt
+
+ Note that "wermit" and "wart" do not match any patterns so they are
+ sent in the prevailing mode, which is binary. Also note the use of
+ "makefile" as a pattern that does not contain any wildcard characters
+ (there is no other convention to distinguish among "wermit" and
+ "wart", which are binary executables, and "makefile", which is a text
+ file, purely by their names).
+
+ Most C-Kermit implementations have a default pattern list built in,
+ which includes patterns that are almost certain to succeed in picking
+ the right transfer mode. Others are omitted due to ambiguity. For
+ example ".hlp", and ".ini" are generally binary types in Windows but
+ text types everywhere else.
+
+ NOTE: ".doc", used for decades to denote plain-text documentation
+ files, now more often than not denotes a Microsoft Word Document,
+ so ".doc" is now considered a binary type since it does less harm
+ to transfer a plain-text document in binary mode than it does to
+ transfer an MS Word file in text mode (except when IBM mainframes
+ are involved!)
+
+ ANOTHER NOTE: ".com" files are binary in DOS-like operating
+ systems, but they are text (DCL command procedures) in VMS. VMS
+ C-Kermit sends .COM files in text mode; K95 sends them in binary
+ mode. If you download a .COM file from VMS to DOS or Windows, and
+ then upload it to another VMS system, be sure to use SEND /TEXT to
+ preserve its textness.
+
+ You can see the default pattern list by starting C-Kermit without its
+ initialization file (e.g. "kermit -Y") and using the SHOW PATTERNS
+ command. If you will be depending on this feature, be sure to examine
+ the list carefully in conjunction with the applications that you use.
+
+ The default pattern list does not take "backup files" into account
+ because (a) people usually don't want to transfer them; and (b) it
+ would make the pattern lists more than twice as long. For example, we
+ would need to include both *.txt and *.txt.~[0-9]*~ for ".txt" files,
+ and similarly for all the others. Instead, you can use SEND /NOBACKUP
+ (or SET SEND BACKUP OFF) to skip over all backup files.
+
+ Put your most commonly-used safe pattern declarations in your C-Kermit
+ customization file (ckermod.ini, .mykermrc, k95custom.ini, etc).
+
+ As noted, SET FILE PATTERNS is ON by default. Sometimes, however, it
+ is desirable, or necessary, to force files to be sent in a particular
+ mode, and often this must be done from the command line (e.g. when
+ using Kermit as a download helper in a Web browser like Lynx). The -V
+ command-line options is equivalent to SET FILE PATTERNS OFF and SET
+ TRANSFER MODE MANUAL. Example:
+
+ kermit -Vis oofa.txt
+
+ forces oofa.txt to be sent in binary mode, even though ".txt" might
+ match a text pattern.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.4. File Permissions
+
+ "Permissions" refers to a code associated with a file that specifies
+ who is allowed to access it, and in what manner. For example, the
+ owner, the members of one or more groups, the system administrator,
+ and everybody else, might be allowed various combinations of Read,
+ Write, Append, Execute, or Listing access.
+
+ The permission code goes by different names on different platforms. In
+ UNIX, it might be called the filemode. In VMS, it is called the file
+ protection (or protection mask).
+
+ The comments in this section presently apply only to the UNIX and VMS
+ versions of C-Kermit, to which these features were added in version
+ 7.0; the DOS, Windows, and OS/2 file systems embody no notions of
+ protection, and so MS-DOS Kermit and Kermit 95 do not send file
+ permissions, and ignore them when received.
+
+ The permissions for a received file are determined by a combination of
+ the file transfer mode (VMS-to-VMS transfers only), whether a file of
+ the same name exists already, whether permissions of the file are
+ received in the file attribute packet, and the setting of ATTRIBUTES
+ PROTECTION.
+
+ The default for ATTRIBUTES PROTECTION is ON. If no attributes are
+ received, the effect is the same as if attributes PROTECTION were OFF.
+
+ For VMS-to-VMS transfers, the default LABELED mode simply copies the
+ protection code from source to destination.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.4.1. When ATTRIBUTES PROTECTION is OFF
+
+ If no file of the same name exists, system defaults determine the
+ permissions of the new file. Otherwise, the actions taken depend on
+ the current FILE COLLISION setting: BACKUP, OVERWRITE, RENAME, etc, as
+ documented in [463]Using C-Kermit. But now the new file (if it is
+ created at all) automatically inherits the permissions (mode bits) of
+ the existing file in a way that is appropriate for the platform.
+
+ 4.4.1.1. Unix
+
+ All mode bits are inherited except the directory bit, since the
+ incoming file can not possibly be a directory. (In any case, it is not
+ possible to receive a file that has the same name as an existing
+ directory unless FILE COLLISION is set to RENAME).
+
+ 4.4.1.2. VMS
+
+ Files with the same name as an existing file, transferred in modes
+ other than LABELED between VMS systems, inherit the protection of the
+ prior version.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.4.2 When ATTRIBUTES PROTECTION is ON
+
+ File permissions can be conveyed as part of the file transfer process,
+ in accordance with the Kermit protocol definition. If the file sender
+ puts system-dependent and/or system-independent versions of the file
+ protection (permissions) into the Attribute (A) packet, the file
+ receiver can set the new file's permissions from them. Otherwise, the
+ permissions are set the same as for ATTRIBUTES PROTECTION OFF.
+
+ When the incoming A packet contains system-dependent permissions, the
+ file receiver checks to see if the sender has the same system ID (e.g.
+ both the sending and receiving systems are UNIX, or both are VMS); if
+ so, it decodes and uses the system-dependent permissions; otherwise it
+ uses the generic ones (if any) and applies them to the owner field,
+ setting the other fields appropriately as described in the following
+ sections.
+
+ Setting the incoming file's protection from the A packet is controlled
+ by SET ATTRIBUTES PROTECTION (or PERMISSION), which is ON by default,
+ and its status is displayed by SHOW ATTRIBUTES.
+
+ The main benefit of this feature is to not have to "chmod +x" an
+ executable file after transfer from UNIX to UNIX. Its cross-platform
+ benefits are less evident, perhaps to retain the status of the Unix
+ 'x' bit on a VMS system, for subsequent transfer back to a Unix
+ system.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.4.2.1. System-Specific Permissions
+
+ System-specific file permissions are used when the two Kermit programs
+ recognize each other as running on the same type of system. For
+ example, both are running under some form of UNIX (it doesn't matter
+ which UNIX variation -- HP-UX, Solaris, AIX, etc -- all use the same
+ scheme for file permissions); or both are running under VMS (even if
+ one is on an Alpha and the other on a VAX, and/or one is old and the
+ other is new).
+
+ 4.4.2.1.1. UNIX
+
+ UNIX supports three categories of users, File Owner, Group, and World,
+ and three types of file access permission: Read, Write, and Execute.
+ Thus, a UNIX file's permissions are expressed in 9 bits.
+
+ The system-dependent permission string for UNIX is a 3-digit octal
+ string, the low-order 9 bits of the st_mode member of the stat struct;
+ we deliberately chop off the "file format" bits because they are not
+ permissions, nor do we convey the setuid/setgid bits, lock bit, sticky
+ bit, etc.
+
+ 4.4.2.1.2. VMS
+
+ VMS supports four categories of users, System, File Owner, Group, and
+ World, and four types of file access permission: Read, Write, Execute,
+ and Delete. Thus, a VMS file's permissions are expressed in 16 bits.
+
+ The system-dependent protection string for VMS is a 4-digit
+ hexadecimal string, corresponding to the internal-format protection
+ word of the file (RWED for each of World,Group,Owner,System). A new
+ file normally gets all 16 protection bits from the original file of
+ the same name.
+
+ Note: VMS-to-VMS transfers take place in LABELED mode when the two
+ C-Kermits recognize each other's platform as VMS (unless you have
+ disabled LABELED-mode transfers). In this case, all of a file's
+ attributes are preserved in the transfer and the protection mask (and
+ other information) is taken from the file's internal information, and
+ this takes precedence over any information in the Attribute packets.
+ You can defeat the automatic switching into LABELED mode (if you want
+ to) with SET TRANSFER MODE MANUAL.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.4.2.2. System-Independent Permissions
+
+ The system-independent ("generic") protection is used when the system
+ IDs of the two Kermit programs do not agree (e.g. one is UNIX, the
+ other is VMS). The generic protection attribute includes the following
+ permissions (not all are applicable to every file system): Read,
+ Write, Append, Execute, Delete, Search. The generic permissions are
+ derived from the owner permissions of the source file, thus, a Unix
+ 'w' permission becomes VMS Write,Delete.
+
+ The Owner field of the new file's permissions is set from the incoming
+ generic protection attribute.
+
+ In UNIX, the Group and World permissions are set according to your
+ umask, except that execute permission is NOT set in these fields if it
+ was not also set in the generic protection (and consequently, is set
+ in the Owner field).
+
+ In VMS, the System, Group, and World permissions are set according to
+ the process default file permission (as shown in VMS by SHOW
+ PROTECTION), except that no permissions are allowed in these fields
+ that are not included in the generic permissions.
+
+ Note that the VMS and UNIX interpretations of Execute permission are
+ not identical. In UNIX, a file (binary executable, shell script, etc)
+ may not be executed unless it has Execute permission, and normally
+ files that are not intended for execution do not have Execute
+ permission. In VMS, Read permission implicitly supplies Execute
+ capability. Generally files that have Read permission also have
+ explicit Execute permission, but files (binary executables, DCL
+ command procedures) that have Read permission and not Execute
+ permission can still be executed.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.5. File Management Commands
+
+ 4.5.1. The DIRECTORY Command
+
+ Prior to C-Kermit 7.0, the DIRECTORY command always ran an external
+ system command (such as "ls" on UNIX) or program to product the
+ directory listing. This had certain advantages, mostly that you could
+ include system-dependent options for customized listings, e.g. on
+ UNIX:
+
+ dir -lt c* | more
+
+ or in VMS:
+
+ directory /size/date/protection/except=*.obj oofa.*;0
+
+ This approach, however, carries some disadvantages: C-Kermit can't
+ return SUCCESS or FAILURE status for (e.g.) "dir foo" according to
+ whether the file "foo" exists; and it runs an inferior process, which
+ might be a problem in some environments for resource and/or security
+ reasons, and won't work at all in a "nopush" environment (e.g. one in
+ which C-Kermit is configured to forbid access to exterior commands and
+ programs, e.g. in a VMS "captive account").
+
+ In C-Kermit 7.0 on VMS and UNIX, and in K95 1.1.19 and later, the
+ DIRECTORY command is internal to Kermit. It can be run in a "nopush"
+ environment and returns SUCCESS or FAILURE status appropriately. In
+ UNIX it prints all dates and times in a consistent way (unlike ls). In
+ VMS it prints precise file sizes, rather than "blocks". It offers
+ several formatting and other options, but it is not necessarily more
+ flexible than the corresponding external commands or programs (the
+ UNIX "ls" program, the VMS "directory" command). The syntax is:
+
+ DIRECTORY [ switch [ switch [ ... ] ] ] [ filespec ]
+
+ If no filespec is given, all files in the current directory are
+ listed.
+
+ Optional switches include all the standard file-selection switches
+ presented in [464]Section 1.5.4, plus:
+
+ /ALL
+ Show both regular files and directories; this is the default.
+
+ /ARRAY:x
+ Instead of displaying a directory listing, put the files that
+ would have been shown (based on the filespec and other
+ selection switches) in the given array. The array need not (and
+ should not) be predeclared; if the array already exists, it is
+ destroyed and reused. The array name can be a single letter,
+ like "a", or any fuller form, such as "&a", "\&a", "\&a[]",
+ etc. If the /ARRAY switch is included, the following other
+ switches are ignored: /BRIEF, /VERBOSE, /HEADING, /PAGE,
+ /ENGLISHDATE, /ISODATE, /XFERMODE, /MESSAGE, /SORT, /REVERSE,
+ /ASCENDING. In other words, only file selection switches are
+ meaningful with /ARRAY: /FILES, /DIRECTORIES, /ALL, /DOTFILES,
+ /NOBACKUP, /RECURSIVE, /SMALLER, /LARGER, /AFTER, /BEFORE,
+ /EXCEPT, etc. The resulting array has the number of files (n)
+ as its 0th element, and the filenames in elements 1 through n
+ Example:
+
+ dir /array:&a /files /nobackup /after:19990101 /larger:10000 [ab]*
+ show array &a
+
+ /FILES
+ Only show regular files.
+
+ /DIRECTORIES
+ Only show directories.
+
+ /BACKUP
+ In UNIX, OS-9, K-95, and other versions that support SET FILE
+ COLLISION BACKUP and create backup files by appending .~n~ to
+ the filename (where "n" is a number), /BACKUP means to include
+ these files in directory listings. This is the default.
+
+ /NOBACKUP
+ This is the opposite of /BACKUP: that is, do not include backup
+ files in the listing.
+
+ /BRIEF
+ List filenames only; use a compact format, as many filenames as
+ will fit across the screen (based on the longest name). A brief
+ listing is always sorted alphabetically.
+
+ /VERBOSE
+ List one file per line, and include date, size, and (in UNIX
+ only) permissions of each file. This is the opposite of /BRIEF,
+ and is the default.
+
+ /PAGE
+ Pause at the end of each screenful and give a "more?" prompt,
+ even if SET COMMAND MORE-PROMPTING is OFF.
+
+ /NOPAGE
+ Don't pause at the end of each screenful and give a "more?"
+ prompt, even if SET COMMAND MORE-PROMPTING is ON. If neither
+ /PAGE or /NOPAGE is given, paging is according to the
+ prevailing COMMAND MORE-PROMPTING setting (which can be
+ displayed with SHOW COMMAND).
+
+ /ENGLISHDATE
+ Show dates in dd-mmm-yyyy format; mmm is the first three
+ letters of the English month name.
+
+ /ISODATE
+ Show dates in yyyy-mm-dd format; mm is the month number, 1-12.
+ This is the opposite of /ENGLISHDATE, and is the default.
+
+ /HEADINGS
+ Print a heading before the listing and a summary at the end.
+
+ /NOHEADINGS
+ Don't print a heading before the listing or a summary at the
+ end. This is the opposite of /HEADINGS, and is the default.
+
+ /XFERMODE
+ Only in Kermit programs that support SET FILE PATTERNS. If this
+ switch is included, and the filename matches any FILE
+ BINARY-PATTERN ([465]Section 4.3), "(B)" is printed after the
+ filename; otherwise, if it matches a FILE TEXT-PATTERN, "(T)"
+ is printed.
+
+ /NOXFERMODE
+ Don't display transfer-mode indicators. This is the opposite of
+ /XFERMODE and is the default.
+
+ /RECURSIVE
+ Show files not only in the given directory, but also in its
+ subdirectories (if any), their subdirectories, etc.
+
+ /NORECURSIVE
+ Don't show files in subdirectories. This is the opposite of
+ /RECURSIVE, and is the default.
+
+ /MESSAGE:text
+ This lets you specify a short text string to be appended to the
+ end of each directory listing line (a space is supplied
+ automatically). If the text contains any spaces, enclose it in
+ braces, e.g. /MESSAGE:{two words}.
+
+ /NOMESSAGE
+ Don't append any message to the end of each directory listing
+ line (default).
+
+ /SORT:[{NAME,SIZE,DATE}]
+ Sort the listing by name, size, or date. If the /SORT switch is
+ given but the "sort-by" keyword is omitted, the listing is
+ sorted by name. /SORT:NAME /ASCENDING (alphabetic sort by name)
+ is the default.
+
+ /NOSORT
+ Don't sort the listing. Files are listed in whatever order they
+ are supplied by the operating system, e.g. inode order in UNIX.
+
+ /REVERSE
+ If the /SORT switch is given, reverse the order of the sort.
+ Synonym: /DESCENDING.
+
+ /ASCENDING
+ If the /SORT switch is given, sort the listing in normal order.
+ This is the opposite of /REVERSE and is the default.
+
+ Note that most of the DIRECTORY-specific switches come in pairs, in
+ which one member of a pair (e.g. /NOHEADINGS) is the opposite of the
+ other (e.g. /HEADINGS).
+
+ If you always want to use certain options, you can set them with the
+ SET OPTIONS DIRECTORY command ([466]Section 1.5.5). Use SHOW OPTIONS
+ to list the options currently in effect. To make the desired options
+ apply every time you run C-Kermit, put a SET OPTIONS DIRECTORY command
+ in your C-Kermit customization file, specifying the desired options.
+ Options set in this manner apply to every subsequent DIRECTORY
+ command. Of course, if you include switches in a DIRECTORY command,
+ these override any defaults, built-in or custom. Example:
+
+ DIRECTORY ; Use "factory defaults"
+ SET OPTIONS DIRECTORY /SORT:SIZE /REVERSE /HEADINGS ; Customize defaults
+ DIRECTORY ; Use customized defaults
+ DIR /SORT:NAME ; Override customized default SORT key
+ SET OPT DIR /RECURS ; Add /RECURSIVE to customized defaults
+ DIR /ASCEND ; Override customized default SORT order
+
+ Notes:
+
+ * Only a single sort key is supported; there is presently no way to
+ have multiple sort keys.
+ * If the /BRIEF switch is given, all other switches (except
+ /[NO]RECURSIVE, /[NO]DOTFILES, /DIRECTORIES, /FILES, and /ALL) are
+ ignored.
+ * /SORT:anything gives incorrect results if any files have lengths
+ greater than 10 digits (i.e. that are more than 9999999999 bytes
+ long, i.e. if they are 10GB or more in size) because the overlong
+ length field causes the date and name fields to be misaligned.
+ * /SORT:NAME is redundant in VMS since VMS returns filenames in
+ alphabetic order anyway.
+ * /SORT:NAME ignores alphabetic case on platforms where case does
+ not matter in filenames, but this works only for unaccented Roman
+ letters A-Z.
+ * /SORT:NAME is currently based on code values, and so works fine
+ for ASCII, but will probably produce unexpected results for files
+ with non-ASCII or 8-bit characters in their names. (Locale-based
+ sorting raises rather significant issues of portability, size,
+ performance, etc.)
+ * /SORT:DATE works right only for ISO-format dates, not English
+ ones.
+ * /SORT:SIZE sorts the size field lexically. On some platforms (e.g.
+ Windows), the size of a directory file is listed as "<DIR>" rather
+ than as a number; in this case, the "<DIR>" files are gathered at
+ the end (or beginning, depending on the sort order) of the
+ listing.
+ * /RECURSIVE is accepted but ignored in AOS/VS. Use the normal
+ system-specific filespec notation, e.g. "dir #.txt".
+ * /RECURSIVE has no affect when a full, absolute pathname is given;
+ e.g. "dir /recursive /tmp/foo" (where "foo" is a regular file)
+ only shows the "/tmp/foo" file. If you want to see all "foo" files
+ in the /tmp tree, do "cd /tmp" and then "dir /recursive foo".
+ * If a file size of -1 is shown, or date-time of 0000-00-00
+ 00:00:00, this means the file was located, but access to
+ information about the file was denied to C-Kermit.
+ * In VMS, if FOO.DIR;1 is a directory within your current directory,
+ "directory foo" and "directory [.foo]" list the files in the
+ [.FOO] subdirectory, but "directory foo.dir" lists the directory
+ file itself; similarly for "*.dir" versus "[.*]", etc.
+ * In UNIX, if "foo" is a directory within your current directory,
+ "directory foo" lists the files in the foo directory. If you want
+ to list the foo directory file itself, put an asterisk at the end:
+ "dir foo*".
+
+ Hint: How to find the biggest files in a directory tree:
+
+ cd xxx ; (root of tree)
+ directory /sort:size /recursive /reverse /dotfiles /page
+
+ Another hint: If you often use several different directory-listing
+ formats, define macro shortcuts for them:
+
+ DEFINE WD DIRECTORY /SORT:DATE /REVERSE \%* ; Reverse chronological order
+ DEFINE SD DIRECTORY /SORT:SIZE /REVERSE \%* ; Reverse order of size
+ DEFINE ND DIRECTORY /SORT:NAME /ASCEND \%* ; Alphabetical by name
+ DEFINE DL DIR /DIR /SORT:NAME /ASCEND \%* ; Alphabetical directory list
+
+ Put these definitions in your C-Kermit customization file. Note that
+ "\%*" ([467]Section 7.5) in these definitions lets you include other
+ switches in your macro invocations, e.g.:
+
+ wd /headings *.txt
+
+ Of course you can still access your external directory listing program
+ by using RUN or "!", e.g. in VMS:
+
+ run directory /size/date/protection/except=*.obj oofa.*;0
+
+ or:
+
+ !dir /size/date/prot/exc=*.obj oofa.*;0
+
+ In UNIX, use "!ls" or just "ls" (which is a special synonym for
+ "!ls").
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.5.2. The CD and BACK Commands
+
+ In C-Kermit 7.0, the CD command has a new friend, the BACK command.
+ BACK means "CD to my previous current directory". A second BACK brings
+ you back to where you were before the first one; thus successive BACK
+ commands switch back and forth between two directories.
+
+ 4.5.2.1. Parsing Improvements
+
+ The CD command, as well as other commands that parse a directory name,
+ were changed in 7.0 to provide all the expected functions: completion
+ on Tab or Esc, directory-name lists on ?, etc. Other affected commands
+ include SET SERVER GET-PATH, SET TEMP-DIRECTORY, SET FILE
+ DOWNLOAD-DIRECTORY, and SPACE. CD and REMOTE CD also now work with
+ logical names.
+
+ In VMS, the situation is a bit complicated since a directory name can
+ look like "DEV:", "[FOO.BAR]", "DEV:[FOO.BAR]", "[FOO]BAR.DIR;1", etc.
+ Completion and ?-help might not always work, but they do in many
+ cases. Examples:
+
+ cd ? Lists all subdirectories of the current directory
+ cd []? Ditto
+ cd k? Ditto, but only those starting with K
+ cd [foo]? Lists all subdirectories of the [FOO] directory
+ cd [-]? Lists all subdirectories of the superior directory
+ cd [--]? Lists all subdirectories of the directory 2 levels up
+ cd [...]? Lists all directories below the current one
+ cd [foo.? Does not work.
+
+ C-Kermit allows all of the following in VMS:
+
+ cd bar CD to subdirectory BAR of the current directory
+ cd .bar Ditto
+ cd [.bar] Ditto
+ cd bar.dir etc...
+ cd bar.dir;
+ cd bar.dir;1
+ cd [foo.bar]
+ cd bar.baz This can go more than 1 level deep...
+ cd dir: (where logical name DIR is defined as [FOO.BAR])
+
+ As well as the following:
+
+ cd .. Go up one level as in UNIX
+ cd . The current directory
+ cd My login directory
+
+ Note that "cd -" (go up one level) does not work as expected, because
+ "-" is Kermit's command continuation character. However, "cd [-]", and
+ "
+ cd {-}" have the desired effect (and so does "cd ..", which is easier
+ to type).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.5.2.2. The CDPATH
+
+ The CD command in the UNIX, Windows, OS/2, and VMS versions of
+ C-Kermit, as of version 6.1 / 1.1.12, searches the CDPATH for the
+ given directory, if it is not absolute and if a CDPATH environment
+ variable is defined. Example (in UNIX ksh or bash):
+
+ $ export CDPATH=$HOME:$HOME/kermit:/tmp
+
+ Now if you give a "cd xxx" command, no matter what your current
+ directory is, if the "xxx" directory is not a subdirectory of your
+ current directory, then the xxx subdirectory of your home directory is
+ used or if that does not exist, then the xxx subdirectory of the
+ kermit subdirectory of your home directory is used or if that does not
+ exist, then /tmp/xxx is used. This is how the ksh "cd" command works,
+ and now the C-Kermit CD command works the same way.
+
+ In VMS, you can define CDPATH to be a list of directories that contain
+ actual directory delimiters, and/or logical names representing
+ directories, using commas to separate them, e.g.:
+
+ $ define cdpath [HOME],[SOMEOTHERDIR],[HOME.MISC]
+ $ define cdpath SYS$LOGIN:,DISK1:[HOME],DISK2:[SCRATCH.IVAN]
+
+ Example:
+
+ $ define cdpath SYS$LOGIN:,[IVAN],[OLAF],[OLGA.MISC]
+ $ kermit
+ DISK1:[OLGA] C-Kermit> cd blah
+
+ tries the BLAH subdirectory of the user's login directory, then
+ [OLGA.BLAH], [IVAN.BLAH], [OLAF.BLAH], and [OLGA.MISC.BLAH], in that
+ order, using the first one it finds, failing if it finds none.
+
+ In C-Kermit 7.0, you may also set the CDPATH from the Kermit prompt:
+
+ SET CD PATH path
+ Allows the CD PATH to be set from within C-Kermit.
+
+ SHOW CD shows the CD path and all other information relevant to the CD
+ command.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.5.2.3. CD Messages
+
+ Whenever you change directory, you can have C-Kermit display a "Read
+ Me" file from the new directory automatically. The commands are:
+
+ SET CD MESSAGE { ON, OFF, FILE list }
+ ON enables this feature; OFF (the default) disables it. File
+ lets you specify the name of the "Read Me" file. A list of
+ names to look for can be given in the following format:
+
+ {{name1}{name2}{name3}{...}}
+
+ e.g.:
+
+ SET SERVER CD-MESSAGE FILE {{./.readme}{README.TXT}{READ.ME}}
+
+ The default list of CD-message files is system dependent.
+
+ SHOW CD shows your current directory, previous directory, CD path, and
+ CD message info.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.5.3. Creating and Removing Directories
+
+ The MKDIR command now allows you to create multiple directories at
+ once:
+
+ C-Kermit> mkdir a/b/c/d
+
+ creates the directory a in the current directory (if it doesn't exist
+ already), and then creates subdirectory b in the a directory (if it
+ didn't exist already), and so on.
+
+ If you use MKDIR to try to create a directory that already exists,
+ C-Kermit will print a warning ("?Directory already exists"), but the
+ MKDIR command will still succeed. If you want to avoid the warning
+ message, use IF DIRECTORY first to check if the directory already
+ exists.
+
+ The RMDIR command, however, will not remove more than one directory,
+ nor will it remove a directory that contains any files. (There is, as
+ yet, no RMDIR /RECURSIVE command, although one might be added later.)
+
+ In VMS, these commands (like CD) are more forgiving of your syntax
+ than is the DCL command shell; "mkdir oofa" is equivalent to "mkdir
+ [.oofa]" and so on. Also in VMS, you'll find that C-Kermit's RMDIR
+ command is easier than deleting a directory in DCL, since it
+ automatically first gives it owner delete permission if you are the
+ owner.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.5.4. The DELETE and PURGE Commands
+
+ The DELETE command now offers a selection of switches, and has a new
+ companion, the PURGE command. First, DELETE:
+
+ DELETE [ switches... ] filespec
+ Deletes the file or files that match the filespec, which may
+ contain wildcards ([468]Section 4.9).
+
+ Optional switches include the standard file-selection switches
+ presented in [469]Section 1.5.4, plus:
+
+ /ASK
+ Before deleting each file, ask permission interactively.
+ Answers are Yes or OK (delete the file), No (don't delete it),
+ or Quit (stop executing the DELETE command).
+
+ /NOASK
+ Don't ask permission to delete each file.
+
+ /LIST
+ List each file and show whether it was deleted. Synonyms: /LOG,
+ /VERBOSE.
+
+ /NOLIST
+ Don't list files while deleting them. Synonyms: /NOLOG, /QUIET.
+
+ /HEADING
+ Print a heading and summary line.
+
+ /NOHEADING
+ Don't print a heading and summary line.
+
+ /PAGE
+ When listing, pause at the end of each screenful and give the
+ "More?" prompt. If you reply "n" (no), the DELETE command
+ terminates.
+
+ /SIMULATE
+ Do everything implied by the given switches and filespec,
+ except do not actually delete any files. This lets you preview
+ which files would be deleted; implies /LIST.
+
+ Now the PURGE command:
+
+ PURGE [ switches... ] [ filespec ]
+ (VMS only) Runs the DCL PURGE command. Switches and filespec,
+ if any, are passed directly to DCL without parsing or
+ verification. Deletes excess versions of the given (or all)
+ files. The rest of this section does not apply to VMS.
+
+ PURGE [ switches... ] [ filespec ]
+ (UNIX only) Deletes "backup files" that match the filespec,
+ which may contain wildcards ([470]Section 4.9). If no filespec
+ is given, all backup files in the current directory are
+ selected (subject to modification by any switches). Do not
+ include backup notation in the filespec.
+
+ Explanation:
+
+ To avoid destroying preexisting files when a new file arrives that has
+ the same name, C-Kermit backs up the old file by appending a "backup
+ number" to its name. In UNIX, the backup suffix consists of a period,
+ a tilde, a number, and another tilde. For example, if a file called
+ oofa.txt exists and a new oofa.txt file arrives, the original is
+ renamed to oofa.txt.~1~. If another oofa.txt file arrives, the
+ existing one is renamed to oofa.txt.~2~. And so on. This system is
+ compatible with the one used by EMACS. Thus over time, if you receive
+ a lot of files with C-Kermit or edit them with EMACS, backup files can
+ build up. The new PURGE command lets you clean out accumulated backup
+ files:
+
+ Optional switches include the standard file-selection switches
+ presented in [471]Section 1.5.4, plus all the switches listed above
+ for the DELETE command, plus:
+
+ /KEEP:n
+ Retains the n most recent (highest-numbered) backup files for
+ each file. For example, if oofa.txt, oofa.txt.~1~,
+ oofa.txt.~2~, oofa.txt.~10~, oofa.txt.~12~, and oofa.txt.~100~
+ exist, "purge /keep:2 oofa.txt" deletes oofa.txt.~1~,
+ oofa.txt.~2~, and oofa.txt.~10~, and keeps oofa.txt,
+ oofa.txt.~12~, and oofa.txt.~100~. If /KEEP is given without a
+ number, one (the highest numbered) backup file is kept.
+
+ CAUTION: The PURGE command should be used only when *.~*~ files truly
+ are backup files. This is the case for EMACS, and it is the DEFAULT
+ for C-Kermit. However, if C-Kermit's FILE COLLISION has been set to
+ RENAME, newly received files will look like backup files. In that
+ case, don't use the PURGE command or you'll be removing new files
+ rather than old ones. (Use SHOW FILE to find the FILE COLLISION
+ setting.)
+
+ The PURGE command is presently available only in UNIX. The command
+ succeeds if it deleted any files, or if it deleted no files but there
+ were no errors. It fails if it deleted no files and there were errors
+ (i.e. deletion was attempted but failed). In VMS, backup file versions
+ are handled automatically by the OS, and a PURGE command can be used
+ at the VMS prompt to clean them up.
+
+ If you want certain switches to be supplied automatically with each
+ DELETE or PURGE command, you can set them with SET OPTIONS
+ ([472]Section 1.5.5) and you can display any such settings with SHOW
+ OPTIONS. Of course you can override them on a per-command basis by
+ including switches in your PURGE or DELETE command.
+
+ Also see SET FILE COLLISION, SHOW FILE, SEND /NOBACKUP, SET SEND
+ BACKUP, and DIRECTORY /[NO]BACKUP.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.6. Starting the Remote Kermit Server Automatically
+
+ As noted on pages 275-276 of [473]Using C-Kermit 2nd edition, you can
+ have Kermit send "kermit receive" commands automatically when it is in
+ local mode and you give a SEND or similar command, to start the remote
+ Kermit receiver in case it is not already started. The "kermit
+ receive" commands are specified by:
+
+ SET PROTOCOL KERMIT binary-receive-command text-receive-command
+
+ As of version 7.0, a Kermit protocol option has been added to send a
+ string to the host in advance of any Kermit packets when you give a
+ GET-class or REMOTE command. This will switch the remote C-Kermit into
+ the appropriate mode or, if the remote system is at a system command
+ (shell) prompt, execute the string on the remote system. The new
+ syntax of the SET PROTOCOL KERMIT command is:
+
+ SET PROTOCOL KERMIT [ s1 [ s2 [ s3 ] ] ]
+
+ where:
+
+ Default Meaning
+ s1 {kermit -ir} Remote "kermit receive in binary mode" command.
+ s2 {kermit -r} Remote "kermit receive in text mode" command.
+ s3 {kermit -x} Remote "start kermit server" command.
+
+ NOTE: If the remote Kermit is 6.0, the following are recommended for
+ fast startup and high-performance file transfer (see Appendix I in
+ [474]Using C-Kermit, second Edition, for command-line options):
+
+ s1 kermit -YQir (Kermit receive binary, skip init file, fast.)
+ s2 kermit -YQTr (Kermit receive text, skip init file, fast.)
+ s3 kermit -YQx (Kermit server, skip init file, fast.)
+
+ If the remote is C-Kermit 7.0 or later, change the -x option (enter
+ server mode) to -O (uppercase letter O), which means "enter server
+ mode for One transaction only); this way, it is not stuck in server
+ after the transfer. Also note that the Q is redundant in version 7.0,
+ since fast Kermit protocol settings are now the default.
+
+ Note that in case the C-Kermit executable is called "wermit" or
+ "ckermit" you can change "kermit" in the strings above to "wermit" or
+ "ckermit" and C-Kermit 7.0 or later will recognize these as synonyms
+ for "kermit", in case it is at its command prompt when one of these
+ strings is sent to it.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.7. File-Transfer Command Switches
+
+ Over the years, various new methods of transferring a file have
+ accumulated, until we had, in addition to the SEND command, also MOVE
+ (send and then delete), MAIL (send as email), REMOTE PRINT (send to be
+ printed), CSEND (send the output of a command), PSEND (send a part of
+ a file), BSEND (send in binary mode), RESEND (resume an interrupted
+ SEND), etc etc. Similarly: GET, REGET, CGET, RETRIEVE, and so on.
+
+ Not only is it confusing to have different names for these commands,
+ many of which are not real words, but this also does not allow all
+ combinations, like "send a file as mail, then delete it".
+
+ In C-Kermit 7.0, the SEND, GET, and RECEIVE commands were restructured
+ to accept modifier switches (switches are explained in [475]Section
+ 1.5).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.7.1. SEND Command Switches
+
+ Without switches, the SEND command still works exactly as before:
+
+ send oofa.txt ; send a single file
+ send oofa.* ; send multiple files
+ send oofa.txt x.x ; send oofa.txt as x.x (tell receiver its name is x.x)
+ send ; send from SEND-LIST
+
+ But now the following modifier switches may be included between "send"
+ and the filename. Zero, one, two, or more switches may be included in
+ any combination that makes sense. Switch names (such as /BINARY) can
+ be abbreviated, just like any other keywords. Most of these switches
+ work only when using Kermit protocol (/TEXT and /BINARY are the
+ exceptions).
+
+ /AFTER:date-time
+ Specifies that only those files modified (or, in VMS, created)
+ after the given date-time (see [476]Section 1.6) are to be
+ sent. Examples:
+
+ send /text /after:{2-Feb-1997 10:28:30} *.txt
+ send /text /after:\fdate(oofa.txt) *.txt
+
+ Synonym: /SINCE.
+
+ /ARRAY:arrayname
+ Specifies that instead of sending a file, C-Kermit is to send
+ the contents of the given array. Since an array does not have a
+ filename, you should include an /AS-NAME switch to specify the
+ name under which the array is to be sent (if you do not, the
+ name "_array_x_" is used, where 'x' is replaced by the array
+ designator). See [477]section 7.10 for array-name syntax. As
+ noted in that section, you can also include a range to have a
+ segment of the array sent, rather than the whole thing; for
+ example: "send /array:&a[100:199]". It is strongly recommended
+ that you accompany the /ARRAY switch with a /TEXT or /BINARY
+ switch to force the desired transfer mode, since otherwise the
+ various automatic mechanisms might switch to binary mode when
+ you really wanted text, or vice versa. In text mode a line
+ terminator is added to the end of each array element, but not
+ in binary mode. For details and examples see [478]Section
+ 7.10.11.
+
+ /AS-NAME:text
+ Specifies "text" as the name to send the file under. You can
+ also still specify the as-name as the second filename on the
+ SEND command line. The following two commands are equivalent:
+
+ send oofa.txt oofa.new
+ send /as:oofa.new oofa.txt
+
+ /BEFORE:date-time
+ Specifies that only those files modified (or, in VMS, created)
+ before the given date-time ([479]Section 1.6) are to be sent.
+
+ /BINARY
+ Performs this transfer in binary mode without affecting the
+ global transfer mode, overriding not only the FILE TYPE and
+ TRANSFER MODE settings, but also the FILE PATTERN setting, but
+ for this SEND command only. In other words, SEND /BINARY means
+ what it says: send the file in binary mode, regardless of any
+ other settings. Example:
+
+ set file type text ; Set global transfer mode to text
+ send /binary oofa.zip ; Send a file in binary
+ send oofa.txt ; This one is sent in text mode
+
+ /COMMAND
+ SEND /COMMAND is equivalent to CSEND ([480]Section 4.2.2) -- it
+ says to send the output from a command, rather than the
+ contents of a file. The first "filename" on the SEND command
+ line is interpreted as the name of a command; the second (if
+ any) is the as-name. Examples:
+
+ send /command {grep Sunday oofa.txt} sunday.txt
+ send /as-name:sunday.txt /command {grep Sunday oofa.txt}
+ send /bin /command {tar cf - . | gzip -c} {!gunzip -c | tar xf -}
+
+ /DELETE
+ Deletes the file (or each file in the group) after it has been
+ sent successfully (but does not delete it if it was not sent
+ successfully). SEND /DELETE is equivalent to MOVE. Has no
+ effect when used with /COMMAND. Example:
+
+ send /delete *.log
+
+ /DOTFILES
+ (UNIX and OS-9 only) Normally files whose names begin with "."
+ are skipped when matching wildcards that do not also beging
+ with ".". Include /DOTFILES to force these files to be included
+ too.
+
+ /RECURSIVE
+ Descend the through the directory tree when locating files to
+ send. Automatically sets /PATHNAMES:RELATIVE. Explained in
+ [481]Section 4.11 .
+
+ /EXCEPT:pattern
+ See [482]Section 1.5.4.
+
+ /NOBACKUP
+ This means to skip backup files when sending, even if they
+ match the SEND file specification. This is equivalent to using
+ SEND /EXCEPT and including *.~[0-9]*~ in the exception list (or
+ *.~*~ if Kermit was built without pattern-matching support; see
+ [483]Section 4.9.1). Including this switch is equivalent to
+ giving SET SEND BACKUP OFF ([484]Section 4.0.6) prior to SEND,
+ except its effect is local to the SEND command with which it
+ was given.
+
+ /NODOTFILES
+ The opposite of /DOTFILES (q.v.)
+
+ /FILENAMES:{CONVERTED,LITERAL}
+ Use this switch to override the current global SET FILE NAMES
+ setting for this transfer only.
+
+ /FILTER:command
+ This specifies a filter to pass the file through before sending
+ it. See the [485]section on file-transfer pipes and filters.
+ The /FILTER switch applies only to the file-transfer command it
+ is given with; it does not affect the global SEND FILTER
+ setting, if any.
+
+ /IMAGE
+ VMS: Sends in image mode. Non-VMS: same as /BINARY.
+
+ /LABELED
+ VMS and OS/2 only: Sends in labeled mode.
+
+ /LARGER-THAN:number
+ Specifies that only those files that are longer than the given
+ number of bytes are to be sent.
+
+ /LISTFILE:filename
+ Specifies that the files to be sent are listed in a file with
+ the given filename. The file contains one filename per line.
+ These filenames are not checked in any way; each filename is
+ taken and does not use or depend on any Kermit-specific syntax.
+ In particular, backslashes are not treated specially, leading
+ and trailing spaces are not stripped, etc. However, if a
+ filename contains wildcards, they are expanded. Example: If a
+ file named files.txt contains the following lines:
+
+ blah.txt
+ oofa*
+ x.x
+
+ (but without leading or trailing spaces), then the C-Kermit
+ command "send /listfile:files.txt" will send the files
+ blah.txt, x.x, and all files whose names start with "oofa",
+ assuming the files exist and are readable. The /LISTFILE
+ switch, can, of course, be used with other switches when it
+ makes sense, for example, /EXCEPT, /BINARY, /AFTER, /SMALLER,
+ /MOVE-TO, /DELETE, /AS-NAME with a template, etc.
+
+ /MAIL:address
+ Sends the file as e-mail to the given address or addresses.
+ "send /mail:address filename" is equivalent to "mail filename
+ address". You can include multiple addresses separated by
+ commas. Examples:
+
+ send /mail:kermit-support@columbia.edu packet.log
+ send /mail:cmg,fdc,jrd oofa.txt
+
+ As with any switch argument, if the address or address list
+ contains any spaces, you must enclose it in braces. The format
+ of the addresses must agree with that understood by the
+ mail-sending program on the receiver's computer.
+
+ /MOVE-TO:directory-name
+ Specifies that after each (or the only) source file is sent
+ successfully, and ONLY if it is sent successfully, it should be
+ moved to the named directory. If the directory name contains
+ spaces, enclose it in braces. If the directory does not exist,
+ it is created if possible; if it can't be created, the command
+ fails and an error message is printed. Example:
+
+ send /text /move-to:/users/olga/backup/ *.txt
+
+ /NOT-AFTER:date-time
+ Specifies that only those files modified at or before the given
+ date and time are to be sent.
+
+ /NOT-BEFORE:date-time
+ Specifies that only those files modified at or after the given
+ date and time are to be sent.
+
+ /PATHNAMES:{OFF,ABSOLUTE,RELATIVE}
+ Use this switch to override the current global SET SEND
+ PATHNAMES setting for this transfer only. /PATHNAMES:ABSOLUTE
+ or RELATIVE also sets /FILENAMES:LITERAL (also for this
+ transfer only) since pathnames are not sent otherwise.
+
+ /RENAME-TO:text
+ Specifies that after the (or each) source file is sent
+ successfully, and ONLY if it is sent successfully, it should be
+ renamed to the name given. If the name contains spaces, enclose
+ it in braces. If a file group is being sent, then the "text"
+ must contain a variable reference such as \v(filename) (see
+ [486]Section 4.1). Example:
+
+ send /rename-to:ok_\v(filename) *.*
+
+ This sends each file in the current directory and if it was
+ sent successfully, changes its name to begin with "ok_".
+
+ /SMALLER-THAN:number
+ Specifies that only those files that are smaller than the given
+ number of bytes are to be sent.
+
+ /SUBJECT:text
+ Subject for email. Actually, this is just a synonym for
+ /AS-NAME. If the text includes spaces, you must enclose it in
+ braces. If you don't specify a subject (or as-name), the name
+ of the file is used as the subject. Example:
+
+ send /mail:kermit-support@columbia.edu /subj:{As requested} packet.log
+
+ /PRINT:options
+ Sends the file to be printed, optionally specifying options for
+ the printer. Equivalent to REMOTE PRINT filename options.
+ Examples:
+
+ send /print oofa.txt ; No options.
+ send /print:/copies=3 oofa.txt ; "/copies=3" is a VMS PRINT switch.
+ send /print:-#3 oofa.txt ; "-#3" is a UNIX lpr switch.
+
+ /PROTOCOL:name
+ Uses the given protocol to send the file (Kermit, Zmodem, etc)
+ for this transfer without changing global protocol. Only
+ available in Kermit 95, UNIX, and OS-9. Example:
+
+ set protocol kermit ; Set global protocol
+ send /proto:zmodem /bin oofa.zip ; Send just this file with Zmodem
+ send oofa.txt ; This file is sent with Kermit
+
+ /QUIET
+ When sending in local mode, this suppresses the file-transfer
+ display.
+
+ /RECOVER
+ Used to recover from a previously interrupted transfer; SEND
+ /RECOVER is equivalent to RESEND. Recovery only works in binary
+ mode; SEND /RECOVER and RESEND include an implied /BINARY
+ switch. Even then, recovery will successful only if (a) the
+ original (interrupted) transfer was also in binary mode, or (b)
+ if it was in text mode, the two Kermit programs run on
+ platforms where text-mode transfers are not length-changing.
+
+ /STARTING:number
+ Starts sending the file from the given byte position. SEND
+ /STARTING:n filename is equivalent to PSEND filename n.
+
+ /TEXT
+ Performs this transfer in text mode without affecting the
+ global transfer mode, overriding not only the FILE TYPE and
+ TRANSFER MODE settings, but also the FILE PATTERN setting, for
+ this SEND command only. In other words, SEND /TEXT really send
+ the file in text mode, regardless of any other settings or
+ negotiations.
+
+ About mail... Refer to [487]Section 4.7.1. The same rules apply as for
+ file transfer. If you are mailing multiple files, you can't use an
+ as-name (in this case, a subject) unless it contains replacement
+ variables like \v(filenum). For example, if you:
+
+ send /mail:somebody@xyz.com *.txt
+
+ Then each file will arrive as a separate email message with its name
+ as the subject. But if you:
+
+ send /mail:somebody@xyz.com /subject:{Here is a file} *.txt
+
+ Then each file message will have the same subject, which is probably
+ not what you want. You can get around this with constructions like:
+
+ send /mail:somebody@xyz.com /subject:{Here is \v(filename)} *.txt
+
+ which embed the filename in the subject.
+
+ The MOVE, CSEND, MAIL, and RESEND commands now also accept the same
+ switches. And the switches are also operative when sending from a
+ SEND-LIST (see [488]Using C-Kermit, 2nd Ed, pp.191-192), so, for
+ example, it is now possible to SEND /PRINT or SEND /MAIL from a
+ SEND-LIST.
+
+ The MSEND and MMOVE commands also take switches, but not all of them.
+ With these commands, which take an arbitrary list of filespecs, you
+ can use /BINARY, /DELETE, /MAIL, /PRINT, /PROTOCOL, /QUIET, /RECOVER,
+ and /TEXT (and /IMAGE or /LABELED, depending on the platform). MMOVE
+ is equivalent to MSEND /DELETE. (If you want to send a group of files,
+ but in mixed transfer modes with per-file as-names, use ADD SEND-LIST
+ and then SEND.)
+
+ The MSEND/MMOVE switches come before the filenames, and apply to all
+ of them:
+
+ msend /print /text *.log oofa.txt /etc/motd
+
+ If you type any of these commands (SEND, CSEND, MSEND, etc) followed
+ by a question mark (?), you will see a list of the switches you can
+ use. If you want to see a list of filenames, you'll need to type
+ something like "send ./?" (UNIX, OS/2, Windows, etc), or "send []?"
+ (VMS), etc. Of course, you can also type pieces of a filename
+ (anything that does not start with "/") and then "?" to get a list of
+ filenames that start that way; e.g. "send x.?" still works as before.
+
+ In UNIX, where "/" is also the directory separator, there is usually
+ no ambiguity between a fully-specified pathname and a switch, except
+ when a file in the root directory has the same name as a switch (as
+ noted in [489]Section 1.5):
+
+ send /etc/motd ; Works as expected
+ send /command ; ???
+
+ The second example interprets "/command" as a switch, not a filename.
+ To send a file actually called "command" in the root directory, use:
+
+ send {/command}
+
+ or other system-dependent forms such as //command, /./command,
+ c:/command, etc, or cd to / and then "send command".
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.7.2. GET Command Switches
+
+ Without switches, the GET command still works about the same as
+ before:
+
+ get oofa.txt ; GET a single file
+ get oofa.* ; GET multiple files
+
+ However, the mechanism for including an "as-name" has changed.
+ Previously, in order to include an as-name, you were required to use
+ the "multiline" form of GET:
+
+ get
+ remote-filespec
+ local-name
+
+ This was because the remote filespec might contain spaces, and so
+ there would be no good way of telling where it ended and where the
+ local name began, e.g:
+
+ get profile exec a foo
+
+ But now since we can use {braces} for grouping, we don't need the
+ multiline GET form any more, and in fact, support for it has been
+ removed. If you give a GET command by itself on a line, it fails and
+ an error message is printed. The new form is:
+
+ GET [ switches... ] remote-name [ local-name ]
+ Ask the server to send the file whose name is remote-name. If
+ the optional local-name is given, store it locally under this
+ name. If the remote-name or local-name contains spaces, they
+ must be enclosed in braces:
+
+ get {profile exec a} foo
+ get oofa.txt {~/My Files/Oofa text}
+
+ If you want to give a list of remote file specifications, use the MGET
+ command:
+
+ MGET [ switches... ] remote-name [ remote-name [ remote-name ... ] ]
+ Ask the server to send the files whose names are given.
+
+ Now you can also include modifier switches between GET or MGET and the
+ remote-name; most of the same switches as SEND:
+
+ /AS-NAME:text
+ Specifies "text" as the name to store the incoming file under.
+ (This switch is not available for MGET.) You can also still
+ specify the as-name as the second filename on the GET command
+ line. The following two commands are equivalent:
+
+ get oofa.txt oofa.new
+ get /as:oofa.new oofa.txt
+
+ /BINARY
+ Tells the server to send the given file(s) in binary mode
+ without affecting the global transfer mode. Example:
+
+ set file type text ; Set global transfer mode to text
+ get /binary oofa.zip ; get a file in binary mode
+ get oofa.txt ; This one is transferred in text mode
+
+ Or, perhaps more to the point:
+
+ get /binary foo.txt ; where "*.txt" is a text-pattern
+
+ This has the expected effect only if the server is C-Kermit 7.0
+ or later or K95 1.1.19 or later.
+
+ /COMMAND
+ GET /COMMAND is equivalent to CGET ([490]Section 4.2.2) -- it
+ says to receive the file into the standard input of a command,
+ rather than saving it on disk. The /AS-NAME or the second
+ "filename" on the GET command line is interpreted as the name
+ of a command. Examples:
+
+ get /command sunday.txt {grep Sunday oofa.txt}
+ get /command /as-name:{grep Sunday oofa.txt} sunday.txt
+ get /bin /command {!gunzip -c | tar xf -} {tar cf - . | gzip -c}
+
+ /DELETE
+ Asks the Kermit server to delete the file (or each file in the
+ group) after it has been transferred successfully (but not to
+ delete it if it was not sent successfully). GET /DELETE is
+ equivalent to RETRIEVE. Example:
+
+ get /delete *.log
+
+ /EXCEPT:pattern
+ Specifies that any files whose names match the pattern, which
+ can be a regular filename, or may contain "*" and/or "?"
+ metacharacters, are to be refused upon arrival. To specify
+ multiple patterns (up to 8), use outer braces around the group,
+ and inner braces around each pattern:
+
+ /EXCEPT:{{pattern1}{pattern2}...}
+
+ See the description of SEND /EXCEPT in [491]Section 4.7.1 for
+ examples, etc. Refusal is accomplished using the Attribute
+ Rejection mechanism (reason "name"), which works only when
+ Attribute packets have been successfully negotiated.
+
+ /FILENAMES:{CONVERTED,LITERAL}
+ Use this switch to override the current global SET FILE NAMES
+ setting for this transfer only.
+
+ /FILTER:command
+ This specifies a filter to pass the incoming file through
+ before writing to disk. See the [492]section on file-transfer
+ pipes and filters. The /FILTER switch applies only to the
+ file-transfer command it is given with; it does not affect the
+ global RECEIVE FILTER setting, if any.
+
+ /IMAGE
+ VMS: Transfer in image mode. Non-VMS: same as /BINARY.
+
+ /LABELED
+ VMS and OS/2 only: Specifies labeled transfer mode.
+
+ /MOVE-TO:directory
+ This tells C-Kermit to move each file that is successfully
+ received to the given directory. Files that are not
+ successfully received are not moved. By default, files are not
+ moved.
+
+ /PATHNAMES:{OFF,ABSOLUTE,RELATIVE,AUTO}
+ Use this switch to override the current global SET RECEIVE
+ PATHNAMES setting for this transfer only. /PATHNAMES:ABSOLUTE
+ or RELATIVE also sets /FILENAMES:LITERAL (also for this
+ transfer only) since incoming pathnames would not be treated as
+ pathnames otherwise. See [493]Section 4.10.
+
+ /QUIET
+ When sending in local mode, this suppresses the file-transfer
+ display.
+
+ /RECOVER
+ Used to recover from a previously interrupted transfer; GET
+ /RECOVER is equivalent to REGET. Recovery only works in binary
+ mode; SEND /RECOVER and RESEND include an implied /BINARY
+ switch. Even then, recovery will successful only if (a) the
+ original (interrupted) transfer was also in binary mode, or (b)
+ if it was in text mode, the two Kermit programs run on
+ platforms where text-mode transfers are not length-changing.
+
+ /RECURSIVE
+ Tells the server that the GET file specification applies
+ recursively. This switch also automatically sets
+ /PATHNAMES:RELATIVE in both the server AND the client. When
+ used in conjunction with /DELETE, this "moves" a directory tree
+ from the server's computer to the client's computer (except
+ that only regular files are deleted from the server's computer,
+ not directories; thus the original directories will be left,
+ but will contain no files). Note that all servers that support
+ /RECURSIVE do not necessarily do so in combination with other
+ switches, such as /RECOVER. (Servers that do include C-Kermit
+ 7.0 and later, K95 1.1.19 and later.)
+
+ /RENAME-TO:string
+ This tells C-Kermit to rename each file that is successfully
+ received to the given string. Files that are not successfully
+ received are not renamed. By default, files are not renamed.
+ The string can be a literal string, which is appropriate when
+ only one file is being received, or it can contain one or more
+ variables that are to be evaluated at the time each file is
+ received, such as \v(filename), \v(filenumber), \v(ntime),
+ \v(pid), \v(user), etc. WARNING: if you give a literal string
+ and more than one file arrives, each incoming file will be
+ given the same name (but SET FILE COLLISION BACKUP or RENAME
+ can be used to keep the incoming files from overwriting each
+ other).
+
+ /TEXT
+ Tells the server to perform this transfer in text mode without
+ affecting its global transfer mode. See /BINARY for additional
+ info.
+
+ The /MAIL and /PRINT options are not available (as they are for SEND),
+ but you can use /COMMAND to achieve the same effect, as in these UNIX
+ examples:
+
+ get /command oofa.txt {mail kermit@columbia.edu}
+ get /command oofa.txt lpr
+
+ In OS/2 or Windows, you can GET and print like this:
+
+ get oofa.txt prn
+
+ The CGET, REGET, RETRIEVE commands also accept the same switches as
+ GET. CGET automatically sets /COMMAND; REGET automatically sets
+ /RECOVER and /BINARY, and RETRIEVE automatically sets /DELETE.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.7.3. RECEIVE Command Switches
+
+ Without switches, the RECEIVE command still works as before:
+
+ receive ; Receives files under their own names
+ receive /tmp ; Ditto, but into the /tmp directory
+ r ; Same as "receive"
+ receive foo.txt ; Receives a file and renames to foo.txt
+
+ Now you can also include modifier switches may be included between
+ "receive" and the as-name; most of the same switches as GET:
+
+ /AS-NAME:text
+ Specifies "text" as the name to store the incoming file under.
+ You can also still specify the as-name as a filename on the
+ command line. The following two commands are equivalent:
+
+ r oofa.new
+ r /as:oofa.new
+
+ /BINARY
+ Performs this transfer in binary mode without affecting the
+ global transfer mode. NOTE: This does not override the incoming
+ filetype (as it does with GET), so this switch is useful only
+ if ATTRIBUTE TYPE is OFF, or if the other Kermit does not send
+ a TYPE (text or binary) attribute. In any case, it has no
+ affect whatsoever on the file sender.
+
+ /COMMAND
+ RECEIVE /COMMAND is equivalent to CRECEIVE ([494]Section 4.2.2)
+ -- it says to receive the file into the standard input of a
+ command, rather than saving it on disk. The /AS-NAME or the
+ "filename" on the RECEIVE command line is interpreted as the
+ name of a command.
+
+ r /command {grep Sunday oofa.txt}
+ r /command /as-name:{grep Sunday oofa.txt}
+ r /bin /command {tar cf - . | gzip -c}
+
+ /EXCEPT:pattern
+ Specifies that any files whose names match the pattern, which
+ can be a regular filename, or may contain "*" and/or "?"
+ metacharacters, are to be refused upon arrival. To specify
+ multiple patterns (up to 8), use outer braces around the group,
+ and inner braces around each pattern:
+
+ /EXCEPT:{{pattern1}{pattern2}...}
+
+ See the description of SEND /EXCEPT in [495]Section 4.7.1 for
+ examples, etc. Refusal is accomplished using the Attribute
+ Rejection mechanism (reason "name"), which works only when
+ Attribute packets have been successfully negotiated.
+
+ /FILENAMES:{CONVERTED,LITERAL}
+ Use this switch to override the current global SET FILE NAMES
+ setting for this transfer only.
+
+ /FILTER:command
+ This specifies a filter to pass the incoming file through
+ before writing to disk. See the [496]section on file-transfer
+ pipes and filters. The /FILTER switch applies only to the
+ file-transfer command it is given with; it does not affect the
+ global RECEIVE FILTER setting, if any.
+
+ /IMAGE
+ VMS: Transfer in image mode. Non-VMS: same as /BINARY. See
+ comments under RECEIVE /BINARY.
+
+ /LABELED
+ VMS and OS/2 only: Specifies labeled transfer mode. See
+ comments under RECEIVE /BINARY.
+
+ /MOVE-TO:directory
+ This tells C-Kermit to move each file that is successfully
+ received to the given directory. Files that are not
+ successfully received are not moved. By default, files are not
+ moved.
+
+ /PATHNAMES:{ABSOLUTE,RELATIVE,OFF,AUTO}
+ Use this switch to override the current global SET RECEIVE
+ PATHNAMES setting for this transfer only. See [497]Section
+ 4.10.
+
+ /RECURSIVE
+ When used with the RECEIVE command, /RECURSIVE is simply a
+ synonym for /PATHNAMES:RELATIVE.
+
+ /RENAME-TO:string
+ This tells C-Kermit to rename each file that is successfully
+ received to the given string. Files that are not successfully
+ received are not renamed. By default, files are not renamed.
+ The string can be a literal string, which is appropriate when
+ only one file is being received, or it can contain one or more
+ variables that are to be evaluated at the time each file is
+ received, such as \v(filename), \v(filenumber), \v(ntime),
+ \v(pid), \v(user), etc. WARNING: if you give a literal string
+ and more than one file arrives, each incoming file will be
+ given the same name (but SET FILE COLLISION BACKUP or RENAME
+ can be used to keep the incoming files from overwriting each
+ other).
+
+ /QUIET
+ When receiving in local mode, this suppresses the file-transfer
+ display.
+
+ /TEXT
+ Receives in text mode without affecting the global transfer
+ mode. See comments under RECEIVE /BINARY.
+
+ The /MAIL and /PRINT options are not available, but you can use
+ /COMMAND to achieve the same effect, as in these UNIX examples:
+
+ r /command {mail kermit@columbia.edu}
+ r /command lpr
+
+ In OS/2 or Windows, you can RECEIVE and print like this:
+
+ receive prn
+
+ The CRECEIVE command now also accepts the same switches.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.8. Minor Kermit Protocol Improvements
+
+ 4.8.1. Multiple Attribute Packets
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 now sends more than one Attribute packet if a file's
+ attributes do not fit into a single packet of the negotiated length.
+ If a particular attribute (such as file creation date-time) does not
+ fit within the negotiated length (which will only happen when the
+ negotiated length is around 20 or less), that attribute is not sent at
+ all.
+
+ 4.8.2. Very Short Packets
+
+ There are certain situations where extremely short packets must be
+ used; 20 or 30 bytes at most. This can happen when one or more devices
+ along the communication path have very small buffers and lack an
+ effective means of flow control. Examples are sometimes cited
+ involving radio modems.
+
+ When the maximum packet length is shorter than certain packets that
+ would be sent, those packets are either truncated or else broken up
+ into multiple packets. Specifically:
+
+ 1. Parameter negotiation packets (I, S, and their ACKs) are truncated
+ to the negotiated length. Any parameters that do not fit are reset
+ to their default values. There is no provision in the Kermit
+ protocol for fragmentation and reassembly of parameter strings.
+ 2. File header packets (containing the filename) are simply
+ truncated. There is no provision in the Kermit protocol for
+ fragmentation and reassembly of filenames.
+ 3. Attribute packets are fragmented and reassembled as described in
+ 4.8.1 without loss of data, except in case a field will not fit at
+ all in the negotiated length (the longest attribute is usually the
+ date and time of file creation/modification) because of the rule
+ that attributes may not be broken across packets.
+ 4. Data packets and other packets are unaffected -- they can be as
+ short as they need to be, within reason.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.9. Wildcard / File Group Expansion
+
+ "Wildcard" refers to the notation used in filenames to specify a group
+ of files by pattern matching.
+
+ 4.9.1. In UNIX C-Kermit
+
+ Prior to C-Kermit 7.0, C-Kermit was capable of expanding wildcard
+ strings containing only the "metacharacters" '*' and '?':
+
+ *
+ Matches any sequence of zero or more characters. For example:
+ "ck*.c" matches all files whose names start with "ck" and end
+ with ".c", including "ck.c".
+
+ ?
+ Matches any single character. For example, "ck?.c" matches all
+ files whose names are exactly 5 characters long and start with
+ "ck" and end with ".c". When typing commands at the prompt, you
+ must precede any question mark to be used for matching by a
+ backslash (\) to override the normal function of question mark,
+ which is providing menus and file lists.
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 adds the additional features that users of ksh, csh, and
+ bash are accustomed to:
+
+ [abc]
+ Square brackets enclosing a list of characters matches any
+ single character in the list. Example: ckuusr.[ch] matches
+ ckuusr.c and ckuusr.h.
+
+ [a-z]
+ Square brackets enclosing a range of characters; the hyphen
+ separates the low and high elements of the range. For example,
+ [a-z] matches any character from a to z.
+
+ [acdm-z]
+ Lists and ranges may be combined. This example matches a, c, d,
+ or m through z.
+
+ {string1,string2,...}
+ Braces enclose a list of strings to be matched. For example:
+ ck{ufio,vcon,cmai}.c matches ckufio.c, ckvcon.c, or ckcmai.c.
+ The strings may themselves contain metacharacters, bracket
+ lists, or indeed, other lists of strings, but (when matching
+ filenames) they may not contain directory separators.
+
+ Thus, the metacharacters in filenames (and in any other field
+ that can be a pattern, such as the IF MATCH pattern, SEND or
+ GET exception lists, etc) are:
+
+ * ? [ {
+
+ And within braces only, comma (,) is a metacharacter.
+
+ To include a metacharacter in a pattern literally, precede it with a
+ backslash '\' (or two if you are passing the pattern to a macro).
+ Examples:
+
+ send a*b ; Send all files whose names start with 'a' and end with 'b'.
+ send a?b ; Ditto, but the name must be exactly three characters long.
+ send a[a-z]b ; Ditto, but the second character must be a lowercase letter.
+ send a[x\-z]b ; Ditto, except the second character must be 'x', '-', or 'y'.
+ send a[ghi]b ; Ditto, except the second character must be 'g', 'h', or 'i'.
+ send a[?*]b ; Ditto, except the second character must be '?' or '*'.
+ send a[\?\*]b ; Same as previous.
+ send *?[a-z]* ; All files with names containing at least one character
+ ; that is followed by a lowercase letter.
+
+ Or, more practically:
+
+ send ck[cuw]*.[cwh] ; Send the UNIX C-Kermit source files.
+
+ To refer to the C-Kermit sources files and makefile all in one
+ filespec:
+
+ {{makefile,ck[cuw]*.[cwh]}}
+
+ (NOTE: if the entire pattern is a {stringlist}, you must enclose it it
+ TWO pairs of braces, since the SEND command strips the outer brace
+ pair, because of the "enclose in braces if the filename contains
+ spaces" rule).
+
+ If the makefile is called ckuker.mak:
+
+ ck[cuw]*.{[cwh],mak}
+
+ (NOTE: double braces are not needed here since the pattern does not
+ both begin and end with a brace.)
+
+ To add in all the C-Kermit text files:
+
+ ck[cuw]*.{[cwh],mak,txt}
+
+ All of these features can be used anywhere you would type a filename
+ that is allowed to contain wildcards.
+
+ When you are typing at the command prompt, an extra level of quoting
+ is required for the '?' character to defeat its regular function of
+ producing a list of files that match what you have typed so far, for
+ example:
+
+ send ck[cu]?
+
+ lists all the files whose names start with ckc and cku. If you quote
+ the question mark, it is used as a pattern-matching character, for
+ example:
+
+ send ck\?[ft]io.c
+
+ sends all the file and communications i/o modules for all the
+ platforms: ckufio.c, ckutio.c, ckvfio.c, ckvtio.c, etc.
+
+ If, however, a filename actually contains a question mark and you need
+ to refer to it on the command line, you must use three (3)
+ backslashes. For example, if the file is actually called ck?fio.c, you
+ would use:
+
+ send ck\\\?fio.c
+
+ Further notes on quoting:
+
+ * A single backslash is sufficient for quoting a special character
+ at the command prompt or in a command file. However, when passing
+ patterns to macros you'll need double backslashes, and when
+ referring to these patterns within the macro, you'll need to use
+ \fcontents(\%1) (see [498]Section 1.11.5). You should enclose
+ macro argument references in braces in case grouped arguments were
+ passed. Example:
+ define ismatch {
+ if match {\fcont(\%1)} {\fcont(\%2)} {
+ end 0 MATCH
+ } else {
+ end 1 NO MATCH
+ }
+ }
+ ismatch ab*yz a*\\**z ; Backslash must be doubled
+ ismatch {abc def xyz} *b*e*y* ; Braces must be used for grouping
+ * Watch out for possible conflicts between {} in filename patterns
+ and {} used for grouping multiple words into a single field, when
+ the pattern has outer braces. For example, in:
+ if match {abc xyz} {a* *z} echo THEY MATCH
+ braces must be used to group "abc xyz" into a single string.
+ Kermit strips off the braces before comparing the string with the
+ pattern. Therefore:
+ if match makefile {makefile,Makefile} echo THEY MATCH
+ does not work, but:
+ if match makefile {{makefile,Makefile}} echo THEY MATCH
+ does.
+ * If you use a pattern that has outer braces, like {*.txt,*.doc}, in
+ a field that accepts a pattern list (like SEND /EXCEPT:xxx),
+ you'll need to add two extra sets of outer braces:
+ send /except:{{{*.txt,*.doc}}} *.*
+
+ C-Kermit's new pattern matching capabilities are also used when
+ C-Kermit is in server mode, so now you can send requests such as:
+
+ get ck[cuw]*.[cwh]
+
+ to a C-Kermit server without having to tell it to SET WILD SHELL
+ first. Previously this would have required:
+
+ mget ckc*.c ckc*.w ckc*.h cku*.c cku*.w cku*.h ckw*.c ckw*.w ckw*.h
+
+ The new pattern matching features make SET WILD SHELL redundant, and
+ barring any objections, it will eventually be phased out. (One
+ possible reason for retaining it would be as an escape mechanism when
+ Kermit does not understand the underlying file system.)
+
+ By the way, patterns such as these are sometimes referred to as
+ "regular expressions", but they are not quite the same. In a true
+ regular expression (for example), "*" means "zero or more repetitions
+ of the previous item", so (for example), "([0-9]*)" would match zero
+ or more digits in parentheses. In Kermit (and in most shells), this
+ matches one digit followed by zero or more characters, within
+ parentheses. Here are some hints:
+
+ * Although you can't match any sequence of digits (or letters, etc),
+ you can match (say) 1, 2, or 3 of them in row. For example, the
+ following pattern matches Kermit backup files (with backup numbers
+ from 1 to 999):
+ *.~{[1-9],[1-9][0-9],[1-9][0-9][0-9]}~
+ * There is presently no NOT operator, so no way to match any
+ character or string EXCEPT the one(s) shown.
+
+ In other wildcarding news...
+
+ * You may now "send xxx" where "xxx" is a directory name, and this
+ will send all the files from the directory xxx, as if you had
+ typed "send xxx/*". You can also use the special shorthand "send
+ ." to send all the files from the current directory.
+ * To easily skip over backup files (the ones whose names end like
+ .~22~) when sending, you can use SEND /NOBACKUP (see [499]Section
+ 4.0.6 for details).
+ * When choosing Kermit to expand wildcards, rather than the shell,
+ you can choose whether "dot files" -- files whose names begin with
+ ".", which are normally "invisible" -- should be matched:
+ SET WILD KERMIT /NO-MATCH-DOT-FILES (this is the default)
+ SET WILD KERMIT /MATCH-DOT-FILES (this allows matching of "." files)
+ or include the /DOTFILES or /NODOTFILES switch on the command you
+ are using, such as SEND or DIRECTORY.
+ * Commands such as DIRECTORY and SEND allow recursive directory
+ traversal. There are also new functions for this to use in
+ scripts. See [500]Section 4.11 for details.
+
+ When building file lists in UNIX, C-Kermit follows symbolic links.
+ Because of this, you might encounter any or all of the following
+ phenomena:
+
+ * Multiple copies of the same file; e.g. one from its real directory
+ and others from links to its real directory, if both the real
+ directory and the links to it are in the wildcard expansion list.
+ * A command might unexpectedly "hang" for a long time because an NFS
+ link might not be responding, or the directory you are looking at
+ contains a link to a huge directory tree (example: "directory
+ /recursive /etc" when /etc/spool is a symlink to /var/spool, which
+ is a large organization's incoming email directory, containing
+ tens of thousands of subdirectories).
+
+ The size of the file list that Kermit can build is limited in most
+ C-Kermit implementations. The limit, if any, depends on the
+ implementation. Use the SHOW FEATURES command and look in the
+ alphabetized options list for MAXWLD to see the value.
+
+ 4.9.2. In Kermit 95
+
+ Kermit 95 1.1.19 and later uses the same pattern matching syntax as in
+ UNIX, but (as always) you will encounter numerous difficulties if you
+ use backslash (\) as the directory separator. In any command where K95
+ parses filenames itself (that is, practically any file-oriented
+ command except RUN), you can use forward slash (/) as the directory
+ separator to avoid all the nasty conflicts.
+
+ 4.9.3. In VMS, AOS/VS, OS-9, VOS, etc.
+
+ Platforms other than UNIX, Windows 95/98/NT, and OS/2 have their own
+ filename matching capabilities that are, in general, different from
+ Kermit's built-in ones and in any case might conflict with them. For
+ example, [] encloses directory names in VMS.
+
+ Nevertheless you can still use all the pattern-matching capabilities
+ described in [501]Section 4.9.1 by loading a file list into an array
+ (e.g. with \ffiles(*,&a), see [502]Section 4.11.3) and then using IF
+ MATCH on the members.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.10. Additional Pathname Controls
+
+ In version 6.0 and earlier, C-Kermit's SET { SEND, RECEIVE } PATHNAMES
+ command had only ON and OFF as options. In version 7.0, there are more
+ choices:
+
+ SET SEND PATHNAMES OFF
+ When sending a file, strip all disk/directory information from
+ the name. Example: "send /usr/olga/letters/oofa.txt" sends the
+ file as "oofa.txt". This applies to actual filenames, not to
+ any as-name you might specify.
+
+ SET SEND PATHNAMES RELATIVE
+ When sending a file, leave the pathname on as given. For
+ example, if your current directory is /usr/olga, "send
+ letters/oofa.txt" sends the file as "letters/oofa.txt", not
+ "/usr/olga/letters/oofa.txt" or "letters.txt".
+
+ SET SEND PATHNAMES ABSOLUTE
+ When sending a file, convert its name to the full, absolute
+ local pathname. For example, if your current directory is
+ /usr/olga, "send letters/oofa.txt" sends the file as
+ "/usr/olga/letters/oofa.txt". NOTE: Even with this setting,
+ device and/or node names are not included. For example, in VMS,
+ any node or device name is stripped; in Windows or OS/2, any
+ disk letter is stripped.
+
+ SET RECEIVE PATHNAMES OFF
+ When receiving a file, strip all disk/directory information
+ from the name before attempting to store it. This applies to
+ incoming filename, not to any as-name you might specify.
+ Example: If a file arrives under the name
+ "/usr/olga/letters/oofa.txt" it is stored simply as "oofa.txt"
+ in your download directory or, if no download directory has
+ been specified, in your current directory.
+
+ SET RECEIVE PATHNAMES RELATIVE
+ When receiving a file, leave the pathname on as it appears in
+ the incoming name, but if the incoming name appears to be
+ absolute, make it relative to your current or download
+ directory. Examples:
+
+ + "oofa.txt" is stored as "oofa.txt".
+ + "letters/oofa.txt" is stored as "letters/oofa.txt"; the
+ "letters" subdirectory is created if it does not already
+ exist.
+ + "/usr/olga/letters/oofa.txt" is stored as
+ "usr/olga/letters/oofa.txt" in your current or download
+ directory, and the "usr", "usr/olga", etc, directories are
+ created if they do not exist.
+
+ SET RECEIVE PATHNAMES ABSOLUTE
+ The incoming filename is used as given. Thus it cannot be
+ stored unless the given path (if any) already exists or can be
+ created. In this case, node, device, or disk designations are
+ NOT stripped, since they most likely were given explicitly by
+ the user as an as-name, meant to be used as given.
+
+ SET RECEIVE PATHNAMES AUTO
+ This is the default, and means RELATIVE if the sender tells me
+ it is a recursive transfer, OFF otherwise.
+
+ Set FILE NAMES CONVERTED now also affects pathnames too. When
+ PATHNAMES are RELATIVE or ABSOLUTE and FILE NAMES are CONVERTED, the
+ file sender converts its native directory-name format to UNIX format,
+ and the file receiver converts from UNIX format to its native one;
+ thus UNIX format is the common intermediate representation for
+ directory hierarchies, as it is in the ZIP/UNZIP programs (which is
+ why ZIP archives are transportable among, UNIX, DOS, and VMS).
+
+ Here's an example in which a file is sent from Windows to UNIX with
+ relative pathnames and FILE NAMES CONVERTED:
+
+ Source name Intermediate name Destination Name
+ C:\K95\TMP\OOFA.TXT K95/TMP/OOFA.TXT k95/tmp/oofa.txt
+
+ In a more complicated example, we send the same file from Windows to
+ VMS:
+
+ Source name Intermediate name Destination Name
+ C:\K95\TMP\OOFA.TXT K95/TMP/OOFA.TXT [.K95.TMP]OOFA.TXT
+
+ (Note that disk letters and device designations are always stripped
+ when pathnames are relative).
+
+ As you can imagine, as more and more directory formats are considered,
+ this approach keeps matters simple: on each platform, Kermit must know
+ only its own local format and the common intermediate one. In most
+ cases, the receiver can detect which format is used automatically.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.11. Recursive SEND and GET: Transferring Directory Trees
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 in selected versions (UNIX, VMS, VOS, AOS/VS, Windows,
+ and OS/2 at this writing) now permits the SEND command to traverse
+ directories "recursively" if you ask it to; that is, to send files
+ from the current or specified directory and all of its subdirectories
+ too, and their subdirectories, etc. (Some other commands can do this
+ too, including DIRECTORY.)
+
+ This feature is new to UNIX, Windows, VOS, and OS/2. VMS and AOS/VS
+ have always included "wildcard" or "template" characters that allow
+ this, and in this case, recursive directory traversal could happen
+ behind Kermit's back, i.e. Kermit does not have to do it itself (in
+ VMS, the notation is "[...]" or "[directory...]"; in AOS/VS is "#").
+ In C-Kermit 7.0, however, SEND /RECURSIVE is supported by C-Kermit
+ itself for VMS.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.11.1. Command-Line Options
+
+ To descend a directory tree when sending files, use the -L
+ command-line option to indicate that the send operation is to be
+ recursive, and include a name or pattern to be sent. When giving a
+ pattern, you should enclose it in quotes to prevent the shell from
+ expanding it. Examples:
+
+ $ kermit -Ls "/usr/olga/*" # send all of Olga's files in all her directories
+ $ kermit -Ls foo.txt # send all foo.txt files in this directory tree
+ $ kermit -Ls "*.txt" # send all .txt files in this directory tree
+ $ kermit -Ls "letters/*" # send all files in the letters directory tree
+ $ kermit -Ls letters # send all files in the letters directory tree
+ $ kermit -Ls "*" # send all files in this directory tree
+ $ kermit -Ls . # UNIX only: send all files in this directory tree
+ $ kermit -s . # UNIX only: a filename of . implies -L
+
+ If you let the shell expand wildcards, Kermit only sends files whose
+ names match files in the current or given directory, because the shell
+ replaces an unquoted wildcard expression with the list of matching
+ files -- and the shell does not build recursive lists. Note that the
+ "." notation for the tree rooted at the current directory is allowed
+ only in UNIX, since in Windows and OS/2, it means "*.*"
+ (nonrecursive).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.11.2. The SEND /RECURSIVE Command
+
+ If you include the /RECURSIVE switch in a SEND (or MOVE, or similar)
+ command, it means to descend the current or specified directory tree
+ searching for files whose names match the given name or pattern. Since
+ this is not terribly useful unless you also include pathnames with the
+ outbound files, the /RECURSIVE switch also includes an implicit
+ /PATHNAMES:RELATIVE switch (which you can undo by including an
+ explicit /PATHNAMES switch after the /RECURSIVE switch).
+
+ Examples:
+
+ SEND /RECURSIVE *
+ Sends all of the files in the current directory and all the
+ files in all of its subdirectories, and all of their
+ subdirectories, etc, including their relative pathnames. Empty
+ directories are not sent.
+
+ SEND /RECURSIVE /PATHNAMES:ABSOLUTE *
+ Sends all of the files in the current directory and all the
+ files in all of its subdirectories, and all of their
+ subdirectories, etc, including their absolute pathnames.
+
+ SEND /RECURSIVE /PATHNAMES:OFF *
+ Sends all of the files in the current directory and all the
+ files in all of its subdirectories, and all of their
+ subdirectories, etc, without pathnames.
+
+ SEND /RECURSIVE /usr/olga/*
+ Sends all of the files in the /usr/olga directory and all the
+ files in all of its subdirectories, and all of their
+ subdirectories, etc.
+
+ SEND /RECURSIVE /usr/olga (or /usr/olga/)
+ Same as above. If the name is a directory name (with or without
+ a trailing slash), its files are sent, and those of its
+ subdirectories, and their subdirectories, etc (see [503]Section
+ 4.9).
+
+ SEND /RECURSIVE /TEXT /usr/olga/*.txt
+ As above, but only files whose names end with ".txt" are sent,
+ and they are sent in text mode (as they would be by default
+ anyway if SET FILE PATTERNS is ON or AUTO).
+
+ SEND .
+ UNIX only: Send all the files in the current directory.
+
+ SEND /RECURSIVE .
+ UNIX only: Sends all of the files in the current directory and
+ all of its subdirectories, etc ([504]Section 4.9).
+
+ The /RECURSIVE switch is different from most other switches in that
+ its effect is immediate (but still local to the command in which it is
+ given), because it determines how filenames are to be parsed. For
+ example, "send *.txt" fails with a parse error ("No files match") if
+ there are no *.txt files in the current directory, but "send
+ /recursive *.txt" succeeds if there are ".txt" files anywhere in the
+ tree rooted at the current directory.
+
+ The /RECURSIVE switch also affects the file lists displayed if you
+ type "?" in a filename field. "send ./?" lists the regular files in
+ the current directory, but "send /recursive ./?" lists the entire
+ directory tree rooted at the current directory.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.11.3. The GET /RECURSIVE Command
+
+ In a client/server setting, the client can also request a recursive
+ transfer with:
+
+ GET /RECURSIVE [ other switches ] remote-filespec [ local-spec ]
+
+ In which remote file specification can be a directory name, a
+ filename, a wildcard, or any combination. If the local-spec is not
+ given (and PATHNAMES are RELATIVE), incoming files and directories go
+ into the current local directory. If local-spec is given and is a
+ directory, it becomes the root of the tree into which the incoming
+ files and directories are placed. If local-spec has the syntax of a
+ directory name (e.g. in UNIX it ends with /), C-Kermit creates the
+ directory and then places the incoming files into it. If local-spec is
+ a filename (not recommended), then all incoming files are stored with
+ that name with collisions handled according to the FILE COLLISION
+ setting.
+
+ Again, the normal method for transferring directory trees uses
+ relative pathnames, and this is the default when the sender has been
+ given the /RECURSIVE switch. The action at the receiver depends on its
+ RECEIVE PATHNAMES setting. The default is AUTO, meaning that if the
+ sender tells it to expect a recursive transfer, then it should
+ automatically switch to relative pathnames for this transfer only;
+ otherwise it obeys the RECEIVE PATHNAMES setting of OFF, ABSOLUTE, or
+ RELATIVE.
+
+ What happens if a file arrives that has an absolute pathname, when the
+ receiver has been told to use only relative pathnames? As a security
+ precaution, in this case the receiver treats the name as if it was
+ relative. For example, if a file arrives as:
+
+ /usr/olga/oofa.txt
+
+ The receiver creates a "usr" subdirectory in its current directory,
+ and then an "olga" subdirectory under the "usr" subdirectory in which
+ to store the incoming file.
+
+ Suppose, however there is a sequence of directories:
+
+ /usr/olga/a/b/c/d/
+
+ in which "a" contains nothing but a subdirectory "b", which in turn
+ contains nothing but a subdirectory "c", which in turn contains
+ nothing but a subdirectory "d", which contains nothing at all. Thus
+ there are no files in the "/usr/olga/a/" tree, and so it is not sent,
+ and therefore it is not reproduced on the target computer.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.11.4. New and Changed File Functions
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 adds the following functions:
+
+ \ffiles(pattern[,&a])
+ This function has been changed to match only regular files in
+ the current or given directory, and to take an optional array
+ name as a second argument (explained below).
+
+ \fdirectories(pattern[,&a])
+ Returns the number of directories that match the given pattern.
+ If the pattern does not include a directory, then the search is
+ performed in the current directory.
+
+ \frfiles(pattern[,&a])
+ Returns the number of files in the current or given directory
+ and all of its subdirectories, and their subdirectories, etc,
+ that match the given pattern. Warning -- this one can take
+ quite some time if performed at the root of a large directory
+ tree.
+
+ \frdirectories(pattern[,&a])
+ Returns the number of directories in the current or given
+ directory and all of its subdirectories, and their
+ subdirectories, etc, that match the given pattern.
+
+ Each of these functions builds up a list of files to be returned by
+ the \fnextfile() function, just as \ffiles() always has done. (This
+ can also be done with the /ARRAY switch of the DIRECTORY command; see
+ [505]Sections 4.5.1 and [506]7.10).
+
+ Each of these functions can be given an array name as an optional
+ second argument. If an array name is supplied, the array will contain
+ the number of files as its 0th element, and the filenames in elements
+ 1 through last. If the array already existed, its previous contents
+ are lost. For example, if the current directory contains two files,
+ oofa.txt and foo.bar, then "\ffiles(*,&a)" creates an array \&a[] with
+ a dimension of 2, containing the following elements:
+
+ \&a[0] = 2
+ \&a[1] = oofa.txt
+ \&a[2] = foo.bar
+
+ If no files match the specification given in the first argument, the
+ array gets a dimension of 0, which is the same as undeclaring the
+ array.
+
+ Note that the order in which the array is filled (and in which
+ \fnextfile() returns filenames) is indeterminate (but see [507]Section
+ 7.10.5).
+
+ Here's an example that builds and prints a list of all the file whose
+ names end in .txt in the current directory and all its descendents:
+
+ asg \%n \frfiles(*.txt)
+ declare \&a[\%n]
+ for \%i 1 \%n 1 {
+ asg \&a[\%i] \fnextfile()
+ echo \flpad(\%i,4). "\&a[\%i]"
+ }
+
+ Alternatively, using the array method, and then printing the filenames
+ in alphabetic order (see [508]Section 7.10.3 and [509]7.10.5):
+
+ asg \%n \frfiles(*.txt,&a)
+ sort &a
+ for \%i 1 \%n 1 {
+ echo \flpad(\%i,4). "\&a[\%i]"
+ }
+
+ Or even more simply:
+
+ asg \%n \frfiles(*.txt,&a)
+ sort &a
+ show array &a
+
+ As noted elsewhere, the file lists built by \ffiles(), \frfiles(),
+ etc, are now "safe" in the sense that SEND and other file-related
+ commands can reference \fnextfile() without resetting the list:
+
+ set send pathnames relative
+ for \%i 1 \frfiles(*.txt) 1 {
+ asg \%a \fnextfile()
+ echo Sending \%a...
+ send \%a
+ if fail break
+ }
+
+ Copying to an array (as shown on p.398 of [510]Using C-Kermit 2nd Ed)
+ is no longer necessary.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.11.5. Moving Directory Trees Between Like Systems
+
+ 4.11.5.1. UNIX to UNIX
+
+ Transferring a directory tree from one computer to another replicates
+ the file sender's arrangement of files and directories on the file
+ receiver's computer. Normally this is done using relative pathnames,
+ since the user IDs might not be identical on the two computers. Let's
+ say both computers are UNIX based, running C-Kermit 7.0 or later. On
+ the sending computer (leaving out the connection details, etc):
+
+ C-Kermit> cd /usr/olga
+ C-Kermit> send /recursive .
+
+ The /RECURSIVE switch tells C-Kermit to descend through the directory
+ tree and to include relative pathnames on outbound filenames.
+
+ On the receiving computer:
+
+ C-Kermit> mkdir olgas-files ; Make a new directory.
+ C-Kermit> cd olgas-files ; CD to it.
+ C-Kermit> receive /recursive ; = /PATHNAMES:RELATIVE
+
+ Each Kermit program recognizes that the other is running under UNIX
+ and switches to binary mode and literal filenames automatically.
+ Directories are automatically created on the receiving system as
+ needed. File dates and permissions are automatically reproduced from
+ source to destination.
+
+ 4.11.5.2. VMS to VMS
+
+ To send recursively from VMS, simply include the /RECURSIVE switch,
+ for example at the sender:
+
+ $ kermit
+ C-Kermit> cd [olga]
+ C-Kermit> send /recursive *.*;0
+
+ And at the receiver:
+
+ C-Kermit> cd [.olga]
+ C-Kermit> receive /recursive
+
+ The notation "..." within directory brackets in VMS means "this
+ directory and all directories below it"; the /RECURSIVE switch, when
+ given to the sender, implies the use of "..." in the file
+ specification so you don't have to include "..."; but it makes no
+ difference if you do:
+
+ $ kermit
+ C-Kermit> send /recursive [olga...]*.*;0
+
+ And at the receiver:
+
+ C-Kermit> cd [.olga]
+ C-Kermit> receive /recursive
+
+ In either case, since both systems recognize each other as VMS, they
+ switch into LABELED transfer mode automatically.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.11.6. Moving Directory Trees Between Unlike Systems
+
+ There are several difficulties with recursive transfers between unlike
+ systems:
+
+ * File formats can be different, especially text files character
+ sets and record formats. This can now be handled by using SET FILE
+ PATTERN, SET FILE TEXT-PATTERNS, and SET FILE BINARY-PATTERNS
+ ([511]Section 4.3).
+ * File naming conventions are different. For example, one system
+ might allow (and use) longer filenames than the other. You can
+ tell Kermit how to handle file names with the normal "set file
+ names" and "set file collision" mechanisms. Most modern Kermits
+ are fairly tolerant of illegal filenames and should not fail
+ simply because of an incoming filename; rather, it will do its
+ best to convert it to a recognizable and unique legal filename.
+ * Directory notations can be different, e.g. backslashes instead of
+ slashes, brackets, parentheses, spaces, etc. But this is now
+ handled by converting pathnames to a standard format during
+ transfer ([512]Section 4.10).
+
+ So now, for the first time, it is possible to send directory trees
+ among any combination of UNIX, DOS, Windows, OS/2, VMS, AOS/VS, etc.
+ Here's an example sending files from an HP-UX system (where text files
+ are encoded in the HP Roman8 character set) to a PC with K95 (where
+ text files are encoded in CP850):
+
+ Sender:
+ cd xxx ; CD to root of source tree
+ set file type binary ; Default transfer mode
+ set file character-set hp-roman8 ; Local character set for text files
+ set xfer character-set latin1 ; Transfer character set
+ set file patterns on ; Enable automatic file-type switching...
+ set file binary-patterns *.Z *.gz *.o ; based on these patterns...
+ set file text-patterns *.txt *.c *.h ; for binary and text files.
+ send /recursive * ; Send all the file in this directory tree
+
+ Receiver:
+ cd yyy ; CD to root of destination tree
+ set file character-set cp850 ; Local character set for text files
+ receive /pathnames:relative ; Receive with pathnames
+
+ Notes:
+ * Replace "xxx" and "yyy" with the desired directories.
+ * Replace the file character sets appropriately.
+ * Change the patterns as needed (or just use the built-in default
+ lists).
+ * SEND /RECURSIVE also implies /PATHNAMES:RELATIVE.
+ * The file sender tells the file receiver the transfer mode of each
+ file.
+ * The file sender tells the file receiver the transfer character
+ set.
+ * By default, destination file dates will be the same as on the
+ source.
+ * Many of the settings shown might already be set by default.
+ * See [513]Sections 4.3, [514]4.10, and [515]4.15 for additional
+ explanation.
+
+ If you are refreshing an existing directory on the destination
+ computer, use "set file collision update" or other appropriate file
+ collision option to handle filename collisions.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.12. Where Did My File Go?
+
+ Now that Kermit can be started by clicking on desktop icons (thus
+ obscuring the concept of "current directory"), and can have a download
+ directory, and can create directories for incoming files on the fly,
+ etc, sometimes it is easy to lose a file after transfer. Of course, if
+ you keep a transaction log:
+
+ LOG TRANSACTIONS
+
+ it will record the fate and final resting place of each file. But in
+ case you did not keep a log, the new command:
+
+ WHERE
+
+ added in C-Kermit 7.0, gives you as much information as it has about
+ the location of the last files transferred, including the pathname
+ reported by the receiving Kermit, if any, when C-Kermit is the sender.
+ This information was also added to SHOW FILE in somewhat less detail.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.13. File Output Buffer Control
+
+ (UNIX only). The new command SET FILE OUTPUT lets you control how
+ incoming files are written to disk:
+
+ SET FILE OUTPUT BUFFERED [ size ]
+ Chooses buffered file output; this is the default. UNIX does
+ its normal sort of disk buffering. The optional size specifies
+ Kermit's own file output buffer size, and therefore the
+ frequency of disk accesses (write() system calls) -- the bigger
+ the size, the fewer the disk accesses.
+
+ SET FILE OUTPUT UNBUFFERED [ size ]
+ This forces each file output write() call to actually commit
+ the data to disk immediately. Choosing this option will usually
+ slow file reception down.
+
+ SET FILE OUTPUT BLOCKING
+ Write() calls should not return until they are complete. This
+ is the normal setting, and it lets Kermit detect disk-write
+ errors immediately.
+
+ SET FILE OUTPUT NONBLOCKING
+ Write() calls should return immediately. This can speed up file
+ reception, but also delay the detection of disk-write errors.
+
+ Experimentation with these parameters should be harmless, and might
+ (or might not) have a perceptible, even dramatic, effect on
+ performance.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.14. Improved Responsiveness
+
+ In version 7.0, C-Kermit's file-transfer protocol engine has been
+ tuned for additional speed and responsiveness.
+
+ * Binary-mode transfers over 8-bit connections, a very common case,
+ are now handled in a special way that minimizes overhead.
+ * SET TRANSFER CRC-CALCULATION is now OFF by default, rather than
+ ON. (This affects only the overall per-transfer CRC, \v(crc16),
+ not the per-packet CRCs)
+ * Connection loss during file transfer is now detected immediately
+ in most cases on Internet connections and on serial connections
+ when CARRIER-WATCH is not set to OFF.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.15. Doubling and Ignoring Characters for Transparency
+
+ The following commands were added in 7.0, primarily to allow
+ successful file transfer through ARPAnet TACs and with Honeywell DPS6
+ systems, but can be used in any setting where they might be needed:
+
+ SET SEND DOUBLE-CHAR { [ char [ char [ ... ] ] ], NONE }
+ Tells C-Kermit to double the specified characters (use decimal
+ notation) in packets that it sends. For example, if you are
+ sending files through a device that uses @ as an escape
+ character, but allows you to send a single copy of @ through by
+ doubling it, use "set send double 64".
+
+ SET RECEIVE IGNORE-CHAR [ char [ char [ ... ] ] ]
+ Tells C-Kermit to ignore the specified character(s) in incoming
+ packets. Use this, for example, when something between the
+ sender and receiver is inserting linefeeds for wrapping, NULs
+ for padding, etc.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.16. New File-Transfer Display Formats
+
+ SET TRANSFER DISPLAY { BRIEF, CRT, FULLSCREEN, NONE, SERIAL }
+ Selects the file-transfer display format.
+
+ BRIEF is the new one. This writes one line to the screen per file,
+ showing the file's name, transfer mode, size, the status of the
+ transfer, and when the transfer is successful, the effective data rate
+ in characters per second (CPS). Example:
+
+ SEND ckcfn3.o (binary) (59216 bytes): OK (0.104 sec, 570206 cps)
+ SEND ckcfns.o (binary) (114436 bytes): OK (0.148 sec, 772006 cps)
+ SEND ckcmai.c (text) (79147 bytes): OK (0.180 sec, 438543 cps)
+ SEND ckcmai.o (binary) (35396 bytes): OK (0.060 sec, 587494 cps)
+ SEND ckcnet.o (binary) (62772 bytes): REFUSED
+ SEND ckcpro.o (binary) (121448 bytes): OK (0.173 sec, 703928 cps)
+ SEND ckcpro.w (text) (63687 bytes): OK (0.141 sec, 453059 cps)
+ SEND makefile (text) (186636 bytes): OK (0.444 sec, 420471 cps)
+ SEND wermit (binary) (1064960 bytes): OK (2.207 sec, 482477 cps)
+
+ Note that transfer times are now obtained in fractional seconds,
+ rather than whole seconds, so the CPS figures are more accurate (the
+ display shows 3 decimal places, but internally the figure is generally
+ precise to the microsecond).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.17. New Transaction Log Formats
+
+ The new command:
+
+ SET TRANSACTION-LOG { VERBOSE, FTP, BRIEF [ separator ] }
+
+ lets you choose the format of the transaction log. VERBOSE (the
+ default) indicates the traditional format described in the book. BRIEF
+ and FTP are new. This command must be given prior to the LOG
+ TRANSACTION command if a non-VERBOSE type is desired.
+
+ 4.17.1. The BRIEF Format
+
+ BRIEF chooses a one-line per file format suitable for direct
+ importation into databases like Informix, Oracle, or Sybase, in which:
+
+ * Each record has 8 fields.
+ * Fields are separated by a non-alphanumeric separator character.
+ * The default separator character is comma (,).
+ * Any field containing the separator character is enclosed in
+ doublequotes.
+ * The final field is enclosed in doublequotes.
+
+ The fields are:
+
+ 1. Date in yyyymmdd format
+ 2. Time in hh:mm:ss format
+ 3. Action: SEND or RECV
+ 4. The local filename
+ 5. The size of the file
+ 6. The transfer mode (text, binary, image, labeled)
+ 7. The status of the transfer: OK or FAILED
+ 8. Additional status-dependent info, in doublequotes.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ 20000208,12:08:52,RECV,/u/olga/oofa.txt,5246,text,OK,"0.284sec 18443cps"
+ 20000208,12:09:31,SEND,/u/olga/oofa.exe,32768,binary,OK,"1.243sec 26362cps"
+ 20000208,12:10:02,SEND,"/u/olga/a,b",10130,text,FAILED,"Refused: date"
+
+ Note how the filename is enclosed in doublequotes in the final
+ example, because it contains a comma.
+
+ To obtain BRIEF format, you must give the SET TRANSACTION-LOG BRIEF
+ command before the LOG TRANSACTIONS command. (If you give them in the
+ opposite order, a heading is written to the log by the LOG command.)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.17.2. The FTP Format
+
+ SET TRANSACTION-LOG FTP (available only in UNIX) chooses a format that
+ is compatible with the WU-FTPD (Washington University FTP daemon) log,
+ and so can be processed by any software that processes the WU-FTPD
+ log. It logs only transfers in and out, both successful and failed
+ (but success or failure is not indicated, due to lack of a field in
+ the WU-FTPD log format for this purpose). Non-transfer events are not
+ recorded.
+
+ Unlike other logs, the FTP-format transaction log is opened in append
+ mode by default. This allows you to easily keep a record of all your
+ kermit transfers, and it also allows the same log to be shared by
+ multiple simultaneous Kermit processes or (permissions permitting)
+ users. You can, of course, force creation of a new logfile by
+ specifying the NEW keyword after the filename, e.g.
+
+ log transactions oofa.log new
+
+ All records in the FTP-style log are in a consistent format. The first
+ field is fixed-length and contains spaces; subsequent fields are
+ variable length, contain no spaces, and are separated by one or more
+ spaces. The fields are:
+
+ Timestamp
+ This is an asctime-style timestamp, example: "Wed Sep 16
+ 20:19:05 1999" It is always exactly 24 characters long, and the
+ subfields are always in fixed positions.
+
+ Elapsed time
+ The whole number of seconds required to transfer the file, as a
+ string of decimal digits, e.g. "24".
+
+ Connection
+ The name of the network host to which C-Kermit is connected, or
+ the name of the serial device through which it has dialed (or
+ has a direct connection), or "/dev/tty" for transfers in remote
+ mode.
+
+ Bytes transferred
+ The number of bytes transferred, decimal digits, e.g.
+ "1537904".
+
+ Filename
+ The name of the file that was transferred, e.g.
+ "/pub/ftp/kermit/a/README.TXT". If the filename contains any
+ spaces or control characters, each such character is replaced
+ by an underscore ('_') character.
+
+ Mode
+ The letter 'b' if the file was transferred in binary mode, or
+ 'a' if it was transferred in text (ASCII) mode.
+
+ Options
+ This field always contains an underscore ('_') character.
+
+ Direction
+ The letter 'o' if the file was transferred Out, and 'i' if the
+ file was transferred In.
+
+ User class
+ The letter 'r' indicates the file was transferred by a Real
+ user.
+
+ User identification
+ The ID of the user who transferred the file.
+
+ Server identification
+ The string "kermit". This distinguishes a Kermit transfer log
+ record from a WU-FTPD record, which contains "ftp" in this
+ field.
+
+ Authentication class
+ The digit '1' if we know the user's ID on the client system,
+ otherwise '0'. Currently, always '0'.
+
+ Authenticated user
+ If the authentication class is '1', this is the user's ID on
+ the client system. Otherwise it is an asterisk ('*'). Currently
+ it is always an asterisk.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ Thu Oct 22 17:42:48 1998 0 * 94 /usr/olga/new.x a _ i r olga kermit 0 *
+ Thu Oct 22 17:51:29 1998 1 * 147899 /usr/olga/test.c a _ o r olga kermit 0 *
+ Thu Oct 22 17:51:44 1998 1 * 235 /usr/olga/test.o b _ i r olga kermit 0 *
+ Fri Oct 23 12:10:25 1998 0 * 235 /usr/olga/x.ksc a _ o r olga kermit 0 *
+
+ Note that an ftp-format transaction log can also be selected on the
+ Kermit command line as follows:
+
+ kermit --xferfile:filespec
+
+ This is equivalent to:
+
+ SET TRANSACTION-LOG FTP
+ LOG TRANSACTIONS filespec APPEND
+
+ Conceivably it could be possible to have a system-wide shared Kermit
+ log, except that UNIX lacks any notion of an append-only file; thus
+ any user who could append to the log could also delete it (or alter
+ it). This problem could be worked around using setuid/setgid tricks,
+ but these would most likely interfere with the other setuid/setgid
+ tricks C-Kermit must use for getting at dialout devices and UUCP
+ logfiles.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.18. Unprefixing NUL
+
+ As of 6.1.193 Alpha.10, C-Kermit can finally send and receive
+ file-transfer packets in which NUL (ASCII 0) is unprefixed (no more
+ NUL-terminated packets!). NUL is, of course, extremely prevalent in
+ binary files such as executables, and this has been a significant
+ source of packet overhead. For example, when transferring itself (the
+ SunOS C-Kermit executable) with minimal prefixing and 9000-byte
+ packets, we see:
+
+ File size: 1064960
+ Packet chars with 0 prefixed: 1199629 overhead = 12.65%
+ Packet chars with 0 unprefixed: 1062393 overhead = -0.03%
+
+ Transfer rates go up accordingly, not only because of the reduced
+ amount of i/o, but also because less computation is required on each
+ end.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.19. Clear-Channel Protocol
+
+ Now that C-Kermit itself is capable of sending and receiving any byte
+ at all on a clear channel ([516]Section 4.18), it is, for the first
+ time, in a position to negotiate a clear channel with the other
+ Kermit, giving it permission (but not requiring it) to unprefix any
+ and all characters that it knows are safe. In general this means all
+ but the Kermit start-of-packet character (normally Ctrl-A), Carriage
+ Return (not only Kermit's end-of-packet character, but also treated
+ specially on Telnet NVT links), and IAC (255, also special to Telnet).
+
+ By default, C-Kermit will say it has a clear channel only if it has
+ opened a TCP socket. Since the Kermit program on the far end of a
+ TCP/IP connection generally does not know it has a TCP/IP connection,
+ it will not announce a clear channel unless it has been told to do so.
+ The command is:
+
+ SET CLEAR-CHANNEL { ON, OFF, AUTO }
+
+ AUTO is the default, meaning that the clear-channel status is
+ determined automatically from the type of connection. ON means to
+ announce a clear channel, OFF means not to announce it. Use SHOW
+ STREAMING ([517]Section 4.20) to see the current CLEAR-CHANNEL status.
+ Synonym: SET CLEARCHANNEL.
+
+ CLEAR-CHANNEL is also set if you start C-Kermit with the -I switch
+ (see [518]Section 4.20).
+
+ Whenever a clear channel is negotiated, the resulting
+ control-character unprefixing is "sticky"; that is, it remains in
+ effect after the transfer so you can use SHOW CONTROL to see what was
+ negotiated.
+
+ You can also see whether a clear channel was negotiated in the
+ STATISTICS /VERBOSE Display.
+
+ The advantage of the clear channel feature is that it can make file
+ transfers go faster automatically. The disadvantage would be
+ file-transfer failures if the channel is not truly clear, for example
+ if C-Kermit made a Telnet connection to a terminal server, and then
+ dialed out from there; or if C-Kermit made an Rlogin connection to
+ host and then made a Telnet connection from there to another host. If
+ a file transfer fails on a TCP/IP connection, use SHOW CONTROL to
+ check whether control characters became unprefixed as a result of
+ protocol negotiations, and/or SHOW STREAMING ([519]Section 4.20) to
+ see if "clear-channel" was negotiated. If this happened, use SET
+ CLEAR-CHANNEL OFF and SET PREFIXING CAUTIOUS (or whatever) to prevent
+ it from happening again.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.20. Streaming Protocol
+
+ A new Kermit protocol option called "streaming" was added in C-Kermit
+ 7.0. The idea is that if the two Kermit partners have a reliable
+ transport (such as TCP/IP or X.25) between them, then there is no need
+ to send ACKs for Data packets, or NAKs, since a reliable transport
+ will, by definition, deliver all packets in order and undamaged. On
+ such a connection, streaming cuts down not only on Kermit program
+ overhead (switching back and forth between reading and sending
+ packets), but also tends to make the underlying transport use itself
+ more efficiently (e.g. by defeating the Nagle algorithm and/or Delayed
+ ACK stratagem of the TCP layer). Furthermore, it allows transfers to
+ work smoothly on extremely slow network congestions that would
+ otherwise cause timeouts and retransmissions, and even failure when
+ the retry limit was exceeded.
+
+ The trick is knowing when we can stream:
+
+ 1. If C-Kermit has opened a TCP socket or X.25 connection, it offers
+ stream.
+ 2. If C-Kermit has been started with the -I (uppercase) option, or if
+ it has been told to SET RELIABLE ON, it offers to stream.
+ 3. If C-Kermit is in remote mode, and has been told to SET RELIABLE
+ AUTO (or ON), it always offers to stream, and also always agrees
+ to stream, if the other Kermit offers. Unless you take explicit
+ actions to override the defaults, this allows the local Kermit
+ (the one that made the connection, and so knows whether it's
+ reliable) to control streaming.
+
+ (Note that an offer to stream also results in a Clear-Channel
+ announcement if CLEAR-CHANNEL is set to AUTO; see [520]Section 4.19.)
+
+ When BOTH Kermits offer to stream, then they stream; otherwise they
+ don't. Thus streaming-capable Kermit programs interoperate
+ automatically and transparently with nonstreaming ones. If the two
+ Kermits do agree to stream, you'll see the word "STREAMING" on the
+ fullscreen file-transfer display in the Window Slots field. You can
+ also find out afterwards with the STATISTICS or SHOW STREAMING
+ commands.
+
+ WARNING: Automatic choice of streaming is based on the assumption
+ of a "direct" end-to-end network connection; for example, a Telnet
+ or Rlogin connection from host A to host B, and transferring files
+ between A and B. However, if your connection has additional
+ components -- something "in the middle" (B) that you have made a
+ network connection to, which makes a separate connection to the
+ destination host (C), then you don't really have a reliable
+ connection, but C-Kermit has no way of knowing this; transferring
+ files between A and C will probably fail. In such cases, you'll
+ need to tell the *local* C-Kermit to "set reliable off" before
+ transferring files (it does no good to give this command to the
+ remote Kermit since the local one controls the RELIABLE setting).
+
+ Streaming is like using an infinite window size, with no timeouts and
+ no tolerance for transmission errors (since there shouldn't be any).
+ It relies on the underlying transport for flow control, error
+ correction, timeouts, and retransmission. Thus it is very suitable for
+ use on TCP/IP connections, especially slow or bursty ones, since
+ Kermit's packet timeouts won't interfere with the transfer -- each
+ packet takes as long to reach its destination as it takes TCP to
+ deliver it. If TCP can't deliver the packet within its own timeout
+ period (over which Kermit has no control), it signals a fatal error.
+ Just like FTP.
+
+ Streaming goes much faster than non-streaming when a relatively small
+ packet length is used, and it tends to go faster than non-streaming
+ with even the longest packet lengths. The Kermit window size is
+ irrelevant to streaming protocol, but still might affect performance
+ in small ways since it can result in different paths through the code.
+
+ The definition of "reliable transport" does not necessarily demand
+ 8-bit and control-character transparency. Streaming can work with
+ parity and/or control-character prefixing just as well (but not as
+ fast) as without them; in such cases you can leave RELIABLE set to ON,
+ but set CLEARCHANNEL and/or PARITY appropriately.
+
+ Maximum performance -- comparable to and often exceeding FTP -- is
+ achieved on socket-to-socket connections (in which the considerable
+ overhead of the terminal driver and Telnet or Rlogin server is
+ eliminated) with long packets and the new "brief" file-transfer
+ display ([521]Section 4.16).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.20.1. Commands for Streaming
+
+ SET RELIABLE { ON, OFF, AUTO }
+ SET RELIABLE ON tells Kermit that it has a reliable transport.
+ SET RELIABLE OFF tells Kermit the transport is not reliable.
+ SET RELIABLE AUTO tells Kermit that it should SET RELIABLE ON
+ whenever it makes a reliable connection (e.g. TELNET or SET
+ HOST on a TCP/IP or X.25 network), and when in remote mode it
+ should believe the transport is reliable if the other Kermit
+ says it is during Kermit protocol negotiation.
+
+ AUTO is the default; the Kermit program that makes the connection
+ knows whether it is reliable, and tells the remote Kermit.
+
+ The RELIABLE setting has several effects, including:
+
+ * It can affect the timeouts used during normal ACK/NAK protocol.
+ * It can affect the clear-channel announcement.
+ * It can affect streaming.
+
+ If you TELNET or SET HOST somewhere, this includes an implicit SET
+ RELIABLE ON command. The -I command-line option is equivalent to SET
+ RELIABLE ON.
+
+ Since SET RELIABLE ON (and -I) also implies SET CLEAR CHANNEL ON, you
+ might find that in certain cases you need to tell Kermit that even
+ though the connection is reliable, it doesn't have a clear channel
+ after all:
+
+ SET CLEAR-CHANNEL OFF
+ SET PREFIXING CAUTIOUS ; or whatever...
+
+ You can control streaming without affecting the other items with:
+
+ SET STREAMING { ON, OFF, AUTO }
+
+ AUTO is the default, meaning streaming will occur if Kermit has made a
+ TCP/IP connection or if RELIABLE is ON (or it was started with the -I
+ command line option). OFF means don't stream; ON means offer to stream
+ no matter what.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.20.2. Examples of Streaming
+
+ Here we look at the use and behavior of streaming on several different
+ kinds of connections, and compare its performance with non-streaming
+ transfers.
+
+ 4.20.2.1. Streaming on Socket-to-Socket Connections
+
+ Here we get streaming automatically when both Kermit programs are
+ capable of it, since they both make socket connections. For example,
+ on the far end:
+
+ C-Kermit> set host * 3000
+ C-Kermit> server
+
+ and on the near end:
+
+ C-Kermit> set host foo.bar.xyz.com 3000
+ (now give SEND and GET command)
+
+ All subsequent file transfers use streaming automatically.
+
+ Here are the results from 84 trials, run on a production network,
+ disk-to-disk, in which a 1-MB binary file (the SunOS C-Kermit Sparc
+ executable) was sent from a Sun Sparc-10 with SunOS 4.1.3 to an IBM
+ Power Server 850 with AIX 4.1, socket-to-socket, over a 10Mbps 10BaseT
+ Ethernet, using minimal control-character unprefixing, window sizes
+ from 10 to 32, and packet sizes from 1450 to 9010:
+
+ Streaming Nonstreaming
+ Max CPS 748955 683354
+ Min CPS 221522 172491
+ Mean CPS 646134 558680
+ Median CPS 678043 595874
+ Std Dev 101424 111493
+
+ Correlations:
+
+ CPS and window size: -0.036
+ CPS and packet length: 0.254
+ CPS and streaming: 0.382
+
+ Note that the relationship between streaming and throughput is
+ significantly stronger than that between CPS and window size or packet
+ length.
+
+ Also note that this and all other performance measurements in this
+ section are snapshots in time; the results could be much different at
+ other times when the load on the systems and/or the network is higher
+ or lower.
+
+ In a similar socket-to-socket trial, but this time over a wide-area
+ TCP/IP connection (from New York City to Logan, Utah, about 2000
+ miles), the following results were obtained:
+
+ Streaming Nonstreaming
+ Max CPS 338226 318203
+ Min CPS 191659 132314
+ Mean CPS 293744 259240
+ Median CPS 300845 273271
+ Std Dev 41914 52351
+
+ Correlations:
+
+ CPS and window size: 0.164
+ CPS and packet length: 0.123
+ CPS and streaming: 0.346
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.20.2.2. Streaming on Telnet Connections
+
+ In this case the local copy of Kermit is told to TELNET or SET HOST,
+ and so it knows it has a reliable connection and -- unless it has been
+ told not to -- will offer to stream, and the other Kermit program,
+ since it has STREAMING set to AUTO, agrees.
+
+ Since we have a reliable connection, we'll also get control-character
+ unprefixing automatically because of the new clear-channel protocol
+ ([522]Section 4.19).
+
+ Any errors that occur during streaming are fatal to the transfer. The
+ message is "Transmission error on reliable link". Should this happen:
+
+ 1. Check the remote Kermit's flow control setting (SHOW
+ COMMUNICATIONS). If it is NONE, change it to XON/XOFF, or vice
+ versa. If it is XON/XOFF (or you just changed it to XOFF/XOFF),
+ make sure the file sender is prefixing the XON and XOFF
+ characters. In the most drastic case, use "set prefix all" to
+ force prefixing of all control characters.
+ 2. The remote Telnet server might chop off the 8th bit. In that case,
+ tell C-Kermit to "set parity space". Or, you might be able to
+ force the Telnet to allow eight-bit data by telling C-Kermit to
+ "set telopt binary request accept" -- that is, request the Telnet
+ server to enter binary mode, and accept binary-mode bids from the
+ server.
+ 3. The remote Telnet server might have a buffering limitation. If a
+ and b don't cure the problem, tell the file receiver to "set
+ receive packet-length 1000" (or other number -- use the largest
+ one that works). This too, is no different from the non-streaming
+ case (more about this in [523]Section 4.20.2.3).
+
+ And remember you can continue interrupted binary-mode transfers where
+ they left off with the RESEND (= SEND /RECOVER) command.
+
+ Here are the figures for the same 84 trials between the same Sun and
+ IBM hosts as in 4.20.2.1, on the same network, but over a Telnet
+ connection rather than socket-to-socket:
+
+ Streaming Nonstreaming
+ Max CPS 350088 322523
+ Min CPS 95547 173152
+ Mean CPS 321372 281830
+ Median CPS 342604 291469
+ Std Dev 40503 29948
+
+ Correlations:
+
+ CPS and window size: 0.001
+ CPS and packet length: 0.152
+ CPS and streaming: 0.128
+
+ Here the effect is not as emphatic as in the socket-to-socket case,
+ yet on the whole streaming tends to be beneficial.
+
+ Additional measurements on HP-UX using C-Kermit 7.0 Beta.06:
+
+ Windowing Streaming
+ HP-UX 8->8 not tested 14Kcps
+ HP-UX 8->9 not tested 76Kcps
+ HP-UX 8->10 36Kcps 66Kcps
+ HP-UX 9->9 not tested 190Kcps
+ HP-UX 9->10 160Kcps 378Kcps
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.20.2.3. Streaming with Limited Packet Length
+
+ The IRIX telnet server (at least the ones observed in IRIX 5.3 and
+ 6.2) does not allow Kermit to send packets longer than 4096 bytes.
+ Thus when sending from IRIX C-Kermit when it is on the remote end of a
+ Telnet connection, the packet length must be 4K or less. Trials in
+ this case (in which packet lengths range from 1450 to 4000) show a
+ strong advantage for streaming, which would be evident in any other
+ case where the packet length is restricted, and stronger the shorter
+ the maximum packet length.
+
+ Streaming Nonstreaming
+ Max CPS 426187 366870
+ Min CPS 407500 276517
+ Mean CPS 415226 339168
+ Median CPS 414139 343803
+ Std Dev 6094 25851
+
+ Correlations:
+
+ CPS and window size: 0.116
+ CPS and packet length: 0.241
+ CPS and streaming: 0.901
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.20.2.4. Streaming on Dialup Connections
+
+ Here "dialup" refers to a "direct" dialup connection, not a SLIP or
+ PPP connection, which is only a particular kind of TCP/IP connection.
+
+ Attempt this at your own risk, and then only if (a) you have
+ error-correcting modems, and (b) the connections between the modems
+ and computers are also error-free, perfectly flow-controlled, and free
+ of interrupt conflicts. Streaming can be used effectively and to
+ fairly good advantage on such connections, but remember that the
+ transfer is fatal if even one error is detected (also remember that
+ should a binary-mode transfer fail, it can be recovered from the point
+ of failure with RESEND).
+
+ To use streaming on an unreliable connection, you must tell both
+ Kermits that the connection is reliable:
+
+ kermit -I
+
+ or:
+
+ C-Kermit> set reliable on
+
+ In this case, it will probably be necessary to prefix some control
+ characters, for example if your connection is through a terminal
+ server that has an escape character. Most Cisco terminal servers, for
+ example, require Ctrl-^ (30, as well as its high-bit equivalent, 158)
+ to be prefixed. To unprefix these, you'll need to defeat the "clear
+ channel" feature:
+
+ C-Kermit> set reliable on
+ C-Kermit> set clear-channel off
+ C-Kermit> set prefixing none
+ C-Kermit> set control prefix 1 13 30 158 ; and whatever else is necessary
+
+ Dialup trials were done using fixed large window and packet sizes.
+ They compare uploading and downloading of two common types of files,
+ with and without streaming. Configuration:
+
+ HP-9000/715/33 -- 57600bps, RTS/CTS -- USR Courier V.34 --
+ V.34+V.42, 31200bps -- USR V.34+ Rackmount -- 57600bps, RTS/CTS --
+ Cisco terminal server -- Solaris 2.5.1. Packet size = 8000, Window
+ Size = 30, Control Character Unprefixing Minimal (but including the
+ Cisco escape character).
+
+ Since this is not a truly reliable connection, a few trials failed
+ when a bad packet was received (most likely due to UART overruns); the
+ failure was graceful and immediate, and the message was informative.
+ The results of ten successful trials uploading and downloading the two
+ files with and without streaming are:
+
+ Streaming..
+ Off On
+ Upload 5194 5565 txt (= C source code, 78K)
+ 3135 3406 gz (= gzip file, compressed, 85K)
+ Download 5194 5565 txt
+ 3041 3406 gz
+
+ Each CPS figure is the mean of 10 results.
+
+ A brief test was also performed on a LAT-based dialout connection from
+ a VAX 3100 with VMS 5.5 to a USR Courier V.34 connected to a DECserver
+ 700 at 19200 bps. The 1-MB Sparc executable downloaded from a Sun to
+ the VAX at 1100cps without streaming and 1900cps with streaming, using
+ 8000-byte packets, 30 window slots, and minimal prefixing in both
+ cases.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.20.2.5. Streaming on X.25 Connections
+
+ We have only limited access to X.25 networks. One trial was performed
+ in which the 1MB Solaris 2.4 Sparc executable was transferred over a
+ SunLink X.25 connection; nothing is known about the actual physical
+ connection. With a packet length of 8000 and a window size of 30, the
+ file transferred at 6400 cps (using a maximum of 6 window slots). With
+ the same packet length, but with streaming, it transferred without
+ mishap at 6710 cps, about 5% faster.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.20.3. Streaming - Preliminary Conclusions
+
+ The results vary with the particular connection, but are good overall.
+ Although numerous lower-level tricks can be used to improve
+ performance on specific platforms or connection methods, streaming
+ occurs at a high, system-independent level of the Kermit protocol and
+ therefore can apply to all types of platforms and (reliable)
+ connections transparently.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.21. The TRANSMIT Command
+
+ Prior to C-Kermit 7.0, the TRANSMIT command transmitted in text or
+ binary mode according to SET FILE TYPE { TEXT, BINARY }. But now that
+ binary mode is likely to be the default for protocol transfers, it is
+ evident that this not also an appropriate default for TRANSMIT, since
+ binary-mode TRANSMIT is a rather specialized and tricky operation.
+ Therefore, TRANSMIT defaults to text mode always, regardless of the
+ FILE TYPE setting.
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 expands the capabilities of the TRANSMIT command by
+ adding the following switches (see [524]Section 1.5). The new syntax
+ is:
+
+ TRANSMIT [ switches... ] filename
+
+ Zero or more switches may be included:
+
+ /PIPE
+ When /PIPE is included, "filename" is interpreted as a system
+ command or program whose output is to be sent. Synonym:
+ /COMMAND. Example:
+
+ transmit /pipe finger
+
+ You may enclose the command in braces, but you don't have to:
+
+ xmit /pipe {ls -l | sort -r +0.22 -0.32 | head}
+
+ /BINARY
+ Transmits the file (or pipe output) in binary mode.
+
+ /TEXT
+ Transmits the file (or pipe output) in line-oriented text mode.
+ Current FILE CHARACTER-SET and TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET
+ selections govern translation. Default.
+
+ /TRANSPARENT
+ Specifies text mode without character-set translation, no
+ matter what the FILE and TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET selections are.
+
+ /NOWAIT
+ This is equivalent to SET TRANSMIT PROMPT 0, but for this
+ TRANSMIT command only. Applies only to text mode; it means to
+ not wait for any kind of echo or turnaround character after
+ sending a line before sending the next line. (Normally Kermit
+ waits for a linefeed.)
+
+ When TRANSMIT ECHO is ON, C-Kermit tries to read back the echo of each
+ character that is sent. Prior to C-Kermit 7.0, 1 second was allowed
+ for each echo to appear; if it didn't show up in a second, the
+ TRANSMIT command would fail. Similarly for the TRANSMIT PROMPT
+ character. However, with today's congested Internet connections, etc,
+ more time is often needed:
+
+ SET TRANSMIT TIMEOUT number
+ Specifies the number of seconds to wait for an echo or the prompt
+ character when TRANSMIT PROMPT is nonzero; the default wait is 1
+ second. If you specify 0, the wait is indefinite. When a timeout
+ interval of 0 is specified, and a desired echo or prompt does not show
+ up, the TRANSMIT command will not terminate until or unless you
+ interrupt it with Ctrl-C; use SET TRANSMIT TIMEOUT 0 with caution.
+
+ Note: to blast a file out the communications connection without any
+ kind of synchronization or timeouts or other manner of checking, use:
+
+ SET TRANSMIT ECHO OFF
+ SET TRANSMIT PROMPT 0 (or include the /NOWAIT switch)
+ SET TRANSMIT PAUSE 0
+ TRANSMIT [ switches ] filename
+
+ In this case, text-file transmission is not-line oriented and large
+ blocks can be sent, resulting in a significant performance improvement
+ over line-at-at-time transmission. Successful operation depends (even
+ more than usual for the TRANSMIT command!) on a clean connection with
+ effective flow control.
+
+ For details on TRANSMIT and character sets, see [525]Section 6.6.5.4.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.22. Coping with Faulty Kermit Implementations
+
+ Kermit protocol has been implemented in quite a few third-party
+ commercial, shareware, and freeware software packages, with varying
+ degrees of success. In most cases operation is satisfactory but slow
+ -- only the bare minimum subset of the protocol is available -- short
+ packets, no sliding windows, no attributes, etc. In other cases, the
+ implementation is incorrect, resulting in failures at the initial
+ negotiation stage or corrupted files.
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 and Kermit 95 1.1.19 include some new defense mechanisms
+ to help cope with the most common situations. However, bear in mind
+ there is only so much we can do in such cases -- the responsibility
+ for fixing the problem lies with the maker of the faulty software.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.22.1. Failure to Accept Modern Negotiation Strings
+
+ The published Kermit protocol specification states that new fields can
+ be added to the parameter negotiation string. These are to be ignored
+ by any Kermit implementation that does not understand them; this is
+ what makes the Kermit protocol extensible. Unfortunately, some Kermit
+ implementations become confused (or worse) when receiving a
+ negotiation string longer than the one they expect. You can try
+ working around such problems by telling Kermit to shorten its
+ negotiation string (and thus disable the corresponding new features):
+
+ SET SEND NEGOTIATION-STRING-MAX-LENGTH number
+
+ Try a number like 10. If that doesn't work, try 9, 8, 7, 6, and so on.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.22.2. Failure to Negotiate 8th-bit Prefixing
+
+ The published Kermit protocol specification states that 8th-bit
+ prefixing (which allows transfer of 8-bit data over a 7-bit
+ connection) occurs if the file sender puts a valid prefix character
+ (normally "&") in the 8th-bit-prefix field of the negotiation string,
+ and the receiver puts either a letter "Y" or the same prefix
+ character. At least one faulty Kermit implementation exists that does
+ not accept the letter "Y". To force C-Kermit / K-95 to reply with the
+ other Kermit's prefix character rather than a "Y", give the following
+ (invisible) command:
+
+ SET Q8FLAG ON
+
+ Use SET Q8FLAG OFF to restore the normal behavior.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.22.3. Corrupt Files
+
+ Refer to [526]Section 4.22.2. Some Kermit implementations mistakenly
+ interpret the "Y" as a prefix character. Then, whenever a letter Y
+ appears in the data, the Y and the character that follows it are
+ replaced by a garbage character. At this writing, we are not sure if
+ there is any solution, but try "set send negotiation-string-max-length
+ 6" and/or "set q8flag on".
+
+ File corruption can also occur when control characters within the file
+ data are sent without prefixing, as at least some are by default in
+ C-Kermit 7.0 and K-95. Some Kermit implementations do not handle
+ incoming "bare" control characters. To work around, "set prefixing
+ all".
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.22.4. Spurious Cancellations
+
+ The Kermit protocol specification states that if an ACK to a Data
+ packet contains X in its data field, the transfer of the current file
+ is canceled, and if it contains a Z, the entire transfer is canceled.
+ At least one overzealous Kermit implementation applies this rule to
+ non-Data packets as well, the typical symptom being that any attempt
+ to transfer a file whose name begins with X or Z results in
+ cancellation. This is because the file receiver typically sends back
+ the name under which it stored the file (which might not be the same
+ as the name it was sent with) in the ACK to the File Header packet.
+ This is information only and should not cause cancellation. To work
+ around the problem, use:
+
+ SET F-ACK-BUG { ON, OFF }
+
+ ON tells Kermit not to send back the filename in the ACK to the file
+ header packet as it normally would do (OFF puts Kermit back to normal
+ after using ON).
+
+ A variation on the this bug occurs in an obscure Kermit program for
+ MUMPS: When this Kermit program sends a file called (say) FOO.BAR, it
+ requires that the ACK to its F packet contain exactly the same name,
+ FOO.BAR. However, C-Kermit likes to send back the full pathname,
+ causing the MUMPS Kermit to fail. SET F-ACK-BUG ON doesn't help here.
+ So a separate command has been added to handle this situation:
+
+ SET F-ACK-PATH { ON, OFF }
+
+ Normally it is ON (regardless of the SET SEND PATHNAMES setting). Use
+ SET F-ACK-PATH OFF to instruct Kermit to send back only the filename
+ without the path in the ACK to the F packet.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.22.5. Spurious Refusals
+
+ Some Kermit implementations, notably PDP-11 Kermit 3.60 and earlier,
+ have bugs in their handling of Attribute packets that can cause
+ unwarranted refusal of incoming files, e.g. based on date or size.
+ This can be worked around by telling one or both of the Kermit
+ partners to:
+
+ SET ATTRIBUTES OFF
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.22.6. Failures during the Data Transfer Phase
+
+ This can be caused by control-character unprefixing ([527]Section
+ 4.22.3 ), and fixed by:
+
+ SET PREFIXING ALL
+
+ It can also have numerous other causes, explained in Chapter 10 of
+ [528]Using C-Kermit: the connection is not 8-bit transparent (so use
+ "set parity space" or somesuch), inadequate flow control, etc. Consult
+ the manual.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.22.7. Fractured Filenames
+
+ At least one well-known PC-based communications package negotiates
+ data compression, which (according to the protocol specification)
+ applies to both the filename and the file data, but then fails to
+ decompress the filename. Example: C-Kermit sends a file called
+ R000101.DAT (where 000101 might be non-Y2K-wise YYMMDD notation), and
+ the package in question stores the files as R~#0101.DAT. Workaround:
+ Tell C-Kermit to SET REPEAT COUNTS OFF.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.22.8. Bad File Dates
+
+ At least one well-known PC-based communications package negotiates the
+ passing of file timestamps from sender to receiver, but when it is
+ sending files, it always gives them a timestamp of 1 February 1970.
+ Workaround: tell C-Kermit to SET ATTRIBUTE DATE OFF. You don't get the
+ file's real date, but you also don't get 1 Feb 1970; instead the file
+ gets the current date and time.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.23. File Transfer Recovery
+
+ Prior to C-Kermit 7.0, RESEND (SEND /RECOVER) and REGET (GET /RECOVER)
+ refused to work if FILE TYPE was not BINARY or the /BINARY switch was
+ not included. Now these commands include an implied /BINARY switch,
+ meaning they set the file type to binary for the duration of the
+ command automatically.
+
+ In the client/server arrangement, this also forces the server into
+ binary mode (if it is C-Kermit 7.0 or greater, or K95 1.1.19 or
+ greater) so the recovery operation proceeds, just as you asked and
+ expected.
+
+ BUT... Just as before, the results are correct only under the
+ following conditions:
+
+ * If the prior interrupted transfer was also in binary mode; or:
+ * If the prior transfer was in text mode and the other computer was
+ a "like platform" (e.g. UNIX-to-UNIX, Windows-to-Windows,
+ DOS-to-Windows) AND there was no character-set translation (i.e.
+ TRANSFER CHARACTER-SET was TRANSPARENT).
+
+ Note that these circumstances are more likely to obtain in C-Kermit
+ 7.0, in which:
+
+ * The default FILE TYPE in C-Kermit 7.0 is BINARY.
+ * The default FILE INCOMPLETE setting is AUTO, which means KEEP if
+ the transfer is in binary mode, DISCARD otherwise.
+ * C-Kermit 7.0, Kermit 95 1.1.17, and MS-DOS Kermit 3.15 and later
+ can recognize "like platforms" and switch into binary mode
+ automatically. Transfers between like platforms are always binary
+ unless character-set translation has been requested, and then is
+ still binary for all files whose names match a binary pattern,
+ unless the automatic mechanisms have been disabled (with a /TEXT
+ switch, or with SET TRANSFER MODE MANUAL).
+ * SEND /BINARY and GET /BINARY always force binary-mode transfers,
+ even when FILE TYPE is TEXT, even when TRANSFER MODE is AUTOMATIC,
+ even when PATTERNS are ON and the file's name matches a text
+ pattern.
+
+ But also note that the automatic client/server transfer-mode
+ adjustments do not work with versions of C-Kermit prior to 7.0 or K95
+ prior to 1.1.16.
+
+ If the prior transfer was in text mode:
+
+ * If text-mode transfers between the two platforms are
+ "length-changing" (as they are between UNIX -- which terminates
+ text lines with LF -- and DOS or Windows -- which terminates text
+ lines with CRLF), the recovered file will be corrupt.
+ * If text-mode transfers between the two platforms are not
+ length-changing, but character-set translation was active in the
+ prior transfer, the result will be a file in which the first part
+ has translated characters and the second part does not.
+
+ But in C-Kermit 7.0 and K95 1.1.19 and later, incompletely transferred
+ text files are not kept unless you change the default. But if you have
+ done this, and you have an incompletely transferred text file, you'll
+ need to:
+
+ * Transfer the whole file again in text mode, or:
+ * Use SEND /STARTING-AT: to recover the transfer at the correct
+ point; but you have to find out what that point is, as described
+ in the manual.
+
+ Kermit has no way of knowing whether the previous transfer was in text
+ or binary mode so it is your responsibility to choose the appropriate
+ recovery method.
+
+ If you use C-Kermit to maintain parallel directories on different
+ computers, using SET FILE COLLISION to transfer only those files that
+ changed since last time, and the files are big enough (or the
+ connection slow enough) to require SEND /RECOVER to resume interrupted
+ transfers, you should remember that SEND /RECOVER (RESEND) overrides
+ all FILE COLLISION settings. Therefore you should use SEND /RECOVER
+ (RESEND) only on the file that was interrupted, not the file group.
+ For example, if the original transfer was initiated with:
+
+ SEND *
+
+ and was interrupted, then after reestablishing your connection and
+ starting the Kermit receiver with SET FILE COLLISION UPDATE on the
+ remote end, use the following sequence at the sender to resume the
+ transfer:
+
+ SEND /RECOVER name-of-interrupted-file
+
+ and then:
+
+ SEND *
+
+ (In C-Kermit 7.0 and later, \v(filename) contains the name of the file
+ most recently transferred, as long you have not EXITed from Kermit or
+ changed directory, etc.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.24. FILE COLLISION UPDATE Clarification
+
+ In UNIX, file modification dates are used when comparing the file date
+ with the date in the attribute packet. In VMS, however, the file
+ creation date is used. These two policies reflect the preferences of
+ the two user communities.
+
+ Also, remember that the file date/time given in the attribute packet
+ is the local time at the file sender. At present, no timezone
+ conversions are defined in or performed by the Kermit protocol. This
+ is primarily because this feature was designed at a time when many of
+ the systems where Kermit runs had no concept of timezone, and
+ therefore would be unable to convert (say, to/from GMT or UTC or Zulu
+ time).
+
+ As a consequence, some unexpected results might occur when
+ transferring files across timezones; e.g. commands on the target
+ system that are sensitive to file dates might work (UNIX "make",
+ backups, etc).
+
+ Timezone handling is deferred for a future release.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.25. Autodownload Improvements
+
+ Refer to pages 164-165 of [529]Using C-Kermit about the hazards of
+ autodownload when C-Kermit is "in the middle". As of C-Kermit 7.0, no
+ more hazards. If C-Kermit has TERMINAL AUTODOWNLOAD ON and it detects
+ a packet of the current protocol type (Kermit or Zmodem), it "erases"
+ the visual aspect of the packet that would be seen by the terminal
+ (or, more to the point, the emulator, such as K95). This way, only
+ C-Kermit goes into RECEIVE mode, and not also the terminal emulator
+ through which C-Kermit is accessed. And therefore, it is no longer
+ necessary to SET TERMINAL AUTODOWNLOAD OFF to prevent multiple Kermits
+ from going into receive mode at once, but of course it is still
+ necessary to ensure that, when you have multiple Kermits in a chain,
+ that the desired one receives the autodownload.
+
+ The defaults have not been changed; Kermit 95 still has autodownload
+ ON by default, and C-Kermit has it OFF by default.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 5. CLIENT/SERVER
+
+ 5.0. Hints
+
+ If you use SET SERVER GET-PATH to set up your server, and the GET-PATH
+ does not include the server's current directory, clients can become
+ quite confused. For example, "remote dir oofa.txt" shows a file named
+ oofa.txt, but "get oofa.txt" fails. In this situation, you should
+ either DISABLE DIR or make your GET-PATH include the current
+ directory.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 5.1. New Command-Line Options
+
+ The -G command-line option is like -g (GET), except the incoming file
+ is sent to standard output rather than written to disk.
+
+ The -I option ("Internet") is used to tell a remote C-Kermit program
+ that you are coming in via Internet Telnet or Rlogin and therefore
+ have a reliable connection. The -I option is equivalent to SET
+ RELIABLE ON and SET FLOW NONE.
+
+ The -O option ("Only One") tells C-Kermit to enter server mode but
+ then exit after the first client operation.
+
+ See [530]Section 9.3 for details.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 5.2. New Client Commands
+
+ BYE and FINISH no longer try to do anything if a connection is not
+ active. Thus a sequence like "hangup" followed by "bye" or "finish"
+ will no longer get stuck in a long timeout-and-retransmission cycle,
+ nor will it try to open a new connection.
+
+ REMOTE EXIT
+ Similar to FINISH, except it ensures that the Kermit server
+ program exits back to the operating system or shell prompt.
+ (FINISH would return it to its interactive prompt if it was
+ started in interactive mode, and would cause it to exit if it
+ entered server mode via command-line option.) When C-Kermit is
+ to be the server, you can use { ENABLE, DISABLE } EXIT to
+ control the client's access to this feature.
+
+ REMOTE MKDIR directory-name
+ Tells the client to ask the server to create a directory with
+ the given name, which can be absolute or relative. The syntax
+ of the directory name depends on the Kermit server (see
+ [531]next section); in all cases, it can be in the syntax of
+ the system where the server is running (UNIX, VMS, DOS, etc)
+ but newer servers also accept UNIX syntax, no matter what the
+ underlying platform. The server will not execute this command
+ if (a) it does not understand it, (b) a DISABLE MKDIR command
+ has been given, or (c) a DISABLE CWD command has been given;
+ otherwise, the command is executed, but will fail if the
+ directory can not be created, in which cases most servers will
+ attempt to return a message giving the reason for failure. The
+ REMOTE MKDIR command succeeds if the remote directory is
+ created, or if it already exists and therefore does not need to
+ be created, and fails otherwise.
+
+ REMOTE RMDIR directory-name
+ Tells the client to ask the server to remove (delete) a
+ directory with the given name. The same considerations apply as
+ for REMOTE MKDIR.
+
+ REMOTE SET FILE INCOMPLETE { DISCARD, KEEP, AUTO }
+ Previously this was only available in its earlier form, REMOTE
+ SET INCOMPLETE (no FILE). The earlier form is still available,
+ but invisible. Also, AUTO was added, meaning KEEP if in binary
+ mode, DISCARD otherwise.
+
+ REMOTE SET TRANSFER MODE { AUTOMATIC, MANUAL }
+ Tells the client to ask the server to set the given
+ file-transfer mode. Automatic means (roughly): if the client
+ and the server are running on the same kind of computer (e.g.
+ both are on UNIX), then use binary mode automatically; if the
+ system types are different, use some other method to
+ automatically determine text or binary mode, such as filename
+ pattern matching. MANUAL means, in this context, obey the
+ client's FILE TYPE setting (TEXT or BINARY). Synonym: REMOTE
+ SET XFER MODE.
+
+ [ REMOTE ] QUERY KERMIT function(args...)
+ Prior to C-Kermit 7.0, the arguments were not evaluated
+ locally. Thus it was not possible to have the server run the
+ function with client-side variables as arguments. Now:
+
+ define \%a oofa.*
+ remote query kermit files(\%a) ; Client's \%a
+ remote query kermit files(\\%a) ; Server's \%a
+
+ [ REMOTE ] LOGIN [ user [ password ] ]
+ LOGIN is now a synonym for REMOTE LOGIN.
+
+ LOGOUT
+ This command, when given in local mode, is equivalent to REMOTE
+ LOGOUT. When given at the IKSD prompt, it logs out the IKSD.
+ When given at the C-Kermit prompt when it has no connection, it
+ does nothing.
+
+ Note that in C-Kermit 7.0, the REMOTE (or R) prefix is not required
+ for QUERY, since there is no local QUERY command. The new top-level
+ QUERY command does exactly what REMOTE QUERY (RQUERY) does.
+
+ All REMOTE commands now have single-word shortcuts:
+
+ Shortcut Full Form
+ RASG REMOTE ASSIGN
+ RCD REMOTE CD
+ RCOPY REMOTE COPY
+ RDEL REMOTE DELETE
+ RDIR REMOTE DIRECTORY
+ REXIT REMOTE EXIT
+ RHELP REMOTE HELP
+ RHOST REMOTE HOST
+ RPWD REMOTE PWD
+ RSET REMOTE SET
+ etc.
+
+ The R prefix is not applied to LOGIN because there is already an
+ RLOGIN command with a different meaning. It is not applied to LOGOUT
+ either, since LOGOUT knows what to do in each case, and for symmetry
+ with LOGIN.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 5.2.1. Remote Procedure Definitions and Calls
+
+ This is nothing new, but it might not be obvious... REMOTE ASSIGN and
+ REMOTE QUERY may be used to achieve remote procedure execution. The
+ remote procedure can be defined locally or remotely.
+
+ A remote procedure call is accomplished as noted in the previous
+ section:
+
+ [ remote ] query kermit function-name(args...)
+
+ This invokes any function that is built in to the Kermit server, e.g.:
+
+ [ remote ] query kermit size(foo.bar)
+
+ returns the size of the remote file, foo.bar.
+
+ Now note that C-Kermit includes an \fexecute() function, allowing it
+ to execute any macro as if it were a built-in function. So suppose
+ MYMACRO is the name of a macro defined in the server. You can execute
+ it from the client as follows (the redundant "remote" prefix is
+ omitted in the remaining examples):
+
+ query kermit execute(mymacro arg1 arg2...)
+
+ The return value, if any, is the value of the RETURN command that
+ terminated execution of the macro, for example:
+
+ define addtwonumbers return \feval(\%1+\%2)
+
+ The client invocation would be:
+
+ query kermit execute(addtwonumbers 3 4)
+ 7
+
+ The result ("7" in this case) is also assigned to the client's
+ \v(query) variable.
+
+ To execute a remote system command or command procedure (shell script,
+ etc) use:
+
+ query kermit command(name args...)
+
+ Finally, suppose you want the client to send a macro to the server to
+ be executed on the server end. This is done as follows:
+
+ remote assign macroname definition
+ query kermit execute(macroname arg1 arg2...)
+
+ Quoting is required if the definition contains formal parameters.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 5.3. New Server Capabilities
+
+ 5.3.1. Creating and Removing Directories
+
+ The C-Kermit 7.0 server responds to REMOTE MKDIR and REMOTE RMDIR
+ commands. The directory name may be in either the native format of the
+ server's computer, or in UNIX format. For example, a server running on
+ VMS with a current directory of [IVAN] can accept commands from the
+ client like:
+
+ remote mkdir olga ; Makes [IVAN.OLGA] (nonspecific format)
+ remote mkdir .olga ; Makes [IVAN.OLGA] (VMS format without brackets)
+ remote mkdir olga/ ; Makes [IVAN.OLGA] (UNIX relative format)
+ remote mkdir /ivan/olga ; Makes [IVAN.OLGA] (UNIX absolute format)
+ remote mkdir [ivan.olga] ; Makes [IVAN.OLGA] (VMS absolute format)
+ remote mkdir [.olga] ; Makes [IVAN.OLGA] (VMS relative format)
+
+ 5.3.1.1. Creating Directories
+
+ If a directory name is given that contains more than one segment that
+ does not exist, the server attempts to create all the segments. For
+ example, if the client says:
+
+ REMOTE MKDIR letters/angry
+
+ a "letters" subdirectory is created in the server's current directory
+ if it does not already exist, and then an "angry" subdirectory is
+ created beneath it, if it does not already have one. This can repeated
+ to any reasonable depth:
+
+ REMOTE MKDIR a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/z/y/z
+
+ 5.3.1.2. Removing Directories
+
+ When attempting to execute a REMOTE RMDIR, the server can remove only
+ a single directory, not an entire sequence or tree. The system service
+ that is called to remove the directory generally requires not only
+ that the server process has write delete access, but also that the
+ directory contain no files.
+
+ In the future, a REMOTE RMDIR /RECURSIVE command (and the accompanying
+ protocol) might be added. For now, use the equivalent REMOTE HOST
+ command(s), if any.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 5.3.2. Directory Listings
+
+ Directory listings are generated by C-Kermit itself, rather than by
+ running the underlying system's directory command. Some control over
+ the listing format can be obtained with the SET OPTIONS DIRECTORY
+ command ([532]Section 4.5.1). The following options affect listings
+ sent by the server: /[NO]HEADING, /[NO]DOTFILES, and /[NO]BACKUP. In
+ UNIX and VMS, the listing is always sorted by filename. There is, at
+ present, no protocol defined for the client to request listing options
+ of the server; this might be added in the future.
+
+ The server's directory listings are in the following format:
+
+ Protection or permissions:
+ In UNIX and OS-9, this is a 10-character field, left adjusted.
+ In VMS it is a 22-character field, left-adjusted. In each case,
+ the protection / permission codes are shown in the server
+ platform's native format. In other operating systems, this
+ field is not shown.
+
+ Size in bytes:
+ This is always a 10-character field. The file's size is shown
+ as a decimal number, right adjusted in the field. If the file
+ is a directory and its size can not be obtained, the size is
+ shown as "<DIR>". Two blanks follow this field.
+
+ Date:
+ Always in yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss numeric format, and therefore 19
+ characters long. If the file's date/time can't be obtained,
+ zeros (0) are shown for all the digits. This field is followed
+ by two blanks.
+
+ Filename:
+ This field extends to the end of the line. Filenames are shown
+ relative to the server's current directory. In UNIX, symbolic
+ links are shown as they are in an "ls -l" listing as "linkname
+ -> filename".
+
+ In UNIX and VMS, listings are returned by the server in alphabetical
+ order of filename. There are presently no other sort or selection
+ options.
+
+ However, since these are fixed-field listings, all fields can be used
+ as sort keys by external sort programs. Note, in particular, that the
+ format used for the date allows a normal lexical on that field to
+ achieve the date ordering. For example, let's assume we have a UNIX
+ client and a UNIX server. In this case, the server's listing has the
+ date in columns 22-40, and thus could be sorted by the UNIX sort
+ program using "sort +0.22 -0.40" or in reverse order by "sort +0.22
+ -0.40r".
+
+ Since the UNIX client can pipe responses to REMOTE commands through
+ filters, any desired sorting can be accomplished this way, for
+ example:
+
+C-Kermit> remote directory | sort +0.22 -0.40
+
+ You can also sort by size:
+
+ C-Kermit> remote directory | sort +0.11 -0.19
+
+ You can use sort options to select reverse or ascending order. "man
+ sort" (in UNIX) for more information. And of course, you can pipe
+ these listings through any other filter of your choice, such as grep
+ to skip unwanted lines.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 5.4. Syntax for Remote Filenames with Embedded Spaces
+
+ C-Kermit and K95, when in server mode, assume that any spaces in the
+ file specification in an incoming GET command are filename separators.
+ Thus if the client gives a command like:
+
+ get {oofa.txt oofa.bin}
+
+ or, equivalently:
+
+ mget oofa.txt oofa.bin
+
+ the server tries to send the two files, oofa.txt and oofa.bin. But
+ what if you want the server to send you a file named, say:
+
+ D:\HP OfficeJet 500\Images\My Pretty Picture Dot PCL
+
+ How does the server know this is supposed to be one file and not
+ seven? In this case, you need to the send file name to the server
+ enclosed in either curly braces:
+
+ {D:\HP OfficeJet 500\Images\My Pretty Picture Dot PCL}
+
+ or ASCII doublequotes:
+
+ "D:\HP OfficeJet 500\Images\My Pretty Picture Dot PCL"
+
+ The method for doing this depends on your client. If your client is
+ C-Kermit 7.0, any recent version of Kermit 95, or MS-DOS Kermit 3.16,
+ then you have to enclose the name in braces just so the client can
+ parse it, so to send braces or doublequotes to the server, you must
+ put them inside the first, outside pair of braces. And you also need
+ to double the backslashes to prevent them from being interpreted:
+
+ get {{D:\\HP OfficeJet 500\\Images\\My Pretty Picture Dot PCL}}
+ get {"D:\\HP OfficeJet 500\\Images\\My Pretty Picture Dot PCL"}
+
+ To get around the requirement to double backslashes in literal
+ filenames, of course you can also use:
+
+ set command quoting off
+ get {{D:\HP OfficeJet 500\Images\My Pretty Picture Dot PCL}}
+ get {"D:\HP OfficeJet 500\Images\My Pretty Picture Dot PCL"}
+ set command quoting on
+
+ If you are giving a "kermit" command to the UNIX shell, you have to
+ observe the shell's quoting rules, something like this:
+
+ kermit -ig "{D:\HP OfficeJet 500\Images\My Pretty Picture Dot PCL}"
+
+ Here, the quotes go on the outside so UNIX will pass the entire
+ filename, spaces, braces, and all, as a single argument to Kermit, and
+ the backslashes are not doubled because (a) the UNIX shell ignores
+ them since they are in a quoted string, and (b) Kermit ignores them
+ since the interactive command parser is not activated in this case.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 5.5. Automatic Orientation Messages upon Directory Change
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0, when acting as a server, can send an orientation message
+ to the client whenever the server directory changes. For example, when
+ the client gives a REMOTE CD command, the server sends the contents of
+ the new directory's "Read Me" file to the client's screen. The
+ following commands govern this feature:
+
+ SET SERVER CD-MESSAGE FILE name
+ Given to the servr, allows the message-file name to be
+ specified at runtime. A list of names to look for can be given
+ in the following format:
+
+ {{name1}{name2}{name3}{...}}
+
+ e.g. SET SERVER CD-MESSAGE FILE
+ {{./.readme}{README.TXT}{READ.ME}}
+
+ REMOTE SET SERVER CD-MESSAGE { ON, OFF }
+ Given to the client, lets the client control whether the server
+ sends automatic CD messages.
+
+ SHOW SERVER
+ Given to server, includes CD-Message status.
+
+ The default CD message file name is system dependent. SHOW CD or SHOW
+ SERVER displays the list. Also see [533]Section 4.5.2.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 5.6. New Server Controls
+
+ DISABLE ENABLE
+ Allows the server to configured such that DISABLEd features can
+ not be re-enabled by any means -- e.g. if the client is somehow
+ able to get the server into command mode. Once DISABLEd, ENABLE
+ can not be re-ENABLEd.
+
+ SET SERVER IDLE-TIMEOUT seconds
+ This was available previously in Kermit 95 only. Now it can be
+ used in C-Kermit also to specify a maximum number of seconds
+ the server is allowed to be idle before exiting server mode. 0
+ seconds means no idle timeout. In C-Kermit (but not K-95), SET
+ SERVER TIMEOUT and SET SERVER IDLE-TIMEOUT are mutually
+ exclusive -- you can have one or the other (or neither), but
+ not both. (Server timeouts are for the benefit of primitive
+ Kermit clients that are not capable of timing out on their own;
+ to our knowledge, no such clients are still in circulation.)
+
+ SET SERVER KEEPALIVE { ON, OFF }
+ (See next section).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 5.7. Timeouts during REMOTE HOST Command Execution
+
+ Prior to C-Kermit 7.0, the C-Kermit server would block waiting for
+ output from a system command invoked via REMOTE HOST from the client.
+ If the system command took a long time to execute, the client would
+ time out and send NAK packets. If the command took too long, the
+ client would reach its retry limit and give up. Even if it didn't, the
+ NAKs would cause unnecessary retransmissions.
+
+ In version 7.0, the C-Kermit server (VMS and select()-capable UNIX
+ versions only), sends "keepalive packets" (empty data packets) once
+ per second while waiting for the system command to complete. This
+ procedure should be entirely transparent to the Kermit client, and
+ should prevent the unwanted timeouts and NAKs. When C-Kermit 7.0
+ itself (or K95 1.1.19) is the client, it prints dots to show the
+ keepalive packets.
+
+ The keepalive feature can be turned off and on with:
+
+ SET SERVER KEEPALIVE { ON, OFF }
+
+ Normally it should be on. Turn it off it if causes trouble with the
+ client, or if it seems to slow down the server (as it might on some
+ platforms under certain circumstances).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6. INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER SETS
+
+ Support for several new single-byte character sets was added in
+ C-Kermit 7.0. Unicode / ISO 10646 is not yet supported, but is a high
+ priority for forthcoming releases.
+
+ 6.0. ISO 8859-15 Latin Alphabet 9
+
+ To accommodate the Euro currency symbol, and to correct several other
+ longstanding problems with ISO Latin Alphabet 1, ISO 8859-15 Latin
+ Alphabet 9 was issued in May 1998. It is supported by C-Kermit 7.0 as
+ a transfer character set, a file character set, and a terminal
+ character set. Translations that preserve the new characters are
+ available between Latin-9 and several other sets including:
+
+ PC Code Page 858 (Western European languages, similar to CP850)
+ Windows Code Page 1252 (Western European languages, similar to Latin-1)
+ Windows Code Page 1250 (Eastern European languages, similar to Latin-2)
+
+ The Latin-9 transfer character set also allows for the OE digraph
+ character, used primarily in French, to be preserved in transfers
+ involving the DEC MCS or NeXT character sets.
+
+ The Euro character is also present in the Universal Character Set,
+ described in [534]Section 6.6.
+
+ 6.1. The HP-Roman8 Character Set
+
+ The HP-Roman8 character set is supported in C-Kermit 6.0 and later but
+ was omitted from Table VII-4 in the 2nd Edition of Using C-Kermit due
+ to lack of space. It is listed in [535]Appendix III.
+
+ 6.2. Greek Character Sets
+
+ Greek character sets were added in 6.1:
+
+ SET FILE CHARACTER-SET { CP869, ELOT927, GREEK-ISO }
+ SET TRANSFER CHARACTER-SET { GREEK-ISO }
+
+ GREEK-ISO is ISO 8859-7, which the same as ELOT 928.
+
+ The new Greek character sets are listed in [536]Appendix III.
+
+ 6.3. Additional Latin-2 Character Sets
+
+ The following have been added as FILE and TERMINAL CHARACTER-SETs:
+
+ MAZOVIA-PC
+ A PC code page used in Poland, equivalent to CP437, but with 18
+ substitutions needed for Polish.
+
+ CP1250
+ The Windows Latin 2 Code Page. Equivalent to ISO 8859-2, but
+ with different encoding.
+
+ 6.4. Additional Cyrillic Character Sets
+
+ The following have been added as FILE and TERMINAL CHARACTER-SETs:
+
+ BULGARIA-PC
+ This is the Cyrillic PC code page used in Bulgaria, where it is
+ called Code Page 856. It is attributed to a company called
+ DATEC, Inc, but CP856 is not a proper designation, since it
+ refers to a Hebrew Code Page (see the IBM Registry).
+
+ CP855
+ This PC Code Page contains all the Cyrillic letters that are
+ also in ISO 8859-5, and is therefore useful for non-Russian
+ Cyrillic text (Ukrainian, Belorussian, etc), unlike CP866,
+ which has a smaller repertoire of Cyrillic letters.
+
+ CP1251
+ The Windows Cyrillic Code Page. Equivalent to CP855, but with
+ different encoding.
+
+ KOI8R
+ An extension to "Old KOI-8" that adds upper and lower case
+ Cyrillic letter Io (looks like Roman E with diaeresis) plus a
+ selection of box-drawing characters to columns 8 through 11,
+ which are vacant in original Old KOI-8. KOI8-R is used for the
+ Russian language. It is specified in [537]RFC 1489.
+
+ KOI8U
+ A similar extension of Old KOI-8, but for Ukrainian. It is
+ specified in [538]RFC 2319.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.5. Automatic Character-Set Switching
+
+ Prior to version 7.0, C-Kermit's file character-set always had to be
+ set explicitly. In 7.0 and later, it is set automatically when:
+
+ 1. This feature is enabled (as it is unless you disable it).
+ 2. An incoming text-mode transfer includes a transfer-character-set
+ announcer and you have not previously given a SET FILE
+ CHARACTER-SET command. In this case, C-Kermit switches to an
+ appropriate file character set. For example, on an HP-UX
+ workstation, an incoming Latin-1 file automatically selects
+ HP-Roman8 for the local copy of the file; in Data General AOS/VS,
+ it would select DG International.
+ 3. You give a SET TRANSFER CHARACTER-SET command without having
+ previously specified a FILE CHARACTER-SET. An appropriate file
+ character-set is chosen automatically.
+
+ In addition, when you give a SET FILE CHARACTER-SET command, the
+ appropriate transfer character-set is automatically chosen, to be used
+ when you are sending files (but this does not override the one
+ announced by the sender when you are receiving files).
+
+ You might not agree about what is "appropriate", so of course you can
+ disable or change all of the above actions.
+
+ You can disable (or re-enable) the new automatic character-set
+ switching feature in each direction separately:
+
+ SET RECEIVE CHARACTER-SET-SELECTION { AUTOMATIC, MANUAL }
+ AUTOMATIC is the default, causing the behavior described above
+ when an incoming file arrives. Choose MANUAL to defeat this
+ behavior and force your current FILE CHARACTER-SET setting to
+ be used, no matter what it is. Note that SET RECEIVE
+ CHARACTER-SET MANUAL does not disable recognition of the
+ incoming transfer character-set announcer, and translation from
+ the corresponding character-set to your current file
+ character-set. To disable that, use SET ATTRIBUTE CHARACTER-SET
+ OFF.
+
+ SET SEND CHARACTER-SET-SELECTION { AUTOMATIC, MANUAL }
+ Again AUTOMATIC is the default, causing the behavior described
+ above when you give a SET { FILE, TRANSFER } CHARACTER-SET
+ command. Use MANUAL to allow you to specify the transfer and
+ file character-sets independently.
+
+ SHOW CHARACTER-SETS
+ Tells settings of { SEND, RECEIVE } CHARACTER-SET-SELECTION.
+
+ Normally, however, it is more convenient to leave automatic switching
+ active, and change any associations that are not appropriate for your
+ application, area, or country. The commands are:
+
+ SHOW ASSOCIATIONS
+ This command lists all the associations in each direction: for
+ each possible transfer character-set, it lists the associated
+ file character-set, and vice versa. These are two separate and
+ independent lists.
+
+ ASSOCIATE TRANSFER-CHARACTER-SET name1 [ name2 ]
+ Changes the association for the transfer character-set name1 to
+ be the file character-set name2. If name2 is omitted, automatic
+ switching is disabled for this transfer character-set only.
+
+ ASSOCIATE FILE-CHARACTER-SET name1 [ name2 ]
+ Changes the association for the file character-set name1 to be
+ the transfer character-set name2. If name2 is omitted,
+ automatic switching is disabled for this file character-set
+ only.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.6. UNICODE
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 adds support for Unicode, the Universal Character Set,
+ for:
+
+ * File Transfer (SEND, RECEIVE, GET, etc)
+ * Terminal connection (CONNECT)
+ * Unguarded file capture (LOG SESSION)
+ * Unguarded file transmission (TRANSMIT)
+ * Local file character-set conversion (TRANSLATE)
+
+ C-Kermit is not, however, a "Unicode application" in the sense that
+ its commands, messages, or user interface are Unicode. Rather, it is
+ "Unicode aware" in its ability to handle and convert Unicode text in
+ the course of file transfer and terminal connection, and you can also
+ use Kermit to convert local files between Unicode and other character
+ sets. TLA's:
+
+ BMP - Base Multilingual Plane
+ BOM - Byte Order Mark
+ CJK - Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
+ ISO - International Standards Organization
+ TLA - Three-Letter Acronym
+ UCS - Universal Character Set
+ UTF - UCS Transformation Format
+
+ Unicode and ISO 10646 are the coordinated and compatible corporate and
+ international standards for the Universal Character Set (UCS). Unlike
+ single-byte and even most multibyte character sets, the UCS can
+ represent all characters in every existing writing system. A flat
+ plain-text file encoded in some form of UCS can contain any mixture of
+ English, Spanish, Italian, German, Hebrew, Arabic, Greek, Russian,
+ Armenian, Georgian, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, Tibetan,
+ Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Thai, Ethiopic, and so on, plus scientific and
+ mathematical notation, as well as texts in Runes, Ogham, Glagolitic,
+ and other historic scripts.
+
+ The UCS already covers these scripts and many more, but it's an
+ evolving standard with efforts underway to accommodate even more
+ languages and writing systems. Support is growing for native UCS use
+ on many platforms and in many applications. The goal of the framers of
+ the UCS is for it to replace ASCII, the ISO Latin Alphabets, ISCII,
+ VISCII, the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) multibyte sets, etc,
+ as well as the many private character sets in use today, in other
+ words to become *the* Universal Character Set.
+
+ Until that time, however, conversions between existing sets and the
+ UCS will be necessary when moving text between platforms and
+ applications. Now Kermit can help.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.6.1. Overview of Unicode
+
+ For a more complete picture, please visit:
+
+ [539]http://www.unicode.org/
+
+ and access the various online introductions, FAQs, technical reports,
+ and other information. For greater depth, order the latest version of
+ the published Unicode Standard. The following overview contains a
+ great many oversimplifications and perhaps an opinion or two.
+
+ At present, the UCS is a 16-bit (2-byte) character set, but with
+ provisions to grow to a 4-byte set. UCS-2 refers to the two-byte set,
+ also called the Base Multilingual Plane (BMP), in which each character
+ has 16 bits, and therefore there are 2^16 = 65536 possible characters.
+ The first 128 characters are the same as US ASCII (C0 control
+ characters and DEL included), the next 32 are the C1 control
+ characters of ISO 6429, and the next 96 are the Right Half of ISO
+ 8859-1 Latin Alphabet 1. The remaining tens of thousands of characters
+ are arranged newly for the UCS, usually (but not always) in sections
+ corresponding to existing standards, such as ISO Latin/Cyrillic, often
+ plus additional characters not appearing in the existing standards due
+ to lack of space (or other reasons).
+
+ ISO 10646 allows for additional planes, e.g. for Egyptian
+ hieroglyphics or ancient (or other esoteric) CJK characters, but these
+ planes are not yet defined and so we will say nothing more about them
+ here, except that their use will require the 4-byte form of UCS,
+ called UCS-4, in some form (more about "forms" in [540]Section 6.6.2).
+
+ Unicode and ISO 10646 are constantly under revision, mainly to add new
+ characters. The Unicode revision is denoted by a version number, such
+ as 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 3.0. The ISO 10646 standard revision is identified
+ by Edition (such as ISO 10646-1 1993), plus reference to any
+ amendments. The first versions of these standards included encodings
+ for Korean Hangul syllables (Jamos); these encodings were changed in
+ version 1.1 of Unicode and by Amendment 5 to ISO 10646-1. The Unicode
+ Technical Committee and the ISO acknowledge that this was a bad thing
+ to do, and promise never change encodings or character names again,
+ since this poses serious problems for conformance and data
+ interchange.
+
+ A UCS-2 value is customarily written like this:
+
+ U+xxxx
+
+ where "xxxx" represents four hexadecimal digits, 0-9 and A-F. For
+ example, U+0041 is "A", U+00C1 is A-acute, U+042F is uppercase
+ Cyrillic "Ya", U+FB4F is Hebrew Ligature Alef Lamed, and U+FFFD is the
+ special character that means "not a character".
+
+ Most characters from widely-used alphabetic writing systems such as
+ the West European ones, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Vietnamese, etc, are
+ available in "precomposed" form; for example Uppercase Latin Letter A
+ with Acute Accent is a single character (as it is in Latin-1).
+ However, the UCS also permits composition of a base character with one
+ or more nonspacing diacritics. This means the same character can be
+ represented in more than one way, which can present problems in many
+ application areas, including transfer and character-set conversion of
+ text.
+
+ Conversion from ASCII or Latin-1 to UCS-2 text is "trivial": simply
+ insert a NUL (0) byte before each ASCII or Latin-1 byte. Converting in
+ the reverse direction (provided the UCS-2 file contains only U+0000 to
+ U+00FF) is equally simple (if we ignore the issue of composition):
+ remove every second (NUL) byte. Conversion of other character sets to
+ and from UCS, however, requires tables or algorithms specific to each
+ set. Nevertheless, the relatively transparent upwards compatibility
+ from ASCII and Latin-1, in which a very large share of the world's
+ textual data is encoded, gives the UCS an entree onto existing
+ platforms.
+
+ But the 2-byte format and the preponderance of NUL and other control
+ bytes in UCS-2 text pose problems for current applications and
+ transmission methods. And to make matters worse, different hardware
+ platforms store UCS-2 characters in different byte order. Thus a UCS-2
+ file transferred by FTP (or accessed via NFS, etc) between two
+ computers with different architecture might have its bytes in the
+ wrong order (or worse; see [541]Section 6.6.5.1 ).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.6.2. UCS Byte Order
+
+ Consider the number 1. In an 8-bit byte, this would be represented by
+ the following series of 0- and 1-bits:
+
+ +-----------------+
+ | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 |
+ +-----------------+
+
+ Therefore in a 16-bit "word" the representation might be:
+
+ +-----------------+-----------------+
+ | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 |
+ +-----------------+-----------------+
+
+ Now consider the number 256, which is 2 to the 8th power. The binary
+ representation is 100000000 (1 followed by 8 zeros). 256 would go into
+ a 16-bit word like this:
+
+ +-----------------+-----------------+
+ | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
+ +-----------------+-----------------+
+
+ When a computer works this way, it is said to be Big Endian, meaning
+ it puts the most significant (biggest) byte first (on the "left") in a
+ 16-bit word, and the least significant byte second (on the right).
+
+ However, some other computers have the opposite arrangement, called
+ Little Endian, in which 1 is:
+
+ +-----------------+-----------------+
+ | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
+ +-----------------+-----------------+
+
+ and 256 is:
+
+ +-----------------+-----------------+
+ | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 |
+ +-----------------+-----------------+
+
+ Computers such as Sparc, MIPS, PA-RISC, and PowerPC are Big Endian,
+ whereas the PC and the Alpha are Little Endian. Endianness has never
+ been an issue with 7- or 8-bit characters, but it is with UCS
+ characters. It can be a tricky business to share or transfer a UCS-2
+ file between two different kinds of computers.
+
+ To alleviate (but not entirely solve) the problem, UCS-2 files are
+ supposed to begin with the Unicode character U+FEFF, Zero-Width
+ No-Break Space (ZWNBS). This is a kind of "no-op" (note: any such
+ assertion must normally be qualified with many "but ifs" and "excepts"
+ which are omitted here in the interest of brevity). If the bytes are
+ reversed the ZWNBS becomes U+FFFE, which is not (and never will be) a
+ defined UCS character. U+FEFF at the beginning of a UCS file is
+ therefore called a Byte Order Mark, or BOM.
+
+ Any application that creates a UCS-2 (or UTF-16, or UCS-4) file should
+ include a BOM, and any application that reads one should test for a
+ BOM, and if one is found, infer the byte order from it. This is a
+ convention, however -- not a standard or a requirement -- and
+ applications vary in their ability to handle BOMs and "backwards"
+ UCS-2 files.
+
+ Note that a BOM is useful only at the beginning of a file. If you
+ append one UCS-2 file to another, and both have BOMs, the internal BOM
+ is no longer a BOM. And if the byte orders of the two files differ,
+ then either the first part or the second will be backwards. (Various
+ other undesirable effects might also occur, not discussed here.)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.6.2. UCS Transformation Formats
+
+ UCS textual data can be modified in various ways for transmission or
+ storage. Any officially sanctioned method of doing this is called a
+ UCS Transformation Format, or UTF. One such method, called UTF-16, is
+ essentially identical with UCS-2 except that it designates certain
+ code values as "escape sequences" (called surrogate pairs) to access
+ characters in other planes without having to use full UCS-4. We won't
+ discuss UTF-16 further here, since at the moment there are no other
+ planes. Several other UTF's (such as UTF-1, UTF-2, and UTF-7) have
+ fallen into disuse and are not discussed here. The most important
+ transformation format today is UTF-8.
+
+ UTF-8, so called because it "serializes" UCS-2 data into a stream of
+ 8-bit bytes, is designed to allow the UCS to work with present-day
+ communications gear, computers, and software. The most important
+ properties of UTF-8 are that byte order is constant (no byte swapping)
+ and all (7-bit) ASCII characters represent themselves. Therefore
+ conversion between ASCII and UTF-8 is no conversion at all, and
+ applications or platforms (such as Plan 9 from Bell Labs) that use
+ UTF-8 "for everything" can still run traditional ASCII-only
+ applications and be accessed from them. In particular, unlike UCS-2,
+ ASCII characters are not padded with NUL bytes. But also unlike UCS-2,
+ there is no transparency for Latin-1 or any other non-ASCII character
+ set. Every non-ASCII UCS-2 character is represented by a sequence of 2
+ or 3 UTF-8 bytes. Thus UTF-8 is more compact than UCS-2 for text
+ containing a preponderance of ABC's (or other ASCII characters), about
+ the same as UCS-2 for other alphabetic scripts (Cyrillic, Roman,
+ Greek, etc), and larger than UCS-2 for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.
+
+ The UTF-8 uncoding of the UCS has been adopted by the Internet as the
+ preferred character set for new applications, and is gradually being
+ retrofitted into traditional applications like FTP ([542]RFC 2640).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.6.3. Conformance Levels
+
+ Although the Unicode and ISO 10646 standards both describe the same
+ character set, these standards differ in many ways, including their
+ stated requirements for conformance and their classification of
+ conformance levels.
+
+ Kermit has always abided by ISO character-set standards, including ISO
+ character-set designation and invocation methods. In adapting Unicode,
+ therefore, we had to choose from among the available ISO designations
+ which, in turn, correspond with ISO 10646 conformance levels. At
+ present, Kermit claims the lowest conformance level, 1, meaning
+ (roughly) that it does not handle combining forms and it does not
+ handle Korean Hangul Jamos (just as, at present, it does not handle
+ Korean in general). Note that ISO 10646 Conformance Levels 1 and 2
+ sidestep the issue of the code changes for Korean Hangul by announcing
+ non-support for Hangul regardless of encoding.
+
+ ISO 10646 Conformance Level 1 is approximately equivalent to Unicode
+ Normalization Form C (described in Unicode Technical Report 15,
+ incorporated into Unicode 3.0).
+
+ As noted in [543]Section 6.6.2, Kermit does not claim to support
+ UTF-16 at the present time, hence the UCS-2 nomenclature. Kermit
+ treats surrogates just as if they were any other UCS-2 characters,
+ rather than as escapes to other planes, which means that (except when
+ converting between UCS-2 and UTF-8) they are translated to "error"
+ characters, since (a) no other planes are defined yet (and if they
+ were, no other character sets supported by Kermit would encode their
+ characters), and (b) no valid surrogate character corresponds to any
+ other UCS-2 character.
+
+ A minor yet significant aspect of Unicode 3.0 and some recent
+ perturbation of ISO 10646-1 (probably Amendment 18, "Symbols and Other
+ Characters") is the addition of the Euro Sign at U+20AC. As noted in
+ [544]Section 6.0, Kermit's "Euro compliance" includes conversion
+ between Latin Alphabet 9 and various PC code pages. Text can also be
+ converted between UCS-2 or UTF-8 and any other Euro-compliant
+ character set (Latin-9, CP858, CP1250, CP1252) without loss of the
+ Euro Sign.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.6.4. Relationship of Unicode with Kermit's Other Character Sets
+
+ Kermit's character sets are divided into two groups: single-byte sets
+ (such as Roman, Hebrew, Cyrillic, Greek) and multibyte (various
+ Japanese sets). The two groups are distinct since one normally would
+ not expect to convert Kanji ideograms to Roman (or other) letters, or
+ vice versa.
+
+ Unicode character-set conversion works with both groups, but obviously
+ the result depends on the repertoires of the source and destination
+ character-sets both including the characters in the file. For example,
+ you can translate a Hungarian text file between Latin-2 and Unicode,
+ but not between (say) Unicode and Latin/Greek. By the same token you
+ can convert Japanese text from Shift-JIS or EUC or JIS-7 to Unicode
+ and back, but you can't convert the same file to (say) Latin-1 if it
+ contains Japanese characters.
+
+ JIS-7 is equivalent to DEC Kanji and ISO-2022-JP except that the
+ latter two do not support halfwidth Katakana. Kermit treats all
+ three of these sets the same way, i.e. as JIS-7.
+
+ As noted, Kermit presently does not handle combining diacritics, and
+ so will not correctly convert UCS files that use them into a
+ single-byte character set. For example, if a UCS file contains Latin
+ Capital Letter A (U+0041) followed by Combining Acute Accent (U+0301),
+ the result will be a two-character sequence, A followed by another
+ character. This is what is meant by Conformance Level 1. (The
+ situation grows worse with multiple diacritics, since they can occur
+ in any order.)
+
+ A higher level of conformance is possible, in which "canonical
+ equivalences" are handled via algorithms and databases, at some
+ (perhaps considerable) cost in performance, since a fair amount of
+ additional code must be executed for every character during data
+ transfer (database lookup, sorting of combining sequences into
+ canonical order, etc). This can be added in future releases if there
+ is a need (but in many cases, pre- and postpostprocessing might be a
+ better option).
+
+ Within these constraints, Kermit converts between the UCS and its
+ other character sets. For example, a mixture of Russian and English
+ (and/or Dutch, or Latin) text can bet converted between the UCS and
+ ISO Latin/Cyrillic or KOI-8. But since Kermit does not presently
+ support Arabic character-set conversion, the new availability of UCS
+ conversion does not mean that Kermit can convert from Arabic UCS text
+ to some other character set, because Kermit does not support any other
+ character set that includes Arabic. Ditto for Thai, Armenian,
+ Georgian, Tibetan, Chinese, Korean, etc. However, Kermit CAN convert
+ Arabic (or any other script) between UCS-2 and UTF-8.
+
+ Considering Cyrillic more carefully, note that the UCS also contains
+ numerous Cyrillic characters not found in any of the Cyrillic sets
+ (ISO Latin/Cyrillic, KOI8, CP866, etc) that Kermit supports;
+ characters needed for Abkhasian, Yakut, Tatar, Bashkir, Altaic, Old
+ Church Slavonic, etc; UCS text containing any of these historic or
+ "extended" Cyrillic characters can not be converted to any of Kermit's
+ current single-byte Cyrillic sets without loss. The situation is
+ similar for Greek, Hebrew, etc, and even worse for Japanese since
+ Unicode contains thousands of Kanjis that are lacking from the
+ Japanese character sets based on JIS X 0208, such as EUC-JP, JIS-7,
+ and Shift-JIS.
+
+ In general, when converting from UCS to a single-byte set, there is
+ always the possibility of data loss, just as there is when converting
+ from any larger set to a smaller one. For example, if a UCS file
+ contains Devanagari characters, these characters will be lost when
+ converting to (say) Latin-1, just as Roman vowels with acute accents
+ are lost when converting from Latin-1 (an 8-bit set) to German ISO 646
+ (a 7-bit set).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.6.5. Kermit's Unicode Features
+
+ C-Kermit can convert between UCS-2 or UTF-8 and any of its other
+ character sets, and also between UCS-2 and UTF-8. When converting
+ between UCS-2 or UTF-8 and a non-Unicode character set (such as
+ Latin-1), the UCS Line Separator (LS, U+2028) and Paragraph Separator
+ (PS, U+2029) characters are converted to the appropriate line
+ terminator (CR, LF, or CRLF). When converting from a non-Unicode set
+ to UCS-2 or UTF-8, however, line terminators are not converted to LS
+ or PS. This is in accordance with the recommendations of Unicode
+ Technical Report #13.
+
+ When C-Kermit starts, it tests the native byte order of the computer.
+ You can see the result in the SHOW FEATURES or SHOW FILE display. It's
+ also available in the variable \v(byteorder): 0 means Big Endian, 1
+ means Little Endian.
+
+ When UCS-2 is involved in file transfer or translation, the following
+ commands tell C-Kermit what to do about byte order:
+
+ SET FILE UCS BYTE-ORDER { BIG-ENDIAN, LITTLE-ENDIAN }
+ This is for reading UCS-2 files that don't have a BOM, and also
+ for writing UCS-2 files. If this command is not given, the
+ machine's native byte order is used when writing UCS-2 files,
+ and also when reading UCS-2 files that don't have a BOM.
+
+ SET FILE UCS BOM { ON, OFF }
+ This setting is used when creating UCS-2 files. A BOM is added
+ at the beginning by default. Use OFF to not add the BOM. This
+ command has no affect when writing files.
+
+ COPY /SWAP-BYTES sourcefile destinationfile
+ Use this for fixing a UCS-2 file whose bytes are in the wrong
+ order.
+
+ Use SHOW FILE to display the FILE UCS settings.
+
+ Please note, again, that C-Kermit's user interface, including its
+ script language, is not internationalized in any way. String
+ comparisons, case conversion, and so on, work only for US ASCII
+ (comparisons for equality work with other sets, but not
+ lexically-greater-or-less-than or caseless comparisons; even
+ comparisons for equality can fail when composed characters or byte
+ order are involved). String functions such as \findex() and
+ \fsubstring() that reference byte positions do just that; they won't
+ work with UTF-8 text that contains any non-ASCII characters, and they
+ will not work with UCS-2 text at all since they use C strings
+ internally, which are NUL-terminated. These are just a few examples to
+ illustrate that neither Unicode nor any other character-set beyond
+ ASCII is supported at the user-interface, command, or scripting level
+ in this version of C-Kermit.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.6.5.1. File Transfer
+
+ Kermit supports both UCS-2 and UTF-8 as file and transfer character
+ sets in text-mode file transfer.
+
+ To select UCS-2 or UTF-8 as a file character-set, use:
+
+ SET FILE CHARACTER-SET { UCS2, UTF8 }
+
+ If you want to send a UCS-2 text file (or save an incoming file in
+ UCS-2 format), tell Kermit to:
+
+ SET FILE CHARACTER-SET UCS2
+
+ and if you want to send a UTF-8 text file (or store an incoming file
+ in UTF-8 format), tell Kermit to:
+
+ SET FILE CHARACTER-SET UTF8
+
+ When sending UCS-2 files, Kermit determines the byte order from the
+ BOM, if there is one (and if there is a BOM, it is stripped, i.e. not
+ sent). If there is no BOM, the byte order is the one specified in the
+ most recent SET FILE UCS BYTE-ORDER command, if any, otherwise the
+ computer's native byte order is assumed. When storing incoming files
+ as UCS-2, the byte order is according SET FILE UCS BYTE-ORDER, if
+ given, otherwise the native one; a BOM is written according to SET
+ FILE UCS BOM.
+
+ A transfer character-set should be chosen that includes all of the
+ characters in the source file. So, for example, if you are sending a
+ UCS-2 file containing only German-language text, your transfer
+ character-set can be Latin-1, Latin-2, Latin-9, UCS-2, or UTF-8. But
+ if you are sending a file that contains a combination of Hebrew and
+ Greek, your transfer character-set must be UCS-2 or UTF-8 if you don't
+ want to lose one script or the other. Furthermore, the transfer
+ character-set must be one that is supported by the receiving Kermit
+ program. Since UCS support is new, it is possible that the other
+ Kermit program (if it supports character sets at all) does not support
+ it, but does support single-byte sets such as Latin-1, Latin/Cyrillic,
+ etc.
+
+ To select UCS-2 or UTF-8 as a transfer character-set, use:
+
+ SET TRANSFER CHARACTER-SET { UCS2, UTF8 }
+
+ It is up to the receiving Kermit program to convert the transfer
+ format to its own local format, if necessary. If it does not
+ understand the UTF-8 or UCS-2 transfer character-set, and your file
+ can not be adequately represented by any single-byte transfer
+ character-set (such as Latin-1 or Latin/Cyrillic) then, if UTF-8
+ format is acceptable on the receiving computer, use UTF-8 as the
+ transfer character-set, with the receiver told to "set unknown-char
+ keep", or with the sender told to "set attribute char off". If you
+ want the file to be stored in UCS-2 format at the receiver, send it it
+ binary mode if the source file is also UCS-2, or else use the
+ TRANSLATE command (next section) to convert it to UCS-2 first, then
+ send it in binary mode. You should not use UCS-2 as a transfer
+ character-set in text-mode transfers to Kermit programs that don't
+ support it, because they are likely to corrupt the result the same way
+ FTP would (see the final paragraph of this section).
+
+ When UCS-2 is the transfer character set, it always goes into Kermit
+ packets in Big Endian format, with no BOM. As always, the transfer
+ character-set is announced by the sender to the receiver. The
+ announcement for UCS-2 is "I162" (ISO Registration 162 = UCS-2 Level
+ 1) and by definition it is Big Endian (the standards say that when
+ UCS-2 is serialized into bytes, the order must be Big Endian). The
+ announcement for UTF-8 is "I190" (UTF-8 Level 1).
+
+ When receiving a file whose transfer character-set is UCS-2 or UTF-8,
+ you must choose the appropriate file character set for the result.
+ There is no way Kermit can do this for you automatically, since UCS
+ data can be in any script at all, or any combination.
+
+ In general, UTF-8 or UCS-2 should be chosen as a transfer
+ character-set if the source file is also encoded in some form of UCS
+ and it contains more than one script. But there are other situations
+ where where UTF-8 or UCS-2 offer advantages. For example, suppose the
+ source file is on a NeXTstation and the destination file is on VMS.
+ Both the NeXT and the DEC Multinational character sets include the
+ French OE digraph, but Latin-1 does not. Therefore French words
+ containing this character might not arrive intact when Latin-1 is the
+ transfer character-set, but will with UTF-8 or UCS-2, since the UCS
+ includes the OE digraph (but so does Latin-9).
+
+ UCS-2 should be chosen as a transfer character-set only for Japanese
+ text files that contain a large preponderance of Kanji, since in this
+ case (and only this case) UCS-2 (two bytes per Kanji) is more
+ efficient than UTF-8 (three bytes per Kanji). The same will be true
+ for Chinese and Korean when they are supported by Kermit. UCS-2 should
+ never be used as a transfer character-set with a transfer partner that
+ does not support UCS-2 since this can cause file corruption (see last
+ paragraph in this section).
+
+ Note that Kermit's repeat-count compression is 100% ineffective for
+ UCS-2, and is also ineffective for multibyte characters in UTF-8 and
+ EUC-JP; this is because repeat-compression is a transport-level
+ mechanism that operates on a per-byte basis; it has no knowledge of
+ the distinction between a byte and a character.
+
+ When C-Kermit starts, it sets up associations ([545]Section 6.5) for
+ incoming files whose transfer character sets are UCS-2 or UTF-8
+ appropriately for the platform so that the file character-set for the
+ incoming file is UCS-2 in Windows and UTF-8 elsewhere. Otherwise,
+ C-Kermit does not make any default associations for UCS-2 or UTF-8,
+ but of course you may add or change associations to suit your needs
+ and preferences by including the appropriate ASSOCIATE commands in
+ your Kermit startup file. For example, if you are a PC user and deal
+ only with text written in Greek and English, you can:
+
+ ASSOCIATE TRANSFER-CHARACTER-SET UTF8 CP869
+ ASSOCIATE TRANSFER-CHARACTER-SET UCS2 CP869
+ ASSOCIATE FILE-CHARACTER-SET CP869 UTF8
+
+ Note that when file transfer involves conversion between a single-byte
+ character set and UCS-2 or UTF-8, the file-transfer thermometer and
+ estimated time left might be inaccurate, since they are based on the
+ source file size, not the transfer encoding. This is purely a cosmetic
+ issue and does not effect the final result. (And is not, strictly
+ speaking, a bug; Kermit protocol presently includes no method for the
+ sender to furnish an "estimated transfer size" to the receiver, and in
+ any case any such guess could be as far off as the file size, given
+ the many other factors that come into play, such as compression and
+ prefixing).
+
+ A caution about FTP and UCS-2. As noted previously, if you transfer a
+ UCS-2 file with FTP in binary mode between two computers with opposite
+ Endianness, the result will have its bytes in the wrong order.
+ However, if you use FTP to transfer a UCS-2 file in "ascii" (text)
+ mode to ANY computer, even if it is identical to yours, the result
+ will be corrupted because FTP's line-terminator conversions do not
+ account for UCS-2. The same holds when sending from a UCS-aware Kermit
+ program to an older Kermit program in text mode with a transfer
+ character-set of UCS-2. So use UCS-2 as a transfer character-set ONLY
+ with a UCS-2-aware Kermit partner.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.6.5.2. The TRANSLATE Command
+
+ In Kermit versions that have Unicode support included, TRANSLATE now
+ always goes through Unicode; that is, the source set is converted to
+ UCS-2 and thence to the target set. This is a major improvement, since
+ in prior releases, C-Kermit had to pick the "most appropriate"
+ transfer character-set as the intermediate set, and this would result
+ in the loss of any characters that the source and target sets had in
+ common but were lacking from the intermediate set (for example the OE
+ digraph when translating from NeXT to DEC MCS through Latin-1). This
+ never happens when Unicode is the intermediate set because Unicode is
+ a superset of all other character sets supported by Kermit. A more
+ dramatic example would be translation between Cyrillic PC code page
+ 866 and KOI8-R ([546]Section 6.4); formerly all the line- and
+ box-drawing characters would be lost (since ISO 8859-5 does not have
+ any); now the ones that these two sets have in common are preserved.
+
+ UCS-2 and UTF-8 are now both supported as source-file and
+ destination-file character sets by C-Kermit's TRANSLATE command, for
+ example:
+
+ translate oofa.txt ucs2 latin1 oofa-l1.txt
+
+ translates oofa.txt from UCS-2 to Latin-1, storing the result as
+ oofa-l1.txt. Similarly:
+
+ translate oofa.txt utf8 latin1 oofa-l1.txt
+ translate oofa.txt latin1 ucs2 oofa-ucs2.txt
+ translate oofa.txt latin1 utf8 oofa-utf8.txt
+ translate oofa.txt ucs2 utf8 oofa-utf8.txt
+ translate oofa.txt utf8 ucs2 oofa-ucs2.txt
+
+ Treatment of the UCS-2 BOM is exactly the same as for file transfer.
+ Note that if a UCS-2 source file is in the "wrong" byte order and
+ lacks a BOM, and you don't tell Kermit about it with SET FILE UCS
+ BYTE-ORDER, the result of the translation is total gibberish. Recall
+ that you can use COPY /SWAP-BYTES to switch the byte order of an
+ errant UCS-2 file (or any other file for that matter, if you can think
+ of a reason to). Also note that:
+
+ translate oofa.txt ucs2 ucs2 new.txt
+
+ Produces a result in the native (or SET FILE UCS) byte-order as long
+ as oofa.txt has a BOM.
+
+ As a side benefit of the Unicode work, the TRANSLATE command now works
+ for the first time also for all Japanese character sets that Kermit
+ supports. In other words, if you have a Japanese text file in any of
+ the following encodings:
+
+ EUC-JP
+ Shift-JIS
+ JIS-7
+ UCS-2
+ UTF-8
+
+ You can use the TRANSLATE command to convert to any other encoding
+ from the same list.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.6.5.3. Terminal Connection
+
+ The CONNECT command now allows UTF-8 as a local or remote terminal
+ character-set:
+
+ SET TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET { ..., UTF8 } { ..., UTF8 }
+ SET TERMINAL REMOTE-CHARACTER-SET { ..., UTF8 }
+ SET TERMINAL LOCAL-CHARACTER-SET { ..., UTF8 }
+
+ (Recall that Kermit's terminal character-set has two "ends" -- the set
+ used on the host to which Kermit is connected, and the set used on the
+ local keyboard and screen.)
+
+ UCS-2 is not supported as a terminal character-set (either end) since
+ (a) it is not used that way anywhere to our knowledge, and (b) the
+ problems of Endianness and the high likelihood of loss of
+ synchronization make it impractical. (Telecommunications is
+ byte-oriented; if one byte, or any odd number of bytes, is lost
+ because of buffer overruns, circuit resets, etc (or likewise if a
+ burst of noise appears that takes the guise of an odd number of
+ bytes), the byte order of the subsequent data stream will be
+ backwards; unlike UTF-8 and traditional byte-based character sets,
+ UCS-2 is not "self synchronizing".)
+
+ UTF-8 does not have byte-order or synchronization problems and is
+ growing in popularity as a terminal character set as well as in other
+ application areas. It allows a single terminal session to use multiple
+ scripts (Roman, Cyrillic, Greek, etc) without ISO 2022 character-set
+ switching (which terminal emulators like Kermit 95 can handle but few
+ host applications understand or use), and meshes nicely with the
+ Unicode screen fonts that are beginning to appear.
+
+ UTF-8 was first used in Plan 9 and soon will be available in Linux. It
+ will probably spread from there (Unicode in some form is, of course,
+ also used in Windows NT, but only internally -- not for access from
+ outside).
+
+ To use UTF-8 or any other character set that uses 8-bit bytes in your
+ terminal session, be sure to tell C-Kermit to:
+
+ SET TERMINAL BYTESIZE 8
+ SET COMMAND BYTESIZE 8
+ SET PARITY NONE
+
+ (or use the shortcut command, EIGHTBIT, which does all three at once).
+
+ In a setup where your local Kermit program uses a single-byte
+ character set such as PC Code Page 850 and the remote host uses UTF-8:
+
+ SET TERM CHAR UTF8 CP850
+
+ or:
+
+ SET TERM REMOTE CHAR UTF8
+ SET TERM LOCAL CHAR CP850
+
+ all works as expected. UTF-8 text on the remote displays correctly on
+ your screen, and when you type CP850 characters, they are translated
+ to UTF-8 sequences for transmission, and the echo from the host is
+ translated from UTF-8 back to CP850. Telnet negotiations and
+ autodownload take place before any character-set translation and work
+ as before. The session log (if text mode was selected for it) contains
+ only the local terminal character-set. And so on.
+
+ Kermit merely supplies translations from UTF-8 to your local terminal
+ character-set (this includes treating UTF-8 Line Separator and
+ Paragraph separator as CRLF). However, Kermit does does not, at
+ present, perform "canonicalization" of composed sequences, nor does it
+ automatically execute bidirectionality algorithms for display of
+ mixed-direction text (e.g. Hebrew and English). Such presentation
+ issues, like all others in the terminal-host regime, are left to the
+ host.
+
+ By the way, C-Kermit also allows UTF-8 to be the local end of the
+ terminal character-set, but so far this code is not tested, since we
+ don't have a UTF-8 console or terminal to work with. However, it can
+ be stated without doubt that C-Kermit's key mapping will not work for
+ UTF-8 values, since (a) the key map is indexed by 8-bit byte values
+ and (b) C-Kermit reads keystrokes a byte at a time (these comments do
+ not apply to K95, which has direct access to the keyboard and can read
+ "wide" keycodes and uses them to index a "wide" keymap).
+
+ Restrictions: As noted, the CONNECT command does not support UCS-2 as
+ a REMOTE TERMINAL character-set. Neither does it support the Japanese
+ sets EUC-JP, JIS-7, and Shift-JIS. Support for the Japanese sets (and
+ possibly Chinese and Korean too) might be added in a future release.
+ Since the TRANSMIT command (next section) uses the same REMOTE
+ TERMINAL character-sets as the CONNECT command, it has the same
+ restrictions.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.6.5.4. The TRANSMIT Command
+
+ As described in Chapter 15 of [547]Using C-Kermit and [548]Section
+ 4.21 of this document, the TRANSMIT command can be used to upload a
+ file without protocol, more or less as if you were typing it on your
+ keyboard while connected to the host. When TRANSMITting in text mode,
+ the file's character set is converted to the host's unless you have
+ SET TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET TRANSPARENT, or you include the new
+ TRANSMIT switch, /TRANSPARENT.
+
+ Before C-Kermit 7.0, the file character-set was assumed to be the same
+ as the local end of the terminal character-set, and the TRANSMIT
+ command used the same translations as the CONNECT command, ignoring
+ the file character-set.
+
+ In C-Kermit 7.0, that assumption (a poor one to begin with) can no
+ longer be made, since UCS-2 can be a file character-set but not a
+ terminal character-set. So now the file's character-set is given by
+ your most recent SET FILE CHARACTER-SET command. The host's character
+ set is the remote end of your most recent SET TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET
+ command:
+
+ SET TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET remote-set [ local-set ]
+
+ or:
+
+ SET TERMINAL REMOTE-CHARACTER-SET remote-set
+
+ The TRANSMIT command converts each source-file character from the FILE
+ character-set to the REMOTE TERMINAL character-set, and then transmits
+ the translated characters according to your SET TRANSMIT preferences
+ (Chapter 15).
+
+ If you have SET TRANSMIT ECHO ON, and the host is echoing the
+ transmitted characters, the echos are converted from the remote
+ terminal character-set to the local terminal character-set.
+
+ [ A picture would help... ]
+
+ Confused? Let's work through an example. Suppose your local computer
+ is a NeXTstation, on which text files are encoded in the NeXT
+ character set, and that the remote computer is a Data General AViiON,
+ which uses the Data General International character set. Further
+ suppose that you are logged in to the NeXT from a VT220 terminal which
+ uses the DEC Multinational character set.
+
+ You need to convert the file from NeXT encoding to DG encoding and
+ convert the echoes from DG encoding to DEC encoding. So on the NeXT,
+ tell C-Kermit to:
+
+ eightbit
+ set file character-set next
+ set term character-set dg-international dec-mcs
+ transmit /text nextdata.txt
+
+ (This assumes you have some sort of collection process already set up
+ on the Data General, such as a text editor or the venerable "cat >
+ foo". The EIGHTBIT command is equivalent to SET TERMINAL BYTESIZE 8,
+ SET COMMAND BYTESIZE 8, SET PARITY NONE.)
+
+ To further complicate matters, suppose your local terminal character
+ set is the same as the remote one, so you don't need terminal
+ character-set translation, but you need to TRANSMIT a file that is in
+ a different character set and you want it translated to the host set.
+ In this case, use SET TERM CHARACTER-SET to actually specify the
+ character set used on each end, rather than specifying TRANSPARENT:
+
+ eightbit
+ set file character-set ucs2
+ set term character-set latin1 latin1
+ transmit /text ucs2data.txt
+
+ The distinction between:
+
+ SET TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET xxx yyy
+
+ (where xxx and yyy are the same set) and:
+
+ SET TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET TRANSPARENT
+
+ is new to C-Kermit 7.0, but affects only the TRANSMIT command.
+
+ The TRANSMIT command currently does nothing special with UCS-2/UTF-8
+ Line and Paragraph Separator characters; more experience is required
+ to find out how these behave in a genuine Unicode terminal-host
+ setting.
+
+ Restrictions: As noted, the TRANSMIT command translates from the FILE
+ character-set to the REMOTE TERMINAL character-set. This rules out
+ translations to any character set that is not supported as a REMOTE
+ TERMINAL character-set, such as UCS-2, EUC-JP, JIS-7, and Shift-JIS.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.6.5.5. Summary of Kermit Unicode Commands
+
+ Specifying file character-set and byte order:
+ SET FILE CHARACTER-SET { ..., UCS2, UTF8 }
+ REMOTE SET FILE CHARACTER-SET { ..., UCS2, UTF8 } (See next
+ section)
+ SET FILE UCS BOM { ON, OFF }
+ SET FILE UCS BYTE-ORDER { BIG-ENDIAN, LITTLE-ENDIAN }
+
+ Specifying the transfer character-set:
+ SET TRANSFER CHARACTER-SET { ..., UCS-2, UTF-8 }
+ REMOTE SET TRANSFER CHARACTER-SET { ..., UCS-2, UTF-8 }
+
+ Specifying the terminal character-set:
+ SET TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET { ..., UTF8 } { ..., UTF8 }
+ SET TERMINAL REMOTE-CHARACTER-SET { ..., UTF8 }
+ SET TERMINAL LOCAL-CHARACTER-SET { ..., UTF8 }
+
+ Displaying settings:
+ SHOW FILE
+ SHOW TRANSFER
+ SHOW TERMINAL
+ SHOW CHARACTER-SETS
+
+ Commands that use these settings include:
+ SEND, RECEIVE, GET, etc.
+ CONNECT
+ TRANSMIT
+ LOG SESSION
+
+ Converting files:
+ TRANSLATE infile { ..., UCS-2, UTF-8 } { ..., UCS-2, UTF-8 }
+ outfile
+ COPY /SWAP-BYTES infile outfile
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6.7. Client/Server Character-Set Switching
+
+ A simple mechanism has been added to allow the client to change the
+ server's FILE CHARACTER-SET:
+
+ REMOTE SET FILE CHARACTER-SET name
+ The client asks the server to change its file character-set to
+ the one given. The name must match one of the server's file
+ character-set names. For convenience, C-Kermit uses its own
+ file character-set keyword list for parsing this command so you
+ can use ? for help and Tab or Esc for completion. However,
+ since the server might have a different repertoire (or even use
+ different names for the same sets), C-Kermit accepts any string
+ you supply and sends it to the server. The server, if it
+ supports this command (C-Kermit 7.0 and K95 1.1.19 do), sets
+ its file character-set as requested, and also disables
+ automatic character-set switching ([549]Section 6.5). If the
+ server does not support this command or if it does not support
+ the given character set, the REMOTE SET FILE CHARACTER-SET
+ command fails.
+
+ Here's an example that sends a Japanese text file encoded in Shift-JIS
+ to a server using every combination of Kermit's Japanese-capable file
+ and transfer character sets:
+
+ dcl \&x[] = euc ucs2 utf8 ; transfer character-sets
+ dcl \&y[] = eu uc ut ; 2-letter abbreviations for them
+ dcl \&f[] = shift euc jis7 ucs2 utf8 ; file character-sets
+ dcl \&g[] = sj eu j7 uc ut ; 2-letter abbreviations
+
+ set file char shift-jis ; local file character-set is Shift-JIS
+ for \%i 1 \fdim(&x) 1 { ; for each transfer character-set...
+ set xfer char \&x[\%i] ; set it
+ for \%j 1 \fdim(&f) 1 { ; for each remote file character-set...
+ remote set file char \&f[\%j] ; set it
+ if fail exit 1 SERVER REJECTED CHARSET
+ send /text meibo-sj.html meibo-sj-\&y[\%i]-\&g[\%j].txt ; send the fi
+le
+ if fail exit 1 TRANSFER FAILED
+ }
+ }
+
+ The Kermit-370 server does not support REMOTE SET FILE CHARACTER-SET,
+ but since it supports REMOTE KERMIT commands, you can get the same
+ effect with REMOTE KERMIT SET FILE CHARACTER-SET name.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7. SCRIPT PROGRAMMING
+
+ (Also see [550]Section 2.8, Scripting Local Programs.)
+
+ 7.0. Bug Fixes
+
+ The following script programming bugs were fixed in C-Kermit 7.0:
+
+ * IF EXIST and IF DIRECTORY were fixed to properly strip braces from
+ around their arguments, so "if directory {C:\Program Files}", etc,
+ would work as expected. However, this means that if the file or
+ directory name is actually enclosed in braces, the braces must be
+ doubled.
+ * The READ command did not fail if the READ file wasn't open; now it
+ does.
+ * The READ command refused to read the last or only line of a file
+ if it did not end with a proper line terminator; now it does.
+ * The END command, when given from within a SWITCH statement, did
+ not exit from the current macro or command file; instead it just
+ terminated the SWITCH.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.1. The INPUT Command
+
+ 7.1.1. INPUT Timeouts
+
+ The description of the INPUT command on page 422 fails to mention the
+ following two points about the timeout (which apply to C-Kermit 6.0
+ and later):
+
+ 1. "INPUT -1 text" (or "INPUT \%x text", where \%x is any variable
+ whose value is -1 or less) means "wait forever". This form of the
+ INPUT command fails only if it is interrupted, since it will never
+ time out.
+ 2. INPUT 0 performs a nonblocking read of material that has already
+ arrived but has not yet been read, and succeeds immediately if the
+ target string is found, or fails immediately if it is not found.
+
+ The same points apply to MINPUT. REINPUT ignores its timeout
+ parameter.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.1.2. New INPUT Controls
+
+ The following new INPUT controls were added in version 7.0:
+
+ SET INPUT AUTODOWNLOAD { ON, OFF }
+ Explained in [551]Section 7.7.
+
+ SET INPUT CANCELLATION { ON, OFF }
+ This governs whether an INPUT command can be canceled by
+ "pressing any key" on the keyboard. Normally it can be, in
+ which case the INPUT command fails immediately and \v(instatus)
+ is set to 2, indicating interruption. SET INPUT CANCELLATION
+ OFF disables keyboard cancellations; thus if the search text is
+ not encountered, the INPUT command will run for its entire
+ timeout interval. SET INPUT CANCELLATION OFF does not disable
+ interruption by Ctrl-C, however; every command needs an
+ emergency exit. (If you really want to disable interruption by
+ Ctrl-C, use SET COMMAND INTERRUPTION OFF.)
+
+ Also see [552]Section 7.2 for any new variables related to INPUT.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.1.3. INPUT with Pattern Matching
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 allows INPUT, MINPUT, and REINPUT targets to be a pattern
+ (explained in [553]Sections 1.19 and [554]4.9). This solves a
+ long-standing problem illustrated by the following scenario: a certain
+ company has a bank of TCP/IP modem servers, with hostnames server1,
+ server2, server3, and so on. Each server's prompt is its name,
+ followed by a colon (:), for example "Server72:". Without INPUT
+ patterns, it would be rather difficult to wait for the prompt. The
+ brute force approach:
+
+ minput 20 Server1: Server2: Server3: ... (enumerating each one)
+
+ is subject to failure whenever a new server is added. A more subtle
+ approach:
+
+ input 20 Server
+ if fail ...
+ input 2 :
+
+ is liable to false positives, e.g. "Welcome to the XYZ Corp Modem
+ Server. Please read the following message:"...
+
+ With patterns, you can match the prompt with "Server*:" (which doesn't
+ solve the "false positives" problem, but certainly is more compact
+ than the brute force method), or with more specific patterns such as
+ "Server[1-9]:" and "Server[1-9][0-9]:", or equivalently:
+
+ Server{[1-9],[1-9][0-9]}:
+
+ meaning the word "Server" followed by a single digit (1-9) or by two
+ digits representing a number from 1 to 99, followed by a colon.
+
+ INPUT pattern matching has been added in a way that does not interfere
+ with existing scripts. No new commands or switches are used. The
+ simple rule is: if an INPUT search target is the argument of the (new)
+ \fpattern() function, it is a pattern. Otherwise it is taken
+ literally, as before. For example:
+
+ input 5 a*b
+
+ searches for an 'a' followed by an asterisk ('*'), followed by a 'b'.
+ But:
+
+ input 5 \fpattern(a*b)
+
+ searches for an 'a' followed by anything at all up to and including
+ the first 'b'. This means that any search target to INPUT, MINPUT, or
+ REINPUT can be a pattern or a literal string, and in particular that
+ MINPUT can accommodate any mixture of patterns and literal strings.
+
+ In selecting patterns, note that:
+
+ * A leading '*' is always implied so there is no need to include
+ one.
+ * A trailing '*' is meaningless and ignored.
+ * A '*' by itself matches the first character that arrives.
+
+ A syntax note: If your pattern is a selection list, meaning a list of
+ alternatives separated by commas and enclosed in braces, then the
+ outer braces will be stripped by various levels of parsers, so you
+ must include three of each:
+
+ input 10 \fpattern({{{abc,mno,xyz}}})
+
+ Note that this is equivalent to:
+
+ minput 10 abc mno xyz
+
+ except for the setting of the \v(minput) variable.
+
+ And a caution: INPUT pattern matching has a limitation that you
+ probably never noticed with literal-string matching, namely that there
+ is a limit on the size of the match. For example, if the pattern is
+ "a*b", the match will succeed if the 'a' and 'b' are not separated by
+ more than (say) 8K bytes, but will fail if they are farther apart than
+ that. In such cases, it better to use two INPUTs (e.g. "input 10 a"
+ and then "input 100 b").
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.1.4. The INPUT Match Result
+
+ The result of any INPUT, MINPUT, or REINPUT command, no matter whether
+ the search targets are patterns or literal strings, is available in
+ the new \v(inmatch) variable. For example:
+
+ minput 10 cat \fpattern([dh]og)
+ if success echo MINPUT matched "\v(inmatch)"
+
+ This is especially useful when a pattern was matched, since it makes
+ the string that matched the pattern available to Kermit; there would
+ be no way to get it otherwise.
+
+ After an INPUT command, you can view all the INPUT-related variables
+ by typing "show variables in" (abbreviate as "sho var in"), which
+ shows the values of all built-in variables whose names start with
+ "in".
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.2. New or Improved Built-In Variables
+
+ \v(blockcheck)
+ Current BLOCK-CHECK setting, 1, 2, 3, or 4. 4 is the code for
+ BLANK-FREE-2.
+
+ \v(byteorder)
+ The machine's byte order: 0 = Big Endian, 1 = Little Endian.
+
+ \v(cmdbufsize)
+ The length of the command buffer, which is the maximum size for
+ a macro, a command, a variable, or anything else in C-Kermit's
+ script language.
+
+ \v(ctty)
+ The device name of C-Kermit's controlling (login) terminal.
+
+ \v(filename)
+ Described in [555]Sections 4.1 and [556]4.2.
+
+ \v(filenumber)
+ Described in [557]Sections 4.1 and [558]4.2.
+
+ \v(filespec)
+ As of C-Kermit 7.0, contains fully qualified filenames rather
+ than (usually) relative ones.
+
+ \v(return)
+ Now holds the END n value of the macro that most recently
+ returned, in case END was used rather than RETURN.
+
+ \v(editor)
+ Pathname of preferred text editor
+
+ \v(editopts)
+ Command-line options for editor
+
+ \v(editfile)
+ File most recently edited
+
+ \v(browser)
+ Pathname of preferred Web browser
+
+ \v(browsopts)
+ Command-line options for Web browser
+
+ \v(browsurl)
+ URL most recently given to Web browser
+
+ \v(dialtype)
+ Type of call most recently placed (see [559]Section 2.1.11).
+
+ \v(kbchar)
+ The character, if any, that was typed at the keyboard to to
+ interrupt the most recent PAUSE, SLEEP, WAIT, MSLEEP, or INPUT
+ command; empty if the most recent such command was not
+ interrupted from the keyboard.
+
+ \v(lockdir)
+ UNIX only - The name of the UUCP lockfile directory, if known,
+ otherwise "(unknown)".
+
+ \v(lockpid)
+ UNIX only - PID of process that owns the communication port
+ that you tried to open with a SET LINE command that failed
+ because the port was in use, otherwise empty. This variable is
+ set with every SET LINE command.
+
+ \v(cx_time)
+ If no connection (SET HOST, SET LINE, DIAL, TELNET, etc) is
+ active, this is 0. If a connection is active, this is the
+ number of seconds since the connection was made.
+
+ \v(hwparity)
+ If hardware parity is in effect, this variable gives its value,
+ such as "even" or "odd" (in which case, the \v(parity) variable
+ will be "none"). Otherwise this variable is empty.
+
+ \v(serial)
+ Current serial port settings in 8N1 format ([560]Section 2.10).
+
+ \v(errno)
+ In UNIX, the current value of the C runtime errno variable,
+ which is quite volatile (meaning that often an "interesting"
+ error code can be overwritten by some other library call or
+ system service that sets errno before you have a chance to look
+ at it). In VMS, the error code returned by the system or
+ library call that most recently failed (success codes are not
+ saved). Not available in other operating systems.
+
+ \v(errstring)
+ The UNIX or VMS system error message that corresponds to
+ \v(errno). Not available in all OS's. Also see
+ [561]\ferrstring().
+
+ \v(setlinemsg)
+ The error message, if any, from the most recent SET LINE, SET
+ PORT, SET HOST, TELNET, or other connection-making command.
+ This is not necessarily the same as \v(errstring) since these
+ commands might fail without generating a system error code, for
+ example (in UNIX) because a lockfile existed indicating the
+ device was assigned by another user.
+
+ \v(exitstatus)
+ The exit status C-Kermit would return if it exited now.
+
+ \v(pexitstat)
+ The exit status of the inferior process most recently invoked
+ by C-Kermit (by RUN, !, REDIRECT, SEND /COMMAND, etc). In VMS,
+ this code can be given to \ferrstring() to get the
+ corresponding error message (in UNIX, program/command return
+ codes are not the same as system error codes). Not available in
+ operating systems other than UNIX and VMS. See [562]Section
+ 4.2.5 for details.
+
+ \v(inmatch)
+ The incoming string of characters, if any, that matched the
+ most recent INPUT, REINPUT, or MINPUT command.
+
+ \v(intime)
+ The number of milliseconds (thousandths of seconds) it took for
+ the most recent INPUT command to find its match, or -1 if no
+ INPUT command has been given yet. If the INPUT command timed
+ out, the value is approximately equal to 1000 times the INPUT
+ timeout. If INPUT failed for some other reason, the value is
+ undefined (\v(instatus) gives INPUT completion status). If your
+ version of C-Kermit is built without high-precision
+ floating-point timers, this number will always be a multiple of
+ 1000.
+
+ \v(inwait)
+ The number of seconds specified as the timeout in the most
+ recent INPUT command.
+
+ \v(dialsuffix)
+ Dialing suffix for use during PDIAL sequence; see [563]Section
+ 2.1.10.
+
+ \v(pid)
+ UNIX, VMS, and K95 only. C-Kermit's primary process ID,
+ numeric, decimal. If you want to show it in hex, use
+ \fn2hex(\v(pid)) If you want to show it in octal, use
+ \fn2octal(\v(pid)).
+
+ \v(printer)
+ Current printer name or SET PRINTER value.
+
+ \v(p_ctl)
+ Control prefix char \v(p_8bit) 8-bit prefix char (if parity not
+ none)
+
+ \v(p_rpt)
+ Repeat prefix char (if repeat compression enabled)
+
+ \v(herald)
+ Kermit's version herald
+
+ \v(test)
+ Kermit's test version, if any, or 0 if this is not a test
+ version. Typical values for test versions are "Alpha.03" or
+ "Beta.14".
+
+ \v(sendlist)
+ The number of entries in the SEND-LIST, 0 if none. Note:
+ entries do not necessarily correspond to files, since an entry
+ might contain wildcards. Also note that the value does not go
+ back to 0 after the files in the list are sent. To reset this
+ variable, use CLEAR SEND-LIST. The purpose of this variable is
+ to determine if a SEND command, when given without any
+ filenames, will be legal. Example:
+
+ xif \v(sendlist) { send } else { send oofa.txt }
+
+ \v(trigger)
+ If the most recent CONNECT session was terminated automatically
+ by a trigger, this variable contains the trigger value.
+
+ \v(ty_ln)
+ TYPE line number (during TYPE)
+
+ \v(ty_lc)
+ TYPE line count (after TYPE)
+
+ \v(ty_mc)
+ TYPE match count (after TYPE)
+
+ \v(xferstat)
+ Status of most recent file transfer:
+
+-1: No transfer yet
+ 0: Succeeded
+ 1: Failed
+
+ \v(xfermsg)
+ If the most recent file transfer failed, this is the reason. If
+ it succeeded, \v(xfermsg) is an empty string.
+
+ \v(tftime)
+ Total elapsed time of most recent file transfer operation, in
+ seconds.
+
+ \v(textdir)
+ Directory that holds (or is supposed to hold) Kermit text files
+ such as installation instructions, release notes, update notes,
+ read-me files, "beware" files, etc.
+
+ \v(name)
+ The name with which the Kermit program was invoked, e.g.
+ "kermit", "wermit", "k95", "k2", etc (see [564]Section 9.1).
+
+ \v(osname)
+ Name of operating system on computer where C-Kermit is running,
+ obtained at runtime (from uname or equivalent).
+
+ \v(osversion)
+ Version of operating system on computer where C-Kermit is
+ running, obtained at runtime (from uname or equivalent).
+
+ \v(osrelease)
+ Release of operating system on computer where C-Kermit is
+ running, obtained at runtime (from uname or equivalent).
+
+ \v(model)
+ The specific hardware model of the computer where C-Kermit is
+ running, if known.
+
+ \v(math_pi)
+ The value of Pi (see [565]Section 7.23)
+
+ \v(math_e)
+ The value of e (see [566]Section 7.23)
+
+ \v(math_precision)
+ How many significant digits in a floating-point number.
+
+ \v(f_count)
+ Result of the most recent FILE COUNT (FCOUNT) command.
+
+ \v(f_error)
+ Numeric error code of most recent FILE command.
+
+ \v(f_max)
+ Maximum number of files open simultaneously.
+
+ The math constants are given in the precision of underlying computer's
+ floating-point arithmetic.
+
+ Note the distinction between \v(osname), \v(osversion), and
+ \v(platform); the latter refers to the platform for which and/or upon
+ which C-Kermit was built, as opposed to the one on which it is
+ actually running. Also note that each operating system can, and
+ probably will, interpret and fill in the os* variables differently, or
+ not at all.
+
+ The SHOW VARIABLES command now accepts a variable name, prefix, or
+ pattern:
+
+ show variables Shows all variables.
+ show variables t Shows all variables that start with "t".
+ show variables *ver* Shows all variables whose names contain "ver".
+ show variables *ver Ditto (an implied "*" is appended).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.3. New or Improved Built-In Functions
+
+ The following new file-i/o functions are explained in [567]Section
+ 1.22.
+
+ \f_status(channel) Status of file open on channel
+ \f_pos(channel) Read/write (byte) pointer of given file
+ \f_line(channel) Current line of file
+ \f_handle(channel) Handle of file
+ \f_eof(channel) Whether given file is at EOF
+ \f_getchar(channel) Read a char from given file
+ \f_getline(channel) Read a line from given file
+ \f_getblock(channel,n) Read a block from given file
+ \f_putchar(channel,c) Write a char to given file
+ \f_putline(channel,string) Write a line to given file
+ \f_putblock(channel,string) Write a block to given file
+
+ The following new date-time-related functions are explained in
+ [568]Section 1.6:
+
+ \fday() Returns day of week of given date
+ \fnday() Returns numeric day of week of given date
+ \ftime() Returns time portion of given date-time
+ \fntime() Converts time to seconds since midnight
+ \fn2time() Converts seconds since midnight to hh:mm:ss
+ \fcvtdate(date-time) Converts free-format date to yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss
+ \fdayofyear(date-time) Converts date to yyyyddd (day-of-year) format
+ \fdoy(date-time) Synonym for \fdayofyear()
+ \fdoy2date(dayofyear) Converts yyyyddd to yyyymmdd
+ \fmjd(date-time) Converts free-format date to Modified Julian Date
+ \fmjd2date(mjd) Converts modified Julian date to yyyymmdd
+
+ The new floating-point arithmetic functions are explained in
+ [569]Section 7.23. f1 and f2 are floating-point (real) numbers; d is
+ the number of decimal places to show:
+
+ \ffpabsolute(f1,d) Absolute value of f1
+ \ffpadd(f1,f2,d) f1 + f1
+ \ffpcosine(f1,d) Cosine of f1
+ \ffpdivide(f1,f2,d) f1 divided by f2
+ \ffpexp(f1,d) e to the f1 power
+ \ffpint(f1) Integer part of f1
+ \ffplog10(f1,d) Log base 10 of f1
+ \ffplogn(f1,d) Natural log of f1
+ \ffpmaximum(f1,f2,d) Maximum of f1 and f2
+ \ffpminimum(f1,f2,d) Minimum of f1 and f2
+ \ffpmodulus(f1,f2,d) Modulus of f1 and f2
+ \ffpmultiply(f1,f2,d) Product of f1 and f2
+ \ffpraise(f1,f2,d) Raise f1 to power f2
+ \ffpround(f1,d) Round f1 to d places
+ \ffpsine(f1,d) Sine of f1
+ \ffpsqrt(f1,d) Square root of f1
+ \ffpsubtract(f1,f2,d) f2 - f1
+ \ffptangent(f1,d) Tangent of f1
+
+ Integer number functions:
+
+ \fabsolute(n)
+ Absolute value of integer n.
+
+ \frandom(n)
+ Returns a random integer between 0 and n-1.
+
+ \fradix(s,n1,n2)
+ If the string s is an integer in radix n1, the result is the
+ same number expressed in radix n2, where n1 and n2 may be any
+ number from 2 through 36, expressed as decimal numbers, or
+ variables (etc) that evaluate to decimal numbers. For the
+ source and result, the digits of any radix, r, are the first r
+ characters in the sequence 0-9,a-z (case doesn't matter for the
+ letters). The string s may have a sign, + or -; if it starts
+ with a minus (-) sign, the result also has a minus sign.
+
+ The \fradix() function does not work with floating-point numbers. It
+ does not reveal the internal storage format of a number; for example,
+ \fradix(-1,10,16) is -1, not something like FFFFFFFFFF. If all three
+ arguments are not given, or if n1 or n2 are not numbers between 2 and
+ 36 inclusive, or s is not a number in radix n1, an error occurs and
+ the empty string is returned. \fradix() also does not offer
+ extended-precision arithmetic; number values are limited to those
+ expressed as a long integer in the architecture of the underlying
+ computer, usually 32 or 64 bits. If you give it an argument whose
+ absolute value is larger than can be held in an unsigned long, the
+ result is -1.
+
+ The next four are shorthand functions for decimal/hexadecimal and
+ decimal/octal number conversion:
+
+ \fn2hex(n)
+ Returns the hexadecimal (base 16) representation of the integer
+ n. This is different from \fhexify(s), which treats its
+ argument as a string rather than a number. The result is always
+ left-padded with 0's to make its length even. Examples:
+
+ \n2hex(0) = "00" \fhexify(0) = "30"
+ \n2hex(255) = "ff" \fhexify(255) = "323535"
+ \n2hex(256) = "0100" \fhexify(256) = "323536"
+
+ \fhex2n(x)
+ Converts hexadecimal number x to decimal equivalent decimal
+ number. This is the inverse of \fn2hex(). Equivalent to
+ \fradix(s,16,10).
+
+ \fn2octal(n)
+ Returns the octal (base 8) representation of the number n.
+ Examples:
+
+ \n2octal(0) = "0"
+ \n2oct(255) = "377"
+ \n2oct(256) = "400"
+ Equivalent to \fradix(n,10,8).
+
+ \foct2n(n)
+ Returns the decimal representation of the given octal number,
+ n. The inverse of \fn2octal(). Equivalent to \fradix(n,8,10).
+
+ String functions:
+
+ \s(name[n:m])
+ Equivalent to \fsubstring(\m(name),n,m) ([570]Section 7.24).
+
+ \:(name[n:m])
+ Equivalent to \fsubstring(name,n,m) (where "name" is any
+ \-quantity) ([571]Section 7.24).
+
+ \fleft(s,n)
+ The leftmost ncharacters of string s; equivalent to
+ \fsubstring(s,1,n).
+
+ \fstripx(string,char)
+ Returns the part of the string up to the rightmost occurrence,
+ if any, of the given character. The default character is period
+ (.) Examples:
+
+ \fstripx(foo/bar,/) = "foo"
+ \fstripx(foo/bar/baz,/) = "foo/bar"
+ \fstripx(autoexec.bat,.) = "autoexec"
+ \fstripx(autoexec.bat) = "autoexec"
+ \fstripx(fstripx(foo/bar/baz,/),/) = "foo"
+
+ \flop(string,character)
+ Returns the portion of the string starting after the first
+ occurrence of the given character. The default character is
+ period (.) Examples:
+
+ \flop(autoexec.bat) = "bat"
+ \flop(baz.foo/bar) = "foo/bar"
+ \flop(baz.foo/bar,/) = "bar
+
+ \fstripn(string,n)
+ Returns the string with ncharacters removed from the end.
+ Example:
+
+ \fstripn(12345678,3) = "12345"
+
+ (For more discussion of \fstripx(), \fstripn(), and \flop() see
+ [572]Section 4.2.3).
+
+ \fb64encode(s)
+ Returns the Base-64 encoding of the string s.
+
+ \fb64decode(s)
+ Returns the decoding of the Base-64 string s. Fails if s is not
+ a Base-64 string, or if its length is not a multiple of 4. Note
+ that if any of the result bytes are null (0), the result string
+ stops there. There is no way to represent strings that contain
+ null bytes in C-Kermit (the same is true for \funhexify()).
+
+ \fword(s1,n,s2,s3)
+ Extracts word number nfrom string s1. By default, a "word" is
+ any sequence of ASCII letters or digits; nis 1-based. If nis
+ omitted, "1" is used. Examples:
+
+ \fword(one two three) = "one"
+ \fword(one two three,1) = "one"
+ \fword(one two three,2) = "two"
+ \fword(one two three,3) = "three"
+
+ and:
+
+ \fword(\v(dialresult),2) = "31200"
+
+ is "31200" if \v(dialresult) is (e.g.) "CONNECT
+ 31200/ARQ/V32/LAPM/V42BIS".
+
+ If you include s2, this replaces the default break set. For
+ example, suppose you have a string \%a whose value is:
+
+ $150.00 $300.00 $39.95
+
+ and you want each dollar amount to be a word; use:
+
+ \fword(\%a,\%n,{ })
+
+ This returns dollar amount number \%n, e.g. "$300.00" for \%n =
+ 2. "{ }" denotes a space (you must enclose it in braces,
+ otherwise it is squeezed out). Note that ASCII control
+ characters are always included in the break set; you don't have
+ to specify them (and you can't not specify them).
+
+ The optional s3 argument lists characters (even control
+ characters) that normally would be considered separators that
+ you want included in words. So the dollars-and-cents example
+ could also be handled this way:
+
+ \fword(\%a,\%n,,$.)
+
+ in other words, use the default separator list, but remove "$"
+ and "." from it so they will be considered part of a word.
+
+ \fsplit(s1,&a,s2,s3)
+ This is like \fword(), except instead of extracting and
+ returning a particular word from string s1, it counts the words
+ and optionally assigns them to the array whose identifying
+ letter, a-z, is given after the "&" in the second argument,
+ with the first word going into element 1, the second into
+ element 2, and so on. The rules regarding break and include
+ lists (s2 and s3) are exactly the same as for \fword().
+ \fsplit() returns the number of words that were assigned, which
+ is either the number of words in the string, or the dimension
+ of the array, whichever is less. If the array is not declared,
+ \fsplit() creates it and returns a number which is both the
+ number of words in s1 and the dimension of the new array.
+ Examples:
+
+ declare \&w[20] ; (Optional.)
+ ...
+ read \%s ; \%s is "This is a sentence with seven words."
+ ...
+ echo "\fsplit(\%s)" ; This would print "7".
+ echo "\fsplit(\%s,&w)" ; Ditto, and also assigns them to array \&w[].
+
+ echo "\&w[7]" ; This would print "words".
+
+ If the line contained fields that were delimited by colon (:),
+ you would use \fsplit(\%s,&w,:). If the fields were delimited
+ by comma, then you would use \fsplit(\%s,&w,{,}); in this case
+ the literal comma must be enclosed in braces to distinguish it
+ from the comma that separates function arguments. To get a word
+ count without loading an array, but still specify break and/or
+ include lists, leave the array argument empty:
+
+ echo "\fsplit(\%s,,:)" ; Use colon as the separator.
+
+ WARNINGS:
+
+ 1. If you use the same array repeatedly, \fsplit() leaves any
+ trailing members undisturbed. For example:
+ dcl \&w[10]
+ \fsplit(1 2 3 4 5,&w) ; Sets \&w[1] thru \&w[5].
+ \fsplit(a b c,&w) ; Sets \&w[1]-[3] leaving [4]-[5] as they were.
+ 2. If you allow \fsplit to create the array (by not declaring it
+ first), it is dimensioned to the number of elements it was
+ created with:
+ \fsplit(1 2 3,&x) ; Creates an array \&x[] with 3 elements.
+ \fsplit(a b c d e,&x) ; This overflows the array.
+
+ Thus if you want to use \fsplit() repeatedly on the same array,
+ either dimension it in advance to the maximum expected size
+ (and then some -- more efficient), or else destroy it after
+ each use (to allow for unexpectedly large arguments). Example
+ using a dynamic array:
+
+ fopen /read \%c some-file
+ if fail ...
+ set function error on ; See [573]Section 7.12
+ while true {
+ dcl \&w[] ; Destroy \&[w] each time thru the loop
+ fread /line \%c \%a
+ if fail break
+ asg \%x \fsplit(\%a,&w)
+ if fail ...
+ ; (do what you want with \&w[] here...)
+ }
+ fclose \%c
+
+ \frindex(s1,s2,n)
+ The "n" argument to \frindex() now works consistently (in
+ mirror image) with the corresponding \findex() argument. In
+ each case, the (n-1)-most characters of s2 are ignored in the
+ search; for findex, this means the starting position of the
+ search is n (the default nis 1, and 0 is treated like 1). For
+ \frindex() it means the default starting point is:
+
+ length(s2) - length(s1) - n (with the same defaults for n).
+
+ \fsearch(pattern,string[,position])
+ Exactly like \findex(), except with a pattern (see [574]Section
+ 7.9) rather than a literal string.
+
+ \frsearch(pattern,string[,position])
+ Exactly like \frindex(), except with a pattern rather than a
+ literal string.
+
+ File Functions:
+
+ \ffiles(), \fnextfile()
+ It is no longer necessary to copy the file list to an array
+ before use, as shown on p.398 of [575]Using C-Kermit 2nd
+ Edition. \ffiles() and friends now make their own safe copies
+ of the file list. Thus constructions like the following are now
+ possible:
+
+ for \%i 1 \ffiles(*.txt) 1 { send \fnextfile() }
+
+ The same is true for the new function \frfiles(),
+ \fdirectories(), and \frdirectories(), described in
+ [576]Section 4.11.3.
+
+ But note that each reference to \fnextfile() still gets you the
+ next file. So "if newer \fnextfile() foo.txt send \fnextfile()"
+ compares one file's age with that of foo.txt, and then sends an
+ entirely different file. If you're going to refer to the same
+ file more than once, assign it to a variable:
+
+ asg \%f \fnextfile()
+ if newer \%f foo.txt send \%f
+
+ (note: assign, not define).
+
+ Also note that \ffiles(), \frfiles(), \fdirectories(), and
+ \frdirectories() all now accept on optional 2nd argument: the
+ name of an array to load with the resulting file or directory
+ list, explained in [577]Section 4.11.3. So you can also load an
+ array with the filelist when you need to refer to the same file
+ more than once:
+
+ for \%i 1 \ffiles(*,&a) 1 { if newer \&a[\%i] foo.txt send \&a[\%i] }
+
+ \fpermissions(file)
+ Returns the platform-specific permissions string for the file,
+ such as "-rw-rw-r--" in UNIX or "(RWE,RWE,RE,E)" in VMS.
+
+ \fdirname(f)
+ Given a file specification f, this function returns the
+ complete pathname of directory the file is in.
+
+ Array Functions:
+
+ \fdimension(&a)
+ Returns the dimension declared for the array whose identifying
+ letter, a-z, or special character "_" or "@", is given after
+ the "&" in the argument. If the array is not declared, 0 is
+ returned. Note that when used with the macro argument vector
+ array, \&_[] (see [578]Section 7.5), the value of this function
+ is one less than \v(argc), and when used with the C-Kermit
+ command-line argument vector array, \&@[], it is equal to the
+ \v(args) variable. Examples:
+
+ echo \fdimension(&a) ; Not declared.
+ 0
+ declare \&a[12] ; Now it's declared.
+ echo \fdim(&a)
+ 12
+
+ \farraylook(pattern,arrayname)
+ Looks in the given array for the pattern and returns the index
+ of the first element that matches, if any, or -1 if none match.
+ The arrayname can include a range specifier to restrict to
+ search to a segment of the array, e.g.
+ \farraylook(*xyz*,&a[32:63]). For greater detail see
+ [579]Section 7.10.7.
+
+ \ftablelook(keyword,arrayname[,delimiter])
+ Looks in the given "table", which must be sorted, for the given
+ keyword. Returns the index of the table element that uniquely
+ matches the given keyword, or -1 if none match, or -2 if more
+ than 1 match. For greater detail see [580]Section 7.10.7.
+
+ Other new functions:
+
+ \fip2hex(s)
+ Converts a dotted decimal IP address to an 8-digit hexadecimal
+ number. \fip2hex(128.59.39.2) = 803b2702.
+
+ \fhex2ip(x)
+ Converts an 8-digit hexadecimal IP address to dotted decimal
+ form, e.g. \fhex2ip(803b2702) = 128.59.39.2. The inverse of
+ \fip2hex().
+
+ \fcommand()
+ \frawcommand()
+ These run an external command and return its output; see
+ [581]Section 4.2.8.4.
+
+ \fdialconvert(s)
+ s is a phone number in either literal or portable format (not a
+ dialing directory entry name). The function returns the dial
+ string that would actually be used when dialing from the
+ current location (after processing country code, area code, and
+ other SET DIAL values).
+
+ \ferrstring(n)
+ Returns the system error message associated with the (numeric)
+ error code n. UNIX and VMS only. Use in conjunction with
+ \v(errno) or \v(pexitstat). See [582]Section 4.2.5 for a usage
+ example. Note: This function doesn't work in Windows because
+ there is not a consistent error-code-to-message mapping; error
+ code "x" means something completely different depending on
+ whether it comes from the C runtime library, Winsock, a
+ Windows-32 API, TAPI, etc,
+
+ \fpattern(s)
+ Used in INPUT, REINPUT, and MINPUT commands to denote search
+ strings that are to be treated as patterns rather than
+ literally.
+
+ Also see [583]Section 7.8 on built-in help for functions.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.4. New IF Conditions
+
+ IF AVAILABLE feature command
+ Executes the command if the given feature is available.
+ Presently used only to determine if specific authentication and
+ encryption options are available. Type "if available ?" to see
+ which features may be tested.
+
+ IF FLOAT f1 command
+ Executes command if f1 is a legal floating point number (which
+ includes integers). Use this to preverify arguments for the
+ \ffp...() floating-point arithmetic functions, e.g. "if float
+ \%1 echo \ffpint(\%1)".
+
+ IF == n1 n2 command
+ Synonym for "if =" (numeric equality). Note that as of C-Kermit
+ 7.0, this and all other numeric comparison operators also work
+ for floating-point numbers.
+
+ IF != n1 n2 command
+ Executes the command if n1 and n2 are both numbers or variables
+ containing numbers and the value of n1 is not equal to the
+ value of n2. This is equivalent to "if not = n1 n2".
+
+ IF <= n1 n2 command
+ Executes the command if n1 and n2 are both numbers or variables
+ containing numbers and the value of n1 is less than or equal to
+ the value of n2. This is equivalent to "if not > n1 n2".
+
+ IF >= n1 n2 command
+ Executes the command if n1 and n2 are both numbers or variables
+ containing numbers and the value of n1 is greater than or equal
+ to the value of n2. Equivalent to "if not < n1 n2".
+
+ IF COMMAND word command
+ Executes the command if word is a built-in C-Kermit command.
+ Example:
+
+ if not command copy define { copy run copy \%1 \%2 }".
+
+ This defines a COPY macro that runs an external COPY command if
+ COPY is not already a built-in command.
+
+ IF LOCAL command
+ Executes the command if Kermit is in local mode, i.e. if it has
+ a SET LINE, SET PORT, or SET HOST (TELNET, RLOGIN, etc) device
+ or connection open. Does not execute the command if in remote
+ mode.
+
+ IF MATCH string pattern command
+ Executes the command if the string matches the pattern. For a
+ description of the syntax for the pattern, see [584]Section
+ 4.9.1. If you want to test if the string contains pattern, use
+ IF \fsearch(pattern,string).
+
+ IF OPEN { DEBUG-LOG, SESSION-LOG, TRANSACTION-LOG, ... } command
+ Executes the command if the given file is open, fails if it is
+ not open. Type IF OPEN ? for a complete list of files that can
+ be checked (all the files that can be opened with the OPEN or
+ LOG commands).
+
+ IF QUIET command
+ Executes the command if SET QUIET is ON, and does not execute
+ it if SET QUIET is OFF. Example: IF NOT QUIET ECHO { This is a
+ message.}.
+
+ IF READABLE name
+ Succeeds if name is the name of an existing file or directory
+ that is readable.
+
+ IF WRITEABLE name
+ Succeeds if name is the name of an existing file or directory
+ that is writeable, e.g.:
+
+ if not writeable \v(lockdir) echo Please read installation instructions!
+
+ IF FLAG command
+ This tests a user-settable condition, which can mean anything
+ you like. SET FLAG ON causes subsequent IF FLAG commands to
+ succeed; SET FLAG OFF causes them to fail. One way to use it
+ would be for debugging your scripts; precede any debugging
+ statements with IF FLAG. Then SET FLAG on to debug your script,
+ SET FLAG OFF to run it without debugging. Another common use is
+ for causing an inner loop to cause an outer loop to exit.
+
+ IF C-KERMIT command
+ C-Kermit, but not Kermit 95 or MS-DOS Kermit, executes the
+ command.
+
+ IF K-95 command
+ Kermit 95, but not C-Kermit or MS-DOS Kermit, executes the
+ command.
+
+ IF MS-KERMIT command
+ MS-DOS Kermit, but not C-Kermit or Kermit 95, executes the
+ command.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.5. Using More than Ten Macro Arguments
+
+ The \v(argc) variable now gives the actual number of arguments, even
+ if the number is greater than 9:
+
+ C-Kermit> define xx echo \v(argc)
+ C-Kermit> xx a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
+ 27
+
+ Remember that \v(argc) includes the name of the macro itself, so it is
+ always at least 1, and is always 1 greater than the actual number of
+ arguments. As in versions 6.0 and earlier, if more than 9 arguments
+ are given, only the first nine are assigned to the variables \%1..\%9.
+
+ The \&_[] array, discussed on page 353 of [585]Using C-Kermit, 2nd ed,
+ now holds all the arguments, up to some implementation-dependent limit
+ (64 or greater), rather than only the first 9. To illustrate: the
+ following macro tells the number of arguments it was called with and
+ then prints them:
+
+ define show_all_args {
+ local \%i
+ echo \&_[0] - Number of arguments: \feval(\v(argc)-1)
+ for \%i 1 \v(argc)-1 1 { echo \flpad(\%i,3). "\&_[\%i]" }
+ }
+
+ Within a macro \&_[0], like \%0, contains the name of the macro.
+
+ At top level, the \&_[] array is filled as follows:
+
+ * If the first argument on the C-Kermit command line was a filename,
+ or C-Kermit was invoked from a "Kerbang" script ([586]Section
+ 7.19), element 0 contains the filename, and elements 1 through
+ \v(argc)-1 hold the remaining command-line arguments.
+ * Otherwise the program name goes in element 0, and elements 1
+ through \v(argc)-1 hold any arguments that were included after
+ "--" or "="
+
+ The new \%* variable, when used within a macro, is replaced by the
+ text that followed the macro name in the macro invocation. If no
+ arguments were given, \%* is replaced by the empty string. Examples:
+
+ C-Kermit> define xx echo [\%*]
+ C-Kermit> define \%a oofa
+ C-Kermit> xx
+ []
+ C-Kermit> xx \%a
+ [oofa]
+ C-Kermit> xx a
+ [a]
+ C-Kermit> xx a b
+ [a b]
+ C-Kermit> xx a b c
+ [a b c]
+ C-Kermit> xx a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
+ [a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z]
+
+ Note that \%* can not be used at top level, since Kermit does not have
+ access to the raw command line (only to its elements separately, after
+ they have been processed by the shell and the C library).
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 also adds a SHIFT command:
+
+ SHIFT [ number ]
+ Shifts the macro arguments (except argument 0) the given number
+ of places to the left and adjusts \v(argc) accordingly. The
+ default number is 1.
+
+ To illustrate, suppose macro XXX is invoked as follows:
+
+ xxx arg1 arg2 arg3
+
+ Then inside XXX, \%1 is "arg1", \%2 is "arg2", and \%3 is "arg3".
+ After a SHIFT command is given inside XXX, then \%1 is "arg2", \%2 is
+ "arg3", and \%3 is empty. \%0 (the name of the macro) remains
+ unchanged.
+
+ If more than 9 arguments were given, then arguments are shifted into
+ the \%1..9 variables from the argument vector array.
+
+ At top level, the SHIFT command operates on the \&_[] array and \%1..9
+ variables; the \&@[] array is not affected. See [587]Section 7.16 for
+ details.
+
+ The \%* variable is not affected by the SHIFT command.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.6. Clarification of Function Call Syntax
+
+ Spaces are normally stripped from the front and back of each function
+ argument; to prevent this enclose the argument in braces:
+
+ \fsplit(\%a,&a,{ })
+
+ However, function calls that contain spaces can make trouble when the
+ function is to be used in a "word" field, since space separates words.
+ For example:
+
+ for \%i 1 \fsplit(\%a,&a,{ }) 1 {
+ echo \%i. "\&a[\%i]"
+ }
+
+ In most cases, the trouble can be averted by enclosing the function
+ reference in braces:
+
+ for \%i 1 {\fsplit(\%a,&a,{ })} 1 {
+ echo \%i. "\&a[\%i]"
+ }
+
+ or by replacing spaces with \32 (the ASCII code for space):
+
+ for \%i 1 \fsplit(\%a,&a,\32) 1 {
+ echo \%i. "\&a[\%i]"
+ }
+
+ Braces are also used in function calls to indicate grouping. For
+ example:
+
+ \fsubstring(abcd,2,2) = "bc"
+
+ But suppose "abcd" needed to contain a comma:
+
+ \fsubstring(ab,cd,2,2)
+
+ This would cause an error, since "cd" appears to be the second
+ argument, when really you want the first "2" to be the second
+ argument. Braces to the rescue:
+
+ \fsubstring({ab,cd},2,2) = "b,"
+
+ Similarly, leading and trailing spaces are stripped from each
+ argument, so:
+
+ \fsubstring( abcd ,2,2) = "bc"
+
+ but braces preserve them:
+
+ \fsubstring({ abcd },2,2) = "ab"
+
+ Given these special uses for braces, there is no way to pass literal
+ braces to the function itself. For example:
+
+ \fsubstring(ab{cd,2,2)
+
+ causes an error.
+
+ So if you need a function to include braces, define a variable
+ containing the string that has braces. Example:
+
+ define \%a ab{cd
+ \fsubstring(\%a,2,2) = "b{"
+
+ If the string is to start with a leading brace and end with a closing
+ brace, then double braces must appear around the string (which itself
+ is enclosed in braces):
+
+ define \%a {{{foo}}}
+ \fsubstring(\%a) = "{foo}"
+
+ This also works for any other kind of string:
+
+ define \%a {{ab{cd}}
+ echo \fsubstring(\%a) = "ab{cd"
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.7. Autodownload during INPUT Command Execution
+
+ As of 6.1 / 1.1.12, C-Kermit can be told to look for incoming Kermit
+ (or Zmodem) packets during execution of an INPUT command. By default
+ (for consistency with earlier releases), this is not done. You can
+ enable this feature with:
+
+ SET INPUT AUTODOWNLOAD ON
+
+ (and disable it again with OFF.)
+
+ One possible use for this feature is as a server mode with a time
+ limit:
+
+ INPUT 3600 secret-string-to-end-the-INPUT-command
+
+ In this example, any GET, SEND, or REMOTE commands received within one
+ hour (3600 seconds) of when the INPUT command was issued will be
+ executed. Here's another example, in which we want to stay open until
+ 11:30pm, or until interrupted by seven consecutive Ctrl-C (\3)
+ characters:
+
+ INPUT 23:30:00 \3\3\3\3\3\3\3
+
+ The INPUT AUTODOWNLOAD setting is displayed by SHOW SCRIPTS or SHOW
+ INPUT.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.8. Built-in Help for Functions.
+
+ Beginning in C-Kermit 7.0, you may obtain a description of the calling
+ conventions and return values of any built-in function, such as
+ \fsubstring(), with the new HELP FUNCTION command; give the function's
+ name without the leading "\f", e.g. "help func substring". You can use
+ ?, completion, and abbreviation in the normal manner.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.9. Variable Assignments
+
+ 7.9.1. Assignment Operators
+
+ Programmers accustomed to languages such as C or Fortran might find
+ Kermit's method of assigning values to variables unnatural or awkward.
+ Beginning in C-Kermit 7.0, you can use the following alternative
+ notation:
+
+ .name = value is equivalent to DEFINE name value
+ .name := value is equivalent to ASSIGN name value
+ .name ::= value is equivalent to ASSIGN name \feval(value)
+
+ When the command begins with a period (.), this indicates an
+ assignment. The name can be a macro name, a \%{digit,letter} variable,
+ or an array element. There can be space(s) between "." and the name.
+ Examples:
+
+ .\%a = This is a string ; Same as "define \%a This is a string"
+ echo \%a
+ This is a string
+
+ .xxx = \%a ; Same as "define xxx \%a"
+ echo \m(xxx)
+ \%a
+
+ .xxx := \%a ; Same as "assign xxx \%a"
+ echo \m(xxx)
+ This is a string
+
+ declare \&a[2] ; Use with arrays...
+ define \%i 2
+ .\&a[1] = first
+ .\&a[\%i] = second
+
+ The following sequence illustrates the differences among three levels
+ of evaluation:
+
+ .\%x = 2 ; Define a variable to have a numeric value
+ .\%y = (3 + \%x) ; Define another variable as an arithmetic expression
+
+ .xxx = 4 * \%y ; "=" simply copies the right-hand side.
+ echo \m(xxx)
+ 4 * \%y
+
+ .xxx := 4 * \%y ; ":=" evaluates the variables first, then copies.
+ echo \m(xxx)
+ 4 * (3 + 2)
+
+ .xxx ::= 4 * \%y ; "::=" evaluates the expression, then copies.
+ echo \m(xxx)
+ 20
+
+ You can also use this syntax to clear (undefine) a variable:
+
+ .\%a = oofa ; Define the variable
+ echo "\%a"
+ "oofa"
+ .\%a ; Clear the variable
+ echo "\%a"
+ ""
+
+ Extra credit: Can you guess what happens below when the file "abc"
+ does not exist?
+
+ fopen /read \%c abc
+ if fail ...
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.9.2. New Assignment Commands
+
+ Recall the DEFINE and ASSIGN commands, and their hidden counterparts,
+ _DEFINE and _ASSIGN. The former take the variable name literally, the
+ latter evaluate the variable-name field to form the variable name
+ dynamically. Examples:
+
+ DEFINE \%x foo ; Sets the value of the variable \%x to "foo".
+ DEFINE \%a \%x ; Sets the value of the variable \%a to "\%x".
+ _DEFINE x_\%a \%x ; Sets the value of the variable x_foo to "\%x".
+ ASSIGN \%a \%x ; Sets the value of the variable \%a to the "foo".
+ _ASSIGN x_\%a \%x ; Sets the value of the variable x_foo to "foo".
+
+ This concept has been carried over to the remaining
+ variable-assignment commands: EVALUATE, INCREMENT, and DECREMENT:
+
+ EVALUATE variablename expression
+ Evaluates the arithmetic expression and assigns its value to
+ the variable whose name is given. Example: "eval \%a 1+1"
+ assigns "2" to \%a.
+
+ _EVALUATE metaname expression
+ Evaluates the arithmetic expression and assigns its value to
+ the variable whose name is computed from the given metaname.
+ Example: "eval foo<\%a>::\%1 \%2 * (\%3 + \%4)" assigns the
+ value of "\%2 * (\%3 + \%4)" to the variable whose name is
+ computed from "foo<\%a>::\%1".
+
+ INCREMENT variablename [ expression ]
+ Evaluates the arithmetic expression and adds its value to the
+ value of the variable whose name is given. Example: "increment
+ \%a".
+
+ _INCREMENT metaname [ expression ]
+ Evaluates the arithmetic expression and adds its value to the
+ value of the variable whose name is computed from the given
+ metaname. Example: "_increment Words::\%1.count[\%2]".
+
+ DECREMENT variablename [ expression ]
+ Evaluates the arithmetic expression and subtracts its value
+ from the value of the variable whose name is given.
+
+ _DECREMENT metaname [ expression ]
+ Evaluates the arithmetic expression and subtracts its value
+ from the value of the variable whose name is computed from the
+ given metaname.
+
+ WARNING: The syntax of the EVALUATE command has changed since C-Kermit
+ 6.0 and K95 1.1.17. Previously, it did not include a variable name,
+ only an expression. To restore the old behavior, use SET EVALUATE OLD.
+ To return to the new behavior after restoring the old behavior, use
+ SET EVALUATE NEW.
+
+ NOTE: There are no analogs to the "_" commands for the operators
+ described in [588]Section 7.9.1; those operators can not be used to
+ assign values to variables whose names must be computed.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.10. Arrays
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 adds lots of new array-related features, and groups them
+ together under the NEW ARRAY command:
+
+ ARRAY { CLEAR, COPY, DECLARE, DESTROY, RESIZE, SHOW, SORT }
+
+ In each of the ARRAY commands, wherever an array name is expected,
+ "short forms" may be used. For example, all of the following are
+ acceptable:
+
+ array show \&a[] (or SHOW ARRAY...)
+ array show &a[]
+ array show a[]
+ array show &a
+ array show a
+
+ In addition, ranges are accepted in the ARRAY COPY, ARRAY CLEAR, ARRAY
+ SET, ARRAY SHOW, and ARRAY SORT commands:
+
+ array clear \&a[16] ; Clears 16 thru end
+ array clear &a[16] ; Ditto
+ array clear a[16] ; Ditto
+
+ array clear \&a[16:32] ; Clears 16 thru 32
+ array clear &a[16:32] ; Ditto
+ array clear a[16:32] ; Ditto
+
+ When using array names as function arguments, you must omit the "\"
+ and you must include the "&". You may optionally include empty
+ brackets. Examples:
+
+ \fsplit(\%a,a) ; Bad
+ \fsplit(\%a,\&a) ; Bad
+ \fsplit(\%a,&a[3]) ; Bad
+
+ \fsplit(\%a,&a) ; Good
+ \fsplit(\%a,&a[]) ; Good
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.10.1. Array Initializers
+
+ Beginning in C-Kermit 7.0, you may initialize an array -- in whole or
+ in part -- in its declaration:
+
+ [ ARRAY ] DECLARE array-name[size] [ = ] [ value1 [ value2 [...] ] ]
+
+ For compatibility with versions 5A and 6.0, the ARRAY keyword is
+ optional. DECLARE can also be spelled DCL.
+
+ Initializers are (a) optional, (b) start with element 1, (c) must be
+ enclosed in braces if they contain spaces, and (d) are evaluated
+ according to normal rules by the DECLARE command prior to assignment.
+ Thus the assignments made here are the same as those made by the
+ ASSIGN command. This allows you to initialize array elements from the
+ values of other variables. If you actually want to initialize an array
+ element to variable's name, as opposed to its value, use double
+ backslashes (as in "\\&a", "\\v(time)", etc).
+
+ The size (dimension) of the array is optional. If the size is omitted,
+ as in "\&a[]", then the array sizes itself to the number of
+ initializers; if there are no initializers the array is not declared
+ or, if it was declared previously, it is destroyed. If a size is
+ given, any extra elements in the initialization list are discarded and
+ ignored.
+
+ NOTE: Unlike in C, the list of initializers is NOT enclosed in braces.
+ Instead, braces are used to group multiple words together. So:
+
+ ARRAY DECLARE \&a[] = { one two three }
+
+ would create an array with two elements (0 and 1), with element 1
+ having the value " one two three ".
+
+ Examples:
+
+ ARRAY DECLARE \&a[16]
+ Declares the array \&a with 17 elements (0 through 16), in
+ which all elements are initially empty. If the array \&a[]
+ existed before, the earlier copy is destroyed.
+
+ ARRAY DECLARE &a[16]
+ ARRAY DECLARE a[16]
+ ARRAY DCL \&a[16]
+ ARRAY DCL &a[16]
+ ARRAY DCL a[16]
+ DECLARE \&a[16]
+ DECLARE &a[16]
+ DECLARE a[16]
+ DCL \&a[16]
+ DCL &a[16]
+ DCL a[16]
+ All of the above are the same as the first example.
+
+ ARRAY DECLARE \&a[16] = alpha beta {gamma delta}
+ Declares the array \&a with 17 elements (0 through 16),
+ initializing \&a[1] to "alpha", \&a[2] to "beta", and \&a[3] to
+ "gamma delta". The remaining elements are empty.
+
+ ARRAY DECLARE \&a[] = alpha beta {gamma delta}
+ Same as the previous example, but the array is automatically
+ dimensioned to 3.
+
+ ARRAY DECLARE \&a[3] = alpha beta {gamma delta} epsilon zeta
+ Too many initializers; only the first three are kept.
+
+ ARRAY DECLARE \&a[0]
+ ARRAY DECLARE \&a[]
+ ARRAY DECLARE &a[]
+ ARRAY DECLARE &a
+ ARRAY DECLARE a
+ DECLARE \&[0]
+ DECLARE a
+ DCL a
+ All of these are equivalent. Each destroys \&a[] if it exists.
+ Declaring an array with a dimension of 0 is the same as ARRAY
+ DESTROY arrayname.
+
+ ARRAY DECLARE \&a[] = \%1 \%2 \%3
+ Declares the array \&a with 3 elements (0 through 3),
+ initializing \&a[1] to the value of \%1, \&a[2] to the value of
+ \%2, and \&a[3] to the value of \%3. In this case, any
+ reference to one of these array elements is replaced by the
+ value of the corresponding \%n variable at the time the
+ declaration was executed (immediate evaluation; the array
+ element's value does not change if the initializer variable's
+ value changes).
+
+ ARRAY DECLARE \&a[] = \\%1 \\%2 \\%3
+ Declares the array \&a with 3 elements (0 through 3),
+ initializing \&a[1] to the string "\%1", \&a[2] to "\%2", and
+ \&a[3] to "\%3". In this case any reference to one of these
+ array elements is replaced by the CURRENT value of the
+ corresponding \%n variable (deferred evaluation -- the array
+ element's value follows the value of the initializer variable).
+
+ The equal sign (=) preceding the initializer list is optional, but is
+ recommended for clarity. If you need to initialize element 1 to a
+ literal equal sign, use two of them, separated by a space, as in this
+ example:
+
+ ARRAY DECLARE \&a[] = = + - * /
+
+ Remember, element 0 is not initialized by the DECLARE command. To
+ initialize element 0, use a regular DEFINE or ASSIGN command:
+
+ ARRAY DECLARE \&a[] one two three four five six seven eight nine
+ DEFINE \&a[0] zero
+
+ Finally, remember that every command level has its own local array,
+ \&_[], containing all the macro arguments (\%0, \%1, ...) for that
+ level. See [589]Section 7.5 for details.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.10.2. Turning a String into an Array of Words
+
+ The \fsplit(s1,&a,s2,s3) function assigns the words of string s1 to
+ successive elements of the array (beginning with element 1) whose
+ identifying letter, a-z, is given after the "&" in the second
+ argument, using break and include characters given in s2 and s3. See
+ [590]Section 7.3 for details.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.10.3. Arrays of Filenames
+
+ See [591]Section 4.11.3 for news about how \ffiles() and related
+ functions can assign a list of filenames to an array. To recapitulate
+ briefly here:
+
+ \ffiles(*,&a)
+
+ assigns all files that match the first argument to the array denoted
+ by the second argument. If the array has not been declared, it is
+ declared automatically, with exactly the number of elements needed to
+ hold the file list; if it was previously declared, it is destroyed and
+ reused. The filenames are assigned starting at array element 1.
+ Element 0 holds the number of files in the list.
+
+ The DIRECTORY command ([592]Section 4.5.1) can also create filename
+ arrays if you give it the /ARRAY: switch; this allows selection
+ criteria beyond whether the filename matches the given pattern.
+
+ All functions and commands that create filename arrays store the
+ number of filenames, n, as element 0 of the array, and the filenames
+ as elements 1 through n.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.10.4. Automatic Arrays
+
+ In a command file or macro, you can now have local (automatic) arrays.
+ Just give the name followed by empty subscript brackets (no spaces
+ inside the brackets please) in a LOCAL command, and then declare the
+ array:
+
+ LOCAL \%a \&a[] oofa
+ ARRAY DECLARE \&a[32] = value1 value2 value3 ...
+
+ This declares the scalar variable \%a, the array \&a[], and the macro
+ name "oofa" to be local, and then declares the new local copy of \&a[]
+ with 32 elements, perhaps assigning some initial values. When C-Kermit
+ exits from the command file or macro containing these command, the
+ previous \&a[] array is restored (and if there was no \&a[] at any
+ higher level, this will still be true). The process can be repeated to
+ any level. Thus it is now safe to write scripts or macros containing
+ arrays without danger of interfering with global arrays of the same
+ name.
+
+ Just as scalars are inherited by lower command levels, so are arrays.
+ So, for example, if \&a[] is declared at top level, all lower levels
+ will see it unless they include a "local \&a[]" statement, in which
+ case all levels at and beneath the level where the LOCAL statement was
+ executed will see the local copy. This too can be repeated to any
+ level.
+
+ On the other hand, if you DECLARE an array at a lower command level
+ without also making it LOCAL, this replaces the copy that was declared
+ at the lowest command level above this one.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.10.5. Sorting Arrays
+
+ Although arrays can be sorted using FOR loops as shown on page 383 of
+ Using C-Kermit, 2nd Ed., this involves quite a bit of repetitive
+ interpretation by the command parser, and so can be slow for large
+ arrays. For this reason, C-Kermit 7.0 adds a built-in SORT command:
+
+ ARRAY SORT [ switches ] array [ array2 ]
+ Sorts the given array in place. Sorting is strictly lexical
+ (string based). The array name can be given fully, e.g.
+ "\&a[]", or the "\" and/or "&" and/or brackets can be omitted,
+ e.g. "array sort \&a[]", "sort &a", "sort a". Also, a range can
+ be indicated in the brackets as noted in [593]Section 7.10, to
+ restrict the sort to a range of elements (equivalent to the
+ /RANGE switch, described just below), e.g. "array sort
+ &a[20:30]".
+
+ A second array may be specified. If it is, and if it is at least as
+ big as the first array, it is sorted according to the first array. For
+ a sample application, see [594]Section 7.10.10.
+
+ See [595]Section 1.5 for an explanation of switches. The optional
+ switches are:
+
+ /CASE:{ON,OFF}
+ /CASE:ON means that alphabetic case is significant in
+ comparisons; uppercase letters are sorted before lowercase
+ ones. /CASE:OFF means case is ignored, e.g. "A" is the same as
+ "a". If this switch is not given, sorting is according the
+ current SET CASE setting.
+
+ /KEY:n
+ Comparison begins at position n(1-based) in each string. If no
+ key is given, the entire strings are compared. Only one key can
+ be given. If an array element is shorter than the key value, n,
+ that element is considered empty for comparison purposes, and
+ therefore lexically less than any element at least ncharacters
+ long.
+
+ /NUMERIC
+ If this switch is included, it means sorting should be numeric,
+ rather than lexical. The sort key is the string starting at the
+ key position, skipping any leading blanks or tabs, and then as
+ much of the string from that point on that fits the definition
+ of "numeric", terminating at the first character that does not
+ qualify. A numeric string has an optional sign (+ or -)
+ followed by one or more digits, and (if your version of Kermit
+ was built with floating-point support; see [596]Section 7.23 )
+ zero or one decimal point (period). If both /CASE and /NUMERIC
+ are given, /NUMERIC takes precedence.
+
+ /RANGE:n[:m]
+ Sort elements nthrough m of the array. By default, the entire
+ array from element 1 to its dimensioned size is sorted, which
+ might produce surprising results if the array is not full; see
+ example in [597]Section 7.10.7. If ":m" is omitted from the
+ range, the dimensioned size is used. Thus, to sort an entire
+ array, \&a[], including its 0th element, use "sort /range:0
+ &a". You can also sort any desired section of an array, e.g.
+ "sort /range:10:20 &a" or "sort /range:\%i:\%j-1 &b". As noted
+ above, you can also specify a range in the array-name brackets.
+ If you specify a range in the array-name brackets AND with a
+ /RANGE switch, the ones in the brackets take precedence.
+
+ /REVERSE
+ Sort in reverse order. If this switch is not given, the array
+ is sorted in ascending order.
+
+ Remember that numeric switch arguments can be numbers, arithmetic
+ expressions, or variables whose values are numbers or expressions, as
+ illustrated in the /RANGE examples above.
+
+ A typical sorting application might be to list students' test scores
+ in descending order. Suppose you had the following records:
+
+ olaf 65
+ olga 98
+ ivan 83
+ xena 100
+
+ (and so on) stored in array \&s[] (e.g. by reading them from a file as
+ illustrated in [598]section 7.10.7). In these records, the student's
+ name is in columns 1-9 and the score in 10-12. So to rearrange the
+ list in descending order of score:
+
+ sort /key:10 /reverse &s
+
+ Then to list your top five students:
+
+ for \%i 1 5 1 { echo \&s[\%i] }
+
+ Or more simply (see next section):
+
+ show array a[1:5]
+
+ To illustrate the difference between a lexical and a numeric sort,
+ suppose you have the following records (the lines that are numbered,
+ starting at column 1) in array \&a[]:
+
+ Column 1 2
+ 12345678901234567890
+
+ 1. Ivan 10.0 2. Olaf 9.95 3. Olga 101.5
+
+ ARRAY SORT /KEY:10 &a[] would order them 3,1,2, but ARRAY SORT /KEY:10
+ /NUMERIC &a[] would order them 2,1,3.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.10.6. Displaying Arrays
+
+ The SHOW ARRAY command (or ARRAY SHOW) now accepts an optional
+ array-name argument:
+
+ SHOW ARRAY \&a[]
+
+ (you can leave off the \, the \&, and/or the []'s if you like; "show
+ array a" is equivalent to "show array \&a[]"). When an array is
+ specified, its dimension is shown and all defined (non-empty) elements
+ are listed.
+
+ Example:
+
+ assign \%n \ffiles(*,&a) ; Fill an array with filenames ([599]Section 4.11.3
+)
+ show array \&a[] ; Show the array we just read
+ array show \&a[] ; Same as previous
+ array sort \&a[] ; Sort the array
+ array show \&a[] ; Show it after sorting
+ array show \&a ; Show it again
+ array show &a ; Show it again
+ array show a ; Show it again
+
+ (The final four commands demonstrate the alternative forms that are
+ accepted for the array name.)
+
+ If you SHOW ARRAY without giving an array name, all defined arrays are
+ listed by name and dimension, but their contents are not shown.
+
+ You can also show a piece of an array by including a subscript or
+ range within the array brackets:
+
+ array show \&a[5] ; Shows \&a[5]
+ array show &a[3:8] ; Shows \&a[3] through \&a[8]
+ array show a[:\%n-1] ; Shows \&a[0] through \&a[\%n-1]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.10.7. Other Array Operations
+
+ ARRAY DESTROY arrayname
+ Destroys and undeclares the named array. Subscripts or ranges
+ are not accepted in this command.
+
+ ARRAY COPY array1 array2
+ Copies the first array to the second array. If the target array
+ has not been declared, it is created automatically with the
+ same size as the first. If it has been declared, it will be
+ used as declared; if the source array is larger, only as much
+ of it as will fit is copied to the target array. Syntax for
+ array1 and array2 is as in ARRAY SHOW (SHOW ARRAY). Example:
+
+ .\%n := \ffiles(*,&a) ; Create and load array A with a file list.
+ array copy &a &b ; Copy array A to array B.
+
+ The ARRAY COPY command also lets you copy pieces of arrays by
+ including range specifiers, as in these examples:
+
+ ARRAY COPY \&a[4:27] \&b
+ This copies \&a[] elements 4-27 to \&b[] elements 1-23,
+ creating \&b[] if necessary or, if \&b[] is already
+ declared, stopping early if its size is less than 23.
+
+ ARRAY COPY \&a[4:27] \&b[12]
+ This copies \&a[] elements 4-27 to \&b[] elements 12-35,
+ creating \&b[] if necessary or, if \&b[] is already
+ declared, stopping early if its size is less than 35.
+
+ ARRAY COPY \&a[4:27] \&b[12:14]
+ This copies \&a[] elements 4-6 to \&b[] elements 12-14,
+ creating \&b[] if necessary or, if \&b[] is already
+ declared, stopping early if its size is less than 14.
+
+ ARRAY COPY \&a[17] \&b
+ This copies all the elements of \&a[] starting with 17
+ until the last to \&b[], creating \&b[] if necessary or,
+ if \&b[] is already declared, stopping early if \&b[] is
+ not big enough.
+
+ ARRAY CLEAR arrayname
+ Sets all the elements of the array to the empty value. You may
+ also include a range specifier to clear only a selected portion
+ of the array; for example "array clear \&a[37:214]". If the
+ range is out of bounds, only the part of the array that is in
+ bounds is cleared.
+
+ ARRAY SET arrayname [ value ]
+ Sets all the elements of the array to the given value. If no
+ value is given, the array is cleared. You may also include a
+ range specifier to set only a selected portion of the array;
+ for example "array set \&a[1:9] -1". If the range is out of
+ bounds, only the part of the array that is in bounds is set.
+
+ ARRAY RESIZE arrayname size
+ Resizes the given array. If the size is greater than the
+ array's current dimension, new empty elements are added to the
+ end. If the size is less than the current dimension, the extra
+ elements are discarded. Note: If you have stored the array size
+ in element 0, ARRAY RESIZE does not change this value.
+ Alternative notation: ARRAY RESIZE arrayname[size]. For a
+ practical example, see [600]Section 7.10.11.
+
+ \farraylook(pattern,arrayname)
+ This function returns the index of the first element of the
+ given array that matches the given pattern (for details about
+ pattern syntax, see [601]section 4.9). The array name can
+ include a range specification to restrict the search to a given
+ segment of the array. If no elements match the pattern, -1 is
+ returned.
+
+ \ftablelook(keyword,arrayname[,delimiter])
+ Looks in the given "table", which must be sorted, for the given
+ keyword. The keyword need not be spelled out in full.
+ Pattern-matching characters should not be included as part of
+ the keyword. The function returns the index of the table
+ element that uniquely matches the given keyword, or -1 if none
+ match, or -2 if more than 1 match.
+
+ A "table" is an array that is sorted in lexical order; each of its
+ elements may contain multiple fields, delimited by the given delimiter
+ character or, if no delimiter is specified, a colon (:).
+
+ The \farraylook() function does exactly what you tell it. If you give
+ it a pattern that does not include wildcard characters (such as *, ?,
+ etc), it requires an exact match. For example:
+
+ \farraylook(oofa,&a)
+
+ searches for the first element of \&a[] whose value is "oofa". But:
+
+ \farraylook(oofa*,&a)
+
+ finds the first element whose value starts with "oofa", and;
+
+ \farraylook(*oofa,&a)
+
+ finds the first element whose value ends with "oofa", and;
+
+ \farraylook(*oofa*,&a)
+
+ finds the first element whose value contains "oofa".
+
+ Here's a simple demonstration of looking up patterns in arrays:
+
+ local \&a[] \%x \%n
+ declare \&a[] = zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten
+ while true {
+ .\%x = 1
+ .\%n = 0
+ ask \%a { Pattern? }
+ if not def \%a exit 0 Done.
+ while <= \%x \fdim(&a) {
+ .\%x := \farraylook(\%a,&a[\%x])
+ if ( < \%x 0 ) break
+ echo \flpad(\%x,3). \&a[\%x]
+ increment \%x
+ increment \%n
+ }
+ if ( < \%n 1 ) echo Pattern not found - "\%a"
+ }
+
+ The array need not be sorted. When a pattern is given, a search is
+ performed; if there is a match, the matching element's index and the
+ element itself are printed, and the search begins again at the next
+ element. Thus each matching element is printed. If none match, the
+ "Pattern not found" message is printed. The process repeats for as
+ many patterns as the user wants to type, and terminates when the user
+ types an empty pattern.
+
+ Now let's build a little command parser, consisting of a keyword
+ table, and a loop to look up the user's commands in it with
+ \ftablelook(). In this case the array elements have "fields" separated
+ by colon (:) -- a keyword and a value. Keyword tables must be sorted
+ if \tablelook() is to work right, so after declaring and initializing
+ the table array, we sort it.
+
+ local \&k[] \%a \%i \%n
+
+ array declare \&k[] = drive:9 do:8 discuss:7 live:6 spend:5 help:4 quit:0
+
+ array sort &k ; Make sure array is sorted
+ echo Type "help" for help. ; Print greeting & instructions
+
+ while true { ; Loop to get commands
+ undefine \%a
+ while not defined \%a { ; Get a command
+ ask \%a { Command? }
+ }
+ .\%n := \ftablelook(\%a,&k) ; Look up the command
+ switch \%n { ; Handle errors
+ :-1, echo Not found - "\%a" ; Doesn't match
+ continue
+ :-2, echo Ambiguous - "\%a" ; Matches too many
+ continue
+ }
+ switch \fword(\&k[\%n],2) { ; Dispatch according to value
+ :9, echo Driving..., break
+ :8, echo Doing..., break
+ :7, echo Discussing..., break
+ :6, echo Living..., break
+ :5, echo Spending..., break
+ :4, echo { Commands (may be abbreviated):}
+ for \%i 1 \fdim(&k) 1 {
+ echo { \%i. \fword(\&k[\%i],1) }
+ }
+ break
+ :0, exit 0 Bye!
+ :default, stop 1 Internal error
+ }
+ }
+
+ In this example, keywords are "drive", "do", "discuss", etc, and their
+ values are unique numbers (values need not be numbers, and there need
+ not be only one value -- there can be 0, 1, 2, or more of them). The
+ user types a command, which can be the whole word (like "help") or any
+ abbreviation (like "hel", "he", or just "h"). If this does not match
+ any keywords, \ftablelook() returns -1; if it matches more than one
+ (as would "d"), it returns -2. Otherwise the array index is returned,
+ 1 or higher.
+
+ Given the array index \%n, we can get the table values as follows:
+
+ \fword(\&k[\%n],1) is the keyword (first field)
+ \fword(\&k[\%n],2) is the value (second field, in this case a number)
+
+ In our example, we use the value (number) as the SWITCH variable. As
+ noted, \fablelook() expects the array elements to contain multiple
+ fields separated by colon (:) (or other character that you specify,
+ e.g. \ftablelook(\%a,&a,^)) and when matching the keyword, ignores the
+ first delimiter and everything after it.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.10.8. Hints for Using Arrays
+
+ C programmers are accustomed to out-of-bounds array references causing
+ core dumps or worse. In C-Kermit:
+
+ * A reference to an an out-of-bounds array element returns the empty
+ string.
+ * An attempt to set the value of an array element that is out of
+ bounds or that has not been declared simply fails.
+
+ C programmers expect an array of size nto have elements 0 through n-1.
+ Fortran programmers expect the same array to have elements 1 through
+ n. C-Kermit accommodates both styles; when you declare an array of
+ size n, it has n=1 elements, 0 through n, and you can use the array in
+ your accustomed manner, 0-based or 1-based.
+
+ However, note that C-Kermit has certain biases towards 1-based arrays:
+
+ * Assignment of file lists starts with element 1 ([602]Section
+ 7.10.3).
+ * Assignment by \fsplit() starts with element 1 ([603]Section 7.3).
+ * Array initialization skips the 0th element. To initialize a
+ 0-based array, use something like this:
+ declare \&a[3] = one two three
+ .\&a[0] = zero
+ * The ARRAY SORT command skips the 0th element unless you include
+ /RANGE:0
+ * The SHIFT command ignores element 0 of the \&_[] array.
+
+ The distinction between an array's dimensioned size and the number of
+ elements in the array is important when sorting. To illustrate:
+
+ declare \&a[100] ; Declare array &a with 100 elements
+ fopen /read \%c oofa.txt ; Open a file
+ if fail...
+ for \%i 1 \fdim(&a) 1 { ; Read the file into the array
+ fread \%c \&a[\%i]
+ if fail break
+ }
+ fclose \%c
+ if > \%i \fdim(&a) end 1 File has too many lines for array.
+ .\%n ::= \%i - 1
+ echo File has \%n line(s).
+
+ Let's say the file had 95 lines. This leaves elements 96-100 of the
+ array empty. Now suppose you sort the array and write out the result:
+
+ sort &a ; Sort the whole array
+ fopen /write \%o oofa.txt.sorted ; Open an output file
+ if fail ...
+ for \%i 1 \%n 1 { ; Write out 95 records
+ fwrite /line \%o \&a[\%i]
+ if fail end 1 Write error
+ }
+ close write
+
+ You might be surprised at the contents of "oofa.txt.sorted" -- five
+ empty elements, 96-100, floated to the top of the array in the sort,
+ and since your write loop only had 95 iterations, the final 5 lines of
+ the sorted file are lost.
+
+ Therefore, when dealing with partially filled arrays -- especially
+ when sorting them -- remember to specify the number of elements. A
+ handy way of recording an array's "true" size is to put it in the 0th
+ element. That way, it "travels with the array". To illustrate
+ (continuing the previous example at the "close read" statement):
+
+ close read
+ if > \%i \fdim(&a) end 1 File has too many lines for array.
+ .\&a[0] ::= \%i - 1 ; Assign number of lines to \&a[0].
+ echo File has \&a[0] line(s).
+ sort /range:1:\&a[0] &a
+ open write oofa.txt.sorted
+ if fail ...
+ for \%i 1 \&a[0] 1 {
+ writeln file \&a[\%j]
+ if fail end 1 Write error
+ }
+ close write
+
+ Note the SORT switch, /RANGE:1:\&a[0]. This keeps the sort 1-based,
+ and uses element 0 of the array as its size indicator.
+
+ Finally, note that even though some commands or functions might put a
+ size in array element 0, no built-in functions or commands depend on a
+ size actually being there. Thus you are perfectly free to replace the
+ size with something else and treat the array as 0-based.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.10.9. Do-It-Yourself Arrays
+
+ Kermit's \&x[] arrays are nice because of the accompanying built-in
+ functionality -- ARRAY commands, built-in functions that load and
+ search arrays, automatic evaluation of arithmetic expressions within
+ the subscript brackets, and so on. Yet they also have certain
+ limitations:
+
+ 1. Except when created by dynamic loading (e.g. by \ffiles()) they
+ must be declared and dimensioned in advance.
+ 2. Indices must be numeric, positive, and in range.
+ 3. There can be only one dimension. Matrices or other
+ higher-dimensioned arrays are not available.
+
+ But none of this is to say you can't invent any kind of data structure
+ you like. In [604]Section 7.9.2 you can see some examples. Here's
+ another (courtesy of Dat Thuc Nguyen), in which a pair of matrices is
+ created and then added: no dimensioning necessary.
+
+ .row = 4
+ .col = 9
+
+ ; MACRO TO PRINT A MATRIX
+ define PMATRIX {
+ echo Matrix \%1:
+ for \%r 1 \m(row) 1 {
+ for \%c 1 \m(col) 1 {
+ xecho \flpad(\m(\%1[\%r][\%c]),4)
+ }
+ echo
+ }
+ echo
+ }
+ ; CREATE MATRICES A AND B
+ for \%r 1 \m(row) 1 {
+ for \%c 1 \m(col) 1 {
+ _eval A[\%r][\%c] \%r + \%c
+ _eval B[\%r][\%c] \%r * \%c
+ }
+ }
+ ; CREATE MATRIX C = SUM OF MATRIX A AND MATRIX B
+ for \%r 1 \m(row) 1 {
+ for \%c 1 \m(col) 1 {
+ _eval C[\%r][\%c] \m(A[\%r][\%c]) + \m(B[\%r][\%c])
+ }
+ }
+ pmatrix A ; Print Matrix A
+ pmatrix B ; Print Matrix B
+ pmatrix C ; Print Matrix C
+
+ In the example, we use matrix-like notation to create macros with
+ names like "A[1][1]", "B[3][7]", and so on.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.10.10. Associative Arrays
+
+ An associative array is a special kind of Do-It-Yourself array. It
+ differs from a regular array in that its indices need not be numbers
+ -- they can be anything at all -- words, filenames, names of months,
+ any character string at all, and that it doesn't have to be (and in
+ fact can't be) declared. An associative array element is simply a
+ macro whose name ends with an index enclosed in angle brackets, for
+ example:
+
+ file<oofa.txt>
+
+ More formally:
+
+ basename<index>
+
+ An associative array is a collection of all associative array elements
+ that have the same basename. Any number of associative arrays, each
+ with any number of elements, can exist at the same time.
+
+ An associative array element can be assigned a value, such as "1",
+ just like any other macro:
+
+ define file<oofa.txt> 1 ; Give "file<oofa.txt>" the value "1".
+
+ or:
+
+ assign file<oofa.txt> \%a ; Give it the value of the variable \%a.
+
+ However, since an associative array element is a macro, it may not
+ have an empty (null) value, since assigning an empty value to a macro
+ undefines the macro.
+
+ You can refer to the value of an associative array element using the
+ familiar notation for macro values:
+
+ echo \m(file<oofa.txt>) ; Echo the value of "file<oofa.txt>".
+
+ Associative arrays are most useful, however, when the value of the
+ index is a variable. In that case, you must use the "hidden" forms of
+ the DEFINE or ASSIGN commands that evaluate the macro name before
+ making the assignment (see [605]Using C-Kermit, page 457). Example:
+
+ define \%f oofa.txt
+ _define file<\%f> 1
+ echo file<\%f> = \m(file<\%f>)
+
+ prints:
+
+ file<oofa.txt> = 1
+
+ and then:
+
+ _increment file<\%f>
+ echo file<\%f> = \m(file<\%f>)
+
+ prints:
+
+ file<oofa.txt> = 2
+
+ What are associative arrays good for? The classic example is "word
+ counts": finding the number of times each word is used in a text
+ without knowing in advance what the words are. Without associative
+ arrays, your program would have to build a table of some kind, and
+ every time a word was encountered, look it up in the table to find its
+ position and counter, or add it to the table if it wasn't found -- a
+ time-consuming and laborious process. Associative arrays, however, let
+ you use the word itself as the table index and therefore sidestep all
+ the table building and lookups.
+
+ Let's work through a practical example. Suppose you have a
+ file-transfer log in which each line is composed of a number of
+ blank-separated fields, and the 9th field is a filename (which happens
+ to be the format of certain FTP server logs, as well as of C-Kermit's
+ new FTP-format transaction log, described in [606]Section 4.17.2), for
+ example:
+
+ Wed Jul 14 09:35:31 1999 22 xx.mit.edu 13412 /pub/ftp/mm/intro.txt ....
+
+ and you want to find out how many times each file was transferred. The
+ following code builds an associative array, file<>, containing the
+ counts for each file:
+
+ local name line max \%c \%n ; Declare local variables
+ fopen /read \%c /var/log/ftpd.log ; Open the log file ([607]Section 1.22)
+ if fail exit 1 Can't open log ; Check
+ while true { ; Loop for each record
+ fread /line \%c line ; Read a line
+ if fail break ; Check for end of file
+ .name := \fword(\m(line),9,{ }) ; Get 9th field = filename (Sec 7.3)
+ _increment file<\m(name)> ; Increment its counter (Sec 7.9.2)
+ }
+ fclose \%c ; Close file when done.
+
+ Note that _INCREMENT (and INCREMENT, and [_]DECREMENT) treat an empty
+ (i.e. nonexistent) variable as having a value of 0, and therefore
+ creates the variable with a value of 1.
+
+ At this point, if you told Kermit to "show macro file<", it would list
+ the associative array. But since you don't necessarily know the names
+ of the files in the array, or even how many elements are in the array,
+ how can you use it in a script program?
+
+ The idea of creating macro names that include character-string indices
+ enclosed in angle brackets is perfectly arbitrary and doesn't depend
+ on any Kermit features that weren't already there -- we could just as
+ easily have used some other notation, such as "file[index]",
+ "file:index", or "file.index", and the code above would have worked
+ just as well (with the corresponding syntax adjustments). But to be
+ able to use an associative array in a program after the array is
+ built, we need a method of accessing all its elements without knowing
+ in advance what they are. That's where the chosen notation comes in.
+
+ First of all, any macro name that ends with "<xxx>" (where "xxx" is
+ any string) is case sensitive, unlike all other macro names, which are
+ case independent. To illustrate, "file<oofa.txt>" and "file<OOFA.TXT>"
+ are two distinct macros, whereas "OOFA", "Oofa", and "oofa", when used
+ as macro names, are all the same.
+
+ Second, the new \faaconvert() function converts an associative array
+ (that is, all macros with names of the form "base<index>" that have
+ the same "base" part) into a pair of regular arrays and returns the
+ number of elements:
+
+ \faaconvert(name,&a[,&b])
+
+ "name" is the name of the associative array, without the angle
+ brackets or index ("file" in our example).
+
+ The second argument is the name of a regular array in which to store
+ the indices of the associative array (filenames in our example); if an
+ array of this name already exists, it is destroyed unless the array is
+ LOCAL. The third argument is the name of another regular array in
+ which to store the values (the counts in our example), with the same
+ rules about array name collisions. If you care only about the indices
+ and not the values, you can omit the third argument to \faaconvert().
+ In any case, the associative array is converted, not copied: its
+ elements are moved to the specified regular arrays, so after
+ conversion the original associative array is gone.
+
+ As with other array-loading functions, \faaconvert() sets element 0 of
+ each array to the number of elements in the array.
+
+ To continue our example:
+
+ .max := 0 ; Maximum count
+ .\%n := \faaconvert(file,&a,&b) ; Convert
+ for \%i 1 \%n 1 { ; Loop through values
+ echo \flpad(\%i,3). \&a[\%i]: \&b[\%i] ; Echo this pair
+ if ( > \&b[\%i] \m(max) ) { ; Check for new maximum
+ .name := \&a[\%i]
+ .max := \&b[\%i]
+ }
+ }
+ echo Most popular file: \m(name), accesses: \m(max)
+
+ This lists the files and counts and then announces which file has the
+ highest count.
+
+ Now suppose you want to sort the array pair created from an
+ associative array. In our example, \&a[] contains filenames, and \&b[]
+ contains the associated counts. Here we take advantage of the ARRAY
+ SORT command's ability to sort a second array according to the first
+ one:
+
+ array sort /reverse /numeric &b &a ; Descending sort by count
+
+ Now to see the top five files and their counts:
+
+ echo The top 5 files are:
+ for \%i 1 5 1 { ; Loop through top 5 values
+ echo \flpad(\%i,3). \&a[\%i]: \&b[\%i] ; Echo this pair
+ }
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.10.11. Transferring Array Contents to Other Computers
+
+ The SEND /ARRAY:arrayname command ([608]Section 4.7.1) allows you to
+ send the contents of any array, or any contiguous segment of it, in
+ either text or binary mode to another computer, using Kermit protocol.
+ When used in conjunction with C-Kermit's other features (the array
+ features described in this section; the file i/o package from
+ [609]Section 1.22; its decision-making, pattern-matching, and string
+ manipulation capabilities, and so on) the possibilities are endless:
+ extracts of large files, remote database queries, ..., all without
+ recourse to system-dependent mechanisms such UNIX pipes and filters,
+ thus ensuring cross-platform portability of scripts that use these
+ features.
+
+ When sending an array in text mode, Kermit appends a line terminator
+ to each array element, even empty ones, and it also converts the
+ character set from your current FILE character-set to your current
+ TRANSFER character-set, if any. No conversions are made or line
+ terminations added in binary mode. For example, the following array:
+
+ dcl \&a[] = One Two Three Four Five Six
+
+ is sent as six lines, one word per line, in text mode, and as the bare
+ unterminated string "OneTwoThreeFourFiveSix" in binary mode.
+
+ You should always include a /TEXT or /BINARY switch in any SEND /ARRAY
+ command to force the desired transfer mode, otherwise you're likely to
+ be surprised by the effects described in [610]Section 4.3.
+
+ Here are some examples:
+
+ send /text /array:\&a[]
+ Sends the entire contents of the array \&a[] in text mode.
+ Since an as-name is not included, the receiver is told the
+ filename is _array_a_.
+
+ send /text /array:&a[]
+ send /text /array:a[]
+ send /text /array:&a
+ send /text /array:a
+ These are all equivalent to the previous example.
+
+ send /text /array:&a /as-name:foo.bar
+ As above, but the array is sent under the name foo.bar.
+
+ send /text /array:&a[100:199] /as:foo.bar
+ As above, but only the elements from 100 through 199 are sent.
+
+ In text-mode transfers, character sets are translated according to
+ your current settings, just as for text files. In binary mode, of
+ course, there is no character-set translation or other conversion of
+ any kind. But remember that array elements can not contain the NUL
+ (ASCII 0) character, since they are implemented as NUL-terminated
+ strings.
+
+ Here's an example that shows how to send all the lines (up to 1000 of
+ them) from a file animals.txt that contain the words "cat", "dog", or
+ "hog" (see [611]Section 4.9 about pattern matching):
+
+ declare \&a[1000]
+ fopen /read \%c animals.txt
+ if fail exit 1
+ .\%i = 0
+ while true {
+ fread \%c line
+ if fail break
+ if match {\m(line)} {*{cat,[dh]og}*} {
+ increment \%i
+ if ( > \%i \fdim(&a) ) break
+ .\&a[\%i] := \m(line)
+ }
+ }
+ fclose \%c
+ send /array:a[1:\%i] /text
+
+ Note that we are careful to send only the part of the array that was
+ filled, not the entire array, because there are likely to be lots of
+ unused elements at the end, and these would be sent as blank lines
+ otherwise.
+
+ This example raises an interesting question: what if we want to send
+ ALL the matching lines, even if there are more than 1000 of them, but
+ we don't know the number in advance? Clearly the problem is limited by
+ Kermit's (and the computer's) memory. If there are a thousand trillion
+ matching lines, they most likely will not fit in memory, and in this
+ case the only solution is to write them first to a temporary file on
+ mass storage and then send the temporary file and delete it
+ afterwards.
+
+ However, when the selection is likely to fit in memory, the
+ once-familiar technique of initial allocation with extents can be
+ used:
+
+ if match {\m(line)} {*{cat,[dh]og}*} {
+ increment \%i
+ if ( > \%i \fdim(&a) ) {
+ array resize a \fdim(&a)+100
+ if fail stop 1 MEMORY FULL
+ echo NEW DIMENSION: \fdim(&a)
+ }
+ .\&a[\%i] := \m(line)
+ }
+
+ This grows the array in chunks of 100 as needed.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.11. OUTPUT Command Improvements
+
+ LINEOUT [ text ]
+ This command is exactly like OUTPUT, except it supplies a
+ carriage return at the end of the text. "lineout exit" is
+ exactly the same as "output exit\13".
+
+ SET OUTPUT SPECIAL-ESCAPES { ON, OFF }
+ This command lets you tell C-Kermit whether to process \N, \L,
+ and \B specially in an OUTPUT command, as distinct from other \
+ sequences (such as \%a, \13, \v(time), etc). Normally the
+ special escapes are handled. Use SET OUTPUT SPECIAL-ESCAPES OFF
+ to disable them.
+
+ Disabling special escapes is necessary in situations when you need to
+ transmit lines of data and you have no control over what is in the
+ lines. For example, a file oofa.txt that contains:
+
+ This is a file
+ It has \%a variables in it
+ And it has \B in it.
+ And it has \L in it.
+ And it has \N in it.
+ And this is the last line.
+
+ can be sent like this:
+
+ local line
+ set output special-escapes off
+ fopen /read \%c oofa.txt
+ if fail stop 1 Can't open oofa.txt
+ while success {
+ fread \%c line
+ if fail break
+ ; Add filtering or processing commands here...
+ output \m(line)\13
+ }
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.12. Function and Variable Diagnostics
+
+ In C-Kermit 6.0 and earlier, the only diagnostic returned by a failing
+ function call was an empty value, which (a) could not be distinguished
+ from an empty value returned by a successful function call; (b) did
+ not give any indication of the cause of failure; and (c) did not cause
+ the enclosing statement to fail. C-Kermit 7.0 corrects these
+ deficiencies.
+
+ SET FUNCTION DIAGNOSTICS { ON, OFF }
+ when ON, allows built-in functions to return diagnostic
+ messages when improperly referenced, instead of an empty
+ string. FUNCTION DIAGNOSTICS are ON by default. When OFF,
+ improperly referenced functions continue to return an empty
+ string. This command also affects built-in variables; in this
+ case, an error message is returned only if the variable does
+ not exist. When FUNCTION DIAGNOSTICS are ON, the error message
+ is also printed.
+
+ For variables, the only message is:
+
+ <ERROR:NO_SUCH_VARIABLE:\v(name)>
+
+ where "name" is the name of the nonexistent variable.
+
+ For functions, the diagnostic message is:
+
+ <ERROR:message:\fname()>
+
+ where "message" is replaced by a message, and "name" is replaced by
+ the function name, e.g. <ERROR:ARG_NOT_NUMERIC:\fmod()>. Messages
+ include:
+
+ ARG_BAD_ARRAY An argument contains a malformed array reference.
+ ARG_BAD_DATE An argument contains a malformed date and/or time.
+ ARG_BAD_PHONENUM An argument contains a malformed telephone number.
+ ARG_BAD_VARIABLE An argument contains a malformed \%x variable.
+ ARG_INCOMPLETE An argument is incomplete (e.g. a broken Base64 string).
+ ARG_EVAL_FAILURE An argument could not be evaluated (internal error).
+ ARG_NOT_ARRAY An argument references an array that is not declared.
+ ARG_NOT_NUMERIC An argument that must be integer contains non-digits.
+ ARG_NOT_FLOAT An argument has bad floating-point number format.
+ ARG_NOT_VARIABLE An argument that must be a variable is not a variable.
+ ARG_OUT_OF_RANGE An argument's numeric value is too big or too small,
+ or an argument contains illegal characters (e.g. a hex
+ or Base-64 string).
+ ARG_TOO_LONG An argument's value is too long.
+ ARRAY_FAILURE Failure to create an array.
+ DIVIDE_BY_ZERO Execution of the function would cause division by zero.
+ FLOATING_POINT_OP Execution error in a floating-point operation.
+ FILE_NOT_FOUND Filename argument names a file that can't be found.
+ FILE_NOT_READABLE Filename argument is not a regular file.
+ FILE_NOT_ACCESSIBLE Filename argument names a file that is read-protected.
+ FILE_ERROR Other error with filename argument.
+ FILE_NOT_OPEN A file function was given a channel that is not open.
+ FILE_ERROR_-n A file function got error -n ([612]Section 1.22).
+ LOOKUP_FAILURE Error looking up function (shouldn't happen).
+ MALLOC_FAILURE Failure to allocate needed memory (shouldn't happen).
+ NAME_AMBIGUOUS The function is not uniquely identified.
+ MISSING_ARG A required argument is missing.
+ NO_SUCH_FUNCTION An argument references a function that is not defined.
+ NO_SUCH_MACRO An argument references a macro that is not defined.
+ RESULT_TOO_LONG The result of a function is too long.
+ UNKNOWN_FUNCTION Internal error locating function (shouldn't happen).
+
+ Examples:
+
+ assign \%m \fmod()
+ ?<ERROR:MISSING_ARG:\fmod()>
+ echo "\fcontents(\%m)"
+ "<ERROR:MISSING_ARG:\fmod()>"
+ echo \fmod(3,x)
+ ?<ERROR:ARG_NOT_NUMERIC:\fmod()>
+ echo \fmod(3,4-2*2)
+ ?<ERROR:DIVIDE_BY_ZERO:\fmod()>
+
+ Notice the use of \fcontents() in echoing the value of a variable that
+ contains a returned error message. That's because the error message
+ includes the name of the variable or function that failed, so you must
+ use \fcontents() to prevent it from being evaluated again -- otherwise
+ the same error will occur.
+
+ The handling of function and variable errors is controlled by:
+
+ SET FUNCTION ERROR { ON, OFF }
+ Tells whether invalid function calls or variable references
+ should cause command errors. FUNCTION ERROR is ON by default.
+ When ON, and an error is diagnosed in a built-in function or
+ variable, the command that includes the function call or
+ variable reference fails. The failing command can be handled in
+ the normal way with IF FAILURE / IF SUCCESS, SET TAKE ERROR, or
+ SET MACRO ERROR.
+
+ When FUNCTION DIAGNOSTICS is OFF, there is no error message.
+
+ SHOW SCRIPTS displays the current FUNCTION DIAGNOSTICS and ERROR
+ settings.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.13. Return Value of Macros
+
+ In C-Kermit 5A and 6.0, there are two ways to return one level from a
+ macro: RETURN value and END number text. When RETURN is used, the
+ value, which can be a number or a text string, is assigned to
+ \v(return). When END was used, however, \v(return) was not set.
+ SUCCESS/FAILURE was set according to whether the number was zero, and
+ the text was printed, but the actual value of the number was lost.
+
+ In C-Kermit 7.0, the END number is available in the \v(return)
+ variable.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.14. The ASSERT, FAIL, and SUCCEED Commands.
+
+ The ASSERT command is just like the IF command, but without a command
+ to execute. It simply succeeds or fails, and this can be tested by a
+ subsequent IF SUCCESS or IF FAILURE command. Example:
+
+ ASSERT = 1 1
+ IF SUCCESS echo 1 = 1.
+
+ The FAIL command does nothing, but always fails. The SUCCEED command
+ does nothing, but always succeeds.
+
+ These commands are handy in debugging scripts when you want to induce
+ a failure (or success) that normally would not occur, e.g. for testing
+ blocks of code that normally are not executed.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.15. Using Alarms
+
+ Alarms may be set in two ways:
+
+ SET ALARM number
+ Sets an alarm for the given number of seconds "from now", i.e.
+ in the future, relative to when the SET ALARM command was
+ given. Examples:
+
+ set alarm 60 ; 60 seconds from now
+ set alarm +60 ; The same as "60"
+ set alarm -60 ; Not legal - you can't set an alarm in the past.
+ set alarm 60*60 ; 60 minutes from now.
+ set alarm \%a+10 ; You can use variables, etc.
+
+ SET ALARM hh:mm:ss
+ Sets an alarm for the specified time. If the given time is
+ earlier than the current time, the alarm is set for the given
+ time in the next day. You may give the time in various formats:
+
+ set alarm 15:00:00 ; 3:00:00pm
+ set alarm 3:00:00pm ; 3:00:00pm
+ set alarm 3:00pm ; 3:00:00pm
+ set alarm 3pm ; 3:00:00pm
+
+ SHOW ALARM
+ Displays the current alarm, if any, in standard date-time
+ format (see [613]Section 1.6): yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss.
+
+ IF ALARM command
+ Executes the command if an alarm has been set and the alarm
+ time has passed.
+
+ IF ALARM { command-list } [ ELSE { command-list } ]
+ Executes the command-list if an alarm has been set and the
+ alarm time has passed. Otherwise, if an ELSE part is given, its
+ command-list is executed.
+
+ CLEAR ALARM
+ Clears the alarm.
+
+ Only one alarm may be set at a time.
+
+ Example: Suppose you have a script that is always running, and that
+ transfers files periodically, and that keeps a transaction log.
+ Suppose you want to start a new transaction log each day:
+
+ log transactions \v(date).log
+ set alarm 00:00:00 ; Set an alarm for midnight
+ while true { ; Main script loop
+ xif alarm { ; If the alarm time is past...
+ close transactions ; Close current log
+ log transactions \v(date).log ; Start new one
+ pause 1 ; To make sure 00:00:00 is past
+ set alarm 00:00:00 ; Set a new alarm
+ }
+ ; put the rest of the script here...
+ }
+
+ Note that IF ALARM -- no matter whether it succeeds or fails -- does
+ NOT clear an expired alarm. Thus, once an alarm has expired, every IF
+ ALARM will succeed until the alarm is cleared (with the CLEAR ALARM
+ command) or reset with a new SET ALARM command.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.16. Passing Arguments to Command Files
+
+ Beginning in version 7.0, C-Kermit accepts arguments on the TAKE
+ command line, for example:
+
+ C-Kermit> take oofa.ksc one two {this is three} four
+
+ This automatically sets the variables \%1 through \%9 to the
+ arguments, and \%0 to the name of the file, in this case:
+
+ \%0 = /usr/olga/oofa.ksc
+ \%1 = one
+ \%2 = two
+ \%3 = this is three
+ \%4 = four
+
+ and \%5..\%9 are undefined (empty). Arguments past the ninth are
+ available in the \&_[] argument-vector array ( [614]Section 7.5).
+
+ The variables are those at the current macro level. Thus, if the TAKE
+ command is executed from within a macro, the macro's arguments are
+ replaced by those given on the TAKE command line (but only if at least
+ one argument is given). The command shown above is exactly equivalent
+ to:
+
+ assign \%0 /usr/olga/oofa.ksc
+ assign \%1 one
+ assign \%2 two
+ assign \%3 this is three
+ assign \%4 four
+ assign \%5
+ assign \%6
+ assign \%7
+ assign \%8
+ assign \%9
+ take oofa.ksc
+
+ Remember, the variables \%0..\%9 are on the macro call stack, and
+ command files are independent of the macro stack. Thus, if a command
+ file TAKEs another command file and passes arguments to it, the
+ variables are changed from that point on for both files, and so forth
+ for all levels of nested command files without intervening macro
+ invocations.
+
+ It would have been possible to change C-Kermit to use the overall
+ command stack, rather than the macro stack, for arguments -- this
+ would have made TAKE work exactly like DO, which is "nicer", but it
+ would also have broken countless existing scripts. However, the new
+ SHIFT command ([615]Section 7.5) makes it possible to create an
+ alternative TAKE command that does indeed save and restore the
+ argument variables at its own level around execution of a command
+ file:
+
+ define mtake {
+ local \%f
+ assign \%f \fcontents(\%1)
+ shift
+ take \%f
+ }
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 also supports a new, easier way to pass arguments to
+ scripts from the system command line:
+
+ kermit filename arg1 arg2 arg3 ...
+
+ in which arg1, arg2, arg3 (etc) are arguments for the script (whose
+ filename is given), and are assigned to \%1, \%2, ... \%9. The
+ filename is assigned to \%0. This applies equally to "Kerbang" scripts
+ in UNIX ([616]Section 7.19). For example, suppose you have a file
+ called "showargs" containing the following lines:
+
+ #!/usr/local/bin/kermit +
+ echo Hello from \%0
+ show args
+ exit
+
+ (except not indented, since the "#!" line must be on the left margin).
+ If you give this file execute permission:
+
+ chmod +x showargs
+
+ then you can run it exactly as you would run a UNIX shell script,
+ e.g.:
+
+ $ showargs one two three
+ Hello from /usr/olga/showargs
+ Top-level arguments (\v(argc) = 4):
+ \&_[0] = /usr/olga/showargs
+ \&_[1] = one
+ \&_[2] = two
+ \&_[3] = three
+
+ Furthermore, the \&_[] array now contains the filename, if one was
+ given as the first command line argument, or it is a "Kerbang" script,
+ in element 0.
+
+ Otherwise element 0 is program name, and elements 1 through \v(argc)-1
+ contain the command-line arguments, if any, that appear after "--" or
+ "=", if any. This array is saved and restored around macro calls;
+ recall that inside macros it contains the macro argument vector
+ (allowing you to access arguments programmatically, and to have more
+ than 9 of them).
+
+ At top level, notice the difference between the \&@[] and \&_[]
+ arrays. The former includes C-Kermit options; the latter omits them.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.17. Dialogs with Timed Responses
+
+ The ASK, ASKQ, GETOK, and GETC commands (let's call them the
+ "ASK-class commands") let you write scripts that carry on dialogs with
+ the user, asking them for text, a Yes/No answer, or a character,
+ respectively. Prior to C-Kermit 7.0, these questions would always wait
+ forever for an answer. In C-Kermit 7.0, you may specify a time limit
+ for them with the new command:
+
+ SET ASK-TIMER number
+ Sets a time-limit on ASK-CLASS commands to the given number of
+ seconds. If the number is 0 or less, there is no time limit and
+ these commands wait forever for a response. Any timer that is
+ established by this command remains in effect for all future
+ ASK-class commands until another SET ASK-TIMER command is given
+ (e.g. with a value of 0 to disable ASK timeouts).
+
+ IF ASKTIMEOUT command
+ An ASK-class command that times out returns a failure status.
+ You can test explicitly for a timeout with:
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.18. Increased Flexibility of SWITCH Case Labels
+
+ Prior to C-Kermit 7.0 / K95 1.1.19, the case labels in SWITCH
+ statements were string constants.
+
+ Now case labels can be variables, function calls, or any mixture of
+ these with each other and/or with regular characters.
+
+ Furthermore, after the case label is evaluated, it is treated not as a
+ string constant, but as a pattern against which the SWITCH variable is
+ matched ([617]Section 4.9.1).
+
+ This introduces a possible incompatibility with previous releases,
+ since the following characters in case labels are no longer taken
+ literally:
+
+ \ * ? [ {
+
+ Any scripts that previously included any of these characters in case
+ labels must now quote them with backslash (\).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.19. "Kerbang" Scripts
+
+ In UNIX only, Kermit scripts can be stored in files and run
+ "directly", without starting Kermit first (as noted on page 467 of the
+ manual), just as a shell script can be "run" as if it were a program.
+ This section amplifies on that idea a bit, and presents some new
+ aspects of version 7.0 that make it easier to write and run Kermit
+ scripts directly.
+
+ NOTE: On non-UNIX platforms, such as VMS or Windows, Kerbang
+ scripts can be run as "kermit + scriptfilename arg1 arg2 arg3 ...".
+ Windows 95/98/NT file associations do not allow for the passing of
+ parameters. In VMS, however, you can achieve the Kerbang effect by
+ defining a symbol, as in this example:
+
+ $ autotelnet :== "$SYS$TOOLS:KERMIT.EXE + AUTOTELNET.KSC"
+
+ and then running the script like any other command:
+
+ $ autotelnet xyzcorp.com myuserid
+
+ See [618]Section 9.3 for an explanation of the "+" symbol.
+
+ UNIX shell scripts can specify which shell should run them by
+ including a "shebang" line at the top, e.g.:
+
+ #!/bin/sh
+
+ (but not indented; the shebang line must be on the left margin). The
+ term "shebang" is a contraction of "shell" and "bang". "Bang" is a
+ slang word for the exclamation mark ("!"); "shebang" itself is an
+ American slang word used in in the phrase "the whole shebang".
+
+ We can run Kermit scripts directly too, by including a "shebang" line
+ that names Kermit as the "shell"; thus we call these "Kerbang"
+ scripts. This mechanism has been considerably simplified in C-Kermit
+ 7.0 to facilitate C-Kermit's use a scripting tool just like any of the
+ UNIX shells or scripting languages. The rules are the same as for
+ shell scripts:
+
+ 1. The first line of the Kermit script must begin with "#!"
+ immediately followed by the full pathname of the program that will
+ execute the script (in this case, C-Kermit rather than a UNIX
+ shell), followed by any Kermit command-line options. To suppress
+ execution of the C-Kermit initialization file and to make command
+ line arguments available to the script, the final option should be
+ "+":
+ #!/usr/local/bin/kermit +
+ Some users have reported that in some circumstances a space might
+ be necessary after the plus sign; this depends on your shell -- it
+ has nothing to do with Kermit. In most cases, no space is needed.
+ 2. The file must have execute permission (granted via "chmod +x
+ filename").
+
+ When C-Kermit is invoked from a Kerbang script (or from the system
+ prompt with a "+" command-line argument, which amounts to the same
+ thing), the following special rules apply:
+
+ 1. The C-Kermit initialization file is NOT executed automatically. If
+ you want it to be executed, include a TAKE command for it in the
+ script, e.g. "take \v(home).kermrc". (In previous releases, the
+ initialization file was always executed, with no way to prevent it
+ except for the user to include Kermit-specific command line
+ options which had nothing to do with the script). Many scripts
+ have no need for the standard Kermit initialization file, which is
+ quite lengthy and not only delays startup of the script, but also
+ spews forth numerous messages that are most likely unrelated to
+ the script.
+ 2. If the initialization file is not executed, neither is your
+ customization file, since the initialization file is the command
+ file from which the customization file is TAKEn. Again, you can
+ include a TAKE command for the initialization file if desired, or
+ for the customization file by itself, or for any other file.
+ 3. C-Kermit does not process command-line arguments at all. Instead,
+ it passes all words on the command line after the "+" to the
+ script as \%0 (the script name), \%1..\%9 (the first nine
+ arguments), as well as in the argument vector array \&_[]. The
+ variable \v(argc) is set to the total number of "words" (as passed
+ by the shell to Kermit) including the script name. Quoting and
+ grouping rules are those of the shell.
+ 4. At any point where the script terminates, it must include an EXIT
+ command if you want it to exit back to the shell; otherwise
+ C-Kermit enters interactive prompting mode when the script
+ terminates. The EXIT command can include a numeric status to be
+ returned to the shell (0, 1, etc), plus an optional message.
+
+ Here is a simple Kerbang script that prints its arguments:
+
+ #/usr/local/bin/kermit +
+ echo Hello from \%0
+ for \%i 0 \v(argc)-1 1 {
+ echo \%i. "\&_[\%i]"
+ }
+ exit 0
+
+ Save this file as (say) "showargs", then give it execute permission
+ and run it (the \&_[] array is the same as \%0..\%9, but allows you to
+ refer to argument variables programmatically; see [619]Section 7.5).
+ (Yes, you could substitute SHOW ARGUMENTS for the loop.)
+
+ $ chmod +x showargs
+ $ ./showargs one "this is two" three
+
+ The script displays its arguments:
+
+ Hello from /usr/olga/showargs
+ 0. "/usr/olga/showargs"
+ 1. "one"
+ 2. "this is two"
+ 3. "three"
+ $
+
+ Notice that no banners or greetings are printed and that startup is
+ instantaneous, just like a shell script. Also notice that grouping of
+ arguments is determined by *shell* quoting rules, not Kermit ones,
+ since the command line is parsed by the shell before Kermit ever sees
+ it.
+
+ Of course you can put any commands at all into a Kerbang script. It
+ can read and write files, make connections, transfer files, anything
+ that Kermit can do -- because it *is* Kermit. And of course, Kerbang
+ scripts can also be executed from the Kermit prompt (or from another
+ script) with a TAKE command; the Kerbang line is ignored since it
+ starts with "#", which is a comment introducer to Kermit just as it is
+ to the UNIX shell. In VMS and other non-UNIX platforms, the Kerbang
+ line has no effect and can be omitted.
+
+ It might be desireable for a script to know whether it has been
+ invoked directly from the shell (as a Kerbang script) or by a TAKE
+ command given to the Kermit prompt or in a Kermit command file or
+ macro. This can be done as in this example:
+
+ #!/usr/local/bin/kermit +
+ assign \%m \fbasename(\%0)
+ define usage { exit 1 {usage: \%m phonenumber message} }
+ define apage { (definition of APAGE...) } ; (See [620]book pp.454-456)
+ xif equal "\%0" "\v(cmdfil)" {
+ if not def \%1 usage
+ if not def \%2 usage
+ apage {\%1} {\%2}
+ exit \v(status)
+ }
+
+ In a Kerbang script, \%0 and \v(cmdfile) are the same; both of them
+ are the name of the script. When a script is invoked by a Kermit TAKE
+ command, \%0 is the name of the Kermit program, but \v(cmdfile) is the
+ name of the script. In the example above, a macro called APAGE is
+ defined. If the script was invoked directly, the APAGE macro is also
+ executed. Otherwise, it is available for subsequent and perhaps
+ repeated use later in the Kermit session.
+
+ An especially handy use for Kerbang scripts is to have the
+ initialization file itself be one. Since the standard initialization
+ file is rather long and time-consuming to execute, it is often
+ overkill if you want to start Kermit just to transfer a file. Of
+ course there are command-line switches to suppress initialization-file
+ execution, etc, but another approach is to "run" the initialization
+ file when you want its features (notably the services directory), and
+ run C-Kermit directly when you don't. A setup like this requires that
+ (a) the C-Kermit initialization file is configured as a Kerbang script
+ (has #!/path.../kermit as first line), has execute permission, and is
+ in your PATH; and (b) that you don't have a .kermrc file in your login
+ directory.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.20. IF and XIF Statement Syntax
+
+ The IF command has been improved in two significant ways in C-Kermit
+ 7.0, described in the following subsections. All changes are backwards
+ compatible.
+
+ 7.20.1. The IF/XIF Distinction
+
+ The distinction between IF and XIF is no longer important as of
+ C-Kermit 7.0. You should be able to use IF in all cases (and of
+ course, also XIF for backwards compatibility). In the past, IF was
+ used for single-command THEN parts, followed optionally by a separate
+ ELSE command:
+
+ IF condition command1 ; THEN part
+ ELSE command2 ; ELSE part
+
+ whereas XIF was required if either part had multiple commands:
+
+ XIF condition { command, command, ... } ELSE { command, command, ... }
+
+ The syntactic differences were primarily that IF / ELSE was two
+ commands on two separate lines, whereas XIF was one command on one
+ line, and that XIF allowed (and in fact required) braces around its
+ command lists, whereas IF did not allow them.
+
+ Furthermore, the chaining or nesting of parts and conditions was
+ inconsistent. For example, the IF command could be used like this:
+
+ IF condition command
+ ELSE IF condition command
+ ELSE IF condition command
+ ELSE IF condition command
+ ...
+
+ but XIF could not. C-Kermit 7.0 accepts the old syntax and executes it
+ the same as previous versions, but also accepts a new unified and more
+ convenient syntax:
+
+ IF condition command-list [ ELSE command-list ]
+
+ or:
+
+IF condition command-list
+ELSE command-list
+
+ in which the ELSE part is optional, and where command-list can be a
+ single command (with or without braces around it) or a list of
+ commands enclosed in braces. Examples:
+
+ Example 1:
+
+ IF condition { command1, command2 } ELSE { command3, command4 }
+
+ Example 2 (same as Example 1):
+
+ IF condition {
+ command1
+ command2
+ } ELSE {
+ command3
+ command4
+ }
+
+ Example 3 (same as 1 and 2):
+
+ IF condition {
+ command1
+ command2
+ }
+ ELSE { command3, command4 }
+
+ Example 4 (same as 1-3):
+
+ IF condition {
+ command1
+ command2
+ }
+ ELSE {
+ command3
+ command4
+ }
+
+ Example 5 (ELSE can be followed by another command):
+
+ IF condition {
+ command1
+ command2
+ } ELSE IF condition {
+ command3
+ command4
+ } ELSE {
+ command5
+ command6
+ }
+
+ Example 5 suggests other possibilities:
+
+ IF condition {
+ command1
+ command2
+ } ELSE FOR variable initial final increment {
+ command3
+ command4
+ }
+
+ And this too is possible, except for some non-obvious quoting
+ considerations:
+
+ dcl \&a[6] = one two three four five six
+
+ IF < \%n 3 {
+ echo \\%n is too small: \%n
+ } ELSE FOR \\%i 1 \\%n 1 {
+ echo \\%i. \\&a[\\%i]
+ }
+
+ (The loop variable must be quoted in this context to prevent premature
+ evaluation.)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.20.2. Boolean Expressions (The IF/WHILE Condition)
+
+ Prior to C-Kermit 7.0, the IF and WHILE commands accepted only a
+ single Boolean ("true or false") assertion, e.g. "if > \%m 0 command"
+ or "if exist filename command". There was no way to form Boolean
+ expressions and, in particular, nothing that approached a Boolean OR
+ function (AND could be simulated by concatenating IF statements: "if
+ condition1 if condition2..").
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 (and K95 1.1.19) allow grouping of Boolean assertions
+ using parentheses and combining them using AND (or &&) and OR (or ||).
+ Each of these operators -- including the parentheses -- is a field and
+ must be set off by spaces. AND has higher precedence than OR, NOT has
+ higher precedence than AND, but parentheses can be used to force any
+ desired order of evaluation. The old syntax is still accepted.
+
+ Here are some examples:
+
+ define \%z 0 ; Define some variables
+ define \%n 1 ; for use in the examples.
+
+ if > \%n \%z echo \%n is greater. ; Original format - still accepted.
+ if ( > \%n \%z ) echo \%n is greater. ; Parentheses may be used in 7.0.
+ if ( > \%n \%z && not = \%z 0 ) ... ; Two assertions combined with AND.
+ if ( > \%n \%z and not = \%z 0 ) ... ; Same as previous ("and" = "&&").
+ if ( > \%n \%z || not = \%z 0 ) ... ; Two assertions combined with OR.
+ if ( > \%n \%z or not = \%z 0 ) ... ; Same as previous ("or" = "||").
+ if ( > \%n \%z || != \%z 0 ) ... ; Ditto ("!=" = "not =").
+ while ( 1 ) { ... } ; Just like C.
+
+ Notice the spaces around all operators including the parentheses --
+ these are required. The following examples show how parentheses can be
+ used to alter the precedence of the AND and OR operators:
+
+ if ( false || false && false || true ) ,.. ; True
+ if ( false || ( false && false ) || true ) ... ; Same as previous
+ if ( ( false || false ) && ( false || true ) ) ... ; False
+
+ Similarly for NOT:
+
+ if ( not true && false ) ... ; False (NOT binds to TRUE only)
+ if ( ( not true ) && false ) ... ; Same as previous
+ if ( not ( true && false ) ) ... ; True (NOT binds to (TRUE && FALSE))
+
+ Notes:
+
+ 1. The syntax of the Boolean expression itself has not changed; each
+ expression begins with a keyword or token such as "EXIST", ">", or
+ "=", etc; operators such as "<", "=", and ">" do not go between
+ their operands but precede them as before; this might be called
+ "reverse reverse Polish notation"; it allows deterministic
+ on-the-fly parsing of these expressions at the C-Kermit> prompt as
+ well as in scripts, and allows ?-help to be given for each item
+ when IF or WHILE commands are typed at the prompt.
+ 2. Parentheses are required when there is more than one Boolean
+ assertion.
+ 3. Parentheses are not required, but are allowed, when there is only
+ one Boolean assertion.
+ 4. Evaluation of Boolean assertions occurs left to right, but the
+ resulting Boolean expression is evaluated afterwards according to
+ the rules of precedence. All Boolean assertions are always
+ evaluated; there is no "early stopping" property and therefore no
+ question about when or if side effects will occur -- if any
+ Boolean assertion has side effects, they will always occur.
+
+ Constructions of arbitrary complexity are possible, within reason.
+
+ Also see [621]Section 7.4 for new IF / WHILE conditions.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.21. Screen Formatting and Cursor Control
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 adds a simple way to create formatted screens, the SCREEN
+ command:
+
+ SCREEN { CLEAR, CLEOL, MOVE-TO row [ column ] }
+ Performs screen-formatting actions. Correct operation of these
+ commands depends on proper terminal setup on both ends of the
+ connection -- mainly that the host terminal type is set to
+ agree with the kind of terminal or the emulation you are
+ viewing C-Kermit through. The UNIX version uses terminfo or
+ termcap (not curses); the VMS version uses SMG; K-95 uses its
+ built in screen manager.
+
+ SCREEN CLEAR
+ Moves the cursor to home position and clears the entire screen.
+ Synonyms: CLEAR COMMAND-SCREEN ALL (K-95 only), CLS, CLEAR
+ SCREEN.
+
+ SCREEN CLEOL
+ Clears from the current cursor position to the end of the line.
+ Synonym: CLEAR COMMAND-SCREEN EOL (K-95 only)
+
+ SCREEN MOVE-TO row column
+ Moves the cursor to the indicated row and column. The row and
+ column numbers are 1-based, so on a 24x80 screen the home
+ position is 1 1 and the lower right corner is 24 80. If a row
+ or column number is given that too large for what Kermit or the
+ operating system thinks is your screen size, the appropriate
+ number is substituted.
+
+ These escape sequences used by these commands depends on the platform.
+ In UNIX, your TERM environment variable is used to query the
+ terminfo/termcap database; if the query fails, ANSI/VT100 sequences
+ are used. In VMS, the SMG library is used, which sends sequences based
+ on your VMS terminal type. K95 does its own screen control. On other
+ platforms (such as AOS/VS, VOS, etc), screen formatting is not
+ supported, and the SCREEN command does nothing.
+
+ The three SCREEN actions can be used in scripts to produce menus,
+ formatted screens, dynamic displays, etc. Related variables include:
+
+ \v(terminal) The type terminal C-Kermit thinks you have.
+ \v(rows) The number of rows C-Kermit thinks your terminal has.
+ \v(columns) The number of columns C-Kermit thinks your terminal has.
+
+ And functions:
+
+ \fscrncurx() The current X coordinate of the cursor (K-95 only).
+ \fscrncury() The current Y coordinate of the cursor (K-95 only).
+ \fscrnstr(x,y,n) The string of length nat position (x,y) (K-95 only).
+
+ And commands:
+
+ ECHO string Writes string + CRLF at the current cursor position.
+ XECHO string Writes string at current cursor position; CRLF not supplied.
+ GETC v prompt Issues prompt, reads one character into variable v, no echo.
+
+ And special characters:
+
+ Ctrl-L At the C-Kermit> command prompt, or in a C-Kermit command,
+ works like Return or Enter, but also clears the screen
+
+ Example 1: A macro that prints a message \%1 at cursor position
+ (\%2,\%3):
+
+ define MSG {
+ if not def \%3 def \%3 0 ; Default column to 0
+ if > \v(argc) 2 screen move \%2 \%3 ; Move to given row/col (if any)
+ screen cleol ; Clear to end of line
+ if def \%1 xecho \fcontents(\%1) ; Print message (if any)
+ }
+
+ Example 2: A macro put the cursor on the bottom screen line, left
+ margin:
+
+ define BOT {
+ screen move \v(rows) 0
+ }
+
+ Example 3: A macro to center message \%1 on line \%2.
+
+ define CENTER {
+ if not def \%2 def \%2 1
+ .\%x ::= (\v(cols)-\flen(\%1))/2
+ msg {\%1} {\%2} {\%x}
+ }
+
+ Example 4: A simple menu (building on Examples 1-3):
+
+ def \%c 0 ; Menu choice variable
+ screen clear ; Clear the screen
+ center {Welcome to This Menu} 2 ; Display the menu
+ msg {Choices:} 4
+ msg { 1. File} 6
+ msg { 2. Edit} 7
+ msg { 3. Exit} 8
+ while ( != \%c 3 ) { ; Read and verify choice
+ while true { ; Keep trying till we get a good one
+ screen move 10 ; Move to line 10
+ screen cleol ; Clear this line
+ getc \%c {Your choice: } ; Prompt and get and echo 1 character
+ xecho \%c
+ if ( not numeric \%c ) { msg {Not numeric - "\%c"} 12, continue }
+ if ( >= \%c 1 && <= \%c 3 ) break
+ msg {Out of range - "\%c"} 12
+ }
+ switch \%c { ; Valid choice - execute it.
+ :1, msg {Filing... } 12, break
+ :2, msg {Editing...} 12, break
+ :3, msg {Exiting...} 12, break
+ }
+ }
+ echo Bye ; Exit chosen - say goodbye.
+ bot ; Leave cursor at screen bottom.
+ exit ; And exit.
+
+ Similar scripts can work over the communication connection; substitute
+ INPUT and OUTPUT for GETC and ECHO/XECHO.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.22. Evaluating Arithmetic Expressions
+
+ A new arithmetic operator was added to the list recognized by the
+ EVALUATE command, the \feval() function, and which can also be used
+ anywhere else arithmetic expressions are accepted (numeric command
+ fields, array subscripts, etc):
+
+ Prefix "!"
+ This operator inverts the "truth value" of the number or
+ arithmetic expression that follows. If the value of the operand
+ is 0, the result is 1. If the value is nonzero, the result is
+ 0.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ set eval old
+ evaluate 0
+ 0
+
+ evaluate !0
+ 1
+
+ evaluate !3
+ 0
+
+ evaluate !(-3)
+ 0
+
+ .\%a = 1
+ .\%b = 0
+ evaluate !(\%a|\%b)
+ 0
+
+ evaluate !(\%a&\%b)
+ 1
+
+ evaluate !(!(\%a&\%b))
+ 0
+
+ Note the distinction between Prefix ! (invert truth value) and Suffix
+ ! (factorial). Also the distinction between Prefix ! and Prefix ~
+ (which inverts all the bits in its operand). Also note that prefix
+ operators (!, -, and ~) can not be adjacent unless you use parentheses
+ to separate them, as shown in the final example above.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.23. Floating-Point Arithmetic
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 adds limited support for floating-point numbers (numbers
+ that have fractional parts, like 3.141592653). This support is
+ provided through a small repertoire of functions and in Boolean
+ expressions that compare numbers, but does not apply to number parsing
+ in general, or to expression evaluation, array subscripts, the
+ INCREMENT and DECREMENT commands, or in any context other than those
+ listed in this section.
+
+ A floating point number has an optional sign (+ or -), followed by a
+ series of decimal digits containing either zero or one period (.)
+ character, which is the decimal point. The use of comma or any other
+ character besides period as a decimal point is not supported.
+ Scientific notation is not supported either. Examples of legal
+ floating-point numbers:
+
+ 0 Integers can be used
+ 1 Ditto
+ 2. A decimal point without decimal digits
+ 3.0 A decimal point with decimal digits
+ 3.141592653 Ditto
+ -4.0 A negative sign can be included
+ +5.0 A positive sign can be included
+
+ Examples of notations that are not accepted:
+
+ 1,000,000 Separators can not be used
+ 1.000.000 Ditto (or multiple decimal points)
+ 6.022137E23 No scientific notation
+ 6.62606868e-34 Ditto
+ 12.5+6.25 No "bare" expressions
+
+ You can use IF FLOAT test a string or variable to see if it's in
+ acceptable floating-point format. Example:
+
+ ask \%f { Type a number: }
+ if not def \%f .\%f = 0.0
+ if not float \%f stop 1 Invalid floating-point number: "\%f"
+
+ C-Kermit's floating-point support, like its support for whole numbers
+ (integers), relies on the capabilities of the underlying computer.
+ Your computer has only a limited amount of precision for numbers,
+ depending on its architecture. Thus floating-point numbers that have
+ too many digits will not be accurate; adding a very small number to a
+ very large one might have no effect at all; and so on. For details,
+ read a text on numerical analysis. Example:
+
+ .\%a = 11111111111111111111 ; A long number
+ .\%b = 22222222222222222222 ; Another one
+ echo \ffpadd(\%a,\%b) ; Add them - the result should be all 3's
+ 33333333333333330000.0 ; See the result
+
+ In this example, the computer has 16 digits of precision; after that,
+ the (low-order) digits are set to 0, since the computer doesn't know
+ what they really are. In fact, the computer returns random digits, but
+ Kermit sets all digits beyond the computer's precision to 0.
+
+ C-Kermit's floating-point functions have names of the form
+ "\ffpxxx(args)" ("\f" for function, "fp" for floating-point), where
+ "xxx" is replaced by the name of the function, such as "sqrt", and
+ "args" is the argument list, consisting of one or two floating-point
+ numbers (depending on the function), and an optional "d" argument that
+ says now many decimal places should be shown in the result. Example:
+
+ \ffpdiv(10,3,1) returns "3.3"
+ \ffpdiv(10,3,2) returns "3.33"
+ \ffpdiv(10,3,3) returns "3.333"
+
+ and so on, up to the precision of the computer. If the decimal-places
+ argument is less than zero, the fractional part of the result is
+ truncated:
+
+ \ffpdiv(10,3,-1) returns "3".
+
+ If the decimal-places argument is 0, or is omitted, C-Kermit returns
+ as many decimal places as are meaningful in the computer's
+ floating-point precision, truncating any extraneous trailing 0's:
+
+ \ffpdiv(10,8) returns "1.25".
+ \ffpdiv(10,4) returns "2.5".
+ \ffpdiv(10,2) returns "5.0".
+ \ffpdiv(10,3) returns "3.333333333333333" (for 16-digit precision).
+
+ There is no way to request that a floating-point function return a
+ decimal point but no decimal places. However, this is easy enough to
+ accomplish in other ways, for example by supplying it outside the
+ function call:
+
+ echo \ffpadd(\%a,\%b,-1).
+
+ Kermit's floating-point functions always round the result for the
+ requested number of decimal places when the "d" argument is given and
+ has a value greater than 0 (see the description of \ffpround() just
+ below).
+
+ Floating-point arguments can be constants in floating-point format or
+ variables whose values are floating-point numbers. If a floating-point
+ argument is omitted, or is a variable with no value, 0.0 is supplied
+ automatically. Example:
+
+ def \%x 999.999
+ undef \%y
+ echo \ffpmin(\%x,\%y)
+ 0.0
+
+ Or equivalently:
+
+ echo \ffpmin(999.999)
+ 0.0
+
+ The floating-point functions are:
+
+ \ffpround(f1,d)
+ Returns f1 rounded to d decimal places. For this function only,
+ d = 0 (or d omitted) has a special meaning: return the integer
+ part of f1 rounded according to the fractional part. Examples:
+
+ \ffpround(2.74653,-1) returns "2" (fraction truncated, no rounding).
+ \ffpround(2.74653,0) returns "3" (integer part is rounded).
+ \ffpround(2.74653) returns "3" (d omitted same as d = 0).
+ \ffpround(2.74653,1) returns "2.7".
+ \ffpround(2.74653,2) returns "2.75".
+ \ffpround(2.74653,3) returns "2.747".
+ \ffpround(2.74653,4) returns "2.7465", etc.
+
+ \ffpadd(f1,f2,d)
+ Returns the sum of f1 and f2.
+
+ \ffpsubtract(f1,f2,d)
+ Subtracts f2 from f1 and returns the result.
+
+ \ffpmultiply(f1,f2,d)
+ Returns the product of f1 and f2.
+
+ \ffpdivide(f1,f2,d)
+ If f2 is not 0, divides f1 by f2 and returns the quotient.
+ If f2 is 0, a DIVIDE_BY_ZERO error occurs.
+
+ \ffpraise(f1,f2,d)
+ If f1 = 0 and f2 <= 0, or if f1 < 0 and f2 has a fractional
+ part, an ARG_OUT_OF_RANGE error occurs; otherwise f1 raised to
+ the f2 power is returned.
+
+ \ffpsqrt(f1,d)
+ If f1 >= 0, returns the square root of f1; otherwise
+ ARG_OUT_OF_RANGE.
+
+ \ffpabsolute(f1,d)
+ Returns the absolute value of f1 (i.e. f1 without a sign). This
+ is the floating-point analog of \fabsolute(n1).
+
+ \ffpint(f1)
+ Returns the integer part of f1. Equivalent to \ffpround(f1,-1).
+
+ \ffpexp(f1,d)
+ The base of natural logarithms, e (2.718282...), raised to the
+ f1 power.
+
+ \ffplogn(f1,d)
+ The natural logarithm of f1 (the power to which e must be
+ raised to obtain f1).
+
+ \ffplog10(f1,d)
+ The base-10 logarithm of f1 (the power to which 10 must be
+ raised to obtain f1).
+
+ \ffpmodulus(f1,f2,d)
+ If f2 is not 0, the remainder after dividing f1 by f2.
+ If f2 is 0, a DIVIDE_BY_ZERO error occurs.
+ This is the floating-point analog of \fmod(n1,n2).
+
+ \ffpmaximum(f1,f2,d)
+ Returns the maximum of f1 and f2. This is the floating-point
+ analog of \fmax(n1,n2).
+
+ \ffpminimum(f1,f2,d)
+ Returns the minimum of f1 and f2. This is the floating-point
+ analog of \fmin(n1,n2).
+
+ \ffpsine(f1,d)
+ Returns the sine of f1 radians.
+
+ \ffpcosine(f1,d)
+ Returns the cosine of f1 radians.
+
+ \ffptangent(f1,d)
+ Returns the tangent of f1 radians.
+
+ Note that all of these functions can be used with integer arguments.
+ If you want an integer result, specify d = -1 (to truncate) or feed
+ the result to \ffpround(xxx,0) (to round).
+
+ Floating-point numbers (or variables or functions that return them)
+ can be used in Boolean expressions (see [622]Section 7.20.2) that
+ compare numbers:
+
+ = x y
+ != x y
+ < x y
+ > x y
+ <= x y
+ >= x y
+
+ In these examples, x and y can be either integers or floating-point
+ numbers in any combination. In an arithmetic comparison of an integer
+ and a floating-point number, the integer is converted to
+ floating-point before the comparison is made. Examples:
+
+ .\%t = 3.000000000
+ .\%f = 3.141592653
+ .\%i = 3
+
+ if > \%f \%i echo Pi is greater.
+ if = \%t \%i echo "\%i" = "\%t".
+
+ A floating-point number can also be used in:
+
+ IF number command
+
+ where the command is executed if the number is nonzero. If the number
+ is floating-point, the command is not executed if the number is 0.0,
+ and is executed otherwise.
+
+ Floating-point numbers can be sorted using ARRAY SORT /NUMERIC (see
+ [623]Section 7.10.5 ).
+
+ Two floating-point constants are provided:
+
+ \v(math_pi) = Pi (3.141592653...)
+ \v(math_e) = e, the base of natural logarithms (2.71828...)
+
+ These are given to the computer's precision, e.g. 16 digits. This
+ number itself is available in a variable:
+
+ \v(math_precision)
+ How many significant digits in a floating-point number.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.24. Tracing Script Execution
+
+ The TRACE command is handy for debugging scripts.
+
+ TRACE [ { /ON, /OFF } ] [ { ASSIGNMENTS, COMMAND-LEVEL, ALL } ]
+ Selects tracing of the given object.
+
+ Optional switches are /ON and /OFF. If no switch is given, /ON is
+ implied. The trace objects are ASSIGNMENTS, COMMAND-LEVEL, and ALL.
+ The default object is ALL, meaning to select all trace objects
+ (besides ALL). Thus TRACE by itself selects tracing of everything, as
+ does TRACE /ON, and TRACE /OFF turns off all tracing.
+
+ When tracing of ASSIGNMENTS is on, every time the value of any
+ user-defined variable or macro changes, C-Kermit prints one of the
+ following:
+
+ >>> name: "value"
+ The name of the variable or macro followed by the new value in
+ quotes. This includes implicit macro-parameter assignments
+ during macro invocation.
+
+ >>> name: (undef)
+ This indicates that the variable or macro has been undefined.
+
+ <<< name: "value"
+ For RETURN statements: the name of the macro and the return
+ value.
+
+ <<< name: (null)
+ For RETURN statements that include no value or an empty value.
+
+ When tracing of COMMAND-LEVEL is on, C-Kermit prints:
+
+ [n] +F: "name"
+ Whenever a command file is entered, where "n" is the command
+ level (0 = top); the name of the command file is shown in
+ quotes.
+
+ [n] +M: "name"
+ Whenever a macro is entered; "n" is the command level. The name
+ of the macro is shown in quotes.
+
+ [n] -F: "name"
+ Whenever a command file is reentered from below, when a macro
+ or command file that it has invoked has returned.
+
+ [n] -M: "name"
+ Whenever a macro is reentered from below.
+
+ For other debugging tools, see SHOW ARGS, SHOW STACK, SET TAKE, SET
+ MACRO, and of course, ECHO.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.25. Compact Substring Notation
+
+ It is often desirable to extract a substring from a string which is
+ stored in a variable, and for this we have the \fsubstring() function,
+ which is used like this:
+
+ define \%a 1234567890
+ echo \fsubstring(\%a,3,4) ; substring from 3rd character length 4
+ 3456
+
+ or like this with macro-named variables:
+
+ define string 1234567890
+ echo \fsubstring(\m(string),3,4)
+ 3456
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 adds a pair of alternative compact notations:
+
+\:(variablename[start:length]) <-- Substring of variable's value
+\s(macroname[start:length]) <-- Substring of macro's definition
+
+ These are exactly equivalent to using \fsubstring(), except more
+ compact to write and also faster since evaluation is in one step
+ instead of two.
+
+ The "\:()" notation can be used with any Kermit variable, that is,
+ almost anything that starts with a backslash:
+
+ \:(\%a[2:6]) <-- equivalent to \fsubstring(\%a,2,6)
+ \:(\&x[1][2:6]) <-- equivalent to \fsubstring(\&x[1],2,6)
+ \:(\m(foo)[2:6]) <-- equivalent to \fsubstring(\m(foo),2,6)
+ \:(\v(time)[2:6]) <-- equivalent to \fsubstring(\v(time),2,6)
+ \:(\$(TERM)[2:6]) <-- equivalent to \fsubstring(\$(TERM),2,6)
+ \:(ABCDEFGH[2:6]) <-- equivalent to \fsubstring(ABCDEFGH,2,6)
+
+ Whatever appears between the left parenthesis and the left bracket is
+ evaluated and then the indicated substring of the result is returned.
+
+ The "\s()" notation is the same, except after evaluating the variable,
+ the result is treated as a macro name and is looked up in the macro
+ table. Then the indicated substring of the macro definition is
+ returned. Example:
+
+ define testing abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
+ define \%a testing
+
+ \s(testing[2:6]) --> bcdefg
+ \:(testing[2:6]) --> esting
+ \:(\%a[2:6]) --> esting
+ \s(\%a[2:6]) --> bcdefg
+
+ Note that the following two examples are equivalent:
+
+ \:(\m(foo)[2:6])
+ \s(foo[2:6])
+
+ The first number in the brackets is the 1-based starting position. If
+ it is omitted, or less than 1, it is treated as 1. If it is greater
+ than the length of the string, an empty string is returned.
+
+ The second number is the length of the desired substring. If the
+ second number is omitted, is less than 0, or would be past the end of
+ the string, then "through the end of the string" is assumed. If it is
+ 0, the empty string is returned.
+
+ If the brackets are empty or omitted, the original string is returned.
+
+ The starting position and length need not be literal numbers; they can
+ also be variables, functions, arithmetic expressions, or even other
+ \s() or \:() quantities; anything that evaluates to a number, for
+ example:
+
+ \s(block[1025:\fhex2n(\s(block[\%b:\%n+4]))/2])
+
+ Syntactically, \m(name) and \s(name) differ only in that the sequence
+ [*] at the end of the name (where * is any sequence of 0 or more
+ characters) is treated as substring notation in \s(name), but is
+ considered part of the name in \m(name) (to see why, see [624]Section
+ 7.10.9).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.26. New WAIT Command Options
+
+ The WAIT command has been extended to allow waiting for different
+ kinds of things (formerly it only waited for modem signals). Now it
+ also can wait for file events.
+
+ 7.26.1. Waiting for Modem Signals
+
+ The previous syntax:
+
+ WAIT time { CD, DSR, RTS, RI, ... }
+
+ has changed to:
+
+ WAIT time MODEM-SIGNALS { CD, DSR, RTS, RI, ... }
+
+ However, the previous syntax is still accepted. The behavior is the
+ same in either case.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.26.2. Waiting for File Events
+
+ The new WAIT option:
+
+ WAIT time FILE { CREATION, DELETION, MODIFICATION } filename
+
+ lets you tell Kermit to wait the given amount of time (or until the
+ given time of day) for a file whose name is filename to be created,
+ deleted, or modified, respectively. The filename may not contain
+ wildcards. If the specified event does not occur within the time
+ limit, or if WAIT CANCELLATION is ON and you interrupt from the
+ keyboard before the time is up, the WAIT command fails. If the event
+ is MODIFICATION and the file does not exist, the command fails.
+ Otherwise, if the given event occurs within the time limit, the
+ command succeeds. Examples:
+
+ WAIT 600 FILE DELETION oofa.tmp
+ Wait up to 10 minutes for file oofa.tmp to disappear.
+
+ WAIT 23:59:59 FILE MOD orders.db
+ Wait until just before midnight for the orders.db file to be
+ changed.
+
+ Example: Suppose you want to have the current copy of /etc/motd on
+ your screen at all times, and you want to hear a bell whenever it
+ changes:
+
+ def \%f /etc/motd ; The file of interest.
+ while 1 { ; Loop forever...
+ cls ; Clear the screen.
+ echo \%f: \v(date) \v(time)... ; Print 2-line heading...
+ echo
+ if ( not exist \%f ) { ; If file doesn't exist,
+ echo \%f does not exist... ; print message,
+ wait 600 file creat \%f ; and wait for it to appear.
+ continue
+ }
+ beep ; Something new - beep.
+ type /head:\v(rows-2) \%f ; Display the file
+ if fail exit 1 \%f: \ferrstring() ; (checking for errors).
+ wait 999 file mod \%f ; Wait for it to change.
+ }
+
+ This notices when the file is created, deleted, or modified, and acts
+ only then (or when you interrupt it with); the time shown in the
+ heading is the time of the most recent event (including when the
+ program started).
+
+ See [625]Section 1.10, where the \v(kbchar) variable is explained.
+ This lets you modify a loop like the one above to also accept
+ single-character commands, which interrupt the WAIT, and dispatch
+ accordingly. For example:
+
+ wait 999 file mod \%f ; Wait for the file to change.
+ if defined \v(kbchar) { ; Interrupted from keyboard?
+ switch \v(kbchar) { ; Handle the keystroke...
+ :q, exit ; Q to Quit
+ :h, echo blah blah, break ; H for Help
+ :default, beep, continue ; Anything else beep and ignore
+ }
+ }
+
+ This lets you write event-driven applications that wait for up to
+ three events at once: a file or modem event, a timeout, and a
+ keystroke.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7.27. Relaxed FOR and SWITCH Syntax
+
+ For consistency with the extended IF and WHILE syntax, the FOR and
+ SWITCH control lists may (but need not be) enclosed in parentheses:
+
+ FOR ( \%i 1 \%n 1 ) { command-list... }
+ SWITCH ( \%c ) { command-list... }
+
+ In the FOR command, the increment item can be omitted if the control
+ list is enclosed in parentheses, in which case the increment defaults
+ appropriately to 1 or -1, depending on the values of the first two
+ variables.
+
+ As with IF, the parentheses around the FOR-command control list must
+ be set off by spaces (in the SWITCH command, the spaces are not
+ required since the SWITCH expression is a single arithmetic
+ expression).
+
+ Also, outer braces around the command list are supplied automatically
+ if you omit them, e.g.:
+
+ FOR ( \%i 1 %n 1 ) echo \%i
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8. USING OTHER FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOLS
+
+ In C-Kermit 7.0, alternative protocols can be selected using switches.
+ Switches are described in [626]Section 1.5; the use of
+ protocol-selection switches is described in [627]Section 4.7.1.
+ Example:
+
+ send /binary /protocol:zmodem x.tar.gz
+
+ Note that file transfer recovery works only with Kermit and Zmodem
+ protocols. With Zmodem, recovery can be initiated only by the sender.
+
+ Only pre-1988 versions of the publicly-distributed sz/rz programs use
+ Standard I/O; those released later than that do not use Standard I/O
+ and therefore do not work with REDIRECT. However, Omen Technology does
+ offer an up-to-date redirectable version called crzsz, which must be
+ licensed for use:
+
+ "Unix Crz and Csz support XMODEM, YMODEM, and ZMODEM transfers when
+ called by dial-out programs such as Kermit and certain versions of
+ cu(1). They are clients designed for this use.
+
+ "Crz and Csz are Copyrighted shareware programs. Use of these
+ programs beyond a brief evaluation period requires registration.
+ Please print the "mailer.rz" file, fill out the form and return
+ same with your registration."
+
+ To use the crzsz programs as your external XYZMODEM programs in
+ C-Kermit, follow the instructions in the book, but put a "c" before
+ each command, e.g.:
+
+ set protocol zmodem {csz %s} {csz -a %s} crz crz crz crz
+
+ To use Zmodem protocol over Telnet or other non-transparent
+ connections, you might need to add the -e (Escape) option:
+
+ set protocol zmodem {csz -e %s} {csz -e -a %s} crz crz crz crz
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9. COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS
+
+ 9.0. Extended-Format Command-Line Options
+
+ Standard UNIX command line options are a single letter. C-Kermit has
+ run out of letters, so new options are in a new extended format:
+
+ --word[:arg]
+
+ where a keyword (rather than a single letter) specifies the function,
+ and if an argument is to be included, it is separated by a colon (or
+ equal sign). Most of the new extended-format command-line options are
+ only for use with the Internet Kermit Service Daemon; see the
+ [628]IKSD Administration Guide for details. However, several of them
+ are also general in nature:
+
+ --nointerrupts
+ Disables keyboard interrupts that are normally enabled, which
+ are usually Ctrl-C (to interrupt a command) and Ctrl-Z (UNIX
+ only, to suspend C-Kermit).
+
+ --help
+ Lists the extended command-line options that are available in
+ your version of C-Kermit. If any options seem to be missing,
+ that is because your copy of C-Kermit was built with
+ compile-time options to deselect them.
+
+ --helpfile:filename
+ Specifies the name of a file to be displayed if the user types
+ HELP (not followed by a specific command or topic), in place of
+ the built-in top-level help text. The file need not fit on one
+ screen; more-prompting is used if the file is more than one
+ screen long if COMMAND MORE-PROMPTING is ON, as it is by
+ default.
+
+ --bannerfile:filename
+ The name of a file containing a message to be printed after the
+ user logs in, in place of the normal message (Copyright notice,
+ "Type HELP or ? for help", "Default transfer mode is...", etc).
+
+ --cdmessage:{on,off,0,1,2}
+ For use in the Server-Side Server configuration; whenever the
+ client tells the server to change directory, the server sends
+ the contents of a "read me" file to the client's screen. This
+ feature is On by default, and operates only in client/server
+ mode when ON or 1. If set to 2 or higher, it also operates when
+ the CD command is given at the IKSD> prompt. Synonym: --cdmsg.
+
+ --cdfile:filename
+ When cdmessage is on, this is the name of the "read me" file to
+ be sent. Normally you would specify a relative (not absolute)
+ name, since the file is opened using the literal name you
+ specified, after changing to the new directory. Example:
+
+ --cdfile:READ.ME
+
+ You can also give a list of up to 8 filenames by (a) enclosing
+ each filename in braces, and (b) enclosing the entire list in
+ braces. Example:
+ --cdfile:{{./.readme}{READ.ME}{aaareadme.txt}{README}{read-this
+ -first}} When a list is given, it is searched from left to
+ right and the first file found is displayed. The default list
+ for UNIX is:
+
+ {{./.readme}{README.TXT}{READ.ME}}
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.1. Command Line Personalities
+
+ Beginning in version 7.0, if the C-Kermit binary is renamed to
+ "telnet" (or TELNET.EXE, telnet.pr, etc, depending on the platform),
+ it accepts the Telnet command line:
+
+ telnet [ host [ port ] ]
+
+ In Unix, you can achieve the same effect with a symlink:
+
+ cd /usr/bin
+ mv telnet oldtelnet
+ ln -ls /usr/local/bin/kermit telnet
+
+ When installed in this manner, C-Kermit always reads its
+ initialization file. If no host (and therefore no port) is given,
+ C-Kermit starts in interactive prompting mode. If a host is given as
+ the first command-line argument, C-Kermit makes a connection to it.
+ The host argument can be an IP host name or address, or the name of a
+ TCP/IP entry in your C-Kermit network directory.
+
+ If a port is given, it is used. If a port is not given, then if the
+ hostname was found in your network directory and port was also listed
+ there, then that port is used. Otherwise port 23 (the Telnet port) is
+ used.
+
+ When C-Kermit is called "telnet" and it is invoked with a hostname on
+ the command line, it exits automatically when the connection is
+ closed. While the connection is open, however, you may escape back and
+ forth as many times as you like, transfer files, etc.
+
+ An rlogin personality is also available, but it is less useful, at
+ least in UNIX and VMS, where the Rlogin TCP port is privileged.
+
+ The new variable \v(name) indicates the name with which C-Kermit was
+ invoked ("kermit", "wermit", "k95", "telnet", etc).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.2. Built-in Help for Command Line Options
+
+ "kermit -h", given from the system prompt, lists as many command-line
+ options as will fit on a standard 24x80 screen. For more comprehensive
+ help, use the interactive HELP OPTIONS command that was added in
+ C-Kermit 7.0:
+
+ HELP OPTIONS
+ Explains how command-line options work, their syntax, etc.
+
+ HELP OPTIONS ALL
+ Lists all command-line options and gives brief help about each one.
+
+ HELP OPTION x
+ Gives brief help about option "x".
+
+ HELP EXTENDED-OPTIONS
+ Lists the available extended-format command-line options.
+
+ HELP EXTENDED-OPTION xxx
+ Gives help for the specified extended option.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.3. New Command-Line Options
+
+ Command-line options added since C-Kermit 6.0 are:
+
+ +
+ (plus sign by itself): The next argument is the name of a
+ script to execute; all subsequent arguments are ignored by
+ C-Kermit itself, but passed to the script as top-level copies
+ of \%1, \%2, etc; the \&_[] is also set accordingly. \%0 and
+ \&_[0] become the name of the script file, rather than the
+ pathname of the C-Kermit program, which is its normal value.
+ Primarily for use in the top line of "Kerbang" scripts in UNIX
+ (see [629]Section 7.19). Example from UNIX command line:
+
+ $ kermit [ regular kermit args ] + filename
+
+ Sample first line of Kerbang script:
+
+ #!/usr/local/bin/kermit +
+
+ --
+ (two hyphens surrounded by whitespace) Equivalent to "=", for
+ compatibility with UNIX getopt(1,3).
+
+ -G
+ GET (like -g), but send the incoming file to standard output.
+ Example: "kermit -G oofa.txt | lpr" retrieves a file from your
+ local computer (providing it is running a Kermit program that
+ supports the autodownload feature and has it enabled) and
+ prints it.
+
+ -O
+ equivalent to -x (start up in server mode), but exits after the
+ first client command has been executed (mnemonic: O = Only
+ One). This one is handy replacing "kermit -x" in the
+ "automatically start Kermit on the other end" string:
+
+ set protocol kermit {kermit -ir} {kermit -r} {kermit -x}
+
+ since -x leaves the remote Kermit in server mode after the
+ transfer, which can be confusing, whereas -O makes it go away
+ automatically after the transfer.
+
+ -L
+ Recursive, when used in combination with -s (mnemonic: L =
+ Levels). In UNIX or other environments where the shell expands
+ wildcards itself, the -s argument, if it contains wildcards,
+ must be quoted to prevent this, e.g.:
+
+ kermit -L -s "*.c"
+
+ In UNIX only, "kermit -L -s ." means to send the current
+ directory tree. See [630]Sections 4.10 and [631]4.11 about
+ recursive file transfer.
+
+ -V
+ Equivalent to SET FILE PATTERNS OFF ([632]Section 4.3) and SET
+ TRANSFER MODE MANUAL. In other words, take the FILE TYPE
+ setting literally. For example, "kermit -VT oofa.bin" means
+ send the file in Text mode, no matter what its name is and no
+ matter whether a kindred spirit is recognized at the other end
+ of the connection.
+
+ -0
+ (digit zero) means "be 100% transparent in CONNECT mode". This
+ is equivalent to the following series of commands: SET PARITY
+ NONE, SET COMMAND BYTESIZE 8, SET TERMINAL BYTESIZE 8, SET FLOW
+ NONE, SET TERM ESCAPE DISABLED, SET TERM CHAR TRANSPARENT, SET
+ TERM AUTODOWNLOAD OFF, SET TERM APC OFF, SET TELOPT KERMIT
+ REFUSE REFUSE.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 10. C-KERMIT AND G-KERMIT
+
+ Every multifunctioned and long-lived software program grows in
+ complexity and size over time to meet the needs and requests of its
+ users and the demands of the underlying technology as it changes.
+
+ Eventually users begin to notice how big the application has grown,
+ how much disk space it occupies, how long it takes to load, and they
+ start to long for the good old days when it was lean and mean. Not
+ long after that they begin asking for a "light" version that only does
+ the basics with no frills.
+
+ And so it is with C-Kermit. A "light" version of Kermit was released
+ (for UNIX only) in December 1999 under the GNU General Public License;
+ thus it is called G-Kermit (for GNU Kermit). All it does is send and
+ receive files, period. You can find it at:
+
+ [633]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/gkermit.html
+
+ Where the C-Kermit 7.0 binary might be anywhere from 1 to 3 million
+ bytes in size, the G-Kermit binary ranges from 30K to 100K, depending
+ on the underlying architecture (RISC vs CISC, etc).
+
+ G-Kermit and C-Kermit may reside side-by-side on the same computer.
+ G-Kermit does not make connections; it does not have a script
+ language; it does not translate character sets. G-Kermit may be used
+ instead of C-Kermit when:
+
+ * It is on the remote end.
+ * Files are to be transferred in binary mode or in text mode without
+ character-set translation.
+ * File timestamps don't need to be preserved.
+
+ In such cases G-Kermit might be preferred since it generally starts up
+ faster, and yet transfers files just as fast on most (but not
+ necessarily all) kinds of connections; for example, it supports
+ streaming ([634]Section 4.20).
+
+ G-Kermit is also handy for bootstrapping. It is easier to load on a
+ new computer than C-Kermit -- it fits on a floppy diskette with plenty
+ of room to spare. Thus if you have (say) an old PC running (say) SCO
+ Xenix and no network connection, you can download the Xenix version of
+ G-Kermit to (say) a DOS or Windows PC, copy it to diskette, read the
+ diskette on Xenix with "dosread", and then use G-Kermit to receive
+ C-Kermit (which does not fit on a diskette). If diskettes aren't an
+ option, other bootstrapping methods are possible too -- see the
+ [635]G-Kermit web page for details.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+III. APPENDICES
+
+ III.1. Character Set Tables
+
+ III.1.1. The Hewlett Packard Roman8 Character Set
+
+dec col/row oct hex description
+160 10/00 240 A0 (Undefined)
+161 10/01 241 A1 A grave
+162 10/02 242 A2 A circumflex
+163 10/03 243 A3 E grave
+164 10/04 244 A4 E circumflex
+165 10/05 245 A5 E diaeresis
+166 10/06 246 A6 I circumflex
+167 10/07 247 A7 I diaeresis
+168 10/08 250 A8 Acute accent
+169 10/09 251 A9 Grave accent
+170 10/10 252 AA Circumflex accent
+171 10/11 253 AB Diaeresis
+172 10/12 254 AC Tilde accent
+173 10/13 255 AD U grave
+174 10/14 256 AE U circumflex
+175 10/15 257 AF Lira symbol
+176 11/00 260 B0 Top bar (macron)
+177 11/01 261 B1 Y acute
+178 11/02 262 B2 y acute
+179 11/03 263 B3 Degree Sign
+180 11/04 264 B4 C cedilla
+181 11/05 265 B5 c cedilla
+182 11/06 266 B6 N tilde
+183 11/07 267 B7 n tilde
+184 11/08 270 B8 Inverted exclamation mark
+185 11/09 271 B9 Inverted question mark
+186 11/10 272 BA Currency symbol
+187 11/11 273 BB Pound sterling symbol
+188 11/12 274 BC Yen symbol
+189 11/13 275 BD Paragraph
+190 11/14 276 BE Florin (Guilder) symbol
+191 11/15 277 BF Cent symbol
+192 12/00 300 C0 a circumflex
+193 12/01 301 C1 e circumflex
+194 12/02 302 C2 o circumflex
+195 12/03 303 C3 u circumflex
+196 12/04 304 C4 a acute
+197 12/05 305 C5 e acute
+198 12/06 306 C6 o acute
+199 12/07 307 C7 u acute
+200 12/08 310 C8 a grave
+201 12/09 311 C9 e grave
+202 12/10 312 CA o grave
+203 12/11 313 CB u grave
+204 12/12 314 CC a diaeresis
+205 12/13 315 CD e diaeresis
+206 12/14 316 CE o diaeresis
+207 12/15 317 CF u diaeresis
+208 13/00 320 D0 A ring
+209 13/01 321 D1 i circumflex
+210 13/02 322 D2 O with stroke
+211 13/03 323 D3 AE digraph
+212 13/04 324 D4 a ring
+213 13/05 325 D5 i acute
+214 13/06 326 D6 o with stroke
+215 13/07 327 D7 ae digraph
+216 13/08 330 D8 A diaeresis
+217 13/09 331 D9 i grave
+218 13/10 332 DA O diaeresis
+219 13/11 333 DB U diaeresis
+220 13/12 334 DC E acute
+221 13/13 335 DD i diaeresis
+222 13/14 336 DE German sharp s
+223 13/15 337 DF O circumflex
+224 14/00 340 E0 A acute
+225 14/01 341 E1 A tilde
+226 14/02 342 E2 a tilde
+227 14/03 343 E3 Icelandic Eth
+228 14/04 344 E4 Icelandic eth
+229 14/05 345 E5 I acute
+230 14/06 346 E6 I grave
+231 14/07 347 E7 O acute
+232 14/08 350 E8 O grave
+233 14/09 351 E9 O tilde
+234 14/10 352 EA o tilde
+235 14/11 353 EB S caron
+236 14/12 354 EC s caron
+237 14/13 355 ED U acute
+238 14/14 356 EE Y diaeresis
+239 14/15 357 EF y diaeresis
+240 15/00 360 F0 Icelandic Thorn
+241 15/01 361 F1 Icelandic thorn
+242 15/02 362 F2 Middle dot
+243 15/03 363 F3 Greek mu
+244 15/04 364 F4 Pilcrow sign
+245 15/05 365 F5 Fraction 3/4
+246 15/06 366 F6 Long dash, horizontal bar
+247 15/07 367 F7 Fraction 1/4
+248 15/08 370 F8 Fraction 1/2
+249 15/09 371 F9 Feminine ordinal
+250 15/10 372 FA Masculine ordinal
+251 15/11 373 FB Left guillemot
+252 15/12 374 FC Solid box
+253 15/13 375 FD Right guillemot
+254 15/14 376 FE Plus or minus sign
+255 15/15 377 FF (Undefined)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ III.1.2. Greek Character Sets
+
+ III.1.2.1. The ISO 8859-7 Latin / Greek Alphabet = ELOT 928
+
+dec col/row oct hex description
+160 10/00 240 A0 No-break space
+161 10/01 241 A1 Left single quotation mark
+162 10/02 242 A2 right single quotation mark
+163 10/03 243 A3 Pound sign
+164 10/04 244 A4 (UNUSED)
+165 10/05 245 A5 (UNUSED)
+166 10/06 246 A6 Broken bar
+167 10/07 247 A7 Paragraph sign
+168 10/08 250 A8 Diaeresis (Dialytika)
+169 10/09 251 A9 Copyright sign
+170 10/10 252 AA (UNUSED)
+171 10/11 253 AB Left angle quotation
+172 10/12 254 AC Not sign
+173 10/13 255 AD Soft hyphen
+174 10/14 256 AE (UNUSED)
+175 10/15 257 AF Horizontal bar (Parenthetiki pavla)
+176 11/00 260 B0 Degree sign
+177 11/01 261 B1 Plus-minus sign
+178 11/02 262 B2 Superscript two
+179 11/03 263 B3 Superscript three
+180 11/04 264 B4 Accent (tonos)
+181 11/05 265 B5 Diaeresis and accent (Dialytika and Tonos)
+182 11/06 266 B6 Alpha with accent
+183 11/07 267 B7 Middle dot (Ano Teleia)
+184 11/08 270 B8 Epsilon with accent
+185 11/09 271 B9 Eta with accent
+186 11/10 272 BA Iota with accent
+187 11/11 273 BB Right angle quotation
+188 11/12 274 BC Omicron with accent
+189 11/13 275 BD One half
+190 11/14 276 BE Upsilon with accent
+191 11/15 277 BF Omega with accent
+192 12/00 300 C0 iota with diaeresis and accent
+193 12/01 301 C1 Alpha
+194 12/02 302 C2 Beta
+195 12/03 303 C3 Gamma
+196 12/04 304 C4 Delta
+197 12/05 305 C5 Epsilon
+198 12/06 306 C6 Zeta
+199 12/07 307 C7 Eta
+200 12/08 310 C8 Theta
+201 12/09 311 C9 Iota
+202 12/10 312 CA Kappa
+203 12/11 313 CB Lamda
+204 12/12 314 CC Mu
+205 12/13 315 CD Nu
+206 12/14 316 CE Ksi
+207 12/15 317 CF Omicron
+208 13/00 320 D0 Pi
+209 13/01 321 D1 Rho
+210 13/02 322 D2 (UNUSED)
+211 13/03 323 D3 Sigma
+212 13/04 324 D4 Tau
+213 13/05 325 D5 Upsilon
+214 13/06 326 D6 Phi
+215 13/07 327 D7 Khi
+216 13/08 330 D8 Psi
+217 13/09 331 D9 Omega
+218 13/10 332 DA Iota with diaeresis
+219 13/11 333 DB Upsilon with diaeresis
+220 13/12 334 DC alpha with accent
+221 13/13 335 DD epsilon with accent
+222 13/14 336 DE eta with accent
+223 13/15 337 DF iota with accent
+224 14/00 340 E0 upsilon with diaeresis and accent
+225 14/01 341 E1 alpha
+226 14/02 342 E2 beta
+227 14/03 343 E3 gamma
+228 14/04 344 E4 delta
+229 14/05 345 E5 epsilon
+230 14/06 346 E6 zeta
+231 14/07 347 E7 eta
+232 14/08 350 E8 theta
+233 14/09 351 E9 iota
+234 14/10 352 EA kappa
+235 14/11 353 EB lamda
+236 14/12 354 EC mu
+237 14/13 355 ED nu
+238 14/14 356 EE ksi
+239 14/15 357 EF omicron
+240 15/00 360 F0 pi
+241 15/01 361 F1 rho
+242 15/02 362 F2 terminal sigma
+243 15/03 363 F3 sigma
+244 15/04 364 F4 tau
+245 15/05 365 F5 upsilon
+246 15/06 366 F6 phi
+247 15/07 367 F7 khi
+248 15/08 370 F8 psi
+249 15/09 371 F9 omega
+250 15/10 372 FA iota with diaeresis
+251 15/11 373 FB upsilon with diaeresis
+252 15/12 374 FC omicron with diaeresis
+253 15/13 375 FD upsilon with accent
+254 15/14 376 FE omega with accent
+255 15/15 377 FF (UNUSED)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ III.1.2.2. The ELOT 927 Character Set
+
+dec col/row oct hex description
+ 32 02/00 40 20 SPACE
+ 33 02/01 41 21 EXCLAMATION MARK
+ 34 02/02 42 22 QUOTATION MARK
+ 35 02/03 43 23 NUMBER SIGN
+ 36 02/04 44 24 DOLLAR SIGN
+ 37 02/05 45 25 PERCENT SIGN
+ 38 02/06 46 26 AMPERSAND
+ 39 02/07 47 27 APOSTROPHE
+ 40 02/08 50 28 LEFT PARENTHESIS
+ 41 02/09 51 29 RIGHT PARENTHESIS
+ 42 02/10 52 2A ASTERISK
+ 43 02/11 53 2B PLUS SIGN
+ 44 02/12 54 2C COMMA
+ 45 02/13 55 2D HYPHEN, MINUS SIGN
+ 46 02/14 56 2E PERIOD, FULL STOP
+ 47 02/15 57 2F SOLIDUS, SLASH
+ 48 03/00 60 30 DIGIT ZERO
+ 49 03/01 61 31 DIGIT ONE
+ 50 03/02 62 32 DIGIT TWO
+ 51 03/03 63 33 DIGIT THREE
+ 52 03/04 64 34 DIGIT FOUR
+ 53 03/05 65 35 DIGIT FIVE
+ 54 03/06 66 36 DIGIT SIX
+ 55 03/07 67 37 DIGIT SEVEN
+ 56 03/08 70 38 DIGIT EIGHT
+ 57 03/09 71 39 DIGIT NINE
+ 58 03/10 72 3A COLON
+ 59 03/11 73 3B SEMICOLON
+ 60 03/12 74 3C LESS-THAN SIGN, LEFT ANGLE BRACKET
+ 61 03/13 75 3D EQUALS SIGN
+ 62 03/14 76 3E GREATER-THAN SIGN, RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET
+ 63 03/15 77 3F QUESTION MARK
+ 64 04/00 100 40 COMMERCIAL AT SIGN
+ 65 04/01 101 41 CAPITAL LETTER A
+ 66 04/02 102 42 CAPITAL LETTER B
+ 67 04/03 103 43 CAPITAL LETTER C
+ 68 04/04 104 44 CAPITAL LETTER D
+ 69 04/05 105 45 CAPITAL LETTER E
+ 70 04/06 106 46 CAPITAL LETTER F
+ 71 04/07 107 47 CAPITAL LETTER G
+ 72 04/08 110 48 CAPITAL LETTER H
+ 73 04/09 111 49 CAPITAL LETTER I
+ 74 04/10 112 4A CAPITAL LETTER J
+ 75 04/11 113 4B CAPITAL LETTER K
+ 76 04/12 114 4C CAPITAL LETTER L
+ 77 04/13 115 4D CAPITAL LETTER M
+ 78 04/14 116 4E CAPITAL LETTER N
+ 79 04/15 117 4F CAPITAL LETTER O
+ 80 05/00 120 50 CAPITAL LETTER P
+ 81 05/01 121 51 CAPITAL LETTER Q
+ 82 05/02 122 52 CAPITAL LETTER R
+ 83 05/03 123 53 CAPITAL LETTER S
+ 84 05/04 124 54 CAPITAL LETTER T
+ 85 05/05 125 55 CAPITAL LETTER U
+ 86 05/06 126 56 CAPITAL LETTER V
+ 87 05/07 127 57 CAPITAL LETTER W
+ 88 05/08 130 58 CAPITAL LETTER X
+ 89 05/09 131 59 CAPITAL LETTER Y
+ 90 05/10 132 5A CAPITAL LETTER Z
+ 91 05/11 133 5B LEFT SQUARE BRACKET
+ 92 05/12 134 5C REVERSE SOLIDUS, BACKSLASH
+ 93 05/13 135 5D RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET
+ 94 05/14 136 5E CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
+ 95 05/15 137 5F UNDERSCORE
+ 96 06/00 140 60 ACCENT GRAVE
+ 97 06/01 141 61 GREEK LETTER ALPHA
+ 98 06/02 142 62 GREEK LETTER BETA
+ 99 06/03 143 63 GREEK LETTER GAMMA
+100 06/04 144 64 GREEK LETTER DELTA
+101 06/05 145 65 GREEK LETTER EPSILON
+102 06/06 146 66 GREEK LETTER ZETA
+103 06/07 147 67 GREEK LETTER ETA
+104 06/08 150 68 GREEK LETTER THETA
+105 06/09 151 69 GREEK LETTER IOTA
+106 06/10 152 6A GREEK LETTER KAPPA
+107 06/11 153 6B GREEK LETTER LAMDA
+108 06/12 154 6C GREEK LETTER MU
+109 06/13 155 6D GREEK LETTER NU
+110 06/14 156 6E GREEK LETTER KSI
+111 06/15 157 6F GREEK LETTER OMICRON
+112 07/00 160 70 GREEK LETTER PI
+113 07/01 161 71 GREEK LETTER RHO
+114 07/02 162 72 GREEK LETTER SIGMA
+115 07/03 163 73 GREEK LETTER TAU
+116 07/04 164 74 GREEK LETTER UPSILON
+117 07/05 165 75 GREEK LETTER FI
+118 07/06 166 76 GREEK LETTER XI
+119 07/07 167 77 GREEK LETTER PSI
+120 07/08 170 78 GREEK LETTER OMEGA
+121 07/09 171 79 SPACE
+122 07/10 172 7A SPACE
+123 07/11 173 7B LEFT CURLY BRACKET, LEFT BRACE
+124 07/12 174 7C VERTICAL LINE, VERTICAL BAR
+125 07/13 175 7D RIGHT CURLY BRACKET, RIGHT BRACE
+126 07/14 176 7E TILDE
+127 07/15 177 7F RUBOUT, DELETE
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ III.1.2.3. PC Code Page 869
+
+ (to be filled in...)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ III.2. Updated Country Codes
+
+ Date: Mon, 7 Apr 1997 23:23:49 EDT
+ From: Dave Leibold <dleibold@else.net>
+ Newsgroups: comp.dcom.telecom
+ Subject: Ex-USSR Country Codes Profile
+ Organization: TELECOM Digest
+
+ Ex-USSR Country Codes Profile
+ 4 April 1997
+
+ Below is a summary of the country codes that have formed in the wake
+ of the USSR dissolution, along with some updated findings and reports.
+ Additional or corrected information on any of these nations would be
+ welcome (c/o dleibold@else.net).
+ * Kyrgyz Republic country code 996 will take effect, at least in
+ Canada, effective 1 May 1997, according to CRTC Telecom Order
+ 97-464, based on Stentor Tariff Notice 433. There is no indication
+ whether there will be a permissive dialing period involved or for
+ how long such a permissive operation would remain.
+ * Country code 992 was reported as a recent assignment for
+ Tajikistan, which will be moving from country code 7 at some
+ unknown time.
+ * Uzbekistan has its own country code assignment, but I have no
+ information if this is in service yet or what implementation dates
+ have been set.
+ * Kazakstan does not have a known separate country code assignment
+ at present. It remains in country code 7 for the time being.
+ * Russia seems destined to keep country code 7.
+ * Recent news reports speak of some agreements forming between
+ Russia and Belarus. While there is no outright reunification yet,
+ there is expected to be much closer ties between the two nations.
+ Whether this will lead to a reunification of telephone codes
+ remains to be seen.
+
+ In the table, "Effective" means the date at which the country code
+ began service (which could vary according to the nation). "Mandatory"
+ means the date at which the country code 7 is invalid for calls to
+ that nation. There are a number of question marks since exact dates
+ have not been collected in all cases.
+
+CC Nation Effective Mandatory Notes
+
+370 Lithuania 1993? ??? Announced Jan 1993
+371 Latvia 1993? ???
+372 Estonia 1 Feb 1993? March 1993?
+373 Moldova 1993? ??? Announced Jan 1993
+374 Armenia 1 May 1995 1 July 1995 Announced Jan 1995 (ITU)
+375 Belarus 16 Apr 1995 1997?
+380 Ukraine 16 Apr 1995 Oct 1995?
+7 Kazakstan (no known changes)
+7 Russia (presumably not changing)
+992 Tajikistan ??? ??? Announced 1996-7?
+993 Turkmenistan 3 Jan 1997 3 Apr 1997 Canada as of 29 Nov 1996
+994 Azerbaijan Sept 1994? ??? Announced 1992
+995 Georgia 1994? ??? ref: Telecom Digest Oct 1994
+996 Kyrgyz Republic 1 May 1997 ??? ref: Stentor Canada/CRTC
+998 Uzbekistan ??? ??? Announced 1996? (ITU)
+
+ Details courtesy Toby Nixon, ITU, Stentor (Canada), CRTC (Canada),
+ TELECOM Digest (including information collected for the country code
+ listings).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+IV. ERRATA & CORRIGENDA
+
+ The following errors in [636]Using C-Kermit, Second Edition, first
+ printing, have been noted.
+
+ First, some missing acknowledgements for C-Kermit 6.0: JE Jones of
+ Microware for help with OS-9, Nigel Roles for his help with Plan 9,
+ Lucas Hart for help with VMS and Digital UNIX, Igor Kovalenko for his
+ help with QNX. And later, to Susan Kleinmann for her help with Debian
+ Linux packaging; Patrick Volkerding for his help with Slackware Linux
+ packaging; Jim Knoble for his help with Red Hat Linux packaging; and
+ to dozens of others for sending individual C-Kermit binaries for
+ varied and diverse platforms.
+
+ Thanks to James Spath for both binaries and reporting many of the
+ typos noted below. Also to Dat Thuc Nguyen for spotting several typos.
+
+PAGE REMARKS
+COVER "COS" is a misprint. There is no COS. Pretend it says "SCO" or "VOS".
+ (This is fixed in the second printing.)
+ xxi Second line: Fred Smith's affiliation should be Computrition.
+ 83 Change "commands other" to "commands as other" (1st paragraph)
+ 87 Change "The the" to "The" (2nd paragraph)
+ 92 "set modem-type user-defined supra" should be "set modem type ..."
+ 95 Change "VI" to "vi" (1st paragraph)
+ 96 Change "it it" to "it is" (1st paragraph)
+ 97 Change "advantage a literal" to "advantage of a literal" (2nd
+ paragraph)
+102 The call-waiting example would be better as SET DIAL PREFIX *70W
+ (rather than "*70,") because the former will not cause an incorrect
+ call to be placed with pulse dialing.
+123 Third paragraph from bottom: "..otherwise if a your local username.."
+ should be "..otherwise your local username..".
+160 Delete the "it" between "and" and "to" (2nd paragraph)
+185 In "When TRANSFER DISPLAY is OFF, C-Kermit skips the display...",
+ "OFF" should be "NONE".
+187 The last paragraph says the "A command" is ignored, should be "S".
+194 Change "it known" to "it is known" (4th paragraph).
+235 In C-Kermit 7.0, the syntax of the GET command changed. MGET now
+ must be used to get a list of files and there is no more multiline
+ GET command.
+268 Last paragraph: "effect" should be "affect".
+275 In the SET PROTOCOL KERMIT description, the following sentence is
+ incorrect and should be removed: 'If you omit the commands, the
+ default ones are restored: "kermit -ir" and "kermit -r" respectively".
+ The correct information is given at the bottom of page 281.
+279 9th line. The decimal value of ST is 156, not 155.
+295 In the stepping stones, skip ahead to Chapter 17 on p. 327.
+298 Table 16-2, Portuguese entry. Column 4/00 should show section sign,
+ not acute accent.
+316 Other languages written in the Hebrew alphabet include Karaim (a Turkic
+ language spoken in Lithuania and Poland), Judeo-Kurdish, and Judeo-
+ Georgian.
+332 UNDEFINE definition, change "This just" to "This is just".
+344 It might be necessary to set the modem's pulse generation rate when
+ sending numeric pages; most Hayes compatible modems use the S11
+ register for this.
+350 Delete "is" from between "It" and "ceases" (4th paragraph)
+351 Top - both occurrences of "print \%a" should be "echo \%a".
+364 \v(input) and \v(query) out of alphabetical order.
+378 In the MYSEND macro, "if not \m(rc) goto bad" should be:
+ "if \m(rc) goto bad" (remove the "not").
+382-383 It should be stated that the loop control variable must be of the \%a
+ type, or else an array element; macro names can not be used for this.
+383 In line 3, "\%f[\%i]" should be "\&f[\%i]".
+383 In the sort example, it should be stated that the array is 1-based.
+387 Change "You can list" to "You can get a list" (5th paragraph)
+393 \Fverify() description. The 3rd sentence could be stated more clearly
+ as "If all characters in string2 are also in string1, 0 is returned."
+398 Copying \ffiles() results to an array before is not required as of
+ C-Kermit 7.0 (see [637]Section 7.3).
+403 In "(\%a + 3) * (\%b 5)", a minus sign is missing between b and 5.
+407 C-Kermit 7.0 no longer supports multiline GET. Change
+ "get, \%1, \%2" to "get {\%1} {\%2}" or "get /as:{\%2} {\%1}".
+409 READ example while loop should be:
+ while success { echo \m(line), read line }
+409 "WRITE file" should be "WRITE keyword" (you can't put a filename there)
+ (The same applies to WRITE-LINE / WRITELN).
+414 \Funhexify() missing from Table 18-3.
+425 MINPUT definition, change 2nd "text2" to "text3".
+436 Several lines are missing from the UNIXLOGIN macro listing.
+ After the "xif fail" block, insert:
+
+ out \%1\13 ; Send username, carriage return
+ inp 5 Password: ; Wait 5 sec for this prompt
+ if fail end 1 No password prompt
+ pause ; Wait a sec
+ out \%2\13 ; Send password
+
+440 Change "set terminal byteszie" to "set terminal bytesize".
+ Change "input Password:" to "input 10 Password".
+448 Franchise script: "access line" should be "access \m(line)".
+453 There are two incorrectly coded IF statements in the DELIVER macro
+ definition. Replace both occurrences of "if > \%1 \%3 {" with
+ "xif > \%i \%3 {" (replace "if" by "xif" and "\%1" with "\%i").
+453 "the the" (last paragraph) should be "the".
+454 EOT (last paragraph) is End of Transmission, not End of Text.
+457 _DEFINE definition: "name constructed" should be "name is constructed".
+457 "macro for and" (last paragraph) should be "macro and".
+459 Should explain that \v(user) is a legal abbreviation of \v(userid).
+480 Figure II-2 is backwards; the least-significant bit is transmitted
+ first, then up to the highest, and the parity bit last.
+534 The VMS Appendix section on Odd Record Lengths no longer applies;
+ C-Kermit 7.0 handles odd record lengths as well as even ones.
+559 Table VIII-3, Portuguese entry. Column 4/00 should show section sign,
+ not acute accent.
+560-563 HP-Roman8 missing from Table VII-4; there wasn't room to squeeze it in.
+ It is listed in section II(6).
+565 "d stroke" in Table VII-5 has the wrong appearance; the stem should
+ be upright. The letter shown in the table is actually a lowercase
+ Icelandic eth, which has a curved stem.
+601-604 BeBox, BeOS, Plan 9, and probably others not listed in trademarks.
+604 The words "SCRIBE TEXT FORMATTER" appear at the end of the last
+ sentence of the first paragraph of the Colophon. They should have
+ been in the Index.
+Index: Missing entries: SET { SEND, RECEIVE } PATHNAMES, Call waiting, ...
+ \F() Page 605, add also 413-414
+ \Fbreak 389
+ \Fcapitalize 390
+ \Fchecksum 414
+ \Fcrc16 414
+ \Fexecute 414
+ \Fhexify 390
+ \Fltrim 391
+ \Frepeat 392
+ \Fspawn 392
+ \Ftod2secs 399
+ \v() built_in Page 606, add also 361-364
+ \v(_line) 354, 361
+ \v(apcactive) 361
+ \v(charset) 362
+ \v(cpu) 362
+ \v(crc16) 357, 362
+ \v(d$xxx) add page 362
+ \v(dialnumber) 362
+ \v(dialresult) 362
+ \v(errno) 362
+ \v(errstring) 362
+ \v(exedir) 362
+ \v(inidir) 363
+ \v(ipaddress) 363
+ \v(keyboard) 363
+ \v(macro) 363
+ \v(minput) 363
+ \v(m_xxx) 94, 363
+ \v(password) 364
+ \v(query) 364
+ \v(prompt) 364
+ \v(speed) 356, 364
+ \v(startup) 364
+ \v(status) 364
+ \v(sysid) 364
+ \v(system) 364
+ \v(fsize) at lower half page 606 should read \v(tfsize)
+ \v(xversion) 364
+ BEEP Command 40
+ SET FLOW 62, 212
+
+ Figure II-5 on page 493. The pin assignments of the Mini Din-8
+ connector are not described anywhere. As noted in the text, these tend
+ to vary from vendor to vendor. One common arrangement is:
+
+ 1. HSKout (Handshake out -- definition depends on software)
+ 2. HSKin (Handshake in or external clock)
+ 3. TxD-
+ 4. Not used
+ 5. RxD-
+ 6. TxD+
+ 7. Not used
+ 8. RxD+
+
+ Note the "balanced pairs" for Receive Data (RxD) and Transmit Data
+ (TxD), and the utter lack of modem signals. These connectors follow
+ the RS-423 standard, rather than RS-232. In some arrangements, Pin 1
+ is used for DTR and Pin 2 for CD; in others Pin 1 is RTS and Pin 2 is
+ CTS.
+
+ Please send reports of other errors to the authors, as well as
+ suggestions for improvements, additional index entries, and any other
+ comments:
+
+ [638]kermit@columbia.edu
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+APPENDIX V. ADDITIONAL COPYRIGHT NOTICES
+
+ The following copyrights cover some of the source code used in the
+ development of C-Kermit, Kermit 95, or Kermit 95 support libraries.
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+/* */
+/* Copyright (c) 1995 by Oy Online Solutions Ltd. */
+/* */
+/* Distribution of this source code is strictly forbbidden. Use of this */
+/* source code is granted to the University of Columbia C-Kermit project */
+/* to be distributed in binary format only. Please familiarize yourself */
+/* with the accompanying LICENSE.P file. */
+/* */
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+ used for Xmodem, Ymodem, and Zmodem protocol in Kermit 95 (p95.dll,
+ p2.dll)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ Copyright (c) 1997 Stanford University
+
+ The use of this software for revenue-generating purposes may require a
+ license from the owners of the underlying intellectual property.
+ Specifically, the SRP-3 protocol may not be used for
+ revenue-generating purposes without a license.
+
+ Within that constraint, permission to use, copy, modify, and
+ distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose is
+ hereby granted without fee, provided that the above copyright notices
+ and this permission notice appear in all copies of the software and
+ related documentation.
+
+ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS-IS" AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY
+ WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+ IN NO EVENT SHALL STANFORD BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL,
+ INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, OR ANY DAMAGES
+ WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER OR NOT
+ ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF DAMAGE, AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
+ ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE.
+
+ Used for Secure Remote Password (TM) protocol (SRP) in C-Kermit,
+ Kermit 95 (k95.exe, k2.exe, k95crypt.dll, k2crypt.dll)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ Copyright 1990 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All
+ Rights Reserved.
+
+ Export of this software from the United States of America may require
+ a specific license from the United States Government. It is the
+ responsibility of any person or organization contemplating export to
+ obtain such a license before exporting.
+
+ WITHIN THAT CONSTRAINT, permission to use, copy, modify, and
+ distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and
+ without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright
+ notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and
+ this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that
+ the name of M.I.T. not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining
+ to distribution of the software without specific, written prior
+ permission. M.I.T. makes no representations about the suitability of
+ this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express
+ or implied warranty.
+
+ Used for Telnet Authentication Option, Telnet Encryption Option, and
+ Kerberos (TM) authentication in C-Kermit, Kermit 95 (k95.exe, k2.exe,
+ k95crypt.dll, k2crypt.dll)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ Copyright (c) 1991, 1993 The Regents of the University of California.
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ met:
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+ the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ distribution.
+ 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
+ software must display the following acknowledgement:
+
+ This product includes software developed by the University of
+ California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its
+ contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+ from this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS''
+ AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+ THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS
+ BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+ CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+ SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
+ BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
+ WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE
+ OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN
+ IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ Used for Telnet Authentication Option, Telnet Encryption Option, and
+ Kerberos (TM) authentication in C-Kermit, Kermit 95 (k95.exe, k2.exe,
+ k95crypt.dll, k2crypt.dll)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ Copyright (C) 1995-1997 Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com) All rights
+ reserved.
+
+ This package is an DES implementation written by Eric Young
+ (eay@cryptsoft.com). The implementation was written so as to conform
+ with MIT's libdes.
+
+ This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as
+ the following conditions are aheared to. The following conditions
+ apply to all code found in this distribution.
+
+ Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in
+ the code are not to be removed. If this package is used in a product,
+ Eric Young should be given attribution as the author of that the SSL
+ library. This can be in the form of a textual message at program
+ startup or in documentation (online or textual) provided with the
+ package.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ met:
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+ the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ distribution.
+ 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
+ software must display the following acknowledgement: This product
+ includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+ IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE
+ GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+ INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
+ OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The license and distribution terms for any publically available
+ version or derivative of this code cannot be changed. i.e. this code
+ cannot simply be copied and put under another distrubution license
+ [including the GNU Public License.]
+
+ The reason behind this being stated in this direct manner is past
+ experience in code simply being copied and the attribution removed
+ from it and then being distributed as part of other packages. This
+ implementation was a non-trivial and unpaid effort.
+
+ Used DES encryption in Kermit 95 (k95crypt.dll, k2crypt.dll)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ * This is version 1.1 of CryptoLib
+ *
+ * The authors of this software are Jack Lacy, Don Mitchell and Matt Blaze
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 by AT&T.
+ * Permission to use, copy, and modify this software without fee
+ * is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice is included in
+ * all copies of any software which is or includes a copy or
+ * modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting
+ * documentation for such software.
+ *
+ * NOTE:
+ * Some of the algorithms in cryptolib may be covered by patents.
+ * It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that any required
+ * licenses are obtained.
+ *
+ *
+ * SOME PARTS OF CRYPTOLIB MAY BE RESTRICTED UNDER UNITED STATES EXPORT
+ * REGULATIONS.
+ *
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+ * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHORS NOR AT&T MAKE ANY
+ * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+ Used for Big Number library in Kermit 95 (k95crypt.dll, k2crypt.dll).
+
+ [ [639]Top ] [ [640]C-Kermit ] [ [641]Kermit Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ CKERMIT70.HTM / The Kermit Project / Columbia University / 8 Feb 2000
+
+References
+
+ 1. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#contents
+ 2. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 3. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.htm
+ 4. mailto:kermit-support@columbia.edu
+ 5. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+ 6. http://www.kermit-project.org/
+ 7. http://www.columbia.nyc.ny.us/kermit/
+ 8. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/COPYING.TXT
+ 9. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/ckcmai.c
+ 10. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#xv
+ 11. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 12. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/ckcbwr.txt
+ 13. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/ckubwr.txt
+ 14. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/ckvbwr.txt
+ 15. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/ckubwr.txt
+ 16. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/ckermit70.txt
+ 17. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/security.txt
+ 18. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/security.htm
+ 19. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/iksd.txt
+ 20. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/iksd.htm
+ 21. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/cuiksd.htm
+ 22. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/telnet.txt
+ 23. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/telnet.htm
+ 24. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/COPYING.TXT
+ 25. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/k95.html
+ 26. http://www.opensource.org/
+ 27. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 28. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#xi
+ 29. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#xii
+ 30. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x0
+ 31. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1
+ 32. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.0
+ 33. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.1
+ 34. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.2
+ 35. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.3
+ 36. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.4
+ 37. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5
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+ 39. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5.2
+ 40. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5.3
+ 41. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5.4
+ 42. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5.5
+ 43. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.6
+ 44. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.7
+ 45. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.8
+ 46. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.9
+ 47. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.10
+ 48. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.11
+ 49. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.11.1
+ 50. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.11.2
+ 51. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.11.3
+ 52. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.11.4
+ 53. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.11.5
+ 54. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.11.6
+ 55. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.11.7
+ 56. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.12
+ 57. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.13
+ 58. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.14
+ 59. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.15
+ 60. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.16
+ 61. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.17
+ 62. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.18
+ 63. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.19
+ 64. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.20
+ 65. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.21
+ 66. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.22
+ 67. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.22.1
+ 68. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.22.2
+ 69. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.22.3
+ 70. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.22.4
+ 71. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.22.5
+ 72. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.22.6
+ 73. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.22.7
+ 74. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.22.8
+ 75. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.23
+ 76. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.24
+ 77. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2
+ 78. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.0
+ 79. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1
+ 80. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.1
+ 81. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.2
+ 82. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.3
+ 83. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.4
+ 84. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.5
+ 85. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.6
+ 86. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.7
+ 87. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.8
+ 88. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.9
+ 89. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.10
+ 90. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.11
+ 91. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.12
+ 92. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.13
+ 93. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.14
+ 94. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.15
+ 95. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.16
+ 96. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.2
+ 97. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.2.1
+ 98. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.2.2
+ 99. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.3
+ 100. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.3.0
+ 101. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.3.1
+ 102. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.3.2
+ 103. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.3.3
+ 104. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.3.4
+ 105. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.3.5
+ 106. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.3.6
+ 107. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.4
+ 108. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.5
+ 109. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.6
+ 110. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7
+ 111. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7.0
+ 112. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7.1
+ 113. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7.2
+ 114. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7.3
+ 115. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7.4
+ 116. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7.4.1
+ 117. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7.4.2
+ 118. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7.4.3
+ 119. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7.4.4
+ 120. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7.4.5
+ 121. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.8
+ 122. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.9
+ 123. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.9.1
+ 124. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.9.2
+ 125. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.10
+ 126. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.11
+ 127. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.12
+ 128. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.13
+ 129. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.14
+ 130. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.15
+ 131. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x3
+ 132. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x3.1
+ 133. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x3.2
+ 134. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x3.3
+ 135. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x3.4
+ 136. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4
+ 137. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.0
+ 138. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.1
+ 139. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.1.1
+ 140. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.1.2
+ 141. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.1.3
+ 142. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2
+ 143. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.1
+ 144. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.1.1
+ 145. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.1.2
+ 146. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.1.3
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+ 412. http://srp.stanford.edu/srp/
+ 413. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7.1,
+ 414. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/ckccfg.txt
+ 415. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/security.htm
+ 416. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 417. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7
+ 418. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.0
+ 419. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/ckuins.txt
+ 420. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/ckubwr.txt
+ 421. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/ckuins.txt
+ 422. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/iksd.html#x4.2
+ 423. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/iksd.html
+ 424. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.8.1
+ 425. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1945.txt
+ 426. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5
+ 427. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x3.2
+ 428. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x3.2
+ 429. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 430. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 431. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x5.4
+ 432. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/ckubwr.txt
+ 433. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.10
+ 434. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.7.1
+ 435. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.7.3
+ 436. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.3
+ 437. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.10
+ 438. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.11
+ 439. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.15
+ 440. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.4
+ 441. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.7
+ 442. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.3
+ 443. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.1.3
+ 444. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 445. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.2
+ 446. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5
+ 447. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.8.2
+ 448. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.3
+ 449. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.10
+ 450. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.11
+ 451. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.15
+ 452. http://www.telstra.com.au/docs/PGP/
+ 453. http://www.telstra.com.au/docs/PGP/pgpdoc2/pgpdoc2_17.html
+ 454. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/security.htm
+ 455. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.7
+ 456. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 457. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.14
+ 458. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.23
+ 459. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.7
+ 460. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 461. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 462. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.9
+ 463. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 464. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5.4
+ 465. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.3
+ 466. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5.5
+ 467. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.5
+ 468. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.9
+ 469. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5.4
+ 470. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.9
+ 471. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5.4
+ 472. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5.5
+ 473. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 474. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 475. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5
+ 476. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.6
+ 477. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10
+ 478. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10.11
+ 479. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.6
+ 480. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.2
+ 481. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.11
+ 482. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5.4
+ 483. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.9.1
+ 484. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.0.6
+ 485. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2
+ 486. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.1
+ 487. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.7.1
+ 488. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 489. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5
+ 490. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.2
+ 491. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.7.1
+ 492. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2
+ 493. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.10
+ 494. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.2
+ 495. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.7.1
+ 496. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2
+ 497. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.10
+ 498. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.11.5
+ 499. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.0.6
+ 500. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.11
+ 501. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.9.1
+ 502. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.11.3
+ 503. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.9
+ 504. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.9
+ 505. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.5.1
+ 506. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10
+ 507. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10.5
+ 508. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10.3
+ 509. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10.5
+ 510. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 511. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.3
+ 512. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.10
+ 513. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.3
+ 514. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.10
+ 515. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.15
+ 516. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.18
+ 517. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.20
+ 518. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.20
+ 519. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.20
+ 520. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.19
+ 521. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.16
+ 522. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.19
+ 523. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.20.2.3
+ 524. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5
+ 525. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x6.6.5.4
+ 526. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.22.2
+ 527. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.22.3
+ 528. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 529. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 530. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x9.3
+ 531. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x5.2.1
+ 532. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.5.1
+ 533. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.5.2
+ 534. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x6.6
+ 535. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#xiii
+ 536. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#xiii
+ 537. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1489.txt
+ 538. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2319.txt
+ 539. http://www.unicode.org/
+ 540. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x6.6.2
+ 541. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x6.6.5.1
+ 542. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2640.txt
+ 543. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x6.6.2
+ 544. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x6.0
+ 545. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x6.5
+ 546. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x6.4
+ 547. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 548. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.21
+ 549. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x6.5
+ 550. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.8
+ 551. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.7
+ 552. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.2
+ 553. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.19
+ 554. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.9
+ 555. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.1
+ 556. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2
+ 557. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.1
+ 558. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2
+ 559. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.11
+ 560. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.10
+ 561. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#ferrstring
+ 562. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.5
+ 563. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x2.1.10
+ 564. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x9.1
+ 565. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.23
+ 566. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.23
+ 567. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.22
+ 568. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.6
+ 569. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.23
+ 570. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.24
+ 571. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.24
+ 572. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.3
+ 573. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.12
+ 574. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.9
+ 575. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 576. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.11.3
+ 577. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.11.3
+ 578. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.5
+ 579. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10.7
+ 580. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10.7
+ 581. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.8.4
+ 582. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.2.5
+ 583. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.8
+ 584. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.9.1
+ 585. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 586. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.19
+ 587. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.16
+ 588. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.9.1
+ 589. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.5
+ 590. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.3
+ 591. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.11.3
+ 592. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.5.1
+ 593. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10
+ 594. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10.10
+ 595. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5
+ 596. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.23
+ 597. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10.7
+ 598. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10.7
+ 599. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.11.3
+ 600. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10.11
+ 601. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.9
+ 602. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10.3
+ 603. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.3
+ 604. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.9.2
+ 605. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 606. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.17.2
+ 607. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.22
+ 608. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.7.1
+ 609. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.22
+ 610. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.3
+ 611. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.9
+ 612. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.22
+ 613. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.6
+ 614. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.5
+ 615. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.5
+ 616. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.19
+ 617. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.9.1
+ 618. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x9.3
+ 619. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.5
+ 620. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 621. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.4
+ 622. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.20.2
+ 623. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10.5
+ 624. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.10.9
+ 625. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.10
+ 626. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5
+ 627. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.7.1
+ 628. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/iksd.html
+ 629. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.19
+ 630. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.10
+ 631. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.11
+ 632. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.3
+ 633. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/gkermit.html
+ 634. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.20
+ 635. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/gkermit.html
+ 636. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckb2.htm
+ 637. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x7.3
+ 638. mailto:kermit@columbia.edu
+ 639. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#top
+ 640. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 641. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
--- /dev/null
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 Update Notes
+
+ [ [1]Contents ] [ [2]C-Kermit ] [ [3]Kermit Home ]
+
+ Second Supplement to Using C-Kermit, Second Edition
+
+For C-Kermit 8.0
+
+ As of C-Kermit version: 8.0.211
+ Date of C-Kermit release: 10 April 2003
+ This file last updated: Sat Apr 10 16:36:11 2004
+
+ * IF YOU ARE READING A PLAIN-TEXT version of this document, note
+ that it is a plain-text dump of a Web page. You can visit the
+ original (and possibly more up-to-date) Web page here:
+ [4]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html
+ * If you are reading the HTML version of this file with a GUI Web
+ browser, the features added since C-Kermit 8.0.201 are shown in
+ red if your browser and monitor permit. Features that were new to
+ versions 8.0.200 and 201 are in black.
+
+Authors: Frank da Cruz and Christine M. Gianone
+Address: The Kermit Project
+ Columbia University
+ 612 West 115th Street
+ New York NY 10025-7799
+ USA
+Fax: +1 (212) 662-6442
+E-Mail: [5]kermit-support@columbia.edu
+Web: [6]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+Or: [7]http://www.kermit-project.org/
+Or: [8]http://www.columbia.nyc.ny.us/kermit/
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ NOTICES
+
+ This document:
+ Copyright © 1997, 2002, Frank da Cruz and Christine M. Gianone.
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Kermit 95:
+ Copyright © 1995, 2002, Trustees of Columbia University in the
+ City of New York. All rights reserved.
+
+ C-Kermit:
+ Copyright © 1985, 2002,
+ Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York. All
+ rights reserved. See the C-Kermit [9]COPYING.TXT file or the
+ copyright text in the [10]ckcmai.c module for disclaimer and
+ permissions.
+
+ When Kerberos(TM) and/or SRP(TM) (Secure Remote Password) and/or
+ SSL/TLS protocol are included:
+ Portions Copyright © 1990, Massachusetts Institute of
+ Technology.
+ Portions Copyright © 1991, 1993 Regents of the University of
+ California.
+ Portions Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 by AT&T.
+ Portions Copyright © 1997, Stanford University.
+ Portions Copyright © 1995-1997, Eric Young
+ <eay@cryptosoft.com>.
+
+ For the full text of the third-party copyright notices, see
+ [11]Appendix V.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ WHAT IS IN THIS FILE
+
+ This file lists changes made to C-Kermit since version 7.0 was
+ released in January 2000. Use this file as a supplement to:
+
+ * The second edition of [12]Using C-Kermit; and:
+ * The [13]C-Kermit 7.0 Update Notes. Also available in plain-text
+ form as [14]ckermit70.txt.
+
+ until the third edition of Using C-Kermit is published. We apologize
+ for the scattered documentation and will consolidate it when we are
+ able.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ ADDITIONAL FILES Several other files accompany this new Kermit
+ release:
+
+ [15]ckututor.html
+ C-Kermit Tutorial (for Unix). Also distributed in Nroff form as
+ [16]ckuker.nr, the Unix C-Kermit manual page.
+
+ [17]security.htm
+ Discussion of Kermit's new authentication and encryption
+ features, updated for C-Kermit 8.0.
+
+ [18]telnet.htm
+ Detailed documentation of Kermit's Telnet client, updated for
+ C-Kermit 8.0.
+
+ [19]ftpscripts.html
+ Tutorial: Writing FTP automation scripts
+
+ [20]ckcbwr.html
+ Platform-independent C-Kermit hints and tips. Also distributed
+ in plain text form as [21]ckcbwr.txt
+
+ [22]ckubwr.html
+ Unix-specific C-Kermit hints and tips. Also distributed in
+ plain text form as [23]ckubwr.txt.
+
+ [24]ckvbwr.html
+ VMS-specific C-Kermit hints and tips. Also distributed in plain
+ text form as [25]ckvbwr.txt.
+
+ [26]ckuins.html
+ Unix C-Kermit installation instructions. Also distributed in
+ plain text form as [27]ckuins.txt.
+
+ [28]ckvins.html
+ VMS C-Kermit installation instructions. Also distributed in
+ plain text form as [29]ckvins.txt.
+
+ [30]ckccfg.html
+ Compile-time configuration options. Also distributed in plain
+ text form as [31]ckccfg.txt.
+
+ [32]ckcplm.html
+ C-Kermit Program Logic Manual. Also distributed in plain text
+ form as [33]ckcplm.txt.
+
+ [34]iksd.html
+ Internet Kermit Service Aministrators Guide for Unix.
+
+ [35]skermit.html
+ C-Kermit as an SSH Subsystem (SFTP server replacement).
+
+ [ [36]Top ] [ [37]C-Kermit ] [ [38]Kermit Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+CONTENTS
+
+ [39]0. WHAT'S NEW
+ [40]1. FIXES SINCE VERSION 7.0.196
+ [41]2. SSH AND HTTP
+ [42]2.1. SSH Connections
+ [43]2.2. HTTP Connections
+ [44]2.2.1. HTTP Command Switches
+ [45]2.2.2. HTTP Action Commands
+ [46]2.2.3. HTTP Headers
+ [47]2.2.4. Secure HTTP Connections
+ [48]2.2.5. HTTP Variables
+ [49]2.2.6. The HTTP Command-Line Personality
+ [50]3. THE BUILT-IN FTP CLIENT
+ [51]3.1. Making and Managing FTP Connections
+ [52]3.1.1. Kermit Command-Line Options for FTP
+ [53]3.1.2. The FTP Command-Line Personality
+ [54]3.1.3. The FTP URL Interpreter
+ [55]3.1.4. Interactive FTP Session Establishment
+ [56]3.2. Making Secure FTP Connections
+ [57]3.3. Setting FTP Preferences
+ [58]3.4. Managing Directories and Files
+ [59]3.5. Uploading Files With FTP
+ [60]3.5.1. FTP PUT Switches
+ [61]3.5.2. Update Mode
+ [62]3.5.3. Recovery
+ [63]3.6. Downloading Files With FTP
+ [64]3.6.1. FTP GET Switches
+ [65]3.6.2. Filename Collisions
+ [66]3.6.3. Recovery
+ [67]3.7. Translating Character Sets
+ [68]3.7.1. Character Sets and Uploading
+ [69]3.7.2. Character Sets and Downloading
+ [70]3.8. FTP Command Shortcuts
+ [71]3.9. Dual Sessions
+ [72]3.10. Automating FTP Sessions
+ [73]3.10.1. FTP-Specific Variables and Functions
+ [74]3.10.2. Examples
+ [75]3.10.3. Automating Secure FTP Connections
+ [76]3.11. Advanced FTP Protocol Features [77]4. FILE SCANNING
+ [78]5. FILE AND DIRECTORY NAMES CONTAINING SPACES
+ [79]6. OTHER COMMAND PARSING IMPROVEMENTS
+ [80]6.1. Grouping Macro Arguments
+ [81]6.2. Directory and File Name Completion
+ [82]6.3. Passing Arguments to Command Files
+ [83]6.4. More-Prompting
+ [84]6.5. Commas in Macro Definitions
+ [85]6.6. Arrow Keys
+ [86]7. NEW COMMANDS AND SWITCHES
+ [87]8. SCRIPTING IMPROVEMENTS
+ [88]8.1. Performance and Debugging
+ [89]8.2. Using Macros as Numeric Variables
+ [90]8.3. New IF Conditions
+ [91]8.4. The ON_UNKNOWN_COMMAND and ON_CD Macros
+ [92]8.5. The SHOW MACRO Command
+ [93]8.6. Arrays
+ [94]8.7. New or Improved Built-in Variables and Functions
+ [95]8.8. The RETURN and END Commands
+ [96]8.9. UNDEFINing Groups of Variables
+ [97]8.10. The INPUT and MINPUT Commands
+ [98]8.11. Learned Scripts
+ [99]8.12. Pattern Matching
+ [100]8.13. Dates and Times
+ [101]8.14. Trapping Keyboard Interruption
+ [102]9. S-EXPRESSIONS
+ [103]9.1. What is an S-Expression?
+ [104]9.2. Integer and Floating-Point-Arithmetic
+ [105]9.3. How to Use S-Expressions
+ [106]9.4. Summary of Built-in Constants and Operators
+ [107]9.5. Variables
+ [108]9.6. Assignments and Scope
+ [109]9.7. Conditional Expressions
+ [110]9.8. Extensibility
+ [111]9.9. Examples
+ [112]9.10. Differences from Algebraic Notation
+ [113]9.11.Differences from Lisp
+ [114]10. FILE TRANSFER
+ [115]11. MODEMS AND DIALING
+ [116]12. TERMINAL CONNECTION
+ [117]13. CHARACTER SETS
+ [118]14. DIALOUT FROM TELNET TERMINAL SERVERS
+ [119]15. COPING WITH BROKEN KERMIT PARTNERS
+ [120]16. NEW COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS
+ [121]17. LOGS
+
+ [ [122]Top ] [ [123]C-Kermit ] [ [124]Kermit Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+0. WHAT'S NEW
+
+ The Initialization and Customization Files
+ C-Kermit 8.0 now supports specification of the initialization
+ file name (path) in an environment variable, CKERMIT_INI. It
+ also relies far less than before on the initialization for
+ functioning. See [125]Section 5 of the Unix C-Kermit
+ [126]installation instructions for details. As of version
+ 8.0.201, C-Kermit also executes your customization file (if you
+ have one) even if the initialization file was not found.
+ Previously, the customization file was executed by a TAKE
+ command in the initialization file (and it still is, if an
+ initialization is found).
+
+ Incompatible Changes
+ As always, we do our best to avoid changes that break existing
+ scripts. However, C-Kermit 8.0 does include a rather pervasive
+ syntax change that might alter the behavior of scripts that
+ depend on the previous behavior. As described in [127]Section
+ 5, C-Kermit now accepts doublequotes in most contexts where you
+ previously had to use braces to group multiple words into a
+ single field, or to force inclusion of leading or trailing
+ blanks. Most noticeably, in C-Kermit 7.0 and earlier:
+
+ echo {this is a string}
+
+ would print:
+
+ this is a string
+
+ whereas:
+
+ echo "this is a string"
+
+ printed:
+
+ "this is a string"
+
+ In C-Kermit 8.0, both print:
+
+ this is a string
+
+ To force the doublequotes to be treated as part of the string,
+ use either of the following forms:
+
+ echo {"this is a string"}
+ echo ""this is a string""
+
+ Similarly, to force braces to be treated as part of the string:
+
+ echo "{this is a string}"
+ echo {{this is a string}}
+
+ Other incompatibilities:
+
+ 1. Using the SET HOST command to make HTTP connections is no
+ longer supported. Instead, use the new HTTP OPEN command,
+ described in [128]Section 2.2.
+
+ C-Kermit 7.1 Alpha.01 (8 December 2000)
+
+ Its major new features are those listed in the [129]Table of
+ Contents: the FTP client, file scanning, command parsing and
+ scripting improvements, S-Expressions, and support for the
+ Telnet Com Port Option, plus wider availability of the
+ Kerberos, SSL/TLS, and SRP security options for secure Internet
+ connections.
+
+ C-Kermit 7.1.199 Alpha.02 (4 January 2001)
+
+ + C-Kermit now accepts [130]FTP, TELNET, and IKSD URLs as its
+ first command-line argument.
+ + Character-set translation added to the FTP client for
+ [131]filenames.
+ + Optional [132]setting of date of incoming files by FTP [M]GET
+ from the server date.
+ + [133]FTP CHECK filename added to let FTP client check the
+ existence of a file on the server.
+ + [134]FTP GET /NAMELIST:filename added to get list of server
+ filenames into a local file.
+ + [135]FTP [M]PUT /SERVER-RENAME:template added to make server
+ rename a file as indicated by the template after it has
+ arrived completely.
+ + FTP [M]GET /SERVER-RENAME:template added to make server
+ rename a file as indicated by the template after it has been
+ sent completely.
+ + FTP [136]VDIRECTORY added for getting verbose directory
+ listings from TOPS-20.
+ + [137]FTP TYPE TENEX added for transferring 8-bit binary files
+ with PDP-10s.
+ + Added [138]automatic text/binary mode switching for FTP
+ [M]GET, based on filename patterns (e.g. *.zip, *.gz, *.exe
+ are binary; *.txt, *.c are text).
+ + [139]SET SEND I-PACKETS OFF added for coping with Kermit
+ servers that do not support I packets.
+ + A new option was added to [140]\fword() and \fsplit() for
+ parsing comma-separated lists that might contain empty
+ elements.
+ + Bug fixes including:
+ o {} or "" could not be used as expected to represent the
+ empty string.
+ o ,- on a line by itself in a macro definition caused
+ subsequent statements to be skipped.
+ o FTP [M]GET didn't work right if path segments were
+ included in the filespec.
+ o FTP MGET, if interrupted, did not clear its file list.
+ o Various problems with FTP PUT /AS-NAME that nobody
+ noticed.
+ o Some FTP messages and displays interfered with each
+ other.
+ o Parsing of YESTERDAY, TODAY, and TOMORROW in date-time
+ fields was broken.
+ o Automatic old-to-new dialing directory format conversion
+ was broken on VMS.
+ o Various source-code portability problems fixed.
+ + Improvement of various HELP and SHOW messages.
+
+ C-Kermit 7.1.199 Alpha.04 (1 April 2001)
+
+ + Big changes:
+ o Changed default modem type from NONE to GENERIC.
+ o Generic dialing now sends no init string at all.
+ o Changed default terminal bytesize from 7 to 8.
+ + New features:
+ o SET SESSION-LOG TIMESTAMPED-TEXT for timestamped session
+ log.
+ + New modem types:
+ o Conexant modem family
+ o Lucent VENUS chipset
+ o PCTel V.90 chipset
+ o Zoom V.90
+ o Zoom V.92
+ + FTP client:
+ o FTP OPEN /PASSIVE and /ACTIVE switches added.
+ o Now works with servers that that don't include path in
+ NLST response.
+ o Fixed SEND /RECURSIVE not to follow symlinks (UNIX).
+ o SET FTP VERBOSE-MODE default is now OFF instead of ON.
+ + Kermit protocol:
+ o Fixed what I hope is the last "Receive window full"
+ error.
+ o SET PREFIXING or SET CONTROL PREFIX now automatically
+ sets CLEARCHANNEL OFF.
+ o Fixed incorrect report of number of files transferred at
+ end of transfer.
+ o Fixed SEND /RECURSIVE not to follow symlinks (UNIX).
+ + UNIX:
+ o HTTP and shadow passwords enabled for SCO 5.0.6.
+ o Even with SET FILENAMES CONVERTED, spaces were still
+ accepted in incoming filenames; now they are converted
+ to underscores.
+ o Added support for compile-time mktemp()/mkstemp()
+ selection.
+ + VMS:
+ o Session-log format for scripted sessions fixed.
+ + Scripting:
+ o Fixed \frdir() not to follow symlinks (UNIX).
+ o Fixed \fday() not to dump core for dates prior to 17 Mar
+ 1858.
+ + General:
+ o "Closing blah..." message upon exit could not be
+ surpressed.
+ o Added /PAGE and /NOPAGE to DELETE switches.
+ o Added GO response for DELETE /ASK (delete all the rest
+ without asking).
+ o Added GO response to "more?" prompt (for multi-page
+ screen output).
+ o Updated HELP texts.
+
+ C-Kermit 7.1.199 Beta.01 (10 May 2001)
+
+ + FTP client verbosity adjustments.
+ + Bug with generic modem dialing pausing several secs fixed.
+ + SET HOST /USER:, SET LOGIN USERID, etc, fixed when given no
+ user ID.
+ + A couple \v(dm_blah) dial modifier variables added.
+ + "--version" command-line switch added.
+ + Fixed NetBSD serial-port DTR handling.
+ + Lots of syntax cleanups for Flexelint and gcc -Wall.
+ + Fixed modem-type aliases to not take precedence over real
+ names.
+ + Fixed funny treatment of doublequotes by ECHO command.
+ + Enabled SET SESSION-LOG for VMS and other non-UNIX platorms.
+ + Fixed changing direction in command history buffer.
+ + Fixed handling of IKSD URLs.
+ + Made sure DELETE prints a message if it got any errors.
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0.200 Beta.02 (28 June 2001)
+
+ + Major version number increased from 7 to 8.
+ + [141]SSH command.
+ + More-consistent Kermit protocol defaults.
+ + CONNECT idle timeout and action selection.
+ + CONNECT status variable.
+ + A way to allocate more space for filename lists.
+ + Pseudoterminal handler fixed for late-model Linuxes.
+ + Command-line option -dd for timestamped debug log.
+ + Download directory now works for external protocols too.
+ + GREP /COUNT:variable.
+ + SET ATTRIBUTE RECORD-FORMAT { OFF, ON }.
+ + Bug fixes.
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0.200 Beta.03 (9 Sep 2001)
+
+ + [142]HTTP 1.1 connections and scripting
+ + [143]ON_CTRLC macro for trapping Ctrl-C in scripts
+ + [144]Date-time parsing improvements, timezones, comparison,
+ arithmetic
+ + [145]Pattern-matching improvements
+ + FTP improvements
+ + SET EXIT HANGUP { ON, OFF }
+ + SET FILE EOF { CTRL-Z, LENGTH }
+ + ASK[Q] /TIMEOUT
+ + Bug fixes
+ + New platforms
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0.200 Beta.04 (16 Nov 2001)
+
+ + [146]New Unix man page
+ + [147]New Unix installation instructions
+ + SET TELOPT policies are now enforced on non-Telnet ports if
+ the server begins Telnet negotiations.
+ + SET TERMINAL IDLE-ACTION { TELNET-NOP, TELNET-AYT }.
+ + UUCP lockfile creation race condition fixed.
+ + Dialout, modem signals, hangup, hardware flow control, etc,
+ tested extensively on many platforms, numerous problems
+ fixed.
+ + Improved hints when dialing fails.
+ + SET STOP-BITS 2 can now be given without SET FLOW HARDWARE.
+ + Major improvements in RFC 2217 Telnet Com-Port Control.
+ + Improved ability to REDIAL a modem server port.
+ + kermit -h now shows the command name in the usage usage
+ string.
+ + kermit -h now shows ALL command-line options.
+ + kermit -s blah, where blah is a symlink, now works.
+ + --noperms command-line option = SET ATTRIBUTE PERMISSIONS
+ OFF.
+ + HTTP and HTTPS URLs now supported on the command line.
+ + An http command-line personality is now available.
+ + Initialization file streamlined to load faster, anachronisms
+ removed.
+ + Updated NEWS, INTRO, HELP text, SHOW commands. In particular,
+ see SHOW COMM, HELP SET LINE, HELP WAIT.
+ + Date/time arithmetic routines converted from floating-point
+ to integer arithmetic (internally) for greater accuracy and
+ portability.
+ + Quoted strings containing commas no longer break macro
+ execution.
+ + Dynamic Kermit file-transfer timeouts are now much more
+ aggressive.
+ + New "hot keys" to turn debug.log on/off during file transfer.
+ + Improved hints when file transfer fails.
+ + FTP CD orientation messages are now printed.
+ + -R now accepted on the FTP command line to request Recursion.
+ + -m allows Active or Passive mode to be chosen on the FTP
+ command line.
+ + -dd on the FTP command line creates a timestamped debug.log.
+ + FTP command-line security options filled in.
+ + Improved automatic text/binary mode switching for MGET.
+ + Removed spurious error messages that sometimes occur during
+ MGET.
+ + DIRECTORY, GREP, TYPE, HEAD, and TAIL now have a /OUTPUT:file
+ option.
+ + TYPE /NUMBER adds line numbers.
+ + CAT = TYPE /NOPAGE; MORE = TYPE /PAGE.
+ + GETOK ?-help fixed.
+ + \v(timestamp) (= "\v(ndate) \v(time)")
+ + \v(hour) (hour of the day, 0-23)
+ + \funix2dospath() converts a UNIX path (/) to a DOS one (\).
+ + \fdos2unixpath() converts a DOS (Windows, OS/2) path to a
+ UNIX one.
+ + \fkeywordval() parses name=value pair, allows macro keyword
+ parameters.
+ + We now make every attempt to not write passwords to the
+ debug.log.
+ + New Certficate Authority certificates file, includes the
+ Kermit Project at Columbia University so you can access our
+ IKSD securely.
+ + Secure targets improved and better documented in Unix
+ makefile.
+ + All Linux (libc and glibc) builds consolidated under "make
+ linux".
+ + HP-UX makefile targets now have consistent names.
+ + New aix50 and aix51 targets added.
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0.200 Final (12 Dec 2001)
+
+ + Remote/local-mode confusion on some platforms introduced in
+ Beta.04, fixed.
+ + Many of the makefile targets adjusted, new ones added.
+ + New "make install" target should please most people.
+ + New command: SHOW IKSD.
+ + FTP over TLS.
+ + Last-minute touchups to text messages, HELP text, etc.
+ + Enable modem-signal reading for SCO OSR5 and Unixware 7.
+ + Special superfast TRANSMIT /BINARY /NOECHO /NOWAIT mode
+ added.
+ + Fixed PBX dialing in unmarked-area-code case.
+ + Improved SHOW COMMUNICATIONS tells lockfile directory,
+ typical dialout device name.
+ + Some FTP OPEN command parsing problems fixed.
+ + Some errors in date arithmetic fixed.
+ + New command: SET TERMINAL AUTODOWNLOAD { ..., ERROR { STOP,
+ CONTINUE } }
+ + New command: HELP FIREWALL.
+ + SET MODEM HANGUP-METHOD DTR added as synomym for RS232-SIGNAL
+ + Support for secure URL protocols added: telnets:, ftps:,
+ https:.
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0.201 (8 Feb 2002)
+
+ + Installability as an [148]SSH v2 Subsystem.
+ + [149]SET LOCUS command.
+ + [150]L-versions of CD, DIR, DELETE, MKDIR, etc, to force
+ local execution.
+ + [151]USER and ACCOUNT added as synonyms for FTP USER and FTP
+ ACCOUNT.
+ + [152]SHOW VARIABLES now accepts a list of variables.
+ + Rudimentary support for [153]Caller ID when receiving phone
+ calls.
+ + Up/Down [154]Arrow-key navigation of command history buffer.
+ + [155]Automatic execution of customization file if init file
+ is missing.
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0.206 Beta.01 (11 Oct 2002)
+
+ New commands:
+
+ o ORIENTATION lists location-related variables and their
+ values.
+ o KCD changes to special directories by their symbolic
+ names ("kcd ?" for a list).
+ o SET CD HOME path to specify home directory for CD and
+ KCD commands.
+ o CONTINUE given at top level is equivalent to END --
+ handy when PROMPT'ed out of a script, to continue the
+ script.
+
+ New switches or operands for existing commands:
+
+ o GETOK /TIMEOUT
+ o ASK, ASKQ, GETOK /QUIET (suppresses error message on
+ timeout)
+ o COPY /APPEND now allows concatenating multiple source
+ files into one dest file.
+ o SET TCP { HTTP-PROXY, SOCKS-SERVER } /USER, /PASSWORD.
+ o DIRECTORY command now accepts multiple filespecs, e.g.
+ "dir a b c".
+
+ SET QUIET ON now also applies to:
+
+ o SET HOST connection progress messages.
+ o "Press the X or E key to cancel" file-transfer message.
+ o REMOTE CD response.
+ o REMOTE LOGIN response.
+
+ Improvements and new features:
+
+ o Numerous FTP client fixes and new features, listed
+ below.
+ o C-Kermit, when in remote mode at the end of a file
+ transfer, now prints a one-line "where" message. Control
+ with SET TRANSFER REPORT.
+ o Unix makefile "install" target now creates an UNINSTALL
+ script.
+ o Improved operation and performance on RFC 2217 Telnet
+ connections.
+ o Improved CONNECT (interactive terminal connection)
+ performance.
+ o HELP text updated for many commands.
+
+ New or fixed makefile targets:
+
+ o Solaris 9 (several variations)
+ o Concurrent PowerMAX
+ o Mac OS X 10.2
+ o FreeBSD 1.0
+ o FreeBSD 4.6, 5.0
+ o AIX 5.2, 5.3
+
+ Bugs fixed (general):
+
+ o Failure to run in VMS Batch fixed.
+ o LDIRECTORY fixed to run Kermit's built-in DIRECTORY
+ command rather than an external one.
+ o Fixed Solaris and other SVORPOSIX builds to find out
+ their full hostnames rather than just the "uname -n"
+ name.
+ o Fixed some problems matching strings that start with
+ ".".
+ o Fixed some problems matching pattern that contain
+ {a,b,c} lists.
+ o Fixed erroneous reporting of text-mode reception as
+ binary when sender did not report the file size
+ (cosmetic only).
+ o Many problems with SWITCH statements fixed.
+ o Fixed SET OPTIONS DIRECTORY /DOTFILES to work for server
+ too.
+ o Fixed DELETE to print an error message if the file was
+ not found.
+ o Fixed SET CONTROL UNPREFIX ALL and SET PREFIXING NONE to
+ do the same thing.
+ o Fixed bugs executing macros from within the ON_EXIT
+ macro.
+ o \fday() and \fnday() fixed for dates prior to 17 Nov
+ 1858.
+ o Serial speed-changing bug in Linux fixed.
+ o "Unbalanced braces" script parsing errors when using
+ \{number} fixed.
+ o "if defined \v(name)" fixed to behave as described in
+ the book.
+ o Fixed Problems caused by LOCAL variables whose names are
+ left substrings of macro names.
+ o The INPUT command was fixed to honor the PARITY setting.
+ o Fixed bug with COPY to existing file that is longer than
+ source file.
+ o REINPUT command failed to strip braces/quotes around its
+ target string.
+ o Network directory lookups didn't work for SSH
+ connections.
+ o REMOTE SET { FILE, TRANSFER } CHARACTER-SET fixed.
+ o Closed some holes whereby an incompletely received file
+ was not deleted when SET FILE INCOMPLETE is DISCARD,
+ e.g. when the Kermit is hung up upon.
+ o SET XFER CHARACTER-SET TRANSPARENT fixed to do the same
+ as SET XFER TRANSLATION OFF.
+ o SET HOST PTY (e.g. SSH) connection fixed to pass along
+ window-size changes.
+ o C-Kermit search path for TAKE files was accidentally
+ disabled.
+
+ FTP client bugs fixed:
+
+ o Character set translation was broken on little-endian
+ (e.g. PC) architectures.
+ o FTP PUT /SERVER-RENAME:, /RENAME-TO:, /MOVE-TO: switches
+ were sticky.
+ o Make SET TRANSFER MODE MANUAL apply to FTP.
+ o Make SET FILE INCOMPLETE { KEEP, DISCARD } apply to FTP.
+ o FTP MGET /UPDATE handled equal times incorrectly.
+ o FTP MGET /RECOVER fixed to ignore file dates, use only
+ size.
+ o FTP MGET /RECOVER sometimes downloaded files it didn't
+ need to.
+ o FTP downloads with TRANSFER DISPLAY BRIEF could give
+ misleading error messages.
+ o FTP MGET temp file not deleted if FTP DEBUG set to OFF
+ after it was ON.
+ o LOCUS not switched back when FTP connection is lost.
+ o Set incoming file date even if it was not completely
+ received.
+ o FTP MGET sent SIZE and MDTM commands even when it didn't
+ have to.
+ o FTP MGET sent SIZE and MDTM commands even when it knew
+ they wouldn't work.
+ o FTP MGET failed if no files were selected for download.
+ o FTP MGET a* b* c* would fail to get any c*'s if no b*'s
+ existed.
+ o Big problems canceling MGET with Ctrl-C.
+ o Some extraneous LOCUS dialogs squelched.
+ o Some inconsistencies in SET FTP FILENAMES AUTO fixed.
+ o Fixed file-descriptor pileup after multiple MGETs when
+ using mkstemp().
+ o Fixed "mget foo", where foo is a directory name.
+
+ FTP improvements:
+
+ o New [156]FTP protocol features added (FEAT, MLSD).
+ o FTP MGET /RECURSIVE now works as expected if server
+ supports MLSD.
+ o FTP MGET /DATES-DIFFER to download if local and remote
+ file dates differ.
+ o FTP DATES default changed to ON.
+ o FTP MPUT, MGET /EXCEPT now allows up to 64 patterns (up
+ from 8).
+ o Top-level SITE and PASSIVE commands added for
+ convenience.
+ o MGET /COLLISION:APPEND /AS-NAME:newfile *.* puts all
+ remote files into one local file.
+ o SET FTP SERVER-TIME-OFFSET for when server has wrong
+ timezone set.
+ o Allow for alternative server interpretations of [M]MPUT
+ /UNIQUE.
+ o SET FTP ANONOMOUS-PASSWORD lets you specify the default
+ anonymous password.
+ o Allow "GET /RECURSIVE path/file" to force local
+ subdirectory creation.
+ o SET FTP DISPLAY is like SET TRANSFER DISPLAY but applies
+ only to FTP.
+ o FTP { ENABLE, DISABLE } new-protocol-feature-name.
+ o FTP MGET /NODOTFILES.
+ o Debug log now records FTP commands and responses in
+ grep-able format.
+
+ [ [157]Top ] [ [158]Contents ] [ [159]C-Kermit ] [ [160]Kermit Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+1. FIXES SINCE VERSION 7.0.196 First, the changes from 7.0.196 to 7.0.197...
+Source and makefile tweaks to get successful builds on platforms that were not
+available in time for the 7.0 release:
+
+ * 4.2BSD
+ * 4.3BSD
+ * AIX 4.3
+ * AT&T 3B2 and 3B20
+ * BeOS 4.5
+ * CLIX
+ * Interactive UNIX System V/386 R3.2 V4.1.1
+ * OS-9/68000
+ * OSF/1 1.3.
+ * PS/2 AIX 1.2.1
+ * SCO OSR5.0.x
+ * SCO Xenix 2.3.4
+ * SINIX 5.41/Intel
+ * Stratus FTX
+ * Stratus VOS
+ * SunOS 4.1 with X.25
+ * Ultrix 4.2
+ * Unixware 2.0
+
+ There were no functional changes from 196 to 197.
+
+ Fixes applied after C-Kermit 7.0.197 was released:
+
+ Source code: Big flexelint and "gcc -Wall" audit and cleanup.
+
+ Configuration:
+ * Solaris RTS/CTS (hardware flow control) didn't work.
+ * BSDI RTS/CTS worked only in one direction.
+ * FreeBSD 4.0 with ncurses 5.0 broke interactive command parsing.
+ * QNX-32 build lacked -DBIGBUFOK so couldn't execute big macros.
+
+ Connections:
+ * SET HOST /PTY didn't work on some platforms.
+ * Broken SET HOST /USER:xxx /PASSWORD:yyy /ACCOUNT:zzz switches
+ fixed.
+ * Transparent printing was broken in Unix.
+ * ANSWER 0 (wait forever) didn't work.
+ * Some problems in Multitech modem command strings.
+ * Spurious "?Sorry, can't condition console terminal" errors.
+ * Disabling modem command strings by setting them to nothing broke
+ dialing.
+ * SET DIAL TIMEOUT value was usually ignored.
+ * SET DIAL METHOD PULSE didn't work.
+ * Certain modem commands, if changed, not refreshed if modem type
+ changed.
+ * SET SESSION-LOG command was missing from VMS.
+ * VMS session log format fixed for scripts.
+ * HANGUP by dropping DTR didn't work in NetBSD.
+ * SET FLOW /AUTO versus SET FLOW confusion fixed.
+ * Spurious secondary Solaris lockfile removed.
+ * SCO OSR5 DTR On/Off hangup.
+ * UUCP lockfile race condition.
+
+ Commands and scripts:
+ * Missing CAUTIOUS and FAST commands restored.
+ * Broken PTY command in late-model Linuxes fixed (API changed).
+ * Fixed off-by-one error in command recall when switching direction.
+ * Fixed recall of commands that contain '?'.
+ * COPY /SWAP-BYTES didn't work on some architectures.
+ * Various combinations of COPY switches didn't work.
+ * Various problems with COPY or RENAME with a directory name as
+ target.
+ * SHIFT didn't decrement \v(argc) if used within IF, ELSE, or SWITCH
+ block.
+ * SHIFT didn't affect the \%* variable.
+ * Divide by zero improperly handled in some \function()s.
+ * Problems with RETURN from right-recursive functions.
+ * FSEEK /LINE \%c LAST didn't work if already at end.
+ * Some buffer vulnerabilities and potential memory leaks were
+ discovered and fixed.
+ * \frdirectory() fixed not to follow symbolic links.
+ * SET EXIT WARNING OFF fixed to work when EXIT given in a script.
+ * Missing DELETE and MKDIR error message fixed.
+ * \fday() core dump for ancient dates fixed.
+
+ File transfer:
+ * SEND /COMMAND was broken.
+ * CRECEIVE was broken (but RECEIVE /COMMAND was OK).
+ * Quoting wildcard chars in filenames didn't work.
+ * Problems canceling streaming file transfers with X or Z.
+ * Problems shifting between streaming and windowing file transfer.
+ * Non-FULL file-transfer displays erroneously said STREAMING when
+ not.
+ * An active SEND-LIST prevented GET from working.
+ * SET SERVER GET-PATH interpretation of relative names like "." was
+ wrong.
+ * The MAIL command was broken.
+ * "kermit -s *" might have skipped some files.
+ * Transaction log entries were not made for external protocol
+ transfers.
+ * File count report fixed to show number of files actually
+ transferred.
+ * Fixed filename conversion to convert spaces to underscores.
+ * Made SET PREFIXING / SET CONTROL PREFIX also adjust CLEARCHANNEL.
+ * More "Receive window full" errors fixed.
+ * Broken terminal buffering after curses display in Solaris fixed.
+ * SET FILE INCOMPLETE DISCARD did not work in all cases.
+ * Packet log changed to reformat the start-of-packet character
+ printably.
+ * Dynamic timeouts could grow ridiculously large.
+
+ Character sets:
+ * Hebrew-7 translations missed the letter Tav.
+ * C1 area of CP1252 was ignored.
+ * SET TRANSFER CHARACTER-SET TRANSPARENT could give garbage
+ translations.
+ * TRANSLATE might not work on Little Endian architectures.
+ * Insufficient range checking in certain TRANSLATE operations.
+
+ The following bugs in C-Kermit 8.0.200 were fixed in 8.0.201:
+
+ * An obscure path through the code could cause the Unix version of
+ C-Kermit to dump core during its startup sequence. This happened
+ to only one person, but now it's fixed.
+ * When C-Kermit 8.0 is in Kermit server mode and the client says
+ "get blah", where blah (on the server) is a symlink rather than a
+ real file, the server unreasonably refused to send the linked-to
+ file.
+ * When C-Kermit is an FTP client and says "get foo/bar" (i.e. a
+ filename that includes one or more path segments), it failed to
+ accept the incoming file (this happened only with GET, not MGET).
+ * Array references should be case insensitive but only lowercase
+ array letters were accepted.
+ * SHOW VARIABLES dumped core on \v(sexpression) and \v(svalue).
+ * Spurious refusals of remote directory listings if the remote
+ server's date was set in the past.
+ * In AIX, and maybe elsewhere too, Kermit's COPY command always
+ failed with "Source and destination are the same file" when the
+ destination file didn't exist.
+ * The VMS version of C-Kermit did not work in Batch or when SPAWN'd.
+ To compound the problem, it also pretty much ignored the -B and -z
+ command-line options, whose purpose is to work around such
+ problems.
+ * C-Kermit 8.0 could not be built on IRIX 5.x.
+ * The C-Kermit 8.0 build for QNX6 said it was an "(unknown
+ version)".
+
+ Other fixes are listed in the [161]previous section.
+
+ [ [162]Top ] [ [163]Contents ] [ [164]C-Kermit ] [ [165]Kermit Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+2. SSH AND HTTP
+
+ 2.1. SSH Connections
+
+ This section does not apply to [166]Kermit 95 2.0, which has its
+ own built-in SSH client, which is documented [167]SEPARATELY.
+
+ On most UNIX platforms, C-Kermit can make SSH (Secure SHell)
+ connection by running the external SSH command or program through its
+ pseudoterminal interface. The command is:
+
+ SSH text
+ Tells Kermit to start the external SSH client, passing the
+ given text to it on the command line. Normally the text is just
+ the hostname, but it can be anything else that is acceptable to
+ the ssh client. If the command succeeds, the connection is made
+ and Kermit automatically enters CONNECT (terminal) mode. You
+ can use the SSH command to make a connection to any host that
+ has an SSH server.
+
+ Kermit's SSH command gives you all the features of Kermit on an SSH
+ connection: command language, file transfer, character-set
+ translation, scripting, and all the rest. By default, C-Kermit invokes
+ SSH with "-e none", which disables the ssh escape character and makes
+ the connection transparent for purposes of file transfer. You can,
+ however, change the SSH invocation to whatever else you might need (an
+ explicit path, additional command-line arguments, etc) with:
+
+ SET SSH COMMAND text
+ Specifies the system command that Kermit's SSH command should
+ use to invoke the external SSH client. Use this command to
+ supply a specific path or alternative name, or to include
+ different or more command-line options.
+
+ In most cases, these connections work quite well. They can be scripted
+ like any other connection, and file transfer goes as fast as, or
+ faster than, on a regular Telnet connection. In some cases, however,
+ the underlying pseudoterminal driver is a limiting factor, resulting
+ in slow or failed file transfers. Sometimes you can work around such
+ problems by reducing the Kermit packet length. Note that Kermit does
+ not consider SSH connections to be reliable, so it does not offer to
+ use streaming in Kermit protocol transfers (but you can force it with
+ SET RELIABLE or SET STREAMING if you wish).
+
+ The SSH command is like the TELNET command: it enters CONNECT mode
+ automatically when the connection is made. Therefore, to script an SSH
+ connection, use:
+
+ set host /pty ssh -e none [ other-options ] host
+ if fail ...
+
+ to make the connection.
+
+ Here's a sequence that can be used to make a connection to a given
+ host using Telnet if the host accepts it, otherwise SSH:
+
+ if not defined \%1 exit 1 Usage: \%0 host
+ set quiet on
+ set host \%1 23 /telnet
+ if fail {
+ set host /pty ssh -l \m(user) -e none \%1
+ if fail exit 1 \%1: Telnet and SSH both fail
+ echo SSH connection to \%1 successful
+ } else {
+ echo Telnet connection to \%1 successful
+ }
+
+ In SSH v2, it is possible to make an SSH connection direct to a Kermit
+ server system if the host administrator has configured the SSH server
+ to allow this; [168]CLICK HERE for details.
+
+ Since Kermit uses external ssh client software, and since there are
+ different ssh clients (and different releases of each one), the exact
+ command to be used to make an SSH/Kermit connection can vary. Here is
+ the command for the OpenSSH 3.0.2p1 client:
+
+set host /pipe ssh -e none [ -l username ] -T -s hostname kermit
+
+ Example:
+
+set host /pipe ssh -e none -l olga -T -s hq.xyzcorp.com kermit
+
+ The SSH client might or might not prompt you for a password or other
+ information before it makes the connection; this depends on your SSH
+ configuration (your public and private keys, your authorized hosts
+ file, etc). Here's a brief synopsis of the OpenSSH client command
+ syntax ("man ssh" for details):
+
+ -e none
+ This tells the SSH client to use no escape character. Since we
+ will be transferring files across the connection, we don't want
+ the connection to suddenly block because some character in the
+ data.
+
+ -l username
+ This is the username on the remote host. You can omit the -l
+ option and its argument if your local and remote usernames are
+ the same. If they are different, you must supply the remote
+ username.
+
+ -T
+ This tells the SSH client to tell the SSH server not to
+ allocate a pseudoterminal. We are not making a terminal
+ connection, we don't need a terminal, and in fact if a terminal
+ were allocated on the remote end, the connection would not
+ work.
+
+ -s ... kermit
+ This tells the SSH client to tell the SSH server to start the
+ specified subsystem ("kermit") once the connection is made. The
+ subsystem name comes after the hostname.
+
+ hostname
+ The IP host name or address of the desired host.
+
+ You might want to include other or additional ssh command-line
+ options; "man ssh" explains what they are. Here are some examples for
+ the OpenSSH 3.0.2p1 client:
+
+ -oClearAllForwardings yes
+ -oForwardAgent no
+ -oForwardX11 no
+ -oFallbackToRsh no
+ These ensure that a secure connection is used and that the
+ connection used for file transfer is not also used for
+ forwarding other things that might be specified in the
+ ssh_config file.
+
+ -oProtocol 2
+ (i.e. SSH v2) Ensures that the negotiated protocol supports
+ subsystems.
+
+ Once you have an SSH connection to a Kermit server, it's just like any
+ other connection to a Kermit server (and very similar to a connection
+ to an FTP server). You give the client file transfer and management
+ commands for the server, and the server executes them. Of course you
+ can also give the client any other commands you wish.
+
+ [ [169]SSH Kermit Server Subsystem ] [ [170]Kermit 95 Built-in SSH
+ Client ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2.2. HTTP Connections
+
+ Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP, is the application protocol of
+ the World Wide Web (WWW), used between Web browsers (clients) and Web
+ servers. It allows a client to get files from websites, upload files
+ to websites, delete files from websites, get information about website
+ directories and files, and interact with server-side CGI scripts.
+ C-Kermit includes an HTTP client capable of both clear-text and secure
+ HTTP connections, that can do all these tasks and can be automated
+ through the Kermit scripting language.
+
+ Although C-Kermit 7.0 could make HTTP connections to Web servers, it
+ could do so only when no other connection was open, and the procedure
+ was somewhat awkward. C-Kermit 8.0 improves matters by:
+
+ * Allowing an HTTP connection to be open at the same time as a
+ regular SET LINE or SET HOST connection, and also at the same time
+ as an FTP connection ([171]Section 3);
+ * Upgrading the HTTP protocol level from 1.0 to 1.1, thus allowing
+ for persistent connections, in which a series of commands can be
+ sent on the same connection, rather than only one as in HTTP 1.0
+ (and C-Kermit 7.0);
+ * Providing for "one-shot" URL-driven HTTP operations such as GET or
+ PUT.
+ * Providing a distinct HTTP command-line personality.
+
+ Persistent HTTP connections are managed with the following commands:
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] OPEN [ security-options ] host-or-url [ port ]
+ Opens a persistent connection to the specified host (IP host
+ name or address) on the specified port. If any switches
+ (options, listed in the next section) are included, their
+ values are saved and used for all subsequent HTTP action
+ commands on the same connection. If no port is specified, HTTP
+ (80) is used. A Uniform Resource Locator (URL, [172]RFC 1738)
+ can be given instead of a hostname (or address) and port (but
+ the URL can not include a directory/file path). The security
+ options are explained [173]below. The HTTP OPEN command
+ replaces the C-Kermit 7.0 SET HOST hostname HTTP command, which
+ no longer works with HTTP GET and related commands.
+
+ HTTP CLOSE
+ Closes any open HTTP connection and clears any saved switch
+ values.
+
+ A URL starts with a protocol name, which must be http or https in this
+ case; optionally includes a username and password; and must contain a
+ host name or address:
+
+ protocol://[user[.password]]@host[:port][URI]
+
+ HTTP is Hypertext Transfer Protocol. HTTPS is the secure (SSL/TLS)
+ version of HTTP. The TCP service port is derived from the protocol
+ prefix (so normally the ":port" field is omitted). Thus the URL
+ protocol name specifies a default TCP service port and the URL user
+ and password fields can take the place of the /USER and /PASSWORD
+ switches ([174]Section 2.2.1). The optional URI is a "compact string
+ of characters for identifying an abstract or physical resource"
+ ([175]RFC 2396), such as a file. It must begin with a slash (/); if
+ the URI is omitted, "/" is supplied. Examples:
+
+ http open http://www.columbia.edu/
+ Equivalent to http open www.columbia.edu or http open
+ www.columbia.edu http.
+
+ http open https://olga.secret@www1.xyzcorp.com/
+ Equivalent to http /user:olga /pass:secret open
+ www1.xyzcorp.com https.
+
+ Persistence is accomplished unilaterally by C-Kermit 8.0. An HTTP 1.0
+ server closes the connection after each action. Although HTTP 1.1
+ allows multiple actions on the same connection, an HTTP 1.1 server
+ tends to close the connection if it is idle for more than a few
+ seconds, to defend itself against denial-of-service attacks. But when
+ you use Kermit's HTTP OPEN command to create a connection, Kermit
+ reopens it automatically (if necessary) for each HTTP action until you
+ close it with HTTP CLOSE, regardless of the server's HTTP protocol
+ version, or how many times it closes the connection.
+
+ Firewalls can be negotiated through proxies with the following
+ commands:
+
+ SET TCP HTTP-PROXY [ host[:port] ]
+ If a host (by hostname or IP address) is specified, Kermit uses
+ it as a proxy server when attempting outgoing TCP connections
+ -- not only HTTP connections, but all TCP/IP connections,
+ Telnet and FTP included. This allows Kermit to adapt to the
+ HTTP firewall penetration method (as opposed to other methods
+ such as SOCKS4). If no hostname or ip-address is specified, any
+ previously specified Proxy server is removed. If no port number
+ is specified, the "http" service is used. This command must be
+ given before the HTTP OPEN command if a proxy is to be used or
+ canceled.
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] CONNECT host[:port]
+ Instructs the HTTP server to act as a proxy, establishing a
+ connection to the specified host (IP hostname or address) on
+ the given port (80 = HTTP by default) and to redirect all data
+ transmitted between Kermit and itself to the given host for the
+ life of the connection. This command is to be used only for
+ debugging HTTP proxy connections. If a proxy connection is
+ required, instruct Kermit to use the proxy with the SET TCP
+ HTTP-PROXY command.
+
+ 2.2.1. HTTP Command Switches
+
+ HTTP switches, like all other switches, are optional. When HTTP
+ switches are included with the HTTP OPEN command, they apply
+ automatically to this and all subsequent HTTP actions (GET, PUT, ...)
+ on the same connection until an HTTP CLOSE command is given. So if you
+ include switches (or the equivalent URL fields, such as user and
+ password) in the HTTP OPEN command, you can omit them from subsequent
+ commands on the same connection. If the connection has closed since
+ your last command, it is automatically reopened with the same options.
+
+ If you include switches with an HTTP action command (such as GET or
+ PUT), they apply only to that command.
+
+ /USER:name
+ To be used in case a page requires a username for access. The
+ username is sent with page requests. If it is given with the
+ OPEN command it is saved until needed. If a username is
+ included in a URL, it overrides the username given in the
+ switch. CAUTION: Username and password (and all other
+ information, including credit card numbers and other material
+ that you might prefer to protect from public view) are sent
+ across the network in clear text on regular HTTP connections,
+ but authentication is performed securely on HTTPS connections.
+
+ /PASSWORD:text
+ To be used in case a web page requires a password for access.
+ The password is sent with page requests. If it is given with
+ the OPEN command it is saved until needed. If a password is
+ given in a URL, it overrides the one given here. CAUTION: (same
+ as for /USER:).
+
+ /AGENT:user-agent
+ Identifies the client to the server. Overrides the default
+ agent string, which is "C-Kermit" (for C-Kermit) or "Kermit-95"
+ (for Kermit 95).
+
+ /ARRAY:array-designator
+ Tells Kermit to store the response headers in the given array,
+ one line per element. The array need not be declared in
+ advance. Example: /array:&a.
+
+ /TOSCREEN
+ Tells Kermit to display any response text on the screen. It
+ applies independently of the output file specification; thus it
+ is possible to have the server response go to the screen, a
+ file, both, or neither.
+
+ /HEADER:header-item(s)
+ Used for specifying any optional headers to be sent with HTTP
+ requests.
+
+ /HEADER:tag:value
+
+ To send more than one header, use braces for grouping:
+
+ /HEADER:{{tag:value}{tag:value}...}
+
+ For a list of valid tags and value formats see [176]RFC 2616,
+ "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1". A maximum of eight
+ headers may be specified.
+
+ 2.2.2. HTTP Action Commands
+
+ HTTP actions can occur within a persistent connection, or they can be
+ self-contained ("connectionless"). A persistent HTTP connection begins
+ with an HTTP OPEN command, followed by zero or more HTTP action
+ commands, and is terminated with an HTTP CLOSE command:
+
+ http open www.columbia.edu
+ if failure stop 1 HTTP OPEN failed: \v(http_message)
+ http get kermit/index.html
+ if failure stop 1 HTTP GET failed: \v(http_message)
+ (more actions possible here...)
+ http close
+
+ A self-contained HTTP action occurs when a URL is given instead of a
+ remote file name to an HTTP action command. In this case, Kermit makes
+ the HTTP connection, takes the action, and then closes the connection.
+ If an HTTP connection was already open, it is closed silently and
+ automatically.
+
+ http get http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+
+ Kermit's HTTP action commands are as follows. Switches may be included
+ with any of these to override switch (or default) values given in the
+ HTTP OPEN command.
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] GET remote-filename [ local-filename ]
+ Retrieves the named file from the server specified in the most
+ recent HTTP OPEN command for which a corresponding HTTP CLOSE
+ command has not been given. The filename may not include
+ wildcards (HTTP protocol does not support them). If no HTTP
+ OPEN command is in effect, this form of the HTTP GET command
+ fails. The default local filename is the same as the remote
+ name, but with any pathname stripped. For example, the command
+ http get kermit/index.html stores the file in the current local
+ directory as index.html. If the /HEADERS: switch is included,
+ information about the file is also stored in the specified
+ array (explained in [177]Section 2.2.3). All files are
+ transferred in binary mode. HTTP does not provide for
+ record-format or character-set conversion.
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] GET url [ local-filename ]
+ When HTTP GET is given a URL rather than a filename, Kermit
+ opens a connection to the designated server (closing any
+ previously open HTTP connection), gets the file, and then
+ closes the connection. If the URL does not include a filename,
+ index.html is supplied. This is the self-contained one-step
+ "connectionless" method for getting a file from a Web server.
+ The data is not interpreted; HTTP GET is like "lynx -source"
+ rather than "lynx -dump".
+
+ In the remaining HTTP action commands, the distinction between a
+ remote filename and a URL are the same as in the HTTP GET command.
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] HEAD remote-filename-or-url [ local-filename ]
+ Like GET except without actually getting the file; instead it
+ retrieves only the headers. If the /ARRAY: or /TOSCREEN switch
+ is included, there is no default local output filename but you
+ can still specify one. If neither of these switches is
+ included, the default local filename is the same as the remote
+ filename, but with any path stripped and with ".head" appended.
+ The HEAD command can be used in a script with the /ARRAY:
+ switch to retrieve information about the requested resource to
+ determine whether the resource should actually be retrieved
+ with a subsequent GET request.
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] INDEX remote-directory-or-url [ local-filename ]
+ Asks the server to send a listing of the files in the given
+ server directory. This command is not supported by most Web
+ servers. Even when it is supported, there is no standard format
+ for the listing.
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] POST [ /MIME-TYPE:type ] source-file
+ remote-path-or-url [ result-file ]
+ Sends data to a process running on the remote host; the result
+ is usually an HTML file but could be anything. The data to be
+ posted must be read from a local file (the source-file). If a
+ result file is specified, Kermit stores the server's response
+ in it.
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] PUT [ MIME-TYPE:type ] local-file [
+ remote-file-or-url [ result-file ] ]
+ Uploads a local file to the server. Only the name of a single
+ file can be given; wildcards (and group transfers) are not
+ supported by HTTP protocol. If no remote filename is given, the
+ file is sent with the same name as the local file, but with any
+ pathname stripped.
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] DELETE remote-file-or-url [ local-result-file ]
+ Asks the server to delete the specified single file. If a
+ result file is specified, it will contain any response data
+ returned by the server.
+
+ Note the limitations of HTTP protocol compared to (say) FTP or Kermit.
+ There is no command for changing directories, no standard way to get
+ file or directory lists, no way to transfer file groups by using
+ wildcard notation, etc, and therefore no good way to (say) fetch all
+ pages, descend through subdirectories, perform automatic updates, etc.
+ There is no assurrance a connection will stay open and, as noted,
+ there is no provision for data conversion between unlike platforms.
+ The data's MIME headers can be used for postprocessing.
+
+ 2.2.3. HTTP Headers
+
+ Each HTTP request and response contains a set of name/value pairs
+ called headers. HTTP headers are specified in [178]RFC 2616. For
+ example, an HTTP GET request for /index.html on www.columbia.edu
+ contains the following headers:
+
+ GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
+ Host: www.columbia.edu:80
+ User-agent: C-Kermit 8.0
+ Authorization: Basic base64-encoded-username-password
+
+ These might be followed by any others specified with a /HEADERS:
+ switch:
+
+ Accept: image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, *.*
+ Accept-Encoding: gzip
+ Accept-Language: en
+ Accept-Charset: iso-8859-1,utf-8
+ Cookie: cookie-data
+
+ The server sends back a short report about the file prior to sending
+ the file contents. Example:
+
+ HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+ Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2001 21:09:39 GMT
+ Server: Apache/1.3.4 (Unix)
+ Last-Modified: Mon, 06 Aug 2001 21:16:13 GMT
+ ETag: "1fa137-10d7-3b6f091d"
+ Accept-Ranges: bytes
+ Content-Length: 4311
+ Content-Type: text/html
+
+ If you want to have this information available to a Kermit script you
+ can use the /ARRAY switch to have Kermit put it in array, one line per
+ array element. Example:
+
+ set exit warning off
+ http open www.columbia.edu
+ if fail exit 1 Can't reach server
+ http /array:&a get /index.html
+ if fail exit 1 Can't get file
+ echo Header lines: \fdim(&a)
+ for \%i 1 \fdim(&a) 1 {
+ echo \%i. \&a[\%i]
+ }
+
+ Note that the "Date:" item is the current date and time; the
+ "Last-Modifed:" item is the file's modification date and time. An
+ example showing how to use this information is presented in
+ [179]Section 8.13.7.
+
+ 2.2.4. Secure HTTP Connections
+
+ SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer / Transport Layer Security) is the
+ protocol used to secure HTTP, SMTP, and other Internet applications.
+ See the [180]C-Kermit Reference Section 5.4 for an introduction to
+ SSL/TLS. To make a secure HTTP connection, you need:
+
+ 1. A secure client (a version of C-Kermit or Kermit 95 with SSL/TLS
+ security built in). Type "check ssl" at the Kermit prompt to make
+ sure you have it.
+ 2. A secure server to connect to.
+ 3. The CA Root Certificate used to authenticate the server to the
+ client. (see [181]Section 15 of the security reference for an
+ introduction to certificates).
+
+ And you must make a connection to the secure HTTP port: service name
+ HTTPS, port number 443 (as opposed to service HTTP, port 80). You can
+ also make secure connections to other ports by including the /TLS or
+ /SSL switch with the HTTP OPEN command, if the host supports SSL/TLS
+ on the given port:
+
+ The quality of the SSL/TLS connection depends on the cipher suite.
+ There are several possibilities:
+
+ Anonymous cipher suite:
+ If an anonymous cipher suite is negotiated, the connection is
+ encrypted but there is no authentication. This connection is
+ subject to a Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attack.
+
+ X.509 certificate on the server:
+ When you connect to certain secure servers, an X.509
+ certificate is returned. This certificate is issued to a
+ special hostname, something like www1.xyzcorp.com or
+ wwws.xyzcorp.com (rather than the normal www.xyzcorp.com). It
+ is signed by the host's Certificate Authority (CA). If the host
+ certificate is configured on the client, it can be used to
+ verify the certificate received from the server. If the
+ certificate it verified as authentic, a check is made to ensure
+ it has not expired and it was issued to the host you were
+ attempting to connect to. If you had asked to connect to (say)
+ www.xyzcorp.com but were given a certificate for
+ www1.xyzcorp.com, you would be prompted for permission to
+ continue.
+
+ If the verification succeeded, the connection would be
+ encrypted with one-way (server-to-client) authentication. This
+ connection is not subject to a MITM attack.
+
+ If a username and password are transmitted over this
+ connection, they are not subject to interception. However, the
+ standard risks associated with passing the password to the host
+ for verification apply; for example, if the host has been
+ compromised, the password will be compromised.
+
+ X.509 client certificate:
+ If a connection has been established with an X.509 server
+ certificate, the server can ask the client to send a
+ certificate of its own. This certificate must be verified
+ against a CA Root certificate. The certificate itself (or
+ subject info from the certificate) is used to determine the
+ authorization for the client, and if successful, the username
+ and password need not be sent to the server.
+
+ Kerberos 5:
+ Instead of using X.509 certifcates, Kerberos 5 can be used to
+ perform the authentication and key exchange. In this situation,
+ there is mutual authentication between the client and server.
+ The Kerberos 5 principal is used by the server to look up the
+ appropriate authorization data. There is no need to send
+ username and password.
+
+ An HTTP connection is made with the HTTP OPEN command:
+
+ HTTP [ switches ] OPEN [ { /SSL, /TLS } ] host [ port ]
+ If /SSL or /TLS switches are included (these are synonyms), or
+ if the service is HTTPS or the port is 443, a secure connection
+ is attempted using the current authentication settings; see
+ HELP SET AUTHENTICATION for details ([182]Section 6.2 of the
+ security reference). If the no /SSL or /TLS switch is included
+ but the port is 443 or the service is HTTPS, a secure
+ connection is attempted. If an /SSL or /TLS switch is included
+ but a port is not specified, an SSL/TLS connection is attempted
+ on the default port (80).
+
+ Certificates are covered in the separate [183]Kermit Security
+ Reference for C-Kermit 8.0. You should let Kermit know to verify
+ certificates with the SET AUTHENTICATION TLS command. For example:
+
+ SET AUTHENTICATION TLS CRL-DIR directory
+ Specifies a directory that contains certificate revocation
+ files where each file is named by the hash of the certificate
+ that has been revoked.
+
+ SET AUTHENTICATION TLS CRL-FILE filename
+ Specifies a file that contains a list of certificate
+ revocations.
+
+ SET AUTHENTICATION TLS VERIFY-DIR directory
+ Specifies a directory that contains root CA certificate files
+ used to verify the certificate chains presented by the peer.
+ Each file is named by a hash of the certificate.
+
+ SET AUTHENTICATION TLS VERIFY-FILE filename
+ Specifies a file that contains root CA certificates to be used
+ for verifying certificate chains.
+
+ SET AUTHENTICATION TLS VERIFY OFF
+ Tells Kermit not to require a certificate and accept any
+ certificate that is presented regardless of whether it is
+ valid.
+
+ There are many other options; see the security document for details.
+
+ Now suppose you need need to fetch the file denoted by the following
+ URL:
+
+ https://myuserid:mypassword@wwws.xyzcorp.com/clients/info/secret.html
+
+ Once you have set up the handling of certificates as desired, you can
+ use the following Kermit commands:
+
+ http /user:myuserid /password:mypassword open www1.xyzcorp.com https
+ if success {
+ http get /clients/info/secret.html
+ http close
+ }
+
+ As another example, let's say that you have a web form you need to
+ populate with three fields: red,white and blue.
+
+ <FORM ACTION="http://www.xyzcorp.com/cgi-bin/form.cgi" METHOD="POST">
+ <INPUT NAME="Red">
+ <INPUT NAME="White">
+ <INPUT NAME="Blue">
+ </FORM>
+
+ You can handle this with the HTTP POST command. The data to be posted
+ is stored in the local file data.txt.
+
+ Red=seven stripes&White=six stripes&Blue=fifty stars
+
+ and the response from the server will be stored into response.txt.
+
+ http open www.xyzcorp.com http
+ if success {
+ http /array:c post data.txt /cgi-bin/form.cgi response.txt
+ http close
+ }
+
+ In this scenario, the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) sends a response
+ whether it succeeds or fails in a script-dependent manner. The script
+ can either report success and enclose the response data; or it might
+ send a 302 Found error which indicates that the "Location:" header
+ should be used to determine the URL at which the data can be found.
+
+ 2.2.5. HTTP Variables
+
+ \v(http_code)
+ The HTTP protocol code number of the most recent server reply,
+ e.g. 404 for "not found".
+
+ \v(http_connected)
+ 1 when an HTTP connection is open, 0 when there is no HTTP
+ connection.
+
+ \v(http_host)
+ If an HTTP connection is open, the hostname:port, e.g.
+ www.columbia.edu:80; otherwise, empty.
+
+ \v(http_message)
+ Server error message, if any, from most recent HTTP command.
+
+ \v(http_security)
+ A list of the security parameters and values for the current
+ connection, if any. Empty if the connection is not to a secure
+ server, or there is no connection.
+
+ To display all the HTTP variables at once, type SHOW VAR HTTP:
+
+ C-Kermit> http open www.columbia.edu
+ C-Kermit> http get lkjlkjlkjlkj
+ C-Kermit> sho var http
+ \v(http_code) = 404
+ \v(http_connected) = 1
+ \v(http_host) = www.columbia.edu:80
+ \v(http_message) = Not Found
+ \v(http_security) = NULL
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ 2.2.6. The HTTP Command-Line Personality
+
+ If you invoke C-Kermit with the name "http" or "https", you can use a
+ special set of HTTP-specific command-line options. You can do this by
+ creating a symbolic linke "http" or "https" to the C-Kermit 8.0
+ executable, or by having a separate copy of it called "http" or
+ "https". Here's the usage message ("http -h"):
+
+ Usage: ./http host [ options... ]
+ -h This message.
+ -d Debug to debug.log.
+ -S Stay (issue command prompt when done).
+ -Y Do not execute Kermit initialization file.
+ -q Quiet (suppress most messages).
+ -u name Username.
+ -P password Password.
+ -g pathname Get remote pathname.
+ -p pathname Put remote pathname.
+ -H pathname Head remote pathname.
+ -l pathname Local path for -g, -p, and -H.
+ -z opt[=value] Security options...
+ cert=file Client certificate file
+ certsok Accept all certificates
+ key=file Client private key file
+ secure Use SSL
+ verify=n 0 = none, 1 = peer , 2 = certificate required
+
+ The "host" argument is the name of a Web host, e.g. www.columbia.edu.
+ The action options are -p, -g, and -H. If you give an action option,
+ Kermit does the action and then exits. If you give a host without an
+ action option, Kermit makes an HTTP connection to the host and then
+ gives you the C-Kermit prompt. Here's a simple example that fetches a
+ publicly readable Web page:
+
+ http www.columbia.edu -g kermit/index.html
+
+ If you need to access a website for which a username and password are
+ required, you can supply them on the command line with -u and -P. If
+ you include a username but omit the password, Kermit prompts you for
+ it:
+
+ http www.columbia.edu -u olga -p kermit/index.html -l index.html
+ Password:
+
+ Note that when PUT'ing files to websites, you have to supply both the
+ -p (remote pathname) and -l (local path) options.
+
+ If your version of Kermit is built with SSL/TLS security, you can also
+ use the -z option to make secure HTTP (https) connections.
+
+ Finally, as noted in [184]Section 16, you can also give a URL instead
+ of a host name and options.
+
+ [ [185]Top ] [ [186]Contents ] [ [187]C-Kermit Home ] [ [188]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+3. THE BUILT-IN FTP CLIENT
+
+ 3.1. [189]Making and Managing FTP Connections
+ 3.2. [190]Making Secure FTP Connections
+ 3.3. [191]Setting FTP Preferences
+ 3.4. [192]Managing Directories and Files
+ 3.5. [193]Uploading Files With FTP
+ 3.6. [194]Downloading Files With FTP
+ 3.7. [195]Translating Character Sets
+ 3.8. [196]FTP Command Shortcuts
+ 3.9. [197]Dual Sessions
+ 3.10. [198]Automating FTP Sessions
+ 3.11. [199]Advanced FTP Protocol Features
+
+ Earlier versions of C-Kermit and K95 included an FTP command, but it
+ simply invoked an external FTP client. Now, by popular demand, Kermit
+ includes its own built-in FTP client that offers the following
+ advantages over traditional FTP clients (and its previous interface to
+ them):
+
+ * Any of Kermit's built-in [200]security methods can be used to
+ establish and conduct secure FTP sessions with [201]FTP servers
+ that support these methods. (Security modules can be subject to
+ export restrictions.)
+ * Kermit's FTP client uses "passive mode" by default to avoid
+ blockage by firewalls and network address translators. Of course
+ active mode can be chosen too when needed.
+ * [202]Character sets can be translated as part of the transfer
+ process even when the FTP server does not support character-set
+ translation, including to/from the new Internet standard
+ international character set, [203]Unicode UTF-8. This includes
+ both the file's name and (for text files only) its contents.
+ * All of C-Kermit's [204]file-selection mechanisms are available:
+ size, date, name patterns and lists, exception lists, etc.
+ * [205]Atomic file movement capabilities are provided (delete, move,
+ or rename files automatically after successful transfer).
+ * The correct file type, "ascii" (i.e. text) or binary, is chosen
+ automatically for each file (explained in [206]Section 4), and any
+ mixture of text and binary files can be sent in a single
+ operation, even across platforms.
+ * Update mode ("don't bother transferring files that didn't change
+ since last time") and recovery (resumption of an interrupted
+ transfer from the point of failure) are available in both
+ directions.
+ * When uploading files from UNIX to UNIX, the file's permissions can
+ be preserved if desired.
+ * Recursive directory-tree PUTs are supported between any two
+ platforms that have tree-structured file systems. Recursive GETs
+ are supported between like platforms if the server cooperates and
+ between like or unlike platforms if the server supports MLSD
+ ([207]Section 3.11).
+ * When receiving files, all of Kermit's file collision actions are
+ available: backup, update, refuse, rename, etc.
+ * Multi-file transfers can be interrupted on a per-file basis,
+ automatically skipping to the next file.
+ * FTP sessions are [208]fully scriptable.
+ * An entire FTP session (connect, login, CD, upload or download,
+ logout) can be specified on the command line without using a
+ script.
+ * All of Kermit's logging options and formats are available to keep
+ an accurate and complete record of each connection and file
+ transfer, and to aid in troubleshooting.
+ * All of Kermit's file-transfer display options are available
+ (fullscreen, brief, CRT, serial, none).
+
+ And best of all:
+ * Kermit doesn't give you those annoying per-file prompts every time
+ you start a multi-file transfer without remembering to give a
+ "prompt" command first :-).
+
+ [ [209]Top ] [ [210]FTP Top ] [ [211]FTP Client Overview ] [ [212]FTP
+ Script Tutorial ] [ [213]C-Kermit Home ] [ [214]Kermit Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.1. Making and Managing FTP Connections
+
+ Each copy of Kermit can have one FTP connection open at a time. FTP
+ connections are independent of regular terminal connections; a
+ terminal connection (serial or network via SET LINE, DIAL, SET HOST,
+ TELNET, etc) may be, but need not be, open at the same time as an FTP
+ connection, and terminal connections can also be closed, and new
+ connections opened, without interfering with the FTP connection (and
+ vice versa). Thus, for example, Kermit can have an FTP connection and
+ a TELNET connection open to the same host simultaneously, using the
+ TELNET connection (e.g.) to send mail or take other desired actions as
+ various FTP actions complete. Of course, each copy of Kermit can do
+ only one thing at a time, so it can't (for example) transfer a file
+ with FTP and another file with Kermit protocol simultaneously.
+
+ A Kermit FTP session can be established by [215]command-line options,
+ by [216]URL, or by [217]interactive commands.
+
+ 3.1.1. Kermit Command-Line Options for FTP
+
+ The new command-line option '-9' (sorry, we're out of letters) can be
+ used when starting C-Kermit, telling it to make an FTP connection:
+
+ kermit -9 hostname
+
+ or if a non-default FTP port is needed:
+
+ kermit -9 hostname:port
+
+ You can also specify the username on the command line with the -M ("My
+ User ID") option that was already there for other connection types:
+
+ kermit -9 hostname -M olga
+
+ If you specify the username on the command line, Kermit uses it when
+ making the connection and does not prompt you for it (but it does
+ prompt you for the password if one is required).
+
+ Once the connection is made, you get the regular Kermit prompt, and
+ can give interactive commands such as the ones described below. When
+ you give a BYE command, Kermit closes the session and exits, just as a
+ regular FTP client would do. If you don't want Kermit to exit when you
+ give a BYE command, include the -S ("Stay") option on the command
+ line.
+
+ Other Kermit command-line options that are not specific to non-FTP
+ connections should affect the FTP session in the expected ways; for
+ example, -i and -T force binary and text mode transfers, respectively.
+
+ File transfers can not be initiated on the "kermit -9" command line;
+ for that you need to use Kermit's FTP personality (next section) or
+ you can use URLs ([218]Section 3.1.3).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.1.2. The FTP Command-Line Personality
+
+ If you want to replace your regular FTP client with C-Kermit, you can
+ make a link called "ftp" to the C-Kermit binary (or you can store a
+ copy of the C-Kermit binary under the name "ftp"). When C-Kermit is
+ invoked with a program name of "ftp" (or "FTP", case doesn't matter),
+ it assumes the command-line personality of the regular FTP client:
+
+ ftp [ options ] hostname [ port ]
+
+ In this case the options are like those of a regular FTP client:
+
+ -d Debug: enables debug messages and creates a debug.log file.
+ -n No autologin: Kermit should not send your user ID automatically.
+ -t Packet trace: accepted but is treated the same as -d.
+ -v Verbose: accepted but ignored (operation is verbose by default).
+ -i Not interactive: accepted but ignored.
+
+ and the hostname can also be a URL (explained in [219]Section 3.1.3).
+ To specify a non-default TCP port for the FTP server, include the port
+ number or name after the hostname.
+
+ There are also some bonus options that allow you to execute an entire
+ FTP session from the shell command line, as long as you don't include
+ the -n option. These are not available with regular FTP clients, and
+ at least one of these options (-g) conflicts with UNIX ftp (where -g
+ means "no globbing", which does not apply to Kermit), and some of them
+ (like the options above) also conflict with regular Kermit
+ command-line options:
+
+ -m mode = "passive" (default) or "active"
+ -Y Don't execute the Kermit initialization file [1]
+ -q Quiet, suppresses all but error messages [1]
+ -S Stay, don't exit automatically [1]
+ -A Autologin anonymously [2]
+ -u name Username for autologin [2] (synonym: -M [1])
+ -P password Password for autologin (see cautions below) [2]
+ -D directory cd after autologin [2]
+ -b Binary mode [2]
+ -a Text ("ascii") mode [2] (synonym: -T [1])
+ -R Recursive (works with -p) [4]
+ -p files Files to put (upload) after autologin [2] (synonym: -s [1])
+ -g files Files to get (download) after autologin [3]
+
+ [1] Same as Kermit, not available in regular FTP clients.
+ [2] Conflicts with Kermit, not available in regular FTP clients.
+ [3] Same as Kermit, conflicts with regular FTP clients.
+ [4] Conflicts with Kermit, available in some FTP clients.
+
+ Fancier options such as restart, character-set translation, filename
+ collision selection, automatic move/rename/delete, etc, are not
+ available from the command line; for these you can use the commands
+ described in the following sections. The -R option might also work
+ with -g (GET) but that depends on the server.
+
+ The following security options are also available, explained in
+ [220]Section 3.2:
+
+ -k realm Kerberos 4 realm [4]
+ -f Kerberos 5 credentials forwarding [4]
+ -x autoencryption mode [4]
+ -c cipher SRP cipher type [4]
+ -H hash SRP encryption hash [4]
+ -z option Security options [4]
+
+ If you include -A or specify a name of "anonymous" or "ftp", you are
+ logged in anonymously and, in the absence of -P, Kermit automatically
+ supplies a password of "user@host", where "user" is your local user
+ ID, and "host" is the hostname of the computer where Kermit is
+ running. If you do not include -p or -g, Kermit enters command mode so
+ you can type commands or execute them from a script.
+
+ If you include -p or -g, Kermit attempts to transfer the specified
+ files and then exits automatically at the end of the transfer unless
+ you also included -S (Stay). It uses the "brief" file transfer display
+ (one line per file) unless you include the -q option to suppress it.
+
+ When uploading files with -p, Kermit switches automatically between
+ text and binary mode for each file.
+
+ When downloading, you can either specify a particular mode (text or
+ binary) to be used for all the files, or you can let Kermit select the
+ type for each file automatically, based on its name (see [221]Sections
+ 3.5 and [222]3.6 for greater detail). In UNIX be sure to quote any
+ wildcard characters to prevent the shell from expanding them, as shown
+ in the examples just below. Filename collisions are handled according
+ Kermit's FILE COLLISION setting (if specified in your Kermit
+ customization file; otherwise the default, which is BACKUP).
+
+ It should go without saying that the -P option should be used with
+ caution. In addition to the well-known risks of transmitting plaintext
+ passwords over the Internet, in this case the password also echos to
+ the screen if you type it, and can be seen in ps and w listings that
+ show the user's currently active command and command-line arguments.
+ Thus command-line FTP sessions are most appropriate for secure or
+ anonymous connections (those that do not require passwords).
+
+ Here's an example in which you download the latest C-Kermit "tarball"
+ from the Columbia University FTP archive:
+
+ ftp -A kermit.columbia.edu -bg kermit/archives/ckermit.tar.gz
+
+ This assumes that "ftp" is a symbolic link to C-Kermit. It logs you in
+ anonymously and gets the ckermit.tar.gz file in binary mode from the
+ kermit/archives directory.
+
+ Here's a slightly more ambitious example that illustrates CD'ing to
+ the desired server directory to get a group of files in text mode (in
+ this case the C-Kermit source files):
+
+ ftp -A kermit.columbia.edu -D kermit/f -ag "ck[cuw]*.[cwh]" makefile
+
+ In this case we CD to the kermit/f directory so we don't have to
+ include it in each file specification, and we quote the ck[cuw]*.[cwh]
+ specification so the shell doesn't expand it, since we have to pass it
+ as-is to the server. Note also that the quotes don't go around the
+ entire file list; only around each file specification that needs to be
+ quoted.
+
+ Here's one more example, that uploads a debug log file in binary mode
+ to the Kermit incoming directory (as we might ask you to do when
+ following up on a problem report):
+
+ ftp -A kermit.columbia.edu -D kermit/incoming -bp debug.log
+
+ In this case the -D option is required to tell the server where to put
+ the incoming file.
+
+ Unless the -Y option is included, your Kermit initialization file
+ (.mykermrc in UNIX, K95.INI in Windows) is executed before the command
+ line options, so you can set any FTP-related preferences there, as
+ described in the subsequent sections.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.1.3. The FTP URL Interpreter
+
+ If Kermit is invoked with either its regular personality (as "kermit")
+ or its FTP personality (as "ftp"), you can also give a URL
+ (Universal Resource Locator) instead of a hostname and options,
+ with or without a username and password:
+ ftp ftp://user:password@host/path
+ ftp ftp://user@host/path
+ ftp ftp://@host/path (or ftp://:@host/path)
+ ftp ftp://host/path
+ kermit ftp://host/path
+
+ If the FTP personality is used, the service must be "ftp". In all
+ cases, a hostname or address must be included. If a user is included
+ but no password, you are prompted for the password. If a path
+ (filename) is included:
+ * If "@" is included without a user, Kermit prompts for the username
+ and password.
+ * If no user and no "@" are included, "anonymous" is used.
+ * GET is assumed.
+
+ If no path (and no action options) are included, an interactive FTP
+ session is started, as in this example:
+ ftp ftp://kermit.columbia.edu
+
+ If a path is included, but a username is not included, "anonymous" is
+ used and an appropriate user@host password is supplied automatically.
+ If authentication is successful, Kermit attempts to GET the file
+ indicated by the path or, if the path is the name of a directory, it
+ asks the server for a directory listing. In both cases, Kermit
+ disconnects from the server and exits after the operation is complete
+ (unless you have included the -S option on the command line).
+
+ Here's an example that gets a listing of the Kermit directory at the
+ Kermit ftp site:
+ ftp ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/
+
+ This example gets the top-level READ.ME file from the same directory:
+ ftp ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/READ.ME
+
+ Here's the same example, but requesting a text-mode transfer:
+ ftp -T ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/READ.ME
+ This illustrates that you can mix command-line options and URLs
+ if you desire.
+
+ Here's an example that logs in as a (fictitious) real user to get a
+ file:
+ ftp ftp://olga@ftp.xyzcorp.com/resume.txt
+ The password is not included, so Kermit prompts for it.
+
+ This scheme allows Kermit to be used as the FTP helper of other
+ applications, such as Web browsers, with all its advantages over other
+ FTP clients (especially the ones that are built in to most Web
+ browsers), e.g. that it can be given wildcards, and it can pick text
+ and binary mode automatically for each file.
+
+ HINT: suppose somebody sends you an FTP URL in email, or you see it in
+ some text. If your terminal screen supports copy/paste, copy the url,
+ and then at the shell prompt type "kermit", a space, and then paste
+ the URL, e.g.:
+
+ $ kermit ftp://alpha.greenie.net/pub/mgetty/source/1.1/mgetty1.1.27-O
+
+ "$ is the shell prompt; the part you type is underlined, the rest is
+ pasted in. Kermit does the rest.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.1.4. Interactive FTP Session Establishment
+
+ As you read this and the following sections, bear in mind that any
+ command that can be given at the prompt can also be used in a script
+ program. Kermit's script programming language is the same as its
+ interactive command language. [223]CLICK HERE if you would like to
+ learn a bit more about script writing.
+
+ An FTP session is established with the FTP OPEN command:
+
+ FTP [ OPEN ] [ { /SSL, /TLS } ] hostname [ switches ] [ port ]
+ Opens an FTP connection to the given host on the given port
+ and, if FTP AUTOLOGIN is ON, also logs you in to the server,
+ prompting for username and password if necessary. If no port is
+ specified, the regular FTP protocol port (21) is used. The OPEN
+ keyword is optional (unless the hostname conflicts with one of
+ the FTP command keywords, which you can list by typing "ftp
+ ?").
+
+ The hostname can be an IP host name, numeric IP address, or if you
+ have a network directory active (SET NETWORK DIRECTORY; see Chapter 6
+ of [224]Using C-Kermit), an entry name in the directory. In the latter
+ case, if the given hostname matches exactly one entry, the associated
+ name or address is used; if it matches more than one, Kermit cycles
+ through them until one is found that can be opened; if it matches
+ none, then the hostname is used as-is. If a directory is active but
+ you want to bypass directory lookup, include an "=" sign at the
+ beginning of the hostname, and/or use a numeric IP address.
+
+ When an FTP connection is opened, the default file-transfer mode is
+ set to binary if the client and server platforms are alike (e.g. both
+ of them are some kind of UNIX), and to text ("ascii") if they are not
+ alike. This has no particular effect for uploading since Kermit
+ automatically switches between text and binary mode for each file, but
+ might be important for downloading. The connection is also set to
+ Stream mode and File structure. Record- or page-oriented file
+ transfers are not supported by C-Kermit's FTP client.
+
+ The optional FTP OPEN switches are:
+
+ /ANONYMOUS
+ Logs you in anonymously, automatically supplying username
+ "anonymous" and user@host as the password, based on your local
+ user and host names.
+
+ /NOLOGIN
+
+ Overrides SET FTP AUTOLOGIN ON for this connection only.
+
+ /USER:name
+ Uses the given username to log you in, thus avoiding the Name:
+ prompt.
+ Overrides SET FTP AUTOLOGIN OFF for this connection only.
+
+ /PASSWORD:text
+ Uses the given text as your password, thus avoiding the
+ Password: prompt. This switch is not recommended for use in
+ script files, which would be a security risk.
+
+ /ACCOUNT:text
+ Uses the given text as your account (or secondary password,
+ depending on the requirements of the server; most servers do
+ not require or accept an account name). If an account is not
+ supplied, you are not prompted for one.
+
+ /PASSIVE
+ Opens the connection in passive mode. Passive mode is the
+ default in Kermit's FTP client, unlike in most others, since it
+ works better through firewalls. The /PASSIVE and /ACTIVE
+ switches apply only to the connection that is being opened, and
+ do not affect the global FTP PASSIVE-MODE setting.
+
+ /ACTIVE
+ Opens the connection in active mode. Use this switch if the
+ server does not support passive mode, or use the command SET
+ FTP PASSIVE-MODE OFF.
+
+ /NOINIT
+ Added in C-Kermit 8.0.201. Tells C-Kermit not to send REST,
+ STRU, FEAT, and MODE commands to the server when the connection
+ is opened, since these have been reported to cause confusion in
+ certain servers.
+
+ When a username or password is missing, a prompt is issued at the
+ controlling terminal and you must type the response; the response can
+ not be scripted. Use the switches to avoid prompts, or one of the
+ secure authentication methods described in the next section, or see
+ [225]SET FTP AUTOLOGIN and the [226]FTP USER and similar commands
+ described later in this section.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ ftp open kermit.columbia.edu /anonymous ; Open and log in anonymously
+ ftp kermit.columbia.edu /anonymous ; The OPEN keyword can be omitted
+ ftp xyzcorp.com ; Open and maybe prompt for username
+ ftp xyzcorp.com /user:olga ; Open and log in as olga
+ ftp testing.abccorp.com 449 ; Specify a special TCP port number
+ ftp testing.abccorp.com /user:olaf /password:secret 449
+
+ The FTP OPEN command succeeds if a connection was opened to the server
+ (even if the given username and password were not valid) and fails
+ otherwise (see [227]Section 3.8 for details).
+
+ When your FTP session is complete, you can terminate it as follows:
+
+ FTP BYE
+ Closes the FTP connection if one was open. The FTP prefix can
+ be omitted if no other connection is open at the same time (see
+ [228]Section 3.8 for details). If a connection log is active,
+ an FTP record is written to it. If Kermit was started with the
+ -9 command-line option or with its FTP command-line
+ personality, and the -S (Stay) option was not given, AND there
+ is no other active connection, the FTP BYE command also exits,
+ just as it does on a regular FTP client. Synonyms: FTP CLOSE,
+ FTP QUIT (but if the FTP prefix is omitted from QUIT, this
+ becomes the regular Kermit QUIT command, which is equivalent to
+ EXIT; i.e. it closes the connection and exits from Kermit).
+
+ The following commands can be used to achieve greater control over the
+ connection and login process:
+
+ SET FTP ANONYMOUS-PASSWORD text
+ Allows you to choose the password text to be sent automatically
+ by Kermit when you open an FTP connection with the /ANONYMOUS
+ switch.
+
+ SET FTP AUTOLOGIN { ON, OFF }
+ If you give this command prior to opening an FTP connection, it
+ controls whether Kermit tries to log you in automatically as
+ part of the connection process. Normally ON, which means the
+ username and password are sent automatically (and prompted for
+ if they are not yet known). When OFF, FTP OPEN connects to the
+ server without logging in. OFF is equivalent to the -n
+ command-line option when using Kermit's FTP command-line
+ personality.
+
+ FTP USER name [ password [ account ] ]
+ Used to log in to an FTP server to which a connection has been
+ made without autologin, or when autologin failed. If the
+ password is furnished on the command line, it is used;
+ otherwise you are prompted for a password. An account may also
+ be furnished if required by the server; it is not required by
+ Kermit and is not prompted for if omitted. Synonyms: USER, FTP
+ LOGIN.
+
+ FTP ACCOUNT text
+ Sends an account name to a server that supports accounts. If
+ the server does not support accounts, an error response occurs.
+ If the server does support accounts, the account is accepted if
+ it is valid and rejected if it is not. The account might be
+ used for charging purposes or it might be a secondary password,
+ or it might be used for any other purpose, such as an access
+ password for a particular disk. Servers that support accounts
+ might or might not allow or require the account to be sent
+ prior to login; usually it is sent after login, if at all.
+ Synonym: ACCOUNT.
+
+ Example:
+
+set ftp autologin off ; One thing at a time please
+ftp xyzcorp.com ; Try to make the connection
+if fail exit 1 FTP connection failed ; Check that it was made
+ftp user olga secret ; Now log in to the server
+if fail exit 1 FTP login failed ; Check that it worked
+ftp account 103896854 ; Login OK - send account
+if fail echo WARNING - FTP ACCT failed ; Warn if problem
+... ; (have session here)
+bye ; Log out and disconnect
+
+ The following commands are used to control or get information about
+ the FTP connection. Any particular FTP server does not necessarily
+ support all of them.
+
+ FTP RESET
+ Terminates a user session but leaves the connection open,
+ allowing a new login via FTP USER.
+
+ FTP IDLE [ number ]
+ Most FTP servers automatically log you out and and disconnect
+ your session if there has been no activity for a certain amount
+ of time. Use this command to ask the server to set its idle
+ limit to the given number of seconds. Omit the number to ask
+ the server to inform you of its current idle limit.
+
+ FTP STATUS [ filename ]
+ Asks the FTP server to send information about the current
+ session. The result is a free-format report that might include
+ server identification, username and login time, FTP protocol
+ settings, and file-transfer statistics. If a filename is given,
+ the server is supposed to send detailed information about the
+ file.
+
+ FTP SYSTEM
+ Asks the FTP server to identify its operating system (Listed in
+ Internet Assigned Numbers, Operating System Names). Examples:
+ UNIX, VMS, VM/CMS, WINDOWS-NT. Unfortunately many variations
+ are allowed (e.g. LINUX-2.0, LINUX-2.2, FREEBSD, ULTRIX, etc,
+ instead of UNIX; WINDOWS-NT-3, WINDOWS-NT-3.5, WINDOWS-NT-3.51,
+ WINDOWS-NT-4, etc). The report might also include other
+ information like "Type L8", "Type I", or "Type A", indicating
+ the file-transfer mode.
+
+ FTP HELP [ keyword [ keyword [ ... ] ]
+ Asks the server to list the commands it supports. The response
+ is usually cryptic, listing FTP command mnemonics, not the
+ commands used by the client (since the server has no way of
+ knowing anything about the client's user interface). For
+ example, the PUT command is STOR in FTP protocol. If a keyword
+ is given, which should be an FTP protocol command,
+ slightly-more- detailed help is given about the corresponding
+ command (if the FTP server supports this feature). Examples:
+ "ftp help", "ftp help stor".
+
+ FTP SITE text
+ (Advanced) Sends an FTP SITE (site-specific) command. Usually
+ this means that the FTP server is asked to run an external
+ command with the given arguments. You might be able to find out
+ what SITE commands are available by sending "ftp help site" to
+ the server, but in general the availability of and response to
+ SITE commands is (not surprisingly) site specific.
+
+ FTP QUOTE text
+ (Advanced) Sends an FTP command in FTP protocol format. Use
+ this command to send commands to the server that the FTP client
+ might not know about.
+
+ SHOW FTP
+ Lists client (Kermit) FTP settings and information. Also SHOW
+ CONNECTION, SHOW COMMUNICATIONS.
+
+ HELP FTP [ keyword ]
+ Asks Kermit to list and describe its built-in FTP commands.
+
+ HELP SET FTP [ keyword ]
+ Asks Kermit to list and describe its built-in SET FTP commands.
+
+ [ [229]Top ] [ [230]FTP Top ] [ [231]C-Kermit Home ] [ [232]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.2. Making Secure FTP Connections
+
+ Also see: [233]Accessing IBM Information Exchange with Kermit.
+
+ In the previous section, you can see several examples of traditional
+ insecure authentication: username and password sent across the network
+ in clear text. Of course this is bad practice on at least two counts:
+ (1) storing passwords in files (such as script files) gives access to
+ the target systems to anybody who can obtain read access to your
+ scripts; and (2) sending this information over the network leaves it
+ open to interception by network sniffers or compromised hosts.
+
+ Because of the increasing need for security on the Internet, FTP
+ servers are beginning to appear that offer secure forms of
+ authentication, in which no information is sent over the network that
+ would allow anyone who intercepts it to usurp your identity and gain
+ your access rights.
+
+ Kermit provides an equivalent form of FTP security for each type of
+ IETF standard security implemented in Telnet. These include
+ GSSAPI-KERBEROS5, KERBEROS4, Secure Remote Password (SRP), and
+ Transport Layer Security (SSL and TLS). It does not presently include
+ SSL tunneling nor any form of SSH v1 or v2. When Kermit is built with
+ the necessary libraries, secure FTP connections are attempted by
+ default, in which all connections are authenticated and the command
+ and data channels are private.
+
+ The use of authentication and encryption for FTP connections can be
+ adjusted with the commands listed below, which are available only if
+ your version of Kermit was built with the corresponding security
+ options and libraries:
+
+ SET FTP AUTHTYPE { AUTOMATIC, GSSAPI-KRB5, KERBEROS4, SRP, SSL, TLS }
+ Specifies an ordered list of authentication methods to be
+ attempted when AUTOAUTHENTICATION is ON. The default list is:
+ GSSAPI-KRB5, SRP, KERBEROS_V4, TLS, SSL. If none of the
+ selected methods are supported by the server, an insecure login
+ is used as a fallback. Note, by the way, that SSL or TLS can be
+ used to secure an anonymous connection.
+
+ SET FTP AUTOAUTHENTICATION { ON, OFF }
+ Tells whether authentication should be negotiated by the FTP
+ OPEN command. Default is ON. Use SET FTP AUTOAUTHENTICATION OFF
+ to force a clear-text, unencrypted connection to FTP servers
+ (such as the one at the Kermit FTP site) that normally would
+ try to negotiate secure authentication and encryption.
+
+ SET FTP AUTOENCRYPTION { ON, OFF }
+ Tells whether encryption (privacy) should be negotiated by the
+ FTP OPEN command, which can happen only if secure
+ authentication is also negotiated. Default is ON.
+
+ SET FTP AUTOLOGIN { ON, OFF }
+ Tells Kermit whether to try logging in automatically when you
+ make an FTP connection, as opposed to letting you do it "by
+ hand" with the FTP USER command.
+
+ SET FTP COMMAND-PROTECTION-LEVEL { CLEAR, CONFIDENTIAL, PRIVATE, SAFE
+ }
+ Determines the level of protection applied to the command
+ channel:
+
+ CLEAR Data is sent in plaintext and not protected against tampering.
+ CONFIDENTIAL Data is encrypted but not protected against tampering.
+ PRIVATE Data is encrypted and is protected against tampering.
+ SAFE Data is sent in plaintext but protected against tampering.
+
+ The default is PRIVATE.
+
+ SET FTP CREDENTIAL-FORWARDING { ON, OFF }
+ Tells whether end-user credentials are to be forwarded to the
+ server if supported by the authentication method (GSSAPI-KRB5
+ only). This is often required to allow access to distributed
+ file systems (e.g. AFS.)
+
+ SET FTP DATA-PROTECTION-LEVEL { CLEAR, CONFIDENTIAL, PRIVATE, SAFE }
+ Tells what level of protection is applied to subsequent data
+ channels. The meanings of the protection-level keywords are the
+ same as for SET FTP COMMAND-PROTECTION-LEVEL. The default is
+ PRIVATE.
+
+ SET FTP SRP CIPHER name
+ Specifies the cipher to be used for encryption when SRP
+ authentication is in use. The list of possible choices is
+ computed based on the capabilities of the local SRP library and
+ includes NONE plus zero or more of the following:
+
+ BLOWFISH_ECB CAST5_ECB DES_ECB DES3_ECB
+ BLOWFISH_CBC CAST5_CBC DES_CBC DES3_CBC
+ BLOWFISH_CFB64 CAST5_CFB64 DES_CFB64 DES3_CFB64
+ BLOWFISH_OFB64 CAST5_OFB64 DES_OFB64 DES3_OFB64
+
+ The default is DES3_ECB.
+
+ SET FTP SRP HASH name
+ Specifies the hash to be used for data protection when SRP
+ authentication is in use. The choices are MD5 and SHA. The
+ default is SHA.
+
+ Command-line options:
+
+ -k name
+ Specifies the realm to be used with Kerberos 4 authentication
+ (= SET AUTH K4 REALM name).
+
+ -f
+ Enables forwarding of Kerberos 5 credentials to the host when
+ using GSSAPI authentication (= SET AUTH K5 FORWARDABLE ON).
+
+ -x
+ Enables autoencryption (= SET FTP AUTOENCRYPTION ON).
+
+ -c cipher
+ Specifies the kind of cipher to be used for encryption with SRP
+ authentication. Equivalent to SET FTP SRP CIPHER, with the same
+ choices. If this option is not given, CAST5_CBC is used.
+
+ -H hash
+ Specifies the hash to be used for encryption with SRP
+ authentication. Equivalent to SET FTP SRP HASH, with the same
+ choices. If this option is not given, SHA is used.
+
+ -z debug
+ Turns on SSL/TLS debugging.
+
+ -z secure
+ Requires secure connection.
+
+ -z certsok
+ Says to accept all certificates without checking validity.
+
+ -z verify=n
+ Sets certificate verification mode to the given number, n:
+ 0 = no verification
+ 1 = verify certificate if presented
+ 2 = require verification of certificate
+
+ -z cert=filename
+ Specifies a file containing a client certificate to be
+ presented to the FTP server.
+
+ -z key=filename
+ Specifies a file containing a private key matching the client
+ certificate.
+
+ -z !krb4
+ (nokrb4) Disables the use of Kerberos 4.
+
+ -z !gss
+ -z nogss
+ Disables the use of GSSAPI - Kerberos 5.
+
+ -z !srp
+ -z nosrp
+ Disables use of SRP.
+
+ -z !ssl
+ -z nossl
+ Disables the use of SSL.
+
+ -z !tls
+ -z notls
+ Disables the use of TLS.
+
+ Caution: If your FTP connection is secured via AUTH TLS, it is not
+ possible to interrupt a file transfer. This is a limitation of all
+ known FTP servers that support AUTH TLS.
+
+ Note that when using certain security methods, such as SSL or TLS, you
+ may be prompted to confirm or verify certain actions or conditions,
+ for example, whether to accept self-signed certificates. This can
+ interfere with unattended operation of scripts; see [234]Section 3.10.
+
+ [ [235]Top ] [ [236]FTP Top ] [ [237]C-Kermit Home ] [ [238]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.3. Setting FTP Preferences FTP preferences can be set globally and
+ persistently with the commands in the following sections; many of
+ these can also be overridden on a per-command basis with switches that
+ have the same name.
+
+ 3.3.1. Logs, Messages, and Other Feedback
+
+ You can control the amount of feedback received from your FTP session
+ with the commands in this section. First, you can create a log of your
+ FTP transfers with the following commands:
+
+ SET TRANSACTION-LOG { VERBOSE, FTP, BRIEF }
+ Selects the log format. VERBOSE is the default, and is
+ described in [239]the manual. FTP chooses a WU-FTPD format, the
+ same as is used by the popular FTP server. BRIEF creates
+ per-file records in comma-separated-list format. For greater
+ detail, see [240]Section 4.17 of the [241]C-Kermit 7.0 Update
+ Notes.
+
+ LOG TRANSACTIONS filename
+ Records FTP (or Kermit, or any other protocol) uploads and
+ downloads in the given file using the format selected by the
+ most recent SET TRANSACTION-LOG command, if any, or else the
+ default format.
+
+ FTP screen messages and displays are controlled by the following
+ commands:
+
+ SET TRANSFER DISPLAY { FULLSCREEN, CRT, SERIAL, BRIEF, NONE, OFF }
+ FTP transfers use Kermit's normal file-transfer display styles.
+ Use this command to choose the desired format; the default on
+ most platforms is FULLSCREEN. The display is automatically
+ disabled if Kermit is running in the background or in batch.
+ BRIEF is always used for command-line initiated transfers
+ (unless suppressed by -q). While a file-transfer is in
+ progress, you can interrupt it in the normal Kermit way by
+ typing one of the following keys or key combinations:
+ X - Cancel current file but go on to the next one (if any).
+ Z - Cancel the entire transfer. Ctrl-L or Ctrl-W - Refresh
+ the file-transfer display (if any).
+
+ SET FTP DISPLAY { FULLSCREEN, CRT, SERIAL, BRIEF, NONE, OFF }
+ Like SET TRANSFER DISPLAY, but applies only to FTP connections,
+ and does not affect Kermit- or other protocol file transfers.
+
+ SET QUIET { ON, OFF }
+ This command applies to Kermit in general, not just FTP. OFF by
+ default; when ON, it surpresses most messages from most
+ commands as well as the file-transfer display.
+
+ SET FTP PROGRESS-MESSAGES { ON, OFF }
+ Tells whether Kermit should print locally-generated feedback
+ messages for each non-file-transfer command. ON by default.
+
+ SET FTP VERBOSE-MODE { ON, OFF }
+ Tells whether to display all responses from the FTP server. OFF
+ by default. This shows all responses to all commands, except
+ when the file-transfer display is active, and unless you have
+ SET QUIET ON. When OFF, responses are shown only for commands
+ such as FTP PWD whose purpose is to display a response.
+
+ SET FTP DEBUG { ON, OFF }
+ Tells whether local client debugging information should be
+ displayed. OFF by default. When ON, the commands that are sent
+ to the server are shown, as well as its responses (even if
+ VERBOSE-MODE is OFF), plus additional informational messages
+ are printed regarding the progress of secure operations. Also,
+ the temporary file created by the [242]MGET command is not
+ deleted so you can see what's in it.
+
+ Set all of these to OFF when silent running is desired.
+
+ 3.3.2. Operational Preferences
+
+ FTP DISABLE new-protocol-feature-name
+ FTP ENABLE new-protocol-feature-name
+ Explained in [243]Section 3.11.
+
+ SET FTP AUTOLOGIN { ON, OFF }
+ If you give this command prior to opening an FTP connection, it
+ controls whether Kermit tries to log you in automatically as
+ part of the connection process. Normally ON, which means the
+ username and password are sent automatically (and prompted for
+ if they are not yet known). When OFF, FTP OPEN connects to the
+ server without logging in. OFF is equivalent to the -n
+ command-line option when using Kermit's FTP command-line
+ personality. See [244]Section 3.1.4 for usage.
+
+ SET FTP PASSIVE-MODE { ON, OFF }
+ ON by default, to avoid random TCP port assignment for data
+ connections, which can prevent FTP protocol from working
+ through firewalls and network address translators (for more on
+ these topics, see the [245]Kermit security reference. Set to
+ OFF in case the FTP server does not support passive mode, or in
+ case the client has problems with it (it has been observed, for
+ example, that when using passive mode, the SCO XENIX 2.3.4
+ TCP/IP stack hangs in the connect() call forever). Synonyms:
+ PASSIVE [ ON ], PASSIVE OFF, PASV [ ON ], PASV OFF.
+
+ SET FTP SEND-PORT-COMMANDS { ON, OFF }
+ This command determines whether the FTP client sends a new PORT
+ command to the server when accepting incoming data connections
+ (as when not using passive mode.) When PASSIVE-MODE is OFF and
+ SET SEND-PORT is OFF, the port that was originally specified is
+ reused. This is the default behavior for normal FTP clients but
+ it is not compatible with many firewalls.
+
+ SET FTP CHARACTER-SET-TRANSLATION { ON, OFF }
+ Whether to translate character sets when transferring files
+ with FTP (explained in [246]Section 3.7). OFF by default.
+
+ SET FTP SERVER-CHARACTER-SET name
+ Tells Kermit the character set used by the FTP server, UTF-8 by
+ default ([247]Section 3.7).
+
+ SET FTP SERVER-TIME-OFFSET delta-time
+ Tells Kermit to apply the given [248]delta time to file
+ timestamps provided by the server for its files; for use when
+ (for example) the server does not have its timezone set
+ correctly.
+
+ SET FTP ERROR-ACTION { PROCEED, QUIT }
+ When transferring a group of files with FTP, and an error
+ occurs with one of the files, Kermit normally goes on the next
+ file. Use SET FTP ERROR-ACTION to QUIT to make Kermit stop the
+ transfer immediately and fail if an error occurs with any
+ single file in the group. Example: you have given Kermit a list
+ of files to send, and one of the files can not be found, or
+ read permission is denied. Note that cancelling a file by
+ typing 'X' during transfer is not considered an error (if you
+ want to cancel the entire transfer, type 'Z' or Ctrl-C).
+
+ SET FTP PERMISSIONS { AUTO, ON, OFF }
+ When uploading files with PUT or MPUT, this tells whether
+ Kermit should send each file's permissions. The default is OFF,
+ which means not to send permissions, in which case the uploaded
+ file's permissions are set by the FTP server according to its
+ own criteria. ON means to send them, AUTO means to send them
+ only if the client (Kermit) and server are on like platforms
+ (e.g. both UNIX). This command has no effect when downloading,
+ since the FTP protocol does not include a way for the server to
+ inform the client of a file's permissions. Also see [249]FTP
+ PUT /PERMISSIONS. Note that setting permissions after uploading
+ is likely to work (correctly or at all) only when the client
+ and server platforms are alike (e.g. both of them are some form
+ of UNIX). Also note that Windows files don't have permissions.
+ Also see [250]FTP CHMOD.
+
+ SET FTP DATES { ON, OFF }
+ When downloading files with GET or MGET, this tells whether
+ Kermit should try to set the received file's date from the
+ server's date. FTP DATES is ON by default. Note, however, that
+ FTP protocol does not allow date preservation when uploading.
+ So at best, SET FTP DATES ON can work only when downloading,
+ and then only when the server agrees to furnish file dates.
+
+ SET FTP FILENAMES { AUTO, CONVERTED, LITERAL }
+ When uploading (sending) files, this tells whether to convert
+ outbound filenames to "common form". This means allowing only
+ one period in a name, uppercasing any lowercase letters,
+ replacing spaces by underscores, etc. AUTOMATIC is the default,
+ meaning LITERAL when client and server are the same type of
+ system (e.g. UNIX) and CONVERTED otherwise. Special case: if
+ the setting is AUTOMATIC and the client is not UNIX and the
+ server identifies itself as UNIX, Kermit uses a less-strict
+ form of conversion, in which lowercase letters are not
+ uppercased and the filename can contain any number of periods,
+ but spaces are still converted to underscore. When receiving,
+ conversion generally means to change all-uppercase names to
+ lowercase and spaces to underscore.
+
+ SET FTP UNIQUE-SERVER-NAMES { ON, OFF }
+ Applies only to uploads. Tells the server to create new, unique
+ names for incoming files that have the same names as existing
+ files. OFF by default, in which case the server overwrites
+ existing files with new files of the same name. When ON, the
+ server uses its own built-in method for creating new names for
+ incoming files; for example, appending a period (.) and a
+ number to the name. CAUTION: Use this option only if you do not
+ need to refer to the file after it is uploaded, since FTP
+ protocol provides no mechanism for the client to find out what
+ name was assigned by the server.
+
+ SET FTP COLLISION { ... }
+ When downloading, what to do if an incoming file has the same
+ name as an existing file. Options are the same as for SET FILE
+ COLLISION. If this command is not given, Kermit's regular FILE
+ COLLISION setting is used. If this command is given, it
+ overrides the FILE COLLISION setting for FTP transfers only.
+ See [251]Section 3.6.2 for details.
+
+ SET FTP TYPE { TEXT, BINARY, TENEX }
+ Changes the default transfer mode. When sending (uploading)
+ files, this command has no effect unless you disable automatic
+ text/binary mode switching ([252]Section 4) with SET FILE SCAN
+ OFF or SET TRANSFER MODE MANUAL. When receiving (downloading)
+ files, this command establishes the transfer mode to be used
+ when a filename does not match any of Kermit's text or binary
+ filename patterns, unless you use SET FTP
+ GET-FILETYPE-SWITCHING or SET TRANSFER MODE MANUAL to disable
+ automatic switching, in which case, this command establishes
+ the transfer mode for all downloaded files. In all cases,
+ however, the FTP TYPE can be overridden in any GET or PUT
+ command by including a /TEXT (/ASCII), /BINARY, or /TENEX
+ switch. The FTP TYPE is independent of the Kermit FILE TYPE
+ setting. TENEX is used for sending 8-bit binary files to 36-bit
+ platforms such as TOPS-10, TOPS-20, and TENEX, and getting them
+ back again. Synonym: ASCII = TEXT. Note: there is also an FTP
+ TYPE command, which does what SET FTP TYPE does but also sends
+ a TYPE command to the server immediately if the given type is
+ different from the current one.
+
+ If you want want specific FTP preference settings to be in effect for
+ all your Kermit FTP sessions, put the desired SET FTP commands in your
+ Kermit customization file (~/.mykermrc in UNIX, K95CUSTOM.INI in
+ Windows).
+
+ [ [253]Top ] [ [254]FTP Top ] [ [255]C-Kermit Home ] [ [256]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.4. Managing Directories and Files
+
+ In Kermit, commands for directory and file management can refer to:
+
+ * The local computer
+ * A remote computer when you have a connection to a Kermit server or
+ IKSD.
+ * A remote computer when you have a connection to an FTP server.
+
+ (There can also be an HTTP connection, but the commands in this
+ section don't apply to HTTP connections.)
+
+ Thus in general, each such command comes in three forms:
+
+ 1. With no prefix in C-Kermit 8.0.200, it refers to the local
+ computer (CD, DIR, etc). In C-Kermit 8.0.201 and later, however,
+ the "locus" switches to automatically to the remote FTP server
+ when you make an FTP connection (see the SET LOCUS description
+ [257]Section 7); thus C-Kermit 8.0.201 acts almost exactly like a
+ regular FTP client when it has an FTP connection, yet still acts
+ like itself on other kinds of connections.
+ 2. With the REMOTE prefix, it is for a Kermit server (REMOTE CD,
+ REMOTE DIR).
+ 3. With the FTP prefix, it's for an FTP server (FTP CD, FTP DIR).
+ 4. Also see [258]Section 3.8, which explains "R-commands" and
+ "L-commands".
+
+ Kermit's FTP file and directory management commands are as follows.
+ When an R-command is included in the Synonyms list, be sure to read
+ [259]Section 3.8 about rules for use of R-commands.
+
+ FTP CD [ directory ]
+ Tells the FTP server to change its default (working) directory
+ to the one given, which usually must be expressed in the syntax
+ of the server platform (UNIX, VMS, etc). If the directory is
+ not specified, the result depends on the FTP server -- it might
+ complain that the command is illegal, or it might change to
+ your original login directory. Synonyms: FTP CWD (Change
+ Wording Directory); RCD.
+
+ FTP CDUP
+ Tells the FTP server to change its default (working) directory
+ to the parent directory of its current one (equivalent to
+ "cd .." in UNIX, or "cd [-]" in VMS). Synonyms: RCDUP, FTP UP.
+
+ FTP PWD
+ Asks the FTP server to report ("print") its current working
+ directory. Synonym: RPWD.
+
+ FTP MKDIR directory
+ Asks the FTP server to create the directory whose name is
+ given. In general, the name must be in the syntax of the
+ server's file system, and it must be either absolute (a full
+ pathname) or relative to the server's current (working)
+ directory. This command fails if the directory can't be created
+ for any reason, including that it exists already. Synonym:
+ RMKDIR.
+
+ FTP RMDIR directory
+ Asks the FTP server to remove the directory whose name is
+ given. The rules are the same as for MKDIR, plus in most cases,
+ the server will not remove any directory unless it is empty.
+ Synonym: RRMDIR.
+
+ FTP DIRECTORY [ filespec ] [ redirectors ]
+ Tells the FTP server to send a directory listing of the
+ specified files. If no filespec is given, the server lists all
+ files in its current working directory. The results are in
+ whatever format the server chooses to send them. You can use
+ UNIX-like redirectors to send the listing to a file or a
+ pipeline, exactly as with the regular Kermit client/server
+ REMOTE DIRECTORY command ([260]Using C-Kermit, Chapter 11).
+ Synonym: RDIRECTORY. Examples:
+
+ ftp dir ; Show listing of all files on screen
+ ftp dir *.txt ; List *.txt files on screen
+ ftp dir *.txt > somefile ; Put listing in somefile
+ ftp dir *.txt >> somefile ; Append listing to somefile
+ ftp dir *.txt | sort > somefile ; Put sorted listing in somefile
+ ftp dir | more ; Runs list through "more"
+ ftp dir | sort | more ; Runs list through "sort" and "more"
+
+ FTP VDIRECTORY [ filespec ] [ redirectors ]
+ "Verbose" directory. This is an alternative FTP DIRECTORY
+ command primarily for use with DECSYSTEM-20 (TOPS-20) FTP
+ servers, which send only filenames when given a DIRECTORY
+ command; the VDIRECTORY command makes them also send file
+ sizes, dates, and attributes.
+
+ FTP CHECK filespec
+ Asks the FTP server whether the given file exists or, if the
+ filespec contains wildcards, if any files match, and this
+ command succeeds or fails accordingly.
+
+ FTP MODTIME filename
+ Asks the FTP server, via the not-yet-standard FTP MDTM command,
+ to send the modification date and time of the given file. The
+ response should be a numeric string in the format:
+ yyyymmddhhmmssxxxxx... where yyyy is the year, mm is the month,
+ dd is the day, hh is the hour (0-23), mm is the minute, ss is
+ the second, and xxx... is the optional fraction of the second
+ (0 or more digits). The date and time is expressed in UTC (GMT,
+ Zulu, Zero-Meridian). The result is available programmatically
+ in the [261]\v(ftp_message) variable, and is understandable by
+ Kermit's date-time switches and functions. For example, suppose
+ we want to upload all local files that are newer than a
+ particular file on the server:
+
+ C-Kermit> ftp modtime signpost
+ C-Kermit> echo \v(ftp_message)
+ 20010807113542.014
+ C-Kermit> ftp mput /after:\v(ftp_message)GMT *
+
+ Note that we must append "GMT" to the date-time string to let
+ the /AFTER switch know the time is GMT rather than local.
+
+ FTP SIZE filename
+ Asks the FTP server to send the size (in bytes) of the given
+ file. The result might vary depending on whether the current
+ FTP TYPE is binary or text ("ascii"). For a reliable byte
+ count, do FTP TYPE BINARY first. The result is available
+ programmatically in the [262]\v(ftp_message) variable.
+
+ FTP CHMOD permissions filename
+ Tells the FTP server to set the permissions (protection) of the
+ given file to the ones given. The permissions and filename must
+ be given in whatever syntax is required by the server. Example
+ (for a UNIX-based FTP server):
+
+ ftp chmod 664 oofa.txt
+
+ Not all servers support this command. For non-UNIX-based
+ servers, you might need to use FTP QUOTE or FTP SITE and the
+ appropriate platform-specific FTP server command.
+
+ FTP UMASK [ number ]
+ This command is probably specific to UNIX-based servers; it
+ sets the UNIX "umask", which is the default permissions mask
+ for new (in this case, incoming) files. Crudely put, the UNIX
+ umask is an octal representation of a binary number in in which
+ a 1 bit stands for a permission bit that must be 0, and a 0 bit
+ stands for a permission bit that can be 0 or 1 depending on
+ other factors, such as the permissions of the parent directory.
+ Example: "umask 007" requires that new files are created
+ without read/write/execute world permission. If the number is
+ not specified, the server's current umask is reported.
+
+ FTP RENAME filename newname
+ Asks the FTP server to rename the file whose name is "filename"
+ to "newname". Works only for one file; can not be used with
+ wildcards. The server's interpretation of "newname" can vary
+ (in some cases it must be a filename, in others perhaps it can
+ also be a directory name, in which case if the filename denote
+ a regular file, the file might be moved to the given
+ directory). Some servers might allow files to be renamed
+ ("moved") between physical disks or partitions, others might
+ not. Synonym: RRENAME.
+
+ FTP DELETE [ switches ] filespec [ filespec [ ... ] ]
+ Tells the FTP server to delete the file or files listed. Each
+ file specification may, but need not, contain wildcard
+ characters to match multiple files. File specifications and
+ wildcard syntax must be those of the server. Any file
+ specifications that contain spaces must be enclosed in braces
+ or doublequotes. FTP DELETE switches are:
+
+ /ERROR-ACTION: /FILENAMES: /NOBACKUPFILES /QUIET
+ /EXCEPT: /LARGER-THAN: /NODOTFILES /NOPAGE
+ /PAGE /RECURSIVE /SMALLER-THAN:
+
+ When used with FTP DELETE, the /RECURSIVE switch deletes files
+ but not directories, and furthermore depends on the server
+ providing recursive file lists, which is not the normal
+ behavior. For further details, see the decriptions of these
+ switches in [263]Section 3.6. Synonyms: FTP MDELETE (Kermit
+ makes no distinction between DELETE and MDELETE); RDELETE.
+
+ FTP TYPE { TEXT, BINARY, TENEX }
+ Tells the FTP server to change its file-transfer type to the
+ one given, immediately. See [264]SET FTP TYPE for details.
+
+ [ [265]Top ] [ [266]FTP Top ] [ [267]C-Kermit Home ] [ [268]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.5. Uploading Files With FTP
+
+ Uploading means sending files from the client (Kermit) to the FTP
+ server. The basic command for uploading files with FTP is PUT:
+
+ FTP PUT [ switches ] [ filespec [ as-name ] ]
+ Uploads (sends) the file or files that match the file
+ specification, which may include wildcards, to the server. If
+ no filespec is given, the names of files to send are taken from
+ the /LISTFILE: file, if any, otherwise from the SEND-LIST, if
+ any. Unless you go out of your way to prevent it, Kermit
+ determines the transfer mode (text or binary) for each file
+ automatically, and switches automatically on a per-file basis.
+ If an as-name is given, the file is sent under that name
+ instead of its own (if an as-name is given with a wildcard
+ filespec, the result is a bit more complicated, and is
+ explained later in this section).
+
+ Unlike normal FTP clients, Kermit does not prompt you by default (or
+ at all) for each file; it just sends them, just as it does with Kermit
+ protocol. The filespec can be a literal filename or a Kermit pattern,
+ described in:
+
+ [269]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.9
+
+ Kermit patterns are equivalent to C-Shell patterns and provide a fair
+ amount of flexibility in selecting which files to send, which is
+ augmented by the file-selection switches presented in [270]Section
+ 3.5.1.
+
+ FTP MPUT [ switches ] filespec [ filespec [ ... ] ]
+ FTP MPUT is just like FTP PUT except it allows you to give more
+ than one file specification, and it does not allow an as-name
+ in the file list. However, as-names can be given to either PUT
+ or MPUT with the /AS-NAME: switch.
+
+ If a PUT or MPUT command results in one file being uploaded, it
+ succeeds if the file is uploaded completely and fails otherwise. If
+ more than one file is selected for upload, success or failure depends
+ on the [271]FTP ERROR-ACTION setting; if it is PROCEED (the default
+ setting), then the [M]PUT command succeeds if at least one of the
+ files was completely uploaded, and fails otherwise, If FTP
+ ERROR-ACTION is QUIT, the [M]PUT command succeeds if all selected
+ files were uploaded successfully, and fails if any file failed.
+
+ FTP uploads may be interrupted just like Kermit uploads. While the
+ transfer is in progress, type:
+
+ X to interrupt the current file and go on to the next file.
+ Z to cancel the current file and all remaining files.
+ ^C (Control-C): Like Z, but might act more quickly.
+
+ MPUT may be used as in regular FTP clients, but it is not required to
+ send multiple files; in Kermit it is required only if you want to give
+ multiple file specifications. Examples:
+
+ ftp put oofa.txt ; Send a single file oofa.txt
+ ftp put oofa.txt budget.txt ; Send single file oofa.txt as budget.txt
+ ftp put *.txt ; Send all *.txt files
+ ftp mput *.txt ; Send all *.txt files (same as "put *.txt")
+ ftp mput *.txt foo.bar ; Send all *.txt files plus foo.bar
+
+ The distinction between PUT and MPUT is important only when more than
+ one filespec is given, just like the distinction between Kermit SEND
+ and MSEND:
+
+ ftp put oofa.txt budget.txt ; Send oofa.txt AS budget.txt
+ ftp mput oofa.txt budget.txt ; Send oofa.txt AND budget.txt
+
+ If the source file specification includes any path segments, for
+ example:
+
+ put /tmp/oofa.txt
+ put subdir/another/andanother/oofa.txt
+
+ the path portion is stripped from the filename that is sent to the
+ server. However, if an as-name contains a path, it is retained.
+ Examples:
+
+ ftp put /usr/doc/oofa.txt ; Send as "oofa.txt".
+ ftp put oofa.txt /tmp/oofa.txt ; Send as "/tmp/oofa.txt"
+
+ The latter example sends the file oofa.txt from your current local
+ directory to the server's /tmp directory. This works only if the
+ server uses the same directory notation that you used in the as-name
+ AND the given directory already exists on the server AND if you have
+ write access to it.
+
+ Use caution when uploading from a case-sensitive file system, such as
+ UNIX, to a file system that is not case sensitive, such as Windows or
+ VMS. If you have two files in UNIX, AA and aa and upload both of them,
+ the second one will overwrite the first. The only way around this
+ provided by FTP protocol is its "unique server names" feature (SET FTP
+ UNIQUE-SERVER-NAMES or the /UNIQUE switch described below).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.5.1. FTP PUT Switches
+
+ FTP PUT and MPUT are similar in format and behavior to the regular
+ Kermit SEND and MSEND commands, and they allow most of the same
+ optional switches:
+
+C-Kermit>ftp put ? Filename, or switch, one of the following:
+ /after: /larger-than: /rename-to:
+ /array: /listfile: /server-character-set:
+ /as-name: /local-character-set: /server-rename-to:
+ /before: /move-to: /simulate
+ /binary /nobackupfiles /smaller-than:
+ /command /nodotfiles /tenex
+ /delete /nofollowlinks /text
+ /dotfiles /not-after: /transparent
+ /error-action: /not-before: /type:
+ /except: /permissions: /update
+ /filenames: /quiet /unique-server-names
+ /filter: /recover
+ /followlinks /recursive
+
+ Since most of these switches are common to Kermit's SEND and MSEND
+ commands, they described only briefly here. For greater detail see:
+
+ [272]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.5 (explanation
+ of switches)
+ [273]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x4.7
+ (file-transfer switches)
+
+ First the file-selection switches:
+
+ /AFTER:date-time
+ /BEFORE:date-time
+ /NOT-AFTER:date-time
+ /NOT-BEFORE:date-time
+ Only send those files modified on or after or before the given
+ date and time. These switches can be combined to select files
+ modified between two date/times. Various date-time formats are
+ accepted; if the date-time contains spaces, it must be enclosed
+ in braces or doublequotes. See
+ [274]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html#x1.6 and
+ [275]Section 8.13 of this document for details about date-time
+ formats. Examples:
+
+ ftp put /after:{1 jan 2000 0:00:00} *
+ ftp put /after:-5days *
+
+ /LARGER-THAN:number
+ /SMALLER-THAN:number
+ Only send files larger (smaller) than the given number of bytes
+ (octets). These switches can be combined to select files in a
+ certain size range.
+
+ /TYPE:{TEXT,BINARY}
+ Only send files that are the given type, which is determined
+ for each file just before sending it by file scanning. BINARY
+ includes TENEX; if you have included a /TENEX switch, or
+ previously given a [SET] FTP TYPE TENEX command, binary files
+ are sent in TENEX, rather than BINARY mode.
+
+ /[NO]DOTFILES
+ [Don't] include files whose names begin with dot (.). By
+ default, such files are not included unless your filespec
+ explicitly mentions them.
+
+ /NOBACKUPFILES
+ Don't include files whose names end with .~nnn~, where nnn is a
+ number, e.g. oofa.txt.~27~. These are backup files created by
+ Kermit, EMACS, and other applications. By default, backup files
+ are included.
+
+ /NOFOLLOWLINKS
+ (UNIX only) Skip over symbolic links rather than following them
+ (default). This applies to wildcard and/or recursive [M]PUTs;
+ if a single filename is given, and it happens to be a symbolic
+ link, the file it points to is sent.
+
+ /FOLLOWLINKS
+ (UNIX only) Always follow (resolve) symbolic links, even in
+ wildcard or recursive [M]PUTs. Use with caution. Watch out for
+ circular links, endless loops, etc.
+
+ /EXCEPT:pattern
+ Exception list -- don't send files whose names match the given
+ pattern. See [276]Section 1.5.4 of the [277]C-Kermit 7.0 Update
+ Notes for details. If you want to exclude a directory from a
+ recursive [M]PUT, use /EXCEPT:{dirname/*}.
+
+ /RECURSIVE
+ Sends the desired files from the current (or given) directory,
+ plus all directories beneath it, including empty directories,
+ replicating the directory structure on the server. No special
+ capabilities are required in the server, but of course your
+ login ID on the server must have the appropriate access and
+ permission to create directories. Recursive PUTs work not only
+ between like platforms (e.g. UNIX to UNIX) but also between
+ unlike ones (e.g. UNIX to VMS or Windows), in which case
+ text-file format differences are handled by Kermit's automatic
+ text/binary mode switching ([278]Section 4) and character-set
+ translation ([279]Section 3.7). Synonym: /SUBDIRECTORIES.
+
+ /UPDATE
+ Send only files that have changed since last time ([280]Section
+ 3.5.2).
+
+ /ARRAY:arrayname
+ The "file" to be sent is an array, or a segment of one, rather
+ than a real file. In this case the other selection switches
+ don't apply. The array contents are sent in text mode, and each
+ array element is treated as a line. Example:
+
+ ftp put /as-name:array.txt /array:&a
+
+ (or, to send a segment of the array, /array:&a[100:199]). If
+ you don't include an /AS-NAME, a name of "_array_x_" is used
+ (where x is the array letter). If you include this switch, most
+ other switches are meaningless and ignored.
+
+ /COMMAND
+ The "file" to be sent is the standard output of a command,
+ rather than a real file. It is sent in text or binary mode
+ according to the prevailing FTP TYPE, which can be overridden
+ with a /TEXT or /BINARY switch. Example: Example:
+
+ ftp put /command /as-name:{userlist} {finger | sort -r}
+
+ /LISTFILE:filename
+ Tells Kermit to obtain the list of files to be sent from the
+ file whose name is given. This file must contain one file
+ specification (which may be wild) per line. If the list
+ includes files from different directories, such as a recursive
+ listing of a directory tree, the paths are recreated on the
+ server (if possible) if you include the /RECURSIVE switch;
+ otherwise all the files are sent to the current directory on
+ the server.
+
+ Now the other switches:
+
+ /AS-NAME:text
+ If a single file is being sent, send it with the given text as
+ its name. If multiple files are being sent, the text must be a
+ template that includes variables such as \v(filename),
+ \v(filenumber), \v(ntime), to allow dynamic creation of each
+ name. The same applies to the as-name field of the FTP PUT
+ command. If this switch is not included (and an as-name is not
+ included as the second filename to PUT), each file is sent with
+ its own name.
+
+ /BINARY
+ /TEXT
+ /TENEX
+ Forces this upload to take place in the given mode, regardless
+ of the current FTP TYPE setting, and without automatic
+ text/binary switching. /ASCII is a synonym for /TEXT.
+
+ /FILTER:command
+ Specifies that the file(s) is/are to be passed through the
+ given command or pipeline on their way to the server. Example:
+
+ ftp put /binary /filter:{gzip -c \v(filename)} /as-name:\v(filename).gz *
+
+ /TRANSPARENT
+ /LOCAL-CHARACTER-SET:name
+ /SERVER-CHARACTER-SET:name
+ Character-set translation for text files, explained in
+ [281]Section 3.7.
+
+ /ERROR-ACTION:{PROCEED,QUIT}
+ Overrides the prevailing [282]FTP ERROR-ACTION for the duration
+ of this PUT or MPUT command only.
+
+ /RECOVER
+ Resume an interrupted transfer where from the point of
+ interruption (explained in [283]Section 3.5.2). Synonym:
+ /RESTART.
+
+ /DELETE
+ Tells Kermit to delete each source file immediately after, and
+ only if, it has been uploaded completely and successfully.
+ This, in effect, moves the file from the client to the server.
+
+ /MOVE-TO:directory
+ Tells Kermit to move each source file to the named local
+ directory after, and only if, it has been uploaded completely
+ and successfully.
+
+ /RENAME-TO:template
+ Tells Kermit to rename each (local) source file according to
+ the given template after, and only if, it has been uploaded
+ completely and successfully. The template works as in /AS-NAME.
+
+ /SERVER-RENAME-TO:template
+ Tells Kermit to ask the server to rename each file according to
+ the given template as soon as, and only if, it has been
+ received completely and successfully. The template works as in
+ /AS-NAME. Requires write and rename access on the server, so
+ doesn't usually work with (e.g.) anonymous uploads to public
+ incoming areas where the permissions don't allow renaming.
+ Examples:
+
+ ftp mput /server-rename:\v(filename).ok *
+ Appends ".ok" to each filename on the server when it's
+ finished uploading.
+
+ ftp mput /as-name:\v(filename).tmp /server-rename:\v(filename) *
+ This is the reverse of the previous example; it uses a
+ temporary name while uploading is in progress and reverts
+ the file to its real name when uploading is complete.
+
+ ftp mput /as-name:\v(filename)
+ /server-rename:../final/\v(filename) *
+ Moves the file from the working directory to a final
+ directory when the upload is complete, but in this case
+ you have to know the pathname syntax of the server. If
+ the rename fails, the [M]PUT command fails according to
+ the [284]FTP ERROR-ACTION selection.
+
+ /FILENAMES:{AUTOMATIC,CONVERTED,LITERAL}
+ Overrides the [285]FTP FILENAMES setting for this upload only.
+
+ /PERMISSIONS:{ON,OFF}
+ Overrides the [286]FTP PERMISSIONS setting for this upload
+ only.
+
+ /UNIQUE
+ Tells Kermit to tell the server to give [287]unique names to
+ incoming files that would otherwise overwrite existing files
+ that have the same name. This switch conflicts with /UPDATE,
+ /RECOVER, /PERMISSIONS, and /SERVER-RENAME since the client has
+ no way of knowing the name assigned by the server.
+
+ /QUIET
+ Don't display file-transfer progress or statistics.
+
+ /SIMULATE
+ Shows which files would be sent without actually sending them.
+ Useful (for example) with /UPDATE (next section). The results
+ are shown in the file-transfer display (if it is not disabled)
+ and in the transaction log (if one is active). Hint: use SET
+ TRANSFER DISPLAY BRIEF.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.5.2. Update Mode
+
+ When you include the /UPDATE switch, this means to skip sending any
+ file that already exists on the server if the local file's
+ modification date/time is not later than that of the corresponding
+ file on the server. Here is a typical application for update mode:
+ Suppose that on Computer A, you maintain a large set of files (say, a
+ collection of Web pages and graphics images, or the source files for a
+ software application), and you need to keep a parallel copy on another
+ Computer, B. Of course you could upload the entire collection every
+ day:
+
+ cd source-directory
+ ftp computerb.xyzcorp.com
+ ( authentication details... )
+ ftp cd target-directory
+ ftp put [ switches ] *
+
+ But if the total size is large or the network slow, this would be
+ unnecessarily time-consuming. Worse, if other users or sites had to
+ update whenever new files appeared in B's directory, this would cause
+ them unnecessary work. By including the /UPDATE switch:
+
+ ftp put /update [ other-switches ] *
+
+ only those files that changed since last time are uploaded. Here's how
+ it works. For each local file that is selected for uploading:
+
+ * The remote filename is determined in the normal way, according to
+ the [288]FTP FILENAMES setting, /FILENAMES switch, or the as-name,
+ if any.
+ * Kermit sends an MDTM (modification time) command for the
+ corresponding remote filename to the server.
+ * If the server does not understand the MDTM command, the file is
+ sent.
+ * If the server can't find a file with the given name, the file is
+ sent.
+ * If the local file's modification time is later than that of the
+ remote file, the file is sent.
+ * Otherwise -- the remote file exists but its modification time is
+ equal to or earlier than that of the local file -- the file is
+ skipped.
+
+ All time comparisons take place in Coordinated Universal Time
+ (UTC)([289]1), also known as GMT or Zulu time: Timezone 0; standard
+ time, without daylight savings.
+
+ WARNING: Some FTP servers, such as Novell NWFTPD.NLM, ignore or
+ misimplement the FTP specification and send local time rather than
+ UTC.
+
+ Update mode is useful only when always used in the same direction.
+ When you upload (PUT) a file with FTP, the destination file receives
+ the current timestamp on the server's computer, not the original
+ file's timestamp ([290]2). If you try to FTP PUT /UPDATE the same file
+ again, it will be skipped (as expected) since the remote copy is
+ newer. However, if you try to FTP GET /UPDATE the same file
+ ([291]Section 3.6), it will be transferred for the same reason.
+
+ To check the availability of PUT /UPDATE on a particular connection,
+ issue an FTP MODTIME command for a file that is known to exist on the
+ server. If it succeeds, PUT /UPDATE should work and in that case, you
+ can run a procedure like the one above every day: the first time, it
+ sends all the files; after that, it sends only the ones that changed.
+ If a transaction log is active, a notation is included for any files
+ that are skipped.
+
+ Notes:
+ 1. Why is Coordinated Universal Time abbreviated UTC? From the
+ [292]National Institute of Standards and Technology FAQ: "In 1970
+ the Coordinated Universal Time system was devised by an
+ international advisory group of technical experts within the
+ International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The ITU felt it was
+ best to designate a single abbreviation for use in all languages
+ in order to minimize confusion. Since unanimous agreement could
+ not be achieved on using either the English word order, CUT, or
+ the French word order, TUC, the acronym UTC was chosen as a
+ compromise."
+ 2. The Kermit FTP client is unusual in that, when downloading only,
+ it can set the received file's date from the file's date on the
+ server, but this should not affect the update feature. When
+ uploading to an FTP server, however, there is no mechanism for the
+ client to set the date of the uploaded file on the server.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.5.3 Recovery
+
+ Suppose that while you are uploading a large file over a slow
+ connection, the connection is lost before the entire file is
+ transferred. With most FTP clients, you would have to start over, thus
+ resending the portion of the file that was sent already, and that is
+ already on the server. But Kermit's /RECOVER switch (Synonym:
+ /RESTART) lets you continue an interrupted transfer from the point of
+ failure, thus transferring only the part that wasn't sent already. The
+ prerequisites for recovery are:
+
+ * The transfer must be in BINARY mode, or else the client and server
+ must reside on like systems (e.g. both on some form of UNIX).
+ * The FTP server must support the SIZE command.
+
+ Here's how it works. When you include the /RECOVER switch:
+
+ * Kermit checks for conflicting switches, such as /UPDATE and
+ /UNIQUE; if /RECOVER is given with these switches an error occurs.
+ If /RECOVER is given in other circumstances where it could serve
+ no useful purpose (e.g. with arrays, pipes, or filters), it is
+ ignored.
+
+ If the switch is accepted, then for each selected file:
+
+ * If it is not binary (determined by scanning) and the client and
+ server are not on like platforms, recovery is canceled (the entire
+ file is sent). Otherwise:
+ * A SIZE command is sent for the file (using its remote name). If
+ the reply indicates the file was not found, or the SIZE command
+ was not understood, or any other kind of error, recovery is
+ canceled. Otherwise:
+ * A MDTM (modification time) command is sent for the file. If a
+ valid reply is received, and the modification time of the local
+ file is later than that of the remote file, recovery is canceled.
+ Otherwise:
+ * If the sizes of the two files are identical, the file is not sent.
+ Otherwise:
+ * Kermit seeks to the recovery spot in the local file, tells the
+ server to APPEND the data which is about to arrive to the remote
+ file, and then sends the data starting at the recovery point.
+
+ To safeguard file integrity, recovery is not attempted unless all the
+ preconditions are met. For the widest possible usefulness, APPEND is
+ used rather than RESTART. For stream transfers (the only kind that
+ Kermit supports) the results are the same.
+
+ By design, the /RECOVER switch can be included with any FTP PUT or
+ MPUT command, even if it specifies a group of files. This allows you
+ to resume an interrupted batch transfer from where it left off. The
+ files that were already completely sent are skipped, the file that was
+ interrupted is recovered, and the remaining files are uploaded.
+
+ By the way, it doesn't matter how the original partial file was
+ uploaded -- FTP, Kermit, Zmodem, etc: as long as the preconditions are
+ met, it can be recovered with FTP PUT /RECOVER, or for that matter
+ also using Kermit protocol and SEND /RECOVER.
+
+ A word of caution, however, when the original upload was in text mode
+ with character-set translation ([293]Section 3.7):
+
+ * If the original upload involved a translation from one single-byte
+ character set to another (e.g. Code Page 850 to Latin-1), recovery
+ is safe if you specify the same translations for the recovery. If
+ you don't, the resulting file will contain a mixture of character
+ sets.
+ * If the original upload involved a translation that changed the
+ size of the file (e.g. from an alphabetic Code Page or Latin
+ Alphabet to Unicode, or vice versa), recovery is NOT safe, even if
+ you specify the same translations.
+
+ Kermit has no way of knowing anything about the previous upload. As a
+ safeguard, an error occurs if you include /RECOVER and also specify a
+ character-set of UCS2 or UTF8, since recovery can't possibly work in
+ that situation. Otherwise, it's up to you to avoid unsafe recovery
+ operations.
+
+ [ [294]Top ] [ [295]FTP Top ] [ [296]C-Kermit Home ] [ [297]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.6. Downloading Files With FTP
+
+ Although uploading files with Kermit's FTP client is just as easy and
+ flexible as sending files with Kermit protocol, the same is not always
+ true for downloading because FTP servers lack some of the capabilities
+ of a Kermit server:
+
+ * If you want to get more than one file, you have to use MGET, not
+ GET, since the underlying FTP protocol is different in the two
+ cases. Kermit can't "autodetect" which one you mean, as it can
+ with PUT and MPUT, since it can't be expected to know the wildcard
+ syntax of the remote platform and/or FTP server (the same is true
+ for all other FTP clients). To complicate matters, FTP protocol
+ now includes two underlying mechanisms (NLST and MLSD) for
+ accomplishing MGET operations and, as explained in [298]Section
+ 3.11, the two behave differently.
+ * Automatic text-binary mode switching is not done by the server. It
+ can be done by the client (Kermit), but in this case it is not
+ based on a file scan (since there is no way for Kermit prescan a
+ server file), but rather on the filename, using C-Kermit 7.0
+ [299]filename patterns.
+ * Some options that are available with FTP PUT can not be used with
+ FTP [M]GET or don't work the same way:
+ /PERMISSIONS (FTP protocol has no mechanism for this).
+ /[NOT-]BEFORE, /[NOT-]AFTER (because of the timezone problem).
+ /RECOVER works only in binary mode. /RECURSIVE has limited
+ utility.
+
+ The commands for downloading are:
+
+ SET FILE DOWNLOAD-DIRECTORY [ directory ]
+ As with Kermit transfers, this command, if given, tells
+ C-Kermit where to store incoming files in the absence of a
+ specific as-name. If not given, incoming files are stored as
+ indicated by the as-name, if any, otherwise in the current
+ directory, just as with Kermit transfers. The more verbose
+ transfer display formats give the full pathname of each
+ received file, and, in case you have trouble finding a
+ downloaded file afterwards, its full path is also listed in the
+ transaction log (if you kept one), and you can also ask Kermit
+ where it went with the [300]WHERE command.
+
+ SET FTP GET-FILETYPE-SWITCHING { ON, OFF }
+ ON by default, causing Kermit to switch automatically into text
+ or binary mode for each file based on whether its name matches
+ a text pattern or binary pattern. Set this OFF, or use a /TEXT,
+ /BINARY, or /TENEX switch to defeat this feature. Use SHOW
+ PATTERNS to see the current pattern list.
+
+ [ FTP ] GET [ switches ] filename [ as-name ]
+ Asks the server to send the given file, and if it comes, stores
+ it locally under the given as-name, if any, otherwise under its
+ original name (modified according to the selected filename
+ conversion option), in your download directory, if you have
+ specified one, otherwise in the directory indicated in the
+ as-name, if any, otherwise in your current directory. If you
+ accidentally use a wildcard in the filename ("get *.txt") the
+ server will reply with a message like "File not found" (unless
+ there is a file whose name actually is "*.txt"). If FTP
+ GET-FILETYPE-SWITCHING is ON, and in the absence of any GET
+ switches to override it, the file is transferred in binary mode
+ if it matches any of Kermit's binary name patterns, and in text
+ mode if it matches any of Kermit's text name patterns, and in
+ the prevailing FTP TYPE if it matches none of these patterns.
+
+ [ FTP ] MGET [ switches ] filespec [ filespec [ filespec [ ... ] ] ]
+ Like GET, but for multiple files. One or more file
+ specifications can be given, and any or all (or none) of them
+ can contain wildcards or can be directory names. The file list
+ may not include an as-name, but you can still give one with the
+ /AS-NAME: switch.
+
+ In both the FTP GET and MGET commands, any filenames that contain
+ spaces must be enclosed in braces or doublequotes (see [301]Section 5
+ for details).
+
+ FTP downloads may be interrupted just like Kermit transfers. While the
+ transfer is in progress, type:
+
+ * X to interrupt the current file and go on to the next file.
+ * Z (or Control-C) to cancel the current file and all remaining
+ files.
+
+ Before proceeding, a brief word about temporary files. In FTP
+ protocol, the MGET command works by requesting a file list from the
+ server, and then (internally) issuing a GET command (FTP RETR protocol
+ directive) for each file. The file list returned by the server can be
+ any size at all, so in case it is huge, we don't store it in memory;
+ instead we put it in a temporary file. For troubleshooting purposes,
+ you should be aware of two points:
+
+ 1. The location of the temporary file is chosen according the TMP or
+ TEMP environment variables. If neither of these variables is
+ defined, you might need to define it. In case there is not enough
+ space on the indicated disk or partition for the server's file
+ list, you might need to either clean up the temporary area, or
+ redefine the environment variable to indicate a different area
+ that has sufficient space.
+ 2. If you want to look at the list yourself, use SET FTP DEBUG ON.
+ This tells Kermit to (a) give you the full pathname of the
+ temporary file at the end of each MGET command, and (b) not to
+ delete it, as it normally does.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.6.1. FTP GET Switches
+
+ The following switches are available with FTP GET and MGET:
+
+ /TEXT
+ Specifies a text-mode transfer. Overrides the global FTP TYPE
+ setting and filename pattern-matching for the duration of the
+ current command only, All files are downloaded in text mode.
+ Synonym: /ASCII.
+
+ /BINARY
+ Specifies a binary-mode transfer. Overrides the global FTP TYPE
+ setting and filename pattern-matching for the duration of the
+ current command only. All files are downloaded in binary mode.
+
+ /TENEX
+ Like /BINARY but specifies a special binary transfer mode to be
+ used when getting 8-bit binary files from a 36-bit platform
+ such as TOPS-10, TOPS-20, or TENEX. All files are downloaded in
+ the special binary mode.
+
+ /RECOVER
+ This instructs Kermit to try to recover an incomplete download
+ from the point of failure. Works only in binary mode, and only
+ if the server supports the (not-yet-standard) FTP "REST"
+ directive. See [302]Section 3.6.3 for details. Synonym:
+ /RESTART.
+
+ /FILENAMES:{CONVERTED,LITERAL}
+ Overrides the [303]FTP FILENAMES (filename conversion) setting
+ for this download only, forcing incoming filenames to be either
+ converted or taken literally.
+
+ /AS-NAME:text
+ For GET, this is equivalent to giving an as-name after the
+ filename. For MGET, this is the only way to specify alternative
+ names for the incoming files. With MGET, the /AS-NAME text
+ should (must) contain a Kermit variable, usually \v(filename)
+ or \v(filenumber). Example:
+
+ mget /text /as-name:\v(filename).new *.c
+
+ This gets all ".c" files and stores them with "
+
+ .new" appended to their names. See the [304]C-Kermit 7.0 Update
+ Notes for details.
+
+ /COMMAND
+ This specifies that the incoming file is to be written to the
+ standard input of a command, rather than to a file. The command
+ name is the as-name from the GET command or the /AS-NAME
+ argument. If you need to refer to the incoming file's name in
+ the command, use \v(filename). See the description of the
+ regular Kermit [305]GET /COMMAND command for details and
+ examples.
+
+ /QUIET
+ Transfers the files quietly; don't put up a file-transfer
+ display.
+
+ /ERROR-ACTION:{QUIT,PROCEED}
+ This switch affects only MGET. If an error occurs with a
+ particular file, this tells whether to go on to the next file
+ (PROCEED) or to stop right away and fail (QUIT). The default is
+ PROCEED.
+
+ The file selection switches are:
+
+ /EXCEPT:{pattern} or /EXCEPT:{{pattern}{pattern}{...}}
+ Exception list for MGET; skip downloading any file whose name
+ matches any of the given patterns (when using the second
+ format, up to 64 patterns may be specified). [306]CLICK HERE
+ for syntax details.
+
+ /SMALLER-THAN:number
+ Download only files whose size is smaller than the given number
+ of bytes (octets). Requires that the FTP server support the
+ SIZE or MLSD directive.
+
+ /LARGER-THAN:number
+ Download only files whose size is greater than the given number
+ of bytes. Requires that the FTP server support the SIZE or MLSD
+ directive.
+
+ /NOBACKUPFILES
+ During MGET, don't download any files whose names end with
+ backup suffixes (.~n~ where n is a number).
+
+ /NODOTFILES
+ During MGET, don't download any files whose names begin with
+ period (.). Equivalent to /EXCEPT:{.*}.
+
+ /LISTFILE:local-filename
+ The given file contains a list of files to GET, one per line.
+ Filenames in the listfile can contain wildcard characters in
+ the syntax of the server. There is no limit on the number of
+ lines in the listfile.
+
+ /NAMELIST:local-filename
+ If this switch is given, then instead of actually retrieving
+ the selected files, the GET command retrieves a list of the
+ names of the files that would be retrieved, and places it in
+ the specifed file. The resulting file is an ordinary text file,
+ with one filename per line, suitable for reading by a person,
+ or processing by a computer program, including Kermit itself
+ (FOPEN / FREAD / FWRITE / FCLOSE), and as /FILELIST: file. If
+ the filename is omitted or given as "-" (dash, hyphen), the
+ list goes to the screen. NOTE: if you want a copy of the
+ complete list sent by the server, use SET FTP DEBUG ON, perform
+ an MGET, and the temporary file containing the list will be
+ kept rather than deleted (and Kermit tells you its name).
+
+ /UPDATE, /COLLISION:keyword
+ Explained in [307]Section 3.6.2.
+
+ /RECURSIVE
+ This means to try to download an entire directory tree, rather
+ than just files from a particular directory. In fact, FTP
+ protocol does not provide a method to request a recursive
+ download (unless the server supports MLSD; see [308]Section
+ 3.11), so this works only if the FTP server does it anyway,
+ without being asked, as some do. In this case, Kermit detects
+ that names in the returned file list contain directory
+ separators, and therefore attempts to create the needed
+ directories as the files arrive. But this can work only if the
+ server is on the same kind of platform as the client, so the
+ pathname syntax can be recognized, and also because the server
+ does not switch between text and binary mode, which would be
+ vital for cross-platform transfers. Use with caution. Synonym:
+ /SUBDIRECTORIES.
+
+ Even when the server does not provide recursive file lists,
+ [M]GET /RECURSIVE forces Kermit to replicate any directory
+ structure implied or expressed by the server's file list. For
+ example:
+
+ get somepath/somefile
+
+ Gets the file named somefile from the server's somepath
+ directory and puts it Kermit's current (or download) directory,
+ whereas:
+
+ get /recursive somepath/somefile
+
+ creates the path locally and then puts the file in it.
+ Similarly for MGET:
+
+ mget */data/*
+
+ downloads all the files in all the data subdirectories of all
+ the subdirectories of the server's current directory and stores
+ them locally in Kermit's current (or download) directory,
+ whereas:
+
+ mget /recursive */data/*
+
+ re-creates the server's directory structure locally.
+
+ The FTP protocol does not include explicit mechanisms for recursion,
+ so Kermit builds upon what is available. Although an Internet draft
+ describes a mechanism ("MLSD") that would allow protocol-driven
+ recursion, similar to Kermit's File Attribute packets (circa 1984), it
+ has not yet attained RFC or standard status, and servers are not yet
+ widely available that offer this feature. In the meantime, the
+ effectiveness of MGET /RECURSIVE depends on the FTP server
+ implementation. If the server returns a recursive list in response to
+ the standard NLST command (whose behavior is ill-defined), Kermit's
+ FTP MGET /RECURSIVE command uses it to re-create the remote directory
+ tree locally. If the server supports MLSD, C-Kermit 8.0.206 and Kermit
+ 95 2.1 and later are able to sense it automatically and use it, as
+ described below in [309]Section 3.11.
+
+ The /BEFORE:, /AFTER:, /NOT-BEFORE:, and /NOT-AFTER: switches are not
+ available for downloading because of the confusion with timezones.
+ Would the given times be in the local timezone, the server's timezone,
+ or GMT? The FTP server's directory listings show its own local times
+ but since we don't know what timezone the server is in, there's no way
+ to reconcile our local times with the server's. Similarly,
+ /PERMISSIONS can't be preserved in downloads because FTP protocol
+ provides no means of querying the server for a file's permission.
+
+ Source-file disposition switches:
+
+ /DELETE
+ Each file that is downloaded successfully is to be deleted from
+ the server. Requires the appropriate file access rights on the
+ server.
+
+ /SERVER-RENAME-TO:template
+ Asks the server to rename each (remote) source file immediately
+ after, and only if, it is sent correctly. See [310]PUT
+ /SERVER-RENAME-TO: for details.
+
+ Destination-file disposition switches:
+
+ /TO-SCREEN
+ Displays the incoming file on the screen rather than storing it
+ on disk. If this switch is given, the /RENAME-TO and /MOVE-TO
+ switches are ignored, the file-transfer display is suppressed,
+ and the given file(s) is/are shown on the screen. Can be used
+ with /FILTER, e.g.
+
+ get /text /to-screen /filter:more oofa.txt
+
+ In fact, you should always use /TO-SCREEN with /FILTER or
+ /COMMAND when the command would result in displaying the
+ incoming file on the screen; otherwise C-Kermit would have no
+ way of knowing to suppress its file transfer display (since it
+ can't be expected to know what the command or filter does).
+
+ /RENAME-TO:template
+ Each file that is downloaded is to be renamed as indicated if
+ and only if it was received completely and without error. The
+ template can be literal text or can contain variables that are
+ evaluated for each file. For MGET, the text must contain
+ variables; for GET it can be a literal string. The \v(filename)
+ variable contains the name of the current file, so:
+
+ ftp mget /rename-to:\v(filename).ok *
+
+ causes each file that is successfully downloaded to have ".ok"
+ appended to its name. For details see [311]Section 4.1 of the
+ [312]C-Kermit 7.0 Update Notes.
+
+ /MOVE-TO:text
+ Just like /RENAME-TO:, except the text denotes the name of a
+ directory to which successfully downloaded files are to be
+ moved. If the directory does not exist, it is created.
+
+ The file transfer display does not show the /MOVE-TO or /RENAME-TO
+ value, since the incoming file has not yet been moved or renamed.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.6.2. Filename Collisions
+
+ What should happen if an incoming file has the same name as an
+ existing file in the same directory? By default, Kermit's FILE
+ COLLISION setting applies: BACKUP, RENAME, UPDATE, DISCARD, etc, as
+ described in [313]Using C-Kermit. Kermit's default FILE COLLISION
+ setting is BACKUP (rename the existing file and store the incoming
+ file under its own name) and therefore this is also the default FTP
+ collision action.
+
+ The name under which an incoming file is to be stored is determined as
+ follows:
+
+ * If an as-name was given, the as-name is used. Otherwise:
+ * If the client and server platforms are alike or [314]FTP FILENAMES
+ is set to LITERAL (or the /FILENAMES:LITERAL switch was given for
+ this download), the incoming filename is used literally.
+ Otherwise:
+ * The incoming filename is converted to a form that is friendly to
+ the local platform. For UNIX, for example, incoming filenames that
+ are all uppercase (as they might be from, say, VMS or an IBM
+ mainframe) are converted to lowercase.
+
+ If the resulting name coincides with the name of a local file that
+ already exists, we have a filename collision. Collisions are handled
+ according to the currently selected collision action:
+
+ SET FTP COLLISION { BACKUP, RENAME, UPDATE, DISCARD, APPEND, OVERWRITE
+ }
+ This establishes a filename collision for FTP, separate from
+ the Kermit one. The initial FTP collision setting is inherited
+ from Kermit's FILE COLLISION setting when the first FTP command
+ is given, but subsequent changes to Kermit's FILE COLLISION
+ setting do not affect the FTP COLLISION setting. SHOW FTP tells
+ the current FTP COLLISION setting.
+
+ FTP GET /COLLISION:{BACKUP,RENAME,UPDATE,DISCARD,APPEND,OVERWRITE}
+ Overrides the current FTP COLLISION action for this download
+ only.
+
+ FTP GET /UPDATE
+ This is equivalent to GET /COLLISION:UPDATE, and is included
+ for symmetry with PUT /UPDATE
+
+ FTP GET /UPDATE and /COLLISION:UPDATE mean to download only those
+ files whose modification dates on the server are later than those on
+ the client. Date-time comparisons are done in Coordinated Universal
+ Time (UTC, GMT, ZULU). The command:
+
+ FTP MGET /COLLISION:APPEND /AS-NAME:newfilename *.*
+
+ Downloads all matching remote files into a single local file (in
+ whatever order the server sends them).
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.6.3. Recovery
+
+ Recovery is available for downloads too, but there are some
+ differences from the uploading case described in [315]Section 3.5.3:
+
+ * The transfer must be in BINARY mode. It can not be in text mode,
+ even if the FTP server is on the same kind of platform as Kermit,
+ and even if there is no character-set translation. The original
+ download must also have been in binary mode.
+ * The FTP server must support the REST ("restart") directive.
+ Unfortunately, this is not a standard command; at this writing, it
+ is described only in an Internet Draft, not an RFC or Internet
+ Standard, but nevertheless it is found in several popular FTP
+ servers, such as [316]ProFTPD.
+
+ Here's how download recovery works:
+
+ * Kermit checks for conflicting switches, such as /UPDATE, /COMMAND,
+ or /FILTER. If /RECOVER is given with these switches an error
+ occurs.
+ * The prevailing transfer mode (SET FTP TYPE) must be BINARY. If it
+ is not, the /BINARY switch must have been included with the FTP
+ [M]GET command.
+
+ If the /RECOVER switch is accepted, then for each selected file:
+
+ * A SIZE command is sent for the file (using its remote name). If
+ the reply indicates the file was not found, or the SIZE command
+ was not understood, or any other kind of error, recovery is
+ canceled (i.e. the entire file is downloaded).
+ * If the sizes of the two files are identical, the file is not sent.
+ Otherwise:
+ * Kermit sends the REST directive to the server, indicating the size
+ of the local file. If the server responds affirmatively, Kermit
+ opens the local file in append mode and appends the incoming data
+ to it. Otherwise, recovery is canceled and the entire file is
+ downloaded.
+
+ The /RECOVER switch can be included with any FTP GET or MGET command,
+ even if it specifies a group of files. This lets you resume an
+ interrupted batch transfer from where it left off. The files that were
+ already completely sent are skipped, the file that was interrupted is
+ recovered, and the remaining files are uploaded. BUT... unlike with
+ uploading, where this can be done with any mixture of text and binary
+ files, when downloading, it can only be done if all the files are
+ binary.
+
+ It doesn't matter how the original partial file was downloaded -- FTP,
+ Kermit, HTTP, Zmodem, etc: as long as the preconditions are met, it
+ can be recovered with FTP [M]GET /RECOVER, or for that matter also
+ with GET /RECOVER (using Kermit protocol).
+
+ [ [317]Top ] [ [318]FTP Top ] [ [319]C-Kermit Home ] [ [320]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.7. Translating Character Sets
+
+ A possibly unique feature of Kermit's FTP client is its ability to
+ convert character sets when transferring files in text mode,
+ independent of the capabilites of the FTP server, as well as to
+ translate the character sets of filenames regardless of transfer mode.
+ For compatibility with existing FTP clients, and because there is a
+ certain performance penalty, Kermit won't do this unless you ask for
+ it. If you enable this feature, you need to inform Kermit of the
+ character set (to be) used on the server and in some cases (explained
+ below) also the local file character set. This discussion assumes you
+ know a bit about character sets (as you must if you have to use them);
+ see Chapter 16 of [321]Using C-Kermit for a detailed treatment. The
+ Kermit commands for FTP character-set conversion are:
+
+ SET FTP CHARACTER-SET-TRANSLATION { ON, OFF }
+ Whether to translate character sets when transferring text
+ files with FTP. OFF by default. Set this to ON to enable
+ character-set translation for subsequent FTP uploads and
+ downloads.
+
+ SET FTP SERVER-CHARACTER-SET [322]name
+ Text character set (to be) used by the server. Most FTP servers
+ are ignorant of character sets, so all translations are done
+ unilaterally by Kermit's FTP client. This means that when
+ downloading files, you must know in advance the character-set
+ used in the files you are downloading (and in their names).
+ When uploading, you must specify the character-set to which
+ local filenames and text-file contents are to be translated for
+ transmission to the server. If you SET FTP
+ CHARACTER-SET-TRANSLATION ON but do not specify an FTP
+ SERVER-CHARACTER-SET, [323]UTF8 is used, since this is the new
+ Internet standard international character set; it is upwards
+ compatible with ASCII and it encompasses most written languages
+ and therefore does not favor any particular group of people, as
+ any other default would do. If you SET FTP SERVER-CHARACTER-SET
+ to something (anything) when FTP CHARACTER-SET TRANSLATION is
+ OFF, this also sets the latter ON.
+
+ SET FILE CHARACTER-SET [324]name
+ This is the regular Kermit (non-FTP-specific) command for
+ identifying the character set (to be) used in local text files
+ and filenames.
+
+ TO REITERATE: If you SET FTP CHARACTER-SET TRANSLATION ON but do not
+ specify an FTP SERVER-CHARACTER-SET, outbound text files are converted
+ to UTF-8 and inbound text files are assumed to be UTF-8. If this is
+ not appropriate, be sure to also specify the desired FTP
+ SERVER-CHARACTER-SET.
+
+ You can use "special" (non-ASCII) characters in filenames in all the
+ client / server file management commands (FTP MKDIR, RMDIR, DIRECTORY,
+ VDIRECTORY, DELETE, etc), and also in file-transfer commands. When
+ giving commands such as FTP DIR (RDIR) and FTP PWD (RPWD), the reply
+ is translated too, so you can read it. In this example, the client and
+ server use entirely different codes to represent the special
+ characters of German:
+
+ C-Kermit> ftp xyzcorp.de /anonymous
+ C-Kermit> set ftp server-character-set latin1
+ C-Kermit> set file character-set german
+ C-Kermit> rcd Städte
+ C-Kermit> rpwd
+ "/pub/ftp/Städte is current directory"
+ C-Kermit> rdir
+ -rw-rw---- 1 olaf 54018 Jan 6 17:58 Adenbüttel.txt
+ -rw-rw---- 1 ursula 373 Jan 5 15:19 Aßlar.txt
+ -rw-rw---- 1 gisbert 482 Jan 5 15:20 Blowatz.txt
+ -rw-rw---- 1 gudrun 124 Jan 5 15:19 Böblingen.txt
+ -rw-rw---- 1 olga 14348 Jan 7 14:23 Köln.txt
+
+ When the client and server file systems use different character sets,
+ you should take care to use only those characters that the two sets
+ share in common when creating filenames or text-file contents. For
+ example, PC code pages contain a lot line- and box-drawing characters,
+ and sometimes "smart quotes", etc, that are not found in ISO standard
+ 8-bit character sets. You should be especially careful to avoid using
+ such characters in filenames.
+
+ [ [325]C-Kermit Character Sets ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.7.1. Character Sets and Uploading
+
+ Kermit's PUT and MPUT commands include full file-scanning
+ capabilities, as described in [326]Section 4. Thus if FTP
+ CHARACTER-SET-TRANSLATION is ON and your character-set associations
+ are set up appropriately, Kermit automatically switches on a per-file
+ basis between text and binary mode, and for each text file between
+ your chosen 7-bit text character set (e.g. ASCII or ISO 646 German),
+ 8-bit text (e.g. Latin-1 or Japanese EUC), UCS-2, and UTF-8, and
+ converts each of these automatically to the server character-set, and
+ furthermore automatically differentiates between the Little and Big
+ Endian forms of UCS-2, always sending in Big Endian form.
+
+ WARNING: It is not advisable to use UCS-2 (or any Unicode
+ transformation other than UTF-8) "on the wire", i.e. as a server
+ character set. Most FTP servers are not able to cope with it, since
+ it contains lots of 0 (NUL) characters. If you do use it, Kermit
+ does not translate filenames to or from UCS-2, for reasons well
+ known to C programmers (for example, UNIX APIs assume filename
+ strings are NUL-terminated). [327]UTF-8 is the preferred (and
+ standard) Unicode format for the Internet.
+
+ FTP character-set translations differ from the regular Kermit ones by
+ not restricting translations to a file-character-set /
+ transfer-character-set pair. You can have Kermit's FTP client
+ translate between any pair of character sets it knows about. You can
+ see the list of supported character sets by typing either of the
+ following:
+
+ set ftp server-character-set ?
+ set file character-set ?
+
+ A typical list looks like this ([328]CLICK HERE for an explanation of
+ the names):
+
+ C-Kermit>set file char ? One of the following:
+ ascii cp869-greek hebrew-7 mazovia-pc
+ british cyrillic-iso hebrew-iso next-multinational
+ bulgaria-pc danish hp-roman8 norwegian
+ canadian-french dec-kanji hungarian portuguese
+ cp1250 dec-multinational iso2022jp-kanji shift-jis-kanji
+ cp1251-cyrillic dg-international italian short-koi
+ cp1252 dutch jis7-kanji spanish
+ cp437 elot927-greek koi8 swedish
+ cp850 elot928-greek koi8r swiss
+ cp852 euc-jp koi8u ucs2
+ cp855-cyrillic finnish latin1-iso utf8
+ cp858 french latin2-iso
+ cp862-hebrew german latin9-iso
+ cp866-cyrillic greek-iso macintosh-latin
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ Thus you can translate not only between private sets (like PC code
+ pages) and standard ones (like Latin-1) as in Kermit protocol, but
+ also between any given pair of private sets (e.g. CP852 and Mazovia).
+ All conversions go through Unicode as the intermediate character set,
+ resulting in a minimum of character loss, since Unicode is a superset
+ of all other character sets known to Kermit.
+
+ In addition to the SET commands listed above, the FTP PUT and MPUT
+ commands include switches that apply only to the current command:
+
+ /LOCAL-CHARACTER-SET:name
+ /SERVER-CHARACTER-SET:name
+ Use these switches to force a particular translation. These
+ switches override the global FTP CHARACTER-SET-TRANSLATION and
+ SERVER-CHARACTER-SET settings and also character-set
+ differentiation by file scanning for the duration of the PUT or
+ MPUT command. The file scan is still performed, however, to
+ determine whether the file is text or binary; thus these
+ switches do not affect binary files unless you also include the
+ /TEXT switch to force all files to be treated as text.
+
+ In other words, if you include one or both of these switches with a
+ PUT or MPUT command, they are used. Similarly, the /TRANSPARENT switch
+ disables character-set translation for the PUT or MPUT command despite
+ the prevailing FTP CHARACTER-SET-TRANSLATION and SERVER-CHARACTER-SET
+ settings.
+
+ When uploading, the FILE CHARACTER-SET setting is ignored unless you
+ have forced Kermit not to [329]scan local files by including a /TEXT
+ or /BINARY switch with your [M]PUT command, or by disabling automatic
+ text/binary switching in some other way.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ 1. Suppose you have a CP852 (East European) text file that you want
+ to upload and store in ISO Latin Alphabet 2 encoding:
+ ftp put /local-char:cp852 /server-char:latin2 magyar.txt
+ 2. Suppose you always want your text files converted to Latin-2 when
+ uploading with FTP. Then put:
+ set ftp server-character-set latin2
+ in your Kermit customization file, and then you can omit the
+ /SERVER-CHARACTER-SET: switch from your FTP PUT commands:
+ ftp put /local-char:cp852 magyar.txt
+ 3. Now suppose that all the text files on your PC are written in
+ Hungarian, but they have a variety of encodings, and you don't
+ want to have to include the /LOCAL-CHARACTER-SET: switch on every
+ FTP PUT command, or (more to the point) you want to be able to
+ send a mixture of these files all at once. Put these commands in
+ your Kermit customization file:
+ set ftp server-character-set latin2 ; ISO 8859-2
+ set file default 7-bit-character-set hungarian ; ISO 646 Hungarian
+ set file default 8-bit-character-set cp852 ; PC East European Code Page
+ and now PUT and MPUT will automatically detect and switch among
+ ISO 646 Hungarian, Code Page 852, UTF-8, and UCS-2 encodings,
+ translating each one to Latin-2 for uploading:
+ ftp put *.txt
+
+ And since binary files are also detected automatically, the latter can
+ be simplified to:
+
+ ftp put *
+
+ even when "*" matches a diverse collection of binary and text files,
+ because translations are skipped automatically for binary files.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.7.2. Character Sets and Downloading
+
+ The commands and switches are the same as for uploading, but automatic
+ character-set switching works differently, since Kermit can't scan the
+ server files in advance. Instead, the transfer mode (text or binary)
+ is based on the filenames; each name is compared with Kermit's list of
+ text name patterns and binary name patterns. If the name matches a
+ binary pattern (for example, if the filename is oofa.tar.gz and one of
+ the filename patterns is "*.gz"), the file is downloaded in binary
+ mode; otherwise if it matches a text pattern (e.g. oofa.txt matches
+ "*.txt"), it is transferred in text ("ascii") mode. Otherwise, it is
+ transferred in the prevailing FTP TYPE.
+
+ In C-Kermit 8.0, the pattern lists used with FTP GET are not the same
+ lists used with Kermit transfers, and can not be viewed with SHOW
+ PATTERNS, nor adjusted with ADD and REMOVE TEXT-PATTERNS and
+ BINARY-PATTERNS, or SET FILE TEXT-PATTERNS and BINARY-PATTERNS.
+ Configuration of the FTP patterns list will be added in a future
+ release.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ get /server-char:latin1 /local-char:cp850 Grüße.txt
+ In this command, the filename contains special characters,
+ which you enter using whatever character set your local
+ computer uses, in this case PC Code Page 850 (cp850). The
+ command tells Kermit (in case it didn't know already from its
+ FILE CHARACTER-SET setting) that the local character set is
+ cp850 and the server's character-set is ISO 8859-1 Latin
+ Alphabet 1 (latin1). Kermit translates the filename from cp850
+ to latin1 and sends the latin1 name to the server. Since it's a
+ text file (matches "*.txt"), its contents are translated to
+ cp850 on arrival, and it is saved with a cp850 name.
+
+ mget /text /server:latin1 /local:utf8 *.txt
+ This command:
+
+ + Tells C-Kermit that the server's files are encoded in ISO
+ 8859-1 Latin Alphabet 1.
+ + Tells C-Kermit to translate the incoming files into Unicode
+ UTF-8 for storage.
+ + Asks the server to send all ".txt" files in text mode.
+
+ mget /server:latin1 /local:utf8 *
+ Tells Kermit to get all files from the server's directory,
+ switching between text and binary mode based on the filename.
+ The names of all the files are translated (to UTF-8 in this
+ case), but contents are translated (also to UTF-8) only for
+ text files.
+
+ Note that any pair of 8-bit character sets is likely to have some
+ incompatibilities. Any characters in the source file that do not have
+ equivalents in the destination file's character set are converted to
+ question marks. This applies to both filenames and to text file
+ contents.
+
+ Also note that the server's ability to accept special characters in
+ filenames depends on the particular server. For example:
+
+ get Grüße.txt
+
+ works with WU-FTPD, but:
+
+ mget Grüß*.txt
+
+ does not.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.7.3. RFC2640
+
+ [330]RFC2640, July 1999, specifies a method by which the FTP client
+ and server can negotiate the use of UTF8. However, RFC2640-capable
+ servers are rare to nonexistent at this writing, and in any case you
+ don't need them to be able to transfer text in UTF8. C-Kermit lets you
+ upload and download text files in any character set it knows about,
+ converting to or from any other character set it knows about, without
+ the knowledge, permission, or cooperation of the server, and
+ regardless of its capabilities.
+
+ [ [331]Top ] [ [332]FTP Top ] [ [333]C-Kermit Home ] [ [334]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.8. FTP Command Shortcuts
+
+ C-Kermit's FTP client coexists with other C-Kermit functions by
+ requiring the "ftp" prefix for each FTP-related command: FTP OPEN, FTP
+ GET, FTP BYE, and so on. For interactive use, however, this can be
+ rather awkward and sometimes surprising, for example when a GET
+ command starts a Kermit GET rather than an FTP GET. In fact, many
+ Kermit commands might just as easily apply to an FTP connection: GET,
+ PUT (SEND), BYE, and CLOSE. The following command lets you choose how
+ these commands are interpreted:
+
+ SET GET-PUT-REMOTE { AUTO, KERMIT, FTP }
+ Controls the orientation of GET, PUT, REMOTE and other
+ file-transfer and client/server commands that might apply to
+ either Kermit or FTP. The default setting is AUTO, meaning that
+ these commands apply to FTP if an FTP connection is open, and
+ to Kermit otherwise. KERMIT means they always apply to Kermit,
+ FTP means they always apply to FTP.
+
+ Here is a complete list of affected commands:
+
+ Kermit Command FTP Equivalent
+ (none) FTP [ OPEN ]
+ LOGIN FTP USER
+ LOGOUT FTP RESET
+ BYE FTP BYE
+ FINISH FTP BYE
+ CLOSE FTP BYE
+ HANGUP FTP BYE
+ BINARY FTP TYPE BINARY
+ TEXT (or ASCII) FTP TYPE ASCII
+ SEND (or PUT) FTP PUT
+ MSEND (or MPUT) FTP MPUT
+ RESEND FTP PUT /RECOVER
+ CSEND FTP PUT /COMMAND
+ GET FTP GET
+ MGET FTP MGET
+ REGET FTP GET /RECOVER
+ REMOTE HELP (RHELP) FTP HELP
+ REMOTE CD (RCD) FTP CD (CWD)
+ REMOTE PWD (RPWD) FTP PWD
+ REMOTE DIRECTORY (RDIR) FTP DIRECTORY
+ REMOTE DELETE (RDEL) FTP DELETE
+ REMOTE MKDIR (RMKDIR) FTP MKDIR
+ REMOTE RMDIR (RRMDIR) FTP RMDIR
+ REMOTE RENAME (RRENAME) FTP RENAME
+ REMOTE TYPE (RTYPE) FTP TYPE
+ REMOTE EXIT (REXIT) FTP BYE
+
+ The commands in the right-hand column always access FTP. The commands
+ in the left column can access either Kermit protocol or FTP:
+
+ * When GET-PUT-REMOTE is set to KERMIT, or to AUTO when there is no
+ FTP connection, the commands in the left-hand column access Kermit
+ protocol, and those right-hand column are required for FTP.
+ * When GET-PUT-REMOTE is set to FTP, or to AUTO when there is an
+ active FTP connection, the commands in the left-hand column access
+ the FTP connection and can not be used to access Kermit protocol.
+ In this case, if you want to be able to use both Kermit protocol
+ and the FTP connection, you must SET GET-PUT-REMOTE KERMIT, and
+ then use the FTP commands in the right-hand column to access the
+ FTP connection.
+
+ Note that file-management commands such as DIRECTORY, DELETE, CD, PWD,
+ MKDIR, RMDIR, HELP, RENAME, COPY, TYPE, and so on, always apply
+ locally, no matter what kind of connection you have. This is the
+ opposite of most FTP clients, where these commands are intended for
+ the server, and require an "L" prefix for local execution (e.g. "dir"
+ gets a directory listing from the server, "ldir" gets a local
+ directory listing). To illustrate with the CD command and a typical
+ UNIX FTP client:
+
+ Client Server Change Local Directory Change Remote Directory
+ FTP FTP lcd cd (cwd)
+ Kermit Kermit cd rcd, remote cd
+ Kermit FTP cd ftp cd, rcd, remote cd
+
+ Also note that not all REMOTE commands are useful with FTP, since FTP
+ servers do not offer the corresponding functions. These include:
+
+ * REMOTE ASSIGN - FTP servers don't have variables
+ * REMOTE COPY - FTP servers don't copy files
+ * REMOTE HOST - FTP servers don't execute host (shell) commands
+ * REMOTE KERMIT - FTP servers don't execute Kermit commands
+ * REMOTE PRINT - FTP servers don't print files
+ * REMOTE QUERY - FTP servers don't have variables
+ * REMOTE SET - FTP servers don't have Kermit settings
+ * REMOTE WHO - FTP servers don't send user lists
+
+ Finally note that command shortcuts do not apply to the HELP command.
+ For help about an FTP command, use (for example) "help ftp delete",
+ not "help delete" or "help rdelete".
+
+ [ [335]Top ] [ [336]FTP Top ] [ [337]C-Kermit Home ] [ [338]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.9. Dual Sessions
+
+ You can have an FTP session open at the same time as a regular Kermit
+ SET LINE or SET HOST (terminal) session. In this case, the default SET
+ GET-PUT-REMOTE AUTO setting should ensure that all "two-faced"
+ commands like GET, PUT, REMOTE, HANGUP, BYE, etc, apply to the Kermit
+ session, and all commands for the FTP session must include the FTP
+ prefix. To be absolutely certain, you can use SET GET-PUT-REMOTE
+ KERMIT.
+
+ ftp foo.bar.baz.com
+ if fail ...
+ (log in)
+ set host foo.bar.baz.com
+ if fail ...
+ (log in)
+
+ Now you have both an FTP and Telnet connection to the same host (of
+ course they could also be to different hosts, and you could also have
+ a direct or dialed serial connection instead of a Telnet connection).
+ Now assuming you have a Kermit server on the far end of the Kermit
+ connection:
+
+ rcd incoming ; Changes Kermit server's directory (= REMOTE CD)
+ ftp cd incoming ; Changes FTP server's directory
+ put oofa.txt ; Sends a file on the Kermit connection
+ ftp put oofa.txt ; Sends a file on the FTP connection
+ bye ; Shuts down the Kermit connection
+ ftp bye ; Shuts down the FTP connection
+
+ Note that PUT and SEND are synonyms for both FTP and Kermit
+ connections.
+
+ You can also establish dual sessions on the Kermit command line:
+
+ kermit -j host1 -9 host2
+
+ This makes a Telnet connection to host1 and an FTP connection to
+ host2.
+
+ [ [339]Top ] [ [340]FTP Top ] [ [341]C-Kermit Home ] [ [342]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.10. Automating FTP Sessions
+
+ Most of Kermit's scripting features can be used to make and control
+ FTP sessions: FOR and WHILE loops, IF-ELSE and SWITCH constructions,
+ variables, arrays, built-in functions, and all the rest. You can't use
+ INPUT, MINPUT, OUTPUT, CLEAR, or SCRIPT on an FTP session, but these
+ are not needed since the FTP protocol is well defined.
+
+ [343]CLICK HERE for an FTP scripting tutorial.
+
+ 3.10.1. FTP-Specific Variables and Functions
+
+ The following variable tells whether an FTP connection is open:
+
+ \v(ftp_connected)
+ 1 if there is an active FTP connection, 0 if there isn't.
+
+ The FTP OPEN command sets:
+
+ \v(ftp_host)
+ The host to which the most recent FTP connection was made.
+
+ \v(ftp_security)
+ The security method negotiated for the current FTP session. The
+ value is "NULL" when no security is used. See [344]3.2. Making
+ Secure FTP Connections.
+
+ \v(ftp_server)
+ The OS type (UNIX, VMS, etc) of the FTP server host.
+
+ The FTP USER command (or FTP OPEN /USER:, or FTP with automatic login)
+ sets:
+
+ \v(ftp_loggedin)
+ 1 if you are logged in to an FTP server, 0 if you are not.
+
+ The current COMMAND-PROTECTION-LEVEL and DATA-PROTECTION-LEVEL values
+ are reflected in:
+
+ \v(ftp_cpl)
+ \v(ftp_dpl)
+ The values are "clear", "confidential", "safe" or "private".
+ See [345]3.2. Making Secure FTP Connections.
+
+ The FTP GET-PUT-REMOTE setting is reflected in:
+
+ \v(ftp_getputremote)
+ The values are "auto", "ftp", or "kermit".
+
+ Every FTP command sets the \v(success) variable, as well as the
+ following two FTP-specific variables:
+
+ \v(ftp_code)
+ The standardized numeric FTP protocol code from the server's
+ response to the last client command, a 3-digit decimal number
+ defined in [346]RFC959. Briefly:
+
+ 1xx = Positive Preliminary Reply
+ 2xx = Positive Completion Reply
+ 3xx = Positive Intermediate Reply
+ 4xx = Transient Negative Completion Reply
+ 5xx = Permanent Negative Completion Reply
+
+ \v(ftp_message)
+ The text message, if any, from the server's response to the
+ last client command. If the most recent response had multiple
+ lines, this variable has only the final line. These messages
+ are not standardized and vary in format and content from server
+ to server. Synonym: \v(ftp_msg).
+
+ FTP file transfers set the regular Kermit transfer status variables:
+
+ \v(cps) Characters per second of most recent transfer.
+ \v(filespec) File specification used in most recent transfer.
+ \v(fsize) Size of file most recently transferred.
+ \v(tfsize) Total size of file group most recently transferred.
+ \v(xferstatus) Status of most recent transfer (0 = success, 1 = failure).
+ \v(tftime) Elapsed time of most recent transfer, in seconds.
+
+ During an FTP transfer, the per-file variables are:
+
+ \v(filename) Name of current file.
+ \v(filenumber) Ordinal file number in group (1, 2, 3, ...)
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.10.2. Examples
+
+ Let's begin with a simple example showing how to log in, send some
+ files, and log out:
+
+ define error if fail { ftp bye, stop 1 Error: \%1 }
+ set transact brief
+ log t
+ ftp ftp.xyzcorp.com /anonymous
+ if fail stop 1 Connection failed
+ if not \v(ftp_loggedin) stop 1 Login failed
+ ftp cd incoming
+ error {ftp cd}
+ cd upload
+ error {local cd}
+ ftp put /delete *
+ error {put}
+ ftp bye
+
+ First we define an error handling macro to be used after the
+ connection is made. Then we set up a brief-format transaction log to
+ keep a record of our file transfers. Then we make a connection to the
+ host and log in anonymously. The "if fail" command checks whether the
+ connection was made. The "if not" command checks whether login was
+ successful. Obviously the script should not continue unless both tests
+ succeed.
+
+ Next we change to the server's 'incoming' directory and to our own
+ 'upload' directory, and send all the files that are in it (they can be
+ any mixture of text and binary files), deleting each source file
+ automatically after it is successfully uploaded. Each of these
+ operations is checked with the ERROR macro, which prevents the script
+ from continuing past a failure.
+
+ Finally we close the FTP session with the "bye" command.
+
+ Just like any other Kermit script, this one can be used in many ways:
+
+ * It can be stored in a file, and Kermit can be told to TAKE the
+ file.
+ * In UNIX, it can be a "[347]kerbang" script and therefore run
+ directly from the shell prompt or as a cron job.
+
+ We could have used command shortcuts like "rcd", "put", and "bye", but
+ since they can be ambiguous under certain circumstances, it is better
+ to avoid them in scripts; they are intended mainly for convenience
+ during interactive use. However, if you wish to use the shortcuts in a
+ script, you can do it this way (error handling omitted for brevity):
+
+ local \%t ; Declare a local temporary veriable
+ assign \%t \v(ftp_getputremote) ; Save current FTP GET-PUT-REMOTE setting
+ set ftp get-put-remote ftp ; Choose FTP orientation
+ ftp xyzcorp.com /anonymous ; Open an FTP connection
+ get oofa.txt ; GET a file
+ put foo.bar ; PUT a file
+ rdel yesterday.log ; Delete a file on the server
+ bye ; Log out and disconnect from server.
+ set ftp get-put-remote \%t ; Restore previous GET-PUT-REMOTE setting
+
+ Of course, FTP scripts can also be written as macros. This lets you
+ pass parameters such as hostnames, usernames, and filenames to them:
+
+ define doftpget {
+ if < \v(argc) 4 end 1 Usage: \%0 host user remotefile [ localfile ]
+ ftp \%1 /user:\%2
+ if fail end 1 FTP OPEN \%1 failed
+ if not \v(ftp_loggedin) end 1 FTP LOGIN failed
+ ftp get {\%3} {\%4}
+ if fail end 1 FTP GET \%3 failed
+ ftp bye
+ }
+
+ Add this definition to your Kermit customization file, and it will
+ always be available when you start Kermit. This macro lets you
+ download a file with FTP by giving a single command, e.g.:
+
+ doftpget xyzcorp.com anonymous oofa.txt
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.10.3. Automating Secure FTP Sessions
+
+ Often when making secure connections, you are prompted interactively
+ for certain information or permission to proceed. These prompts can
+ stop an automated procedure. To avoid them, you must give the
+ appropriate commands to disable them, and/or supply the prompted-for
+ information beforehand. Here are a few hints:
+
+ * Make sure that SET TAKE ERROR and SET MACRO ERROR are both OFF.
+ This is the default, but in case you have set either one of these
+ ON in your script or initialization file, this makes the script
+ halt on any kind of error. Normally you would want to check each
+ operation for success or failure and take appropriate action.
+ * On SSL and TLS connections, you may be asked whether it is OK to
+ proceed with a connection to server that presents a self-signed
+ certificate. You can use the SET AUTHENTICATION SSL (or TLS)
+ VERIFY or SET AUTH SSL (or TLS) CERTS-OK commands to avoid this
+ prompt by not requesting a certificate from the peer.
+ * (More to be added...)
+
+ [ [348]Top ] [ [349]FTP Top ] [ [350]FTP Script Tutorial ] [
+ [351]C-Kermit Home ] [ [352]Kermit Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.11. Advanced FTP Protocol Features
+
+ The remainder of the FTP documention (through the end of Section 3) is
+ new to C-Kermit 8.0.206, but we leave it in black to prevent
+ headaches. Except for titles.
+ * [353]TERMINOLOGY
+ * [354]FEATURE NEGOTIATION
+ * [355]USING MGET: NLST VERSUS MLSD
+ * [356]EXAMPLES
+ * [357]REFERENCES
+
+ The new releases of [358]C-Kermit (8.0.206) and [359]Kermit 95 (2.1)
+ support new FTP protocol features from RFC 2389 as well as most of
+ what's in the Elz and Hethmon Extensions to FTP Internet Draft (see
+ [360]References). Some of these features, such as SIZE (request a
+ file's size), MDTM (request file's modification time), and REST
+ (restart interrupted transfer) have been widely implemented in FTP
+ clients and servers for years (as well as in the initial release of
+ the Kermit FTP clients). Others such as FEAT and MLSD are rarely seen
+ and are new to the upcoming Kermit releases. TVFS (Trivial Virtual
+ File Store) is supported implicitly, and the UTF-8 character-set is
+ already fully supported at the protocol and data-interchange level.
+
+ For Kermit users, the main benefit of the new FTP protocol extensions
+ is the ability to do recursive downloads. But the extensions also
+ introduce complications and tradeoffs that you should be aware of. Of
+ course Kermit tries to "do the right thing" automatically in every
+ case for backwards compatibility. But (as noted later) some cases are
+ inherently ambiguous and/or can result in nasty surprises, and for
+ those situations new commands and switches are available to give you
+ precise control over Kermit's behavior, in case the defaults don't
+ produce the desired results.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.11.1. Terminology Command-line FTP clients such as Kermit (as well
+ as the traditional FTP programs found on Unix, VMS, ..., even Windows)
+ have commands like PUT, MPUT, GET, MGET, and BYE, which they convert
+ into zero or more FTP protocol commands, such as NLST, RETR, QUIT. For
+ clarity, we'll use "command" to refer to commands given by the user to
+ the FTP client, and "directive" for FTP protocol commands sent by the
+ FTP client to the FTP server.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.11.2. Feature Negotiation New FTP protocol features are negotiated
+ by the client sending a FEAT directive and the server responding with
+ a list of (new) features it supports, or else with an error indication
+ if it does not support the FEAT directive at all, in which case the
+ client has to guess which new features it supports (Kermit guesses
+ that it supports SIZE and MDTM but not MLST). Note that the MLST
+ feature includes MLSD, which is not listed separately as a feature.
+
+ Guessing is nice when it works, but sometimes it doesn't, and some FTP
+ servers become confused when you send them a directive they don't
+ understand, or they do something you didn't want, sometimes to the
+ point of closing the connection. For this reason, Kermit lets you
+ override default or negotiated features with the following new
+ commands:
+
+ FTP { ENABLE, DISABLE } FEAT
+ Enables or disables the automatic sending of a FEAT directive
+ upon connection to an FTP server. Note that
+ FTP [ OPEN ] /NOINIT also inhibits sending the FEAT directive
+ (and several others) for the connection being OPEN'd, but
+ without necessarily disabling FEAT for subsequent connections
+ in the same Kermit instance. FEAT is ENABLED by default, in
+ which case many FTP servers are likely to reply:
+
+500 'FEAT': command not understood
+
+ which is normally harmless (but you never know). (In C-Kermit
+ 8.0.208, this error message is suppressed unless you SET FTP
+ DEBUG ON.)
+
+ FTP ENABLE { MDTM, MLST, SIZE }
+ Enables the given directive for implicit use by the FTP GET and
+ MGET commands in case it has been disabled or erroneously
+ omitted by the server in its FEAT response. Note: MLSD can be
+ used in the FTP ENABLE and DISABLE commands as a synonym for
+ MLST. YOU MUST GIVE THIS COMMAND AFTER MAKING THE FTP
+ CONNECTION.
+
+ FTP DISABLE { MDTM, MLST, SIZE }
+ Disables implicit use of the given directive by GET or MGET in
+ case it causes problems; for example, because it makes
+ multifile downloads take too long or the server announces it
+ erroneously or misimplements it. Use DISABLE FEAT before making
+ a connection to prevent Kermit from sending the FEAT directive
+ as part of its initial sequence. Note that disabling FEAT,
+ SIZE, or MDTM does not prevent you from executing explicit FTP
+ FEATURES, FTP SIZE, or FTP MODTIME commands. Also note that
+ disabling SIZE prevents PUT /RESTART (recovery of interrupted
+ uploads) from working. YOU MUST GIVE THIS COMMAND AFTER MAKING
+ THE FTP CONNECTION.
+
+ To enable or disable more than one feature, use multiple FTP ENABLE or
+ FTP DISABLE commands. The SHOW FTP command shows which features are
+ currently enabled and disabled.
+
+ FTP FEATURES
+ This command sends a FEAT directive to the server. In case you
+ have been disabling and enabling different features, this
+ resynchronizes Kermit's feature list with the server's. If the
+ server does not support the FEAT directive, Kermit's feature
+ list is not changed.
+
+ FTP OPTIONS directive
+ Informational only: the server tells what options, if any, it
+ supports for the given directive, e.g. MLST. Fails if the
+ server does not support the OPTS directive or if the directive
+ for which options are requested is not valid. The directive is
+ case-insensitive.
+
+ FTP SIZE filename
+ Sends a SIZE directive to the server for the given file. The
+ filename must not contain wildcards. The server responds with
+ an error if the file can't be found, is not accessible, or the
+ SIZE directive is not supported, otherwise with the length of
+ the file in bytes, which Kermit displays and also makes
+ available to you in its \v(ftp_message) variable. If the
+ directive is successful, Kermit (re-)enables it for internal
+ use by the GET and MGET directives on this connection.
+
+ FTP MODTIME filename
+ Works just like the SIZE directive except it sends an MDTM
+ directive. Upon success, the server sends modification
+ date-time string, which Kermit interprets for you and also
+ makes available in its \v(ftp_message) variable.
+
+ Whenever a SIZE or MDTM directive is sent implicitly and rejected by
+ the server because it is unknown, Kermit automatically disables it.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.11.3. Using MGET: NLST versus MLSD When you give an MGET command to
+ an FTP client, it sends a request to the FTP server for a list of
+ files, and then upon successful receipt of the list, goes through it
+ and issues a RETR (retrieve) directive for each file on the list (or
+ possibly only for selected files).
+
+ With the new FTP protocol extensions, now there are two ways to get
+ the list of files: the NLST directive, which has been part of FTP
+ protocol since the beginning, and the new MLSD directive, which is new
+ and not yet widely implemented. When NLST is used and you give a
+ command like "mget *.txt", the FTP client sends:
+
+NLST *.txt
+
+ and the server sends back a list of the files whose names match, e.g.
+
+foo.txt
+bar.txt
+baz.txt
+
+ Then when downloading each file, the client sends SIZE (if it wants
+ have a percent-done display) and MDTM (if it wants to set the
+ downloaded file's timestamp to match that of the original), as well as
+ RETR (to retrieve the file).
+
+ But when MLSD is used, the client is not supposed to send the filename
+ or wildcard to the server; instead it sends an MLSD directive with no
+ argument (or the name of a directory), and the server sends back a
+ list of all the files in the current or given directory; then the
+ client goes through the list and checks each file to see if it matches
+ the given pattern, the rationale being that the user knows only the
+ local conventions for wildcards and not necessarily the server's
+ conventions. So with NLST the server interprets wildcards; with MLSD
+ the client does.
+
+ The interpretation of NLST wildcards by the server is not
+ necessarily required or even envisioned by the FTP protocol
+ definition (RFC 959), but in practice most clients and servers work
+ this way.
+
+ The principal advantage of MLSD is that instead of sending back a
+ simple list of filenames, it sends back a kind of database in which
+ each entry contains a filename together with information about the
+ file: type, size, timestamp, and so on; for example:
+
+size=0;type=dir;perm=el;modify=20020409191530; bin
+size=3919312;type=file;perm=r;modify=20000310140400; bar.txt
+size=6686176;type=file;perm=r;modify=20001215181000; baz.txt
+size=3820092;type=file;perm=r;modify=20000310140300; foo.txt
+size=27439;type=file;perm=r;modify=20020923151312; foo.zip
+(etc etc...)
+
+ (If the format of the file list were the only difference between NLST
+ and MLSD, the discussion would be finished: it would always be better
+ to use MLSD when available, and the MGET user interface would need no
+ changes. But there's a lot more to MLSD than the file-list format;
+ read on...)
+
+ The client learns whether the server supports MLSD in FEAT exchange.
+ But the fact that the server supports MLSD doesn't mean the client
+ should always use it. It is better to use MLSD:
+
+ * On connections where the server imposes a time penalty for every
+ command, e.g. the Red Hat Rawhide server. With MLSD, the client
+ needs to send only one command (RETR) per file, whereas NLST
+ requires three (SIZE, RETR, and MDTM). Suppose there is a
+ 30-second delay for each command and 1000 files are to be fetched;
+ in that case, MLSD saves 60,000 seconds = 1000 minutes = 16 hours
+ and 40 minutes.
+ * For recursive downloads since there is no dependable way to
+ download directory trees with NLST.
+
+ But it is better to use NLST:
+
+ * If you want only a couple short files out of a large directory. In
+ this case, NLST is the better choice since the server sends a list
+ of only the files you want, not a list of (say) a million files,
+ which can make a big difference on slow connections. For example,
+ suppose your wildcard matches three files of 1K each, but the
+ million-file listing is 80MB long, and your connection is through
+ a modem. The overhead of using MLSD is practically infinite.
+ * If the server supports wildcarding features not known to the
+ client, but that can be used to achieve desirable effects
+ otherwise unobtainable, such as "[dir...]*.txt" in VMS or AOS/VS
+ "except" clauses.
+ * If you have been given a wildcard string by an FTP site
+ administrator for fetching a specific group of files out of a
+ larger directory, e.g. "mget ck[cuw]*.[cwh] makefile", that is
+ expected to work with any client (an FTP site administrator can't
+ be expected to know the wildcard syntax of every FTP client).
+
+ But when using MLSD there are complications:
+
+ * MLSD wants either a blank argument (meaning the current directory)
+ or else the name of a specific directory. The client must not send
+ it a wildcard or a filename.
+ * But if the user's command is "mget xxx", how does the client know
+ whether to send "xxx" in the MLSD directive? It might be the name
+ of a directory on on the server, in which case it should be sent,
+ or it might be the name of a file on the server (or a wildcard),
+ in which case it must not be sent. Since the client knows its own
+ wildcard syntax, then in most cases it would be right to send
+ "MLSD" with no argument if xxx is wild, and to send "MLSD xxx" if
+ it is not.
+ * But suppose the server's file system allows filename characters
+ that correspond with the client's wildcard syntax? For example:
+ "[abc]" could be either a valid VMS directory name or a wildcard
+ pattern used by the FTP client. What should the client do with
+ "mget [abc]"? In this case there must be a way for the user to
+ force sending the MGET argument as the MLSD argument.
+ * If "xxx" is a regular file in the server's current directory,
+ "mget xxx" works with NLST but not with MLSD.
+
+ To further complicate matters, NLST can (in theory) work just like
+ MLSD: if sent with a blank argument or a directory name, it is
+ supposed to return a complete list of files in the current or given
+ directory, which the client can match locally against some pattern. It
+ is not known if any FTP server or client does this but nevertheless,
+ it should be possible since this behavior can be inferred from RFC
+ 959.
+
+ In view of these considerations, and given the need to preserve the
+ traditional FTP client command structure and behavior so the software
+ will be usable by most people:
+
+ 1. The MGET command should produce the expected result in the common
+ cases, regardless of whether NLST or MLSD is used underneath.
+ 2. For anomalous cases, the user needs a way to control whether the
+ MGET argument is sent to the server or kept for local use.
+ 3. At the same time, the user might need a way to send a directory
+ name to the server, independent of any wildcard pattern.
+ 4. The user needs a way to force NLST or MLSD for a given MGET
+ command.
+
+ By default, Kermit's MGET command uses MLSD if MLST is reported by the
+ server in its FEAT list. When MLSD is used, the filespec is sent to
+ the server if it is not wild (according to Kermit's own definition of
+ "wild" since it can't possibly know the server's definition). If the
+ filespec is wild it is held for local use to select files from the
+ list returned by the server. If MLST is not reported by the server or
+ is disabled, Kermit sends the MGET filespec with the NLST directive.
+
+ The default behavior can be overridden globally with FTP DISABLE MLST,
+ which forces Kermit to use NLST to get file lists. And then for
+ situations in which MLSD is enabled, the following MGET switches can
+ be used to override the defaults for a specific MGET operation:
+
+ /NLST
+ Forces the client to send NLST. Example:
+
+mget /nlst foo.*
+
+ /MLSD
+ Forces the client to send MLSD (even if MLST is disabled).
+ Example:
+
+mget /mlsd foo.*
+
+ /MATCH:pattern
+ When this switch is given, it forces the client to hold the
+ pattern for local use against the returned file list. If a
+ remote filespec is also given (e.g. the "blah" in "mget
+ /match:*.txt blah"), then it is sent as the NLST or MLSD
+ argument, presumably to specify the directory whose files are
+ to be listed. When the /MATCH switch is not given, the MGET
+ filespec is sent to the server if the directive is NLST or if
+ the filespec is not wild. Examples:
+
+ Command: With NLST: With MLSD:
+ mget NLST MLSD
+ mget *.txt NLST *.txt MLSD
+ mget foo NLST foo MLSD foo
+ mget /match:*.txt NLST MLSD
+ mget /match:*.txt foo NLST foo MLSD foo
+
+ In other words, the pattern is always intepreted locally unless MGET
+ uses NLST and no /MATCH switch was given.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.11.4. Examples
+
+ 3.11.4.1. Downloading a Single File
+
+ There are no choices here, just use the FTP GET command. Kermit always
+ sends the RETR directive, and possibly SIZE and/or MDTM. The small
+ advantage of using MLST in this case is outweighed by the risk and
+ effort of coding a special case.
+
+ 3.11.4.2. Downloading a Group of Files from a Single Directory
+
+ This case presents tradeoffs, especially on slow connections:
+
+ * For downloading all or most of the files in a directory, MLSD is
+ better because it eliminates the need to send SIZE and MDTM for
+ each file. No special actions are required in this case; Kermit
+ uses MLSD automatically if the server supports it (unless you have
+ disabled it).
+ * For a small number of files from a large directory, NLST is better
+ because it bypasses downloading of a potentially huge file list
+ prior to the files themselves. If you have a connection to a
+ server that supports MLSD, use the /NLST switch to force NLST:
+
+mget /nlst t[1234].h
+
+ * If the server supports MLSD but does not support separate SIZE or
+ MDTM directives, and you need the size and/or timestamp
+ information, MLSD is better; no special actions required.
+ * If the server supports MLSD but does not support the "size" and
+ "modify" facts, but it does support the SIZE or MDTM directives,
+ and you need the size and/or timestamp information, NLST is
+ better.
+
+ 3.11.4.3. Downloading a Directory Tree
+
+ MLSD is the only choice for recursive downloads; they rarely, if ever,
+ work with NLST (the few cases where they do work rely on
+ extra-protocol "secret" notations for the NLST argument). No special
+ actions are required to force MLSD when the server supports it, unless
+ you have disabled it. Examples:
+
+ MGET /RECURSIVE
+ This tells the server to send all files and directories in the
+ tree rooted at its current directory.
+
+ MGET /RECURSIVE *.txt
+ This tells the server to send all *.txt files in the tree
+ rooted at its current directory.
+
+ MGET /MLSD /RECURSIVE *.txt
+ Same as the previous example but forces Kermit to send MLSD in
+ case it was disabled, or in case the server is known to support
+ it even though it did not announce it in its FEAT listing.
+
+ MGET /RECURSIVE /MATCH:*.zip archives
+ Tells the server to send all ZIP files in the tree rooted at
+ its "archives" directory.
+
+ MGET /RECURSIVE /MATCH:* [abc]
+ The server is running on VMS and you want it to send all the
+ files in the directory tree rooted at [ABC]. But since "[abc]"
+ looks just like a wildcard, you have to include a /MATCH:
+ switch to force Kermit to send "[abc]" as the MLSD argument.
+
+ In all cases in which the /RECURSIVE switch is included, the server's
+ tree is duplicated locally.
+
+ Although MLSD allows recursion and NLST does not, the MLSD
+ specification places a heavy burden on the client; the obvious,
+ straightforward, and elegant implementation (depth-first, the one
+ that Kermit currently uses) requires as many open temporary files
+ as the server's directory tree is deep, and therefore client
+ resource exhaustion -- e.g. exceeding the maximum number of open
+ files -- is a danger. Unfortunately MLSD was not designed with
+ recursion in mind. (Breadth-first traversal could be problematic
+ due to lack of sufficient navigation information.)
+
+ Of course all of Kermit's other MGET switches can be used too, e.g.
+ for finer-grained file selection (by date, size, etc), for moving or
+ renaming files as they arrive, to override Kermit's automatic per-file
+ text/binary mode switching, to pass the incoming files through a
+ filter, to convert text-file character sets, and so on.
+
+ 3.11.4.4. NLST/MLSD Summary Table
+
+ Here's a table summarizing MGET behavior when the server supports both
+ NLST and MLSD. /NLST and /MLSD switches are included for clarity to
+ indicate which protocol is being used, and the expected effects. In
+ practice you can omit the /NLST and /MLSD switches and the Kermit
+ client chooses the appropriate or desired protocol as described above.
+ Sample commands presume a Unix file system on the server, but of
+ course the server can have any file system or syntax at all.
+
+ User's Command FTP Sends Remarks
+ mget /nlst NLST Gets a list of all the files in the server's current
+ and downloads each file. The list includes names only, so Kermit also
+ must send SIZE and MDTM directives if size and timestamp information
+ is required (this is always true of NLST). Sending NLST without an
+ argument is allowed by the RFC959 NLST definition and by the Kermit
+ FTP client, but might not work with other clients, and also might not
+ work with every server.
+ mget /nlst foo NLST foo If "foo" is a directory, this gets a list of
+ all the files from the server's "foo" directory and downloads each
+ file; otherwise this downloads the file named "foo" (if any) from the
+ server's current directory.
+ mget /nlst *.txt NLST *.txt Gets a list of the files in the server's
+ current directory whose names match the pattern *.txt, and then
+ downloads each file from the list. Because we are using NLST, we send
+ the filespec (*.txt) to the server and the server interprets any
+ wildcards.
+ mget /nlst foo/*.txt NLST foo/*.txt Gets a list of the files in the
+ server's "foo" directory whose names match the pattern *.txt, and then
+ downloads each file from the list (server interprets wildcards).
+ mget /nlst /match:*.txt NLST Gets a list of all the files in the
+ server's current directory and then downloads each one whose name
+ matches the pattern *.txt (client interprets wildcards).
+ mget /nlst /match:*.txt foo NLST foo Gets a list of all the files in
+ the server's "foo" directory and then downloads each one whose name
+ matches the pattern *.txt (client interprets wildcards).
+ mget /mlsd MLSD Gets a list of all the files from the server's current
+ directory and then downloads each one. The list might include size and
+ timestamp information, in which case Kermit does not need to send SIZE
+ and MDTM directives for each file (this is always true of MLSD).
+ mget /mlsd foo MLSD foo Gets a list of all the files from the server's
+ "foo" directory (where the string "foo" does not contain wildcards)
+ and then downloads each one. If "foo" is a regular file and not a
+ directory, this command is supposed to fail, but some servers have
+ been observed that send the file.
+ mget /mlsd *.txt MLSD Gets a list of all the files from the server's
+ current directory and then downloads only the ones whose names match
+ the pattern "*.txt". Because we are using MLSD and the MGET filespec
+ is wild, we do not send the filespec to the server, but treat it as
+ though it had been given in a /MATCH: switch and use it locally to
+ match the names in the list.
+ mget /mlsd foo/*.txt MLSD This one won't work because MLSD requires
+ that the notions of server directory and filename-matching pattern be
+ separated. However, the client, which can't be expected to know the
+ server's file-system syntax, winds up sending a request that the
+ server will (or should) reject.
+ mget /mlsd /match:*.txt MLSD Gets a list of all the files from the
+ server's current directory and then downloads only the ones whose
+ names match the pattern "*.txt" (client interprets wildcards).
+ mget /mlsd /match:*.txt foo MLSD foo If "foo" is a directory on the
+ server, this gets a list of all the files from the server's "foo"
+ directory and then downloads only the ones whose names match the
+ pattern "*.txt" (client interprets wildcards). This leaves the server
+ CD'd to the "foo" directory; there's no way the client can restore the
+ server's original directory because MLSD doesn't give that
+ information, and since the client can not be expected to know the
+ server's file-system syntax, it would not be safe to guess. If "foo"
+ is a regular file, MLSD fails.
+ mget /mlsd foo bar MLSD This one is problematic. You're supposed to be
+ able to give MGET a list a filespecs; in this case we name two
+ directories. The client must change the server's directory to "foo" to
+ get the list of files, and then the files themselves. But then it has
+ no way to return to the server's previous directory in order to do the
+ same for "bar", as explained in the previous example.
+ mget /mlsd /match:* [abc] MLSD [abc] Including a /MATCH: switch forces
+ [abc] to be sent to the server even though the client would normally
+ think it was a wildcard and hold it for local interpretation. In this
+ example, [abc] might be a VMS directory name.
+ mget /mlsd /match:* t*.h MLSD t*.h Contrary to the MLSD specification,
+ some MLSD-capable FTP servers do interpret wildcards. This form of the
+ MGET command can be used to force a wildcard to be sent to the server
+ for interpretation.
+
+ When MLSD is used implicitly (that is, without an /MLSD switch given
+ to force the use of MLSD) and an MGET command such as "mget foo/*.txt"
+ fails, Kermit automatically falls back to NLST and tries again.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.11.5. References
+
+ 1. Postel, J., and J. Reynolds, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), RFC
+ 959, October 1985: [361]ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc959.txt.
+ 2. Hethmon, P, and R. Elz, Feature negotiation mechanism for the File
+ Transfer Protocol, RFC 2389, August 1998:
+ [362]ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2389.txt.
+ 3. Elz, R, and P. Hethmon, Extensions to FTP, Internet Draft
+ draft-ietf-ftpext-mlst-16.txt, September 2002:
+ [363]http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-ftpext-mlst-16
+ .txt.
+ 4. [364]The Kermit FTP Client (overview).
+
+ [ [365]Top ] [ [366]FTP Top ] [ [367]C-Kermit Home ] [ [368]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+4. FILE SCANNING
+
+ A new feature called file scanning is used in various contexts to
+ determine if a file is text or binary, and if it is text, what kind of
+ text. The overhead of file scanning is surprisingly tolerable, usually
+ about a quarter second per file. File scanning is now used instead of
+ filename patterns unless you SET FILE SCAN OFF, which restores the
+ previous behavior.
+
+ The primary benefit of file scanning is in file transfer. For all
+ practical purposes, now you can stop worrying about whether a file
+ should be sent in binary or text mode, or about sending mixtures of
+ text and binary files in a single operation, or configuring and
+ fine-tuning your lists of binary-file and text-file name patterns: now
+ it all just works.
+
+ File scanning is done by the file sender, which determines the type of
+ each file before it sends it and informs the receiver (Kermit or FTP
+ server) of the type. File scanning is NOT done by the receiver,
+ because it is the sender's responsibility to determine each file's
+ type, send the file in the right mode, and inform the receiver of the
+ mode. If both transfer partners are capable of this (or any other)
+ form of automatic text/binary mode switching, then files can be sent
+ in both directions with no worries about corruption due to
+ inappropriate transfer mode. (As noted in [369]Section 3, FTP servers
+ don't do this, so this discussion does not apply when using Kermit to
+ download from an FTP server.)
+
+ The rest of this section is mainly for the curious. If you don't read
+ it and simply accept all defaults, every file you send should go in
+ the appropriate mode automatically. As always, however, for
+ character-set translation to work for 7- and 8-bit character-set
+ files, the appropriate SET FILE CHARACTER-SET command(s) must have
+ been executed to identify their encoding (Kermit's default file
+ character-set is neutral ASCII except on platforms like HP-UX or
+ DG/UX, where the default file character-set is known). And of course,
+ receiving is another matter -- obviously the other Kermit must also
+ send each file in the appropriate mode.
+
+ Scanning is more reliable than filename patterns simply because
+ filenames are not reliable indicators of the file's contents. Classic
+ examples include ".doc" files, which are binary if Microsoft Word
+ documents but text on most other platforms, and ".com" files, which
+ are binary on DOS and Windows but text on VMS. Anyway, nobody knows
+ the naming conventions (if any) of all the applications (and persons!)
+ on your computer. Scanning, on the other hand, determines each file's
+ type by inspecting its contents rather than just looking at its name.
+
+ Also, file patterns -- even when they work as intended -- categorize
+ each file only as text or binary, whereas file scanning can make finer
+ distinctions:
+
+ BINARY
+ Binary data, not to be converted in any way. Examples include
+ binary machine code (executable programs), graphics images
+ (GIF, JPG, etc), compressed files (Z, GZ, etc), archives and
+ packages (ZIP, TAR, RPM, etc), object files and libraries (OBJ,
+ DLL, etc).
+
+ 7-BIT TEXT
+ Text encoded in a 7-bit character set such as ASCII or one of
+ the ISO 646 national versions. Kermit has no way to tell which
+ character is used, only that it's 7-bit text. Typical examples
+ include program source code, README files, Perl or Kermit
+ scripts, plain-text email, HTML, TeX, and various textual
+ encodings of binary files: Hex, Base64, etc. When sending such
+ files, the FILE DEFAULT 7BIT-CHARACTER-SET is used as the file
+ character-set, and then the appropriate transfer character set
+ is chosen from the associations list (ASSOCIATE, SHOW
+ ASSOCIATIONS).
+
+ 8-BIT TEXT
+ Text encoded in an 8-bit character set such as Latin-1,
+ Latin-2, Latin/Hebrew, Latin/Cyrillic, KOI8, HP-Roman8, JIS X
+ 0208, Code Page 437, or Code Page 1252. Again, Kermit has no
+ way of knowing which particular set is in use, only that it's
+ 8-bit text. When sending such files, the FILE DEFAULT
+ 8BIT-CHARACTER-SET is used as the file character-set, and then
+ the appropriate transfer character set is chosen from the
+ associations list.
+
+ UCS2 TEXT
+ Unicode in its basic form, 16 bits (2 octets) per character.
+ When sending such files, UCS2 is the file character-set and the
+ byte order is identified automatically; the appropriate
+ transfer character set is chosen from the associations list.
+ Normally this would be UTF8. UTF-16 is not supported yet;
+ Kermit's Unicode translations are restricted to Plane 0, the
+ Base Multilingual Plane (BMP).
+
+ UTF8 TEXT
+ Unicode in its 8-bit transformation format. When sending such
+ files, UTF8 is the file character-set; the appropriate transfer
+ character set is chosen from the associations list, normally
+ UCS2 or UTF8.
+
+ File scanning is available in UNIX C-Kermit, in K-95, and to a limited
+ extent, in VMS C-Kermit (full scanning is problematic in VMS because
+ even plain-text files might contain binary record-format information).
+ The relevant commands are:
+
+ SET TRANSFER MODE { AUTOMATIC, MANUAL }
+ Tells whether the file-transfer mode (text or binary) should be
+ set by automatic or "manual" means. AUTOMATIC is the default,
+ which allows any of the automatic methods that are enabled to
+ do their jobs: FILE SCAN, FILE PATTERNS, peer recognition, etc.
+ MANUAL lets you control the transfer mode with the SET FILE
+ TYPE commands. As always, /TEXT and /BINARY switches on your
+ file-transfer commands override all other methods; if you give
+ one of these switches, scanning is not done. SHOW TRANSFER
+ displays the current TRANSFER MODE setting.
+
+ SET FILE SCAN { ON [ number ], OFF }
+ Turns this feature on and off. It's ON by default. When OFF,
+ the previous rules apply (SET FILE PATTERNS, etc). When ON is
+ given, you can also specify a number of bytes to be scanned.
+ The default is 49152 (= 48K). If a negative number is given,
+ the entire file is scanned, no matter how big, for maximum
+ certainty (for example, a PostScript file that appears to be
+ plain text might include an embedded graphic past the normal
+ scanning limit). SHOW FILE displays the current FILE SCAN
+ setting.
+
+ SET FILE DEFAULT 7BIT-CHARACTER-SET name
+ Tells the 7-bit character-set to use if scanning identifies a
+ 7-bit text file, e.g. GERMAN. SHOW FILE displays the current
+ SET FILE DEFAULT settings. So does SHOW CHARACTER-SETS.
+
+ SET FILE DEFAULT 8BIT-CHARACTER-SET name
+ Tells the 8-bit character-set to use if scanning identifies an
+ 8-bit text file, e.g. LATIN1. SHOW FILE and SHOW CHARACTER-SET
+ display this.
+
+ ASSOCIATE FILE-CHARACTER-SET fcs tcs
+ When sending files and a file character-set (fcs) is identified
+ by scanning, this tells C-Kermit which transfer character-set
+ (tcs) to translate it to. It also allows C-Kermit to set the
+ appropriate transfer character-set automatically whenever you
+ give a SET FILE CHARACTER-SET command.
+
+ ASSOCIATE TRANSFER-CHARACTER-SET tcs fcs
+ When receivinging files and a file arrives whose transfer
+ character-set (tcs) is announced by the sender, this command
+ tells C-Kermit which file character-set (fcs) to translate it
+ to. It also allows C-Kermit to set the appropriate file
+ character-set whenever you give a SET TRANSFER CHARACTER-SET
+ command.
+
+ SET FILE CHARACTER-SET name
+ When given for a 7-bit set, also sets FILE DEFAULT
+ 7BIT-CHARACTER-SET to the same set. When given for an 8-bit
+ set, also sets FILE DEFAULT 8BIT-CHARACTER-SET to the same set.
+ If an ASSOCIATE FILE-CHARACTER-SET command has been given for
+ this set, also sets the corresponding transfer character-set.
+
+ DIRECTORY /XFERMODE [ filespec ]
+ Performs a file scan of the given files, listing the result for
+ each file. If FILE SCAN is OFF but PATTERNS are ON, the result
+ shown according to the current FILE TEXT-PATTERNS and
+ BINARY-PATTERNS, and are restricted to (B) and (T). When FILE
+ SCAN is ON, the results are:
+
+ (B) Binary
+ (T)(7BIT) Text: 7-bit
+ (T)(8BIT) Text: 8-bit
+ (T)(UTF8) Text: Unicode UTF8
+ (T)(UCS2BE) Text: Unicode UCS2 Big Endian
+ (T)(UCS2LE) Text: Unicode UCS2 Little Endian
+
+ So you can use DIR /XFER to get a preview of how each file in a
+ selected group will be transferred. Everything to the right of
+ the (B) or (T) is new. If FILE SCAN is OFF, you only get the
+ (B) or (T) as before.
+
+ Note: Big and Little Endian refer to the ordering of bytes
+ within a computer word. Big Endian architecture is standard and
+ is used on most non-PC computers. Little Endian architecture is
+ used on PCs.
+
+ To illustrate file-transfer with scanning, suppose you have a
+ directory containing a mixture of text and binary files, and each text
+ file can be 7-bit German ISO 646, 8-bit Latin-1, or Unicode in any of
+ the following forms: UCS2 Little Endian, UCS2 Big Endian, or UTF8
+ ([370]UTF-16 is not supported yet). Assuming all the built-in defaults
+ are in effect, the following three commands do the job:
+
+ set file char german ; This sets the default for 7-bit text files
+ set file char latin1 ; This sets the default for 8-bit text files
+ send *
+
+ Each file is sent in the appropriate mode (text or binary), with text
+ files converted to the appropriate transfer character-set and labeled
+ so the receiver can convert them according to its own local
+ conventions.
+
+ By the way, what if you want to inhibit character-set translation but
+ still allow automatic text/binary mode switching? Previously, you
+ could simply SET TRANSFER CHARACTER-SET TRANSPARENT. But now with file
+ scanning, the file and transfer character-sets are set automatically
+ per file. A new command was added for this purpose:
+
+ SET TRANSFER TRANSLATION { ON, OFF }
+ Enables and disables file-transfer character-set translation.
+ It is enabled by default.
+
+ When TRANSFER TRANSLATION is OFF but FILE SCAN is ON, files are still
+ scanned to see if they are text or binary, but no character-set
+ translation is done when they text: only the normal record-format
+ conversion.
+
+ Like all SET commands, SET TRANSFER TRANSLATION is global and
+ persistent. You can also force a particular file-transfer command
+ (SEND, MSEND, GET, RECEIVE, TRANSMIT, etc) to not translate without
+ affecting the global translation settings by including the new
+ /TRANSPARENT switch, e.g.
+
+ send /transparent oofa.txt
+
+ As of C-Kermit 8.0.206, SET TRANSFER CHARACTER-SET TRANSPARENT implies
+ SET TRANSFER TRANSLATION OFF.
+
+ File scanning is also used in the TYPE command. The source file type
+ and character set are determined as above, and then the file is
+ automatically converted to your display character-set, line by line.
+ In Kermit 95, the display character-set is Unicode, perhaps converted
+ to your current console code page; in other versions of C-Kermit, it
+ is your current file character-set. Thus if you have the following set
+ appriately:
+
+ SET FILE CHARACTER-SET (necessary in Unix but not K95)
+ SET FILE DEFAULT 7BIT CHARACTER-SET
+ SET FILE DEFAULT 8BIT CHARACTER-SET
+
+ then you should be able to TYPE any text file and see something
+ reasonable. For example, in Unix, if your DEFAULT 7BIT-CHARACTER-SET
+ is ITALIAN and your DEFAULT 8BIT-CHARACTER-SET is LATIN1, and your
+ FILE CHARACTER-SET is LATIN1, you can TYPE an Italian ISO 646 file, a
+ Latin-1 file, or any kind of Unicode file, and have it translated
+ automatically to Latin-1 for your display.
+
+ In the GUI version of Kermit 95, you can see mixtures of many
+ different scripts if the file is UTF8 or UCS2: Roman, Cyrillic,
+ Hebrew, Greek, Armenian, Georgian, etc, all on the same screen at
+ once.
+
+ File scanning also adds a new criterion for file selection, i.e. to
+ select only text (or binary) files. Several commands now include a new
+ switch, /TYPE:{BINARY,TEXT,ALL}. BINARY means select only binary
+ regular files (not directories). TEXT means select only text files.
+ ALL means don't scan; select all files. Examples:
+
+ SEND /TYPE:BINARY *.*
+ Sends only binary files, skipping over text files.
+
+ NOTE: File scanning is NOT done when using external protocols (because
+ the external protocol programs, such as sz, are processing each file,
+ not Kermit).
+
+ DIRECTORY /TYPE:TEXT
+ Lists only text files but not binary files.
+
+ DELETE /TYPE:BINARY foo.*
+ Deletes all foo.* files that are regular binary files but does
+ not delete any text files.
+
+ CHMOD /TYPE:BINARY 775 *
+ (UNIX) Changes the permissions of all binary files to 775.
+
+ When FILE SCAN is OFF and FILE PATTERNS are ON, behavior is as before
+ with PATTERNS ON, but with some improvements:
+
+ * Pathnames are now stripped prior to pattern matching.
+ * Backup suffixes (like .~3~) are stripped prior to pattern
+ matching.
+
+ [ [371]Top ] [ [372]Contents ] [ [373]C-Kermit Home ] [ [374]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+5. FILE AND DIRECTORY NAMES CONTAINING SPACES
+
+ Prior to the introduction of the graphical user interface (GUI), it
+ was inconceivable that file or directory names could contain spaces,
+ because space is a field delimiter in all command languages. GUIs,
+ however, use dialog boxes for filenames, so there is never any
+ question of distinguishing a filename from adjacent fields -- because
+ there are no adjacent fields -- and therefore it has become quite
+ common on computers that have GUIs to have file and directory names
+ composed of multiple words. Of course this poses problems for command
+ shells and other text-oriented programs.
+
+ Most command shells address these problems by allowing such names to
+ be enclosed in doublequotes, e.g.:
+
+ cd "c:\Program Files"
+
+ C-Kermit previously used braces for this:
+
+ cd {c:\Program Files}
+
+ which was not what most people expected. And even when braces were
+ used, Kermit had difficulties with completion, file menus, and so
+ forth, within braced fields.
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 allows either doublequotes or braces to be used for
+ grouping:
+
+ send "this file"
+ send {this file}
+ rename "this file" "that file"
+ rename {this file} "that file"
+ rename "this file" {that file}
+ cd {Program Files}
+ cd "Program Files"
+
+ Note that the doublequotes or brackets must enclose the whole file or
+ directory specification:
+
+ "c:\My Directory"
+
+ not:
+
+ c:\"My Directory"
+
+ In C-Kermit 8.0, you can also use completion on these filenames, in
+ which case Kermit supplies the quotes (or braces) automatically.
+ Example (in which the current directory contains only one file whose
+ name starts with "th" and its full name is "this file" (without the
+ quotes, but with the space)):
+
+ cat th<Tab>
+
+ Kermit repaints the filename field like this:
+
+ cat "this file"
+
+ That is, it backspaces over the original "th" and then writes the
+ filename in doublequotes.
+
+ If completion is only partial, Kermit still supplies the quotes, but
+ in this case also beeps. To continue the filename, you must first
+ backspace over the closing quote. The closing quote is supplied in
+ this case to make sure that you can see the spaces, especially if they
+ are trailing. For example, if the current directory contains two files
+ whose names start with "th", and their fill names are "this file" and
+ "this other file":
+
+ cat th<Tab>
+
+ Kermit prints:
+
+ cat "this "<Beep>
+
+ If it didn't print the closing quote, you would probably wonder why it
+ was beeping.
+
+ Also, if you begin a filename field with a doublequote or opening
+ brace, now you can use completion or get ?-help; this was never
+ possible before.
+
+ C-Kermit>type "thi? Input file specification, one of the following:
+ this file this other file
+ C-Kermit>type "thi_
+
+ [ [375]Top ] [ [376]Contents ] [ [377]C-Kermit Home ] [ [378]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+6. OTHER COMMAND PARSING IMPROVEMENTS
+
+ 6.1. Grouping Macro Arguments
+
+ Doublequotes now can be used in macro invocations to group arguments
+ containing spaces, where previously only braces could be used:
+
+ define xx show args
+ xx one "this is two" three
+
+ Result:
+
+ Macro arguments at level 0 (\v(argc) = 4):
+ \%0 = xx
+ \%1 = one
+ \%2 = this is two
+ \%3 = three
+
+ Also, you can now quote braces and quotes in macro args (this didn't
+ work before). Examples:
+
+ xx "{" ; The argument is a single left brace
+ xx {"} ; The argument is a doublequote character
+
+ In case this new behavior interferes with your scripts, you can
+ restore the previous behavior with:
+
+ SET COMMAND DOUBLEQUOTING OFF
+
+ 6.2. Directory and File Name Completion
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 also includes better completion for directory names, e.g.
+ in the CD command. If the name typed so far uniquely matches a
+ directory name, it is completed (as before), but now if the directory
+ contains any subdirectories, completion is partial (allowing you to
+ supply additional path segments without backspacing); otherwise it is
+ complete.
+
+ Completion has also been improved for file and directory names that
+ contain not only spaces (as described above) but also "metacharacters"
+ such as asterisk (*) and tilde (~): now the field is repainted if
+ necessary. For example, if the current directory contains only one
+ file whose name contains "blah", then in:
+
+ type *blah<Tab>
+
+ "*blah" is replaced by the filename. In earlier releases, the part
+ typed so far was left on the command line (and in the history buffer),
+ so even when the original command worked, the recalled version would
+ not. Similarly for ~ (the nearly-universal Unix notation for
+ username):
+
+ type ~olga/x<Tab>
+
+ is repainted as (e.g.):
+
+ type /users/home/olga/x(Beep)
+
+ Speaking of command history, the new SHOW HISTORY command shows your
+ command history and recall buffer. SAVE COMMAND HISTORY saves it into
+ a file of your choice.
+
+ 6.3. Passing Arguments to Command Files
+
+ The method for passing arguments to command files has been improved.
+ Prior to C-Kermit 7.0 there was no provision for doing this. In
+ C-Kermit 7.0, the TAKE command was changed to allow arguments to be
+ given after the filename:
+
+ take commandfile arg1 arg2 ...
+
+ This was accomplished by replacing the current \%1, \%2, etc, with the
+ given arguments, since a new set of macro argument variables is
+ created only when a macro is executed, not a command file. It is much
+ more intuitive, however, if arguments to command files worked like
+ those to macros: the command file sees the arguments as its own \%1,
+ \%2, etc, but the caller's variables are not disturbed. C-Kermit 8.0
+ accomplishes this by automatically creating an intermediate temporary
+ macro to start the command file (if any arguments were given), thus
+ creating a new level of arguments as expected.
+
+ 6.4. More-Prompting
+
+ The familiar --more?-- prompt that appears at the end of each
+ screenful of command-response output now accepts a new answer: G (Go)
+ meaning "show all the rest without pausing and asking me any more
+ questions". P (Proceed) is a synonym for G.
+
+ 6.5. Commas in Macro Definitions
+
+ As noted in the [379]C-Kermit manual, comma is used to separate
+ commands in a macro definition. Even when the macro is defined on
+ multiple lines using curly-brace block-structure notation without
+ commas, the definition is still stored internally as a comma-separated
+ list of commands. Therefore special tricks are needed to include a
+ comma in a command. The classic example is:
+
+ define foo {
+ (some command)
+ if fail echo Sorry, blah failed...
+ }
+
+ This would result in Kermit trying to execute a "blah" command. This
+ could always be handled by enclosing the text in braces:
+
+ define foo {
+ (some command)
+ if fail echo {Sorry, blah failed...}
+ }
+
+ but doublequotes (more intuitive) should have worked too. Now they do:
+
+ define foo {
+ (some command)
+ if fail echo "Sorry, blah failed..."
+ }
+
+ 6.6. Arrow Keys
+
+ As of version 8.0.201, C-Kermit on most platforms lets you access the
+ command history buffer with arrow keys, just as you always could with
+ control characters. The restrictions are:
+
+ 1. Only Up and Down arrow keys are accepted.
+ 2. Only 7-bit ANSI arrow-key sequences are understood (ESC followed
+ by [ or uppercase letter O, followed by uppercase letter A or (up)
+ B (down).
+
+ This change was made to facilitate command recall in Linux-based PDAs
+ that don't have a Control key, or at least not one that's easily (or
+ always) accessible, such as the Sharp Zaurus SL5500.
+
+ [ [380]Top ] [ [381]Contents ] [ [382]C-Kermit Home ] [ [383]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+7. NEW COMMANDS AND SWITCHES
+
+ See [384]Section 4 for more about file scanning and the /TYPE: switch.
+
+ ASK[Q] [ /TIMEOUT:number /QUIET /DEFAULT:text ] variable [ prompt ]
+ The new optional /TIMEOUT: switch for ASK and ASKQ causes the
+ command to time out and and fail if no response is given within
+ the specified number of seconds, 1 or greater (0 or less means
+ no timeout, wait forever). This works just like SET ASK-TIMER,
+ except its effect is local to the ASK command with which it is
+ given and it does not disturb the global ask timer setting. The
+ new /QUIET switch tells Kermit not to print an error message if
+ the ASK or ASKQ command times out waiting for a response.
+
+ Version 8.0.211 adds the /DEFAULT:text switch for ASK-Class
+ commands (ASK, ASKQ, and GETOK). This lets you supply a default
+ answer in case the user supplies an empty answer or the
+ /TIMEOUT: switch was included and the time limit expired
+ without an answer. In both these cases, the command succeeds.
+
+ CAT filename
+ Equivalent to TYPE /NOPAGE.
+
+ CDUP
+ Changes Kermit's local working directory to the parent of the
+ current one. Equivalent to "cd .." in UNIX or Windows, "cd [-]"
+ in VMS, "cd ^" in AOS/VS, etc; in other words, it's a
+ platform-independent way of moving one level up in a directory
+ tree.
+
+ CHMOD [ switches ] permission files
+ UNIX only. Sets file permissions for one or more files or
+ directories. The permission must be given as an octal number,
+ e.g. 664, 755. Switches: /DIRECTORIES, /FILES, /NOLIST, /PAGE,
+ /DOTFILES, /LIST, /NOPAGE, /RECURSIVE, /TYPE:{TEXT,BINARY,ALL},
+ /SIMULATE. The /TYPE: switch allows selection of only text or
+ binary files. For example, if you have a mixture of source
+ files and executables, you can use "chmod /files /type:text
+ 664" to give owner/group read/write and world read permission
+ to the text files, and "chmod /files /type:binary 775" to give
+ the same plus execute permission to the executables. Use
+ /SIMULATE to see which files would be affected, without
+ actually changing their permissions.
+
+ CLEAR KEYBOARD-BUFFER
+ Flushes any as-yet unread characters from the keyboard input
+ buffer. Useful for flushing typeahead in scripts.
+
+ CONTINUE
+ When given at an interactive command prompt that was reached by
+ issuing a PROMPT command (described in this section) from a
+ script, this command returns to the script, continuing its
+ execution at the command after the PROMPT command. In this
+ context, CONTINUE is simply a more-intuitive synonym for END.
+
+ COPY, RENAME, and TRANSLATE
+ These commands now work on file groups if the target filename
+ is a directory, e.g. "copy oofa.* ..", "rename * ~olga/tmp/"
+
+ COPY /APPEND source destination
+ The source file specification can now include wildcards, in
+ which case all of the source files that match will go into the
+ destination file in alphabetical order by name.
+
+ DELETE /ASK
+ Asks permission to delete each file before deleting it. In
+ C-Kermit 7.0, the answers were "yes" (or "ok") and "no".
+ C-Kermit 8.0 adds "go" (meaning, delete all the rest without
+ asking) and "quit" (cancel the DELETE command and return to the
+ prompt).
+
+ DELETE /DIRECTORIES
+ Deletes not only files but also directories.
+
+ DELETE /RECURSIVE
+ Deletes all files that match the given file specification in
+ the current (or given) directory and all directories beneath
+ it.
+
+ DELETE /SUMMARY
+ Prints only the number of files deleted and total size freed,
+ without listing each file.
+
+ DELETE /TREE
+ Shorthand for DELETE /RECURSIVE /DIRECTORIES /DOTFILES/.
+ Equivalent to Windows DELTREE or Unix "rm -Rf". If no file
+ specification is given, the contents of the current directory,
+ plus all of its subdirectories and their contents, are deleted.
+
+ DELETE /TYPE:BINARY
+ Delete only regular binary files (requires FILE SCAN ON).
+
+ DELETE /TYPE:TEXT
+ Delete only regular text files (requires FILE SCAN ON).
+
+ DIRECTORY [ switches ] [ filespec [ filespec [ filespec ... ] ] ]
+ The DIRECTORY command now accepts more than one file
+ specification; e.g. "directory moon.txt sun.doc stars.*".
+
+ DIRECTORY /NORECURSIVE xxx
+ If xxx is a directory name, forces listing of the directory
+ itself rather than its contents.
+
+ DIRECTORY /FOLLOWLINKS xxx
+ (UNIX only) Tells the DIRECTORY command to follow symbolic
+ links. This not the default because it can cause endless loops.
+
+ DIRECTORY /NOFOLLOWLINKS xxx
+ (UNIX only) Tells the DIRECTORY command not to follow symbolic
+ links, but rather, merely to list them. This is the default.
+
+ DIRECTORY /OUTPUT:filename
+ Sends the results of the DIRECTORY command to the given file.
+
+ DIRECTORY /SUMMARY
+ Prints only the number of directories and files and the total
+ size, without listing each file.
+
+ DIRECTORY /TYPE:{TEXT,BINARY}
+ Shows only files of the selected type, based on file scan.
+
+ DIRECTORY /XFERMODE
+ Now shows results of file scan (see [385]Section 4).
+
+ FOPEN [ switches ] channel filename
+
+ As of version 8.0.211, FOPEN allows /dev/tty as a filename in
+ Unix-based operating systems.
+
+ FREAD /TRIM
+ (8.0.211) Trims any trailing blanks or tabs from the item (such
+ as a line of text) that it has read.
+
+ FREAD /UNTABIFY
+ (8.0.211) Converts Horizontal Tab characters to the appropriate
+ number of spaces, based on VT100-like tab stops
+ (1,9,17,25,...).
+
+ GREP [ switches ] pattern files
+ Similar to Unix grep command: displays file lines that match
+ the given [386]pattern. Switches:
+
+ /COUNT[:variable]
+ Don't show the matching lines, just tell how many lines
+ match. If a variable name is specified, the count is
+ stored in the given variable.
+
+ /DOTFILES
+ Include files whose names begin with dot.
+
+ /LINENUMBERS
+ Show line numbers of matching lines.
+
+ /NAMEONLY
+ only list the names of files that contain matching lines,
+ but not the lines themselves.
+
+ /NOBACKUP
+ Skip backup files.
+
+ /NOCASE
+ Ignore alphabetic case while pattern matching.
+
+ /NODOTFILES
+ skip files whose names start with dot (period).
+
+ /NOLIST
+ Suppress output but set SUCCESS or FAILURE according to
+ search result.
+
+ /NOMATCH
+ Look for lines that do not match the pattern.
+
+ /NOPAGE
+ Don't pause between screens of output.
+
+ /OUTPUT:filename
+ Write results into the given file.
+
+ /PAGE
+ Pause between screens of output.
+
+ /RECURSIVE
+ Search files in subdirectories too.
+
+ /TYPE:{TEXT,BINARY}
+ Search only files of the specified type.
+
+ Synonyms: FIND, SEARCH.
+
+ GETOK /TIMEOUT:n /QUIET /DEFAULT:text
+ The new /QUIET switch instructs GETOK, when given a timeout,
+ not to print an error message if it times out. As of 8.0.211, a
+ default answer can be supplied (see ASK).
+
+ HEAD [ switches ] filename
+ Equivalent to TYPE /HEAD [ other-switches ] filename.
+
+ HELP DATE
+ Explains date-time formats, including timezone notation and
+ delta times.
+
+ HELP FIREWALLS
+ Explains the firewall negotiation capabilities of your version
+ of Kermit.
+
+ KCD [ symbolic-directory-name ]
+ Changes Kermit's working directory to the named symbolic
+ directory, such as such as exedir, inidir, startup, download,
+ or and home. Type "kcd ?" for a list of symbolic directory
+ names known to your copy of Kermit, or give the new ORIENTATION
+ command for a more detailed explanation. If you give a KCD
+ command without a directory name, Kermit returns to its "home"
+ directory, which is determined in some way that depends on the
+ underlying operating system, but which you can redefine with
+ the (new) SET CD HOME command. Your home directory is shown by
+ SHOW CD and it's also the value of the \v(home) variable.
+
+ LICENSE
+ Displays the C-Kermit license.
+
+ L-commands
+ When Kermit has a connection to a Kermit or FTP server, file
+ managment commands such as CD, DIRECTORY, and DELETE might be
+ intended for the local computer or the remote server. C-Kermit
+ 8.0.200 and earlier always executes these commands on the local
+ computer. If you want them executed by the remote server, you
+ have to prefix them with REMOTE (e.g. REMOTE CD) or use special
+ R-command aliases (e.g. RCD = REMOTE CD, RDIR = REMOTE DIR,
+ etc). But this feels unnatural to FTP users, who expect
+ unprefixed file management commands to be executed by the
+ remote server, rather than locally. C-Kermit 8.0.201 adds
+ automatic locus switching to present an FTP-like interface for
+ FTP connections and the normal Kermit interface for Kermit
+ connections, and a SET LOCUS command (described below) to
+ control whether or how this is done. For when LOCUS is REMOTE,
+ a new set of commands was added for local management: LCD
+ (Local CD), LDIR (Local DIR), etc. These are described below
+ under SET LOCUS.
+
+ MORE filename
+ Equivalent to TYPE /PAGE.
+
+ ORIENTATION
+ Displays symbolic directory names and the corresponding
+ variable names and values. The symbolic names, such as exedir,
+ inidir, startup, download, and home, can be used as arguments
+ to the new KCD command.
+
+ PROMPT [ text ]
+ For use in a macro or command file: enters interactive command
+ mode within the current context ([387]Section 8.1). If the
+ optional text is included, the prompt is set to it. The text
+ can include variables, functions, etc, as in the SET PROMPT
+ command. They are evaluated each time the prompt is printed.
+ Unlike the SET PROMPT command, the text argument applies only
+ to the current command level. Thus you can have different
+ prompts at different levels.
+
+ REMOTE SET MATCH { DOTIFILE, FIFO } { ON, OFF }
+ Allows the client to tell the server whether wildcards sent to
+ the server should match dot files (files whose names begin with
+ period) or FIFOs (named pipes). See SET MATCH.
+
+ SET ATTRIBUTE RECORD-FORMAT { ON, OFF }
+ Allows control of the Kermit's Record-Format attribute. Set
+ this to OFF in case incoming file are refused due to unknown or
+ invalid record formats if you want to accept the file anyway
+ (and, perhaps, postprocess it to fix its record format).
+
+ SET CD HOME [ directory ]
+ Specifies the target directory for the CD and KCD commands,
+ when they are given without an argument, and also sets the
+ value of the \v(home) variable.
+
+ SET EXIT HANGUP { OFF, ON }
+ Normally ON, meaning that when Kermit exits, it also explicitly
+ hangs up the current SET LINE / SET PORT serial port according
+ to the current SET MODEM TYPE and SET MODEM HANGUP METHOD, and
+ closes the port device if it was opened by Kermit in the first
+ place (as opposed to inherited). SET EXIT HANGUP OFF tells
+ Kermit not to do this. This can't prevent the operating system
+ from closing the device when Kermit exits (and it's a "last
+ close") but if the port or modem have been conditioned to
+ somehow ignore the close and keep the connection open, at least
+ Kermit itself won't do anything explicit to hang it up or close
+ it.
+
+ SET FILE EOF { CTRL-Z, LENGTH }
+ Specifies the end-of-file detection method to be used by
+ C-Kermit when sending and receiving text files, and in the TYPE
+ and similar text-file oriented commands. The normal and default
+ method is LENGTH. You can specify CTRL-Z when handling CP/M or
+ MS-DOS format text files, in which a Ctrl-Z (ASCII 26)
+ character within the file marks the end of the file.
+
+ SET FILE LISTSIZE number
+ Allocates space for the given number of filenames to be filled
+ in by the wildcard expander. The current number is shown by
+ SHOW FILE. If you give a command that includes a filename
+ containing a wildcard (such as "*") that matches more files
+ that Kermit's list has room for, you can adjust the list size
+ with this command.
+
+ SET FILE STRINGSPACE number
+ Allocates space for the given amount of filename strings for
+ use by the wildcard expander. The current number is shown by
+ SHOW FILE. The number is the total number of bytes of all the
+ file specifications that match the given wildcard.
+
+ If you need to process a bigger list of files than your computer
+ has memory for, you might be able use an external file list. The
+ Kermit SEND and the FTP PUT and GET commands accept a /LISTFILE:
+ switch, which gives the name of a file that contains the list of
+ files to be transferred. Example for UNIX:
+
+ !find . -print | grep / > /tmp/names
+ ftp put /update /recursive /listfile:/tmp/names
+
+ SET LOCUS { AUTO, LOCAL, REMOTE }
+ Added in C-Kermit 8.0.201. Sets the locus for unprefixed file
+ management commands such as CD, DIRECTORY, MKDIR, etc. When
+ LOCUS is LOCAL these commands act locally and a REMOTE (or R)
+ prefix (e.g. REMOTE CD, RCD, RDIR) is required to send file
+ management commands to a remote server. When LOCUS is REMOTE,
+ an L prefix is required to issue local file management commands
+ (e.g. LCD, LDIR). The word LOCAL can't be used as a prefix
+ since it is already used for declaring local variables. LOCUS
+ applies to all types of connections, and thus is orthogonal to
+ SET GET-PUT-REMOTE, which selects between Kermit and FTP for
+ remote file-transfer and management commands. The default LOCUS
+ is AUTO, which means we switch to REMOTE whenever an FTP
+ connection is made, and to LOCAL whenever a non-FTP connection
+ is made, and switch back accordingly whenever a connnection is
+ closed. So by default, Kermit behaves in its traditional manner
+ unless you make an FTP connection, in which case it acts like a
+ regular FTP client (but better :-) LOCUS applies to the
+ following commands:
+
+ Unprefixed Remote Local Description
+ CD (CWD) RCD LCD Change (Working) Directory
+ CDUP RCDUP LCDUP CD Up
+ PWD RPWD LPWD Print Working Directory
+ DIRECTORY RDIR LDIR Request a directory listinga
+ DELETE RDEL LDEL Delete (a) file(s)
+ RENEME RREN LREN Rename a file
+ MKDIR RMKDIR LMKDIR Create a directory
+ RMDIR RRMDIR LRMDIR Remove a directory
+
+ SET MATCH { DOTIFILE, FIFO } { ON, OFF }
+ Whether C-Kermit filename patterns (wildcards) should match
+ filenames that start with dot (period), or (Unix only) FIFOs
+ (named pipes). The defaults are to skip dotfiles in Unix but
+ match them elsewhere, and to skip FIFOs. Applies to both
+ interactive use and to server mode, when the server receives
+ wildcards, e.g. in a GET command. Also see REMOTE SET MATCH.
+
+ SET OPTIONS DIRECTORY /DOTFILES
+ Now works for server listings too (UNIX only). Give this
+ command prior to having Kermit enter server mode, and then it
+ will show files whose names begin with dot (period) when sent a
+ REMOTE DIRECTORY command.
+
+ SET QUIET ON
+ (as well as the -q command-line option) Now applies also to:
+
+ + SET HOST connection progress messages.
+ + "Press the X or E key to cancel" file-transfer message.
+ + REMOTE CD response.
+ + REMOTE LOGIN response.
+
+ SET RECEIVE PERMISSIONS { ON, OFF }
+ Tells C-Kermit whether to set the permissions of incoming files
+ (received with Kermit protocol) from the permissions supplied
+ in the file's Attribute packet (if any). Normally ON. Also see
+ SET SEND PERMISSIONS.
+
+ SET ROOT directory
+ Like UNIX chroot, without requiring privilege. Sets the root
+ for file access, does not allow reference to or creation of
+ files outside the root, and can't be undone.
+
+ SET SEND PERMISSIONS { ON, OFF }
+ Tells C-Kermit whether to include file permissions in the
+ attributes it includes with each file when sending with Kermit
+ protocol. Also see SET RECEIVE PERMISSIONS.
+
+ SET TCP { HTTP-PROXY, SOCKS-SERVER } /USER:name /PASSWORD:text
+ These commands now allow specification of username and
+ password.
+
+ SET TERMINAL . . .
+ (See [388]Section 12.)
+
+ SET TRANSFER MESSAGE [ text ]
+ Sets an initial text message to be displayed in the
+ file-transfer display. The transfer message is automatically
+ deleted once used, so must be set each time a message a
+ desired. Any variables in the message are evaluated at the time
+ the SET command is given. If the optional text is omitted, any
+ transfer message that is currently set is removed. Synonym: SET
+ XFER MSG. SHOW TRANSFER displays it if it has been set but not
+ yet used.
+
+ SHOW COMMUNICATIONS
+ In C-Kermit 8.0, SHOW COMMUNICATIONS, when given in remote mode
+ (i.e. before any connection has been established), tells the
+ typical dialout device name for the particular platform on
+ which it's running (e.g. TXA0: for VMS, or /dev/cua0p0 for
+ HP-UX). On Unix platforms, it also tells the name of the
+ lockfile directory. This way, you have an idea of what the SET
+ LINE device name should look like, and if the SET LINE command
+ fails, you know the name of the directory or device that is
+ protected against you.
+
+ SHOW VARIABLES [ name [ name [ ... ] ] ]
+ In C-Kermit 8.0.201 you can request values of a list of
+ built-in (\v(xxx)) variables. Each name is a pattern, as
+ before, but now it a free pattern rather than an anchored one
+ (explained in [389]Section 8.12) so now "show var date time"
+ shows the values of all variables whose names include the
+ strings "date" or "time".
+
+ TAIL [ switches ] filename
+ Equivalent to TYPE /TAIL [ other-switches ] filename.
+
+ TRANSMIT /NOECHO [ other switches ] filename
+ The /NOECHO switch is equivalent to giving the command SET
+ TRANSMIT ECHO OFF prior to the TRANSMIT command, except the
+ switch affects only the command with which it was given and
+ does not affect the prevailing global setting.
+
+ TRANSMIT /NOWAIT [ other switches ] filename
+ The /NOWAIT switch is equivalent to giving the command SET
+ TRANSMIT PROMPT 0 prior to the TRANSMIT command, except the
+ switch affects only the command with which it was given and
+ does not affect the prevailing global setting.
+
+ TRANSMIT /NOWAIT /NOECHO /BINARY [ other switches ] filename
+ When the TRANSMIT command is given with the /NOWAIT, /NOECHO,
+ and /BINARY switches, this activates a special "blast the whole
+ file out the communications connection all at once" mode that
+ Kermit didn't have prior to version 8.0. There has been
+ increasing demand for this type of transmission with the advent
+ of devices that expect image (e.g. .JPG) or sound (e.g. .MP3)
+ files as raw input. The obvious question is: how does the
+ receiving device know when it has the whole file? This depends
+ on the device, of course; usually after a certain amount of
+ time elapses with nothing arriving, or else when Kermit hangs
+ up or closes the connection.
+
+ TYPE /CHARACTER-SET:name
+ Allows you to specify the character set in which the file to be
+ typed is encoded.
+
+ TYPE /NUMBER
+ Adds line numbers.
+
+ TYPE /OUTPUT:filename
+ Sends the results of the TYPE command to the given file.
+
+ TYPE /TRANSLATE-TO:name
+ Used in conjunction with TYPE /CHARACTER-SET:xxx; allows you to
+ specify the character set in which the file is to be displayed.
+
+ TYPE /TRANSPARENT
+ Used to disable character-set translation in the TYPE command,
+ which otherwise can take place automatically based on file
+ scanning, even when /CHARACTER-SET and /TRANSLATE-TO switches
+ are not given.
+
+ VOID text
+ Parses the text, evaluating any backslash items in it (such as
+ function calls) but doesn't do anything further, except
+ possibly printing error messages. Useful for invoking functions
+ that have side effects without using or printing their direct
+ results, e.g. "void \fsplit(\%a,&a)".
+
+ Symbolic Links in UNIX
+
+ The UNIX versions of C-Kermit have had /FOLLOWLINKS and /NOFOLLOWLINKS
+ switches added to several commands to control the treatment of
+ symbolic links. Different commands deal differently with symbolic
+ links:
+
+ Kermit SEND, FTP MPUT
+ /NOFOLLOWLINKS is the default, which means symbolic links are
+ skipped entirely. The alternative, /FOLLOWLINKS, should be used
+ with caution, since an innocent link might point to a whole
+ file system, or it might cause a loop. There is no way in
+ Kermit or FTP protocol to send the link itself. We either skip
+ them or follow them; we can't duplicate them.
+
+ DIRECTORY
+ /NOFOLLOWLINKS is the default, which means the DIRECTORY
+ command lists symbolic links in a way that shows they are
+ links, but it does not follow them. The alternative,
+ /FOLLOWLINKS, follows links and gives information about the
+ linked-to directories and files.
+
+ DELETE, RMDIR
+ The DELETE command does not have link-specific switches. DELETE
+ never follows links. If you tell Kermit to delete a symbolic
+ link, it deletes the link itself, not the linked-to file. Ditto
+ for RMDIR.
+
+ COPY
+ The COPY command behaves just like the UNIX cp command; it
+ always follows links.
+
+ RENAME
+ The RENAME command behaves just like the UNIX mv command; it
+ operates on links directly rather than following.
+
+ [ [390]Top ] [ [391]Contents ] [ [392]C-Kermit Home ] [ [393]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+8. OTHER SCRIPTING IMPROVEMENTS
+
+ 8.1. Performance and Debugging
+
+ A command cache for frequently used commands plus some related
+ optimizations increases the speed of compute-bound scripts by anywhere
+ from 50% to 1000%.
+
+ The new PROMPT command can be used to set breakpoints for debugging
+ scripts. If executed in a command file or macro, it gives you an
+ interactive command prompt in the current context of the script, with
+ all its variables, arguments, command stack, etc, available for
+ examination or change, and the ability to resume the script at any
+ point (END resumes it, Ctrl-C or STOP cancels it and returns to top
+ level).
+
+ The new Ctrl-C trapping feature ([394]Section 8.14) lets you intercept
+ interruption of scripts. This can be used in combination with the
+ PROMPT command to debug scripts. Example:
+
+define ON_CTRLC {
+ echo INTERRUPTED BY CTRL-C...
+ echo The command stack has not yet been rolled back:
+ show stack
+ echo Type Ctrl-C again or use the END command to return to top level.
+ prompt Debug>
+}
+
+ Adding this ON_CTRL definition to your script lets you interrupt it at
+ any point and get prompt that is issued at the current command level,
+ so you can query local variables, etc.
+
+ [ [395]Top ] [ [396]Contents ] [ [397]C-Kermit Home ] [ [398]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8.2. Using Macros as Numeric Variables
+
+ A macro is a way to assign a value to a name, and then use the name to
+ refer to the value. Macros are used in two ways in Kermit: as
+ "subroutines" or functions composed of Kermit commands, which are
+ executed, or as variables to hold arbitrary values -- text, numbers,
+ filenames, etc.
+
+ When a macro is to be executed, its name is given as if it were a
+ C-Kermit command, optionally preceded by the word "do". When a macro
+ is used as a variable, it must be "escaped" with \m(xxx) (or
+ equivalent function, e.g. \s(xxx), \:(xxx), \fdefinition(xxx)), where
+ xxx is the macro name, for example:
+
+ define filename /usr/olga/oofa.txt
+ send \m(filename)
+
+ Of course variables can also hold numbers:
+
+ define size 17
+ declare \&a[\m(size)]
+ ...
+ define index 3
+ if ( == \m(index) 3 ) echo The third value is: \&a[\m(index)]
+ evaluate index (\m(index) * 4)
+ if ( > \m(index) \m(size) ) echo Out of range!
+
+ But these are contexts in which only numbers are valid. C-Kermit 8.0
+ has been changed to treat non-escaped non-numeric items in strictly
+ numeric contexts as macro names. So it is now possible (but not
+ required) to omit the \m(...) notation and just use the macro name in
+ these contexts:
+
+ define size 17
+ declare \&a[size]
+ ...
+ define index 3
+ if ( == index 3 ) echo The third value is: \&a[index]
+ evaluate index (index * 4)
+ if ( > index size ) echo Out of range!
+
+ This is especially nice for loops that deal with arrays. Here, for
+ example, is a loop that reverses the order of the elements in an
+ array. Whereas formerly it was necessary to write:
+
+ .\%n ::= \fdim(&a)
+ for \%i 1 \%n/2 1 {
+ .tmp := \&a[\%n-\%i+1]
+ .\&a[\%n-\%i+1] := \&a[\%i]
+ .\&a[\%i] := \m(tmp)
+ }
+
+ Recoding this to use macro names "i" and "n" instead of the backslash
+ variables \%i and \%n, we have:
+
+ .n ::= \fdim(&a)
+ for i 1 n/2 1 {
+ .tmp := \&a[n-i+1]
+ .\&a[n-i+1] := \&a[i]
+ .\&a[i] := \m(tmp)
+ }
+
+ which reduces the backslash count to less than half. The final
+ statement in the loop could be written ".\&a[i] ::= tmp" if the array
+ contained only numbers (since ::= indicates arithmetic expression
+ evaluation).
+
+ Also, now you can use floating-point numbers in integer contexts (such
+ as array subscripts), in which case they are truncated to an integer
+ value (i.e. the fractional part is discarded).
+
+ Examples of numeric contexts include:
+
+ * Array subscripts.
+ * Any numeric function argument.
+ * Right-hand side of ::= assignments.
+ * EVALUATE command or \fevaluate() function expression.
+ * The INCREMENT or DECREMENT by-value.
+ * IF =, >, <, !=, >=, and <= comparands.
+ * The IF number construct.
+ * FOR-loop variables.
+ * STOP, END, and EXIT status codes.
+ * The INPUT timeout value.
+ * PAUSE, WAIT, SLEEP, MSLEEP intervals.
+ * The SHIFT argument.
+ * Numeric switch arguments, e.g. TYPE /WIDTH:number, SEND
+ /LARGER:number.
+ * SCREEN MOVE-TO row and column number.
+ * Various SET DIAL parameters (timeout, retry limit, etc).
+ * Various SET SEND or RECEIVE parameters (packet length, window
+ size, etc).
+ * Various other SET parameters.
+
+ and:
+
+ * S-Expressions (explained in [399]Section 9).
+
+ Macro names used in numeric contexts must not include mathematical
+ operators. Although it is legal to create a macro called "foo+bar", in
+ a numeric context this would be taken as the sum of the values of
+ "foo" and "bar". Any such conflict can be avoided, of course, by
+ enclosing the macro name in \m(...).
+
+ [ [400]Top ] [ [401]Contents ] [ [402]C-Kermit Home ] [ [403]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8.3. New IF Conditions
+
+ Several new IF conditions are available:
+
+ IF DECLARED arrayname
+ Explained in [404]Section 8.6.
+
+ IF KBHIT
+ Allows a script to test whether a key was pressed without
+ actually trying to read it.
+
+ IF KERBANG (Unix only)
+ True if Kermit was started from a Kerbang script. This is
+ useful for knowing how to interpret the \&@[] and \&_[]
+ argument vector arrays, and under what conditions to exit.
+
+ IF INTEGER n
+ This is just a synonym for IF NUMERIC, which is true if n
+ contains only digits (or, if n is a variable, its value
+ contains only digits).
+
+ By contrast, IF FLOAT n succeeds if n is a floating-point number OR an
+ integer (or a variable with floating-point or integer value).
+ Therefore, IF FLOAT should be used whenever any kind of number is
+ acceptable, whereas IF INTEGER (or IF NUMERIC) when only an integer
+ can be used.
+
+ [ [405]Top ] [ [406]Contents ] [ [407]C-Kermit Home ] [ [408]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8.4. The ON_UNKNOWN_COMMAND Macro
+
+ The new ON_UNKNOWN_COMMAND macro, if defined, is executed whenever you
+ give a command that is not known to C-Kermit; any operands are passed
+ as arguments. Here are some sample definitions:
+
+ DEF ON_UNKNOWN_COMMAND telnet \%1 ; Treat unknown commands as hostnames
+ DEF ON_UNKNOWN_COMMAND dial \%1 ; Treat unknown commands phone numbers
+ DEF ON_UNKNOWN_COMMAND take \%1 ; Treat unknown commands as filenames
+ DEF ON_UNKNOWN_COMMAND !\%* ; Treat unknown commands as shell commands
+
+ The ON_CD macro, if defined, is executed whenever Kermit is given a CD
+ (change directory) command (8.0.211). Upon entry to this macro, the
+ directory has already changed and the new directory string is
+ available in the \v(directory) variable, and also as the first
+ argument (\%1).
+
+ [ [409]Top ] [ [410]Contents ] [ [411]C-Kermit Home ] [ [412]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8.5. The SHOW MACRO Command
+
+ The SHOW MACRO command has been changed to accept more than one macro
+ name:
+
+ (setq a 1 b 2 c 3)
+ show mac a b c
+ a = 1
+ b = 2
+ c = 3
+
+ An exact match is required for each name (except that case doesn't
+ matter). If you include wildcard characters, however, a pattern match
+ is performed:
+
+ show mac [a-c]*x
+
+ shows all macros whose names start with a, b, or c, and end with x.
+
+ [ [413]Top ] [ [414]Contents ] [ [415]C-Kermit Home ] [ [416]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8.6. Arrays
+
+ A clarification regarding references to array names (as opposed to
+ array elements): You can use array-name "abbreviations" like &a only
+ in contexts that expect array names, like ARRAY commands or array-name
+ function arguments such as the second argument of \fsplit(). In a
+ LOCAL statement, however, you have to write \&a[], since "local &a"
+ might refer to a macro named "&a".
+
+ In function arguments, however, you MUST use the abbreviated form:
+ \fsplit(\%a,&a) or \fsplit(\%a,&a[]). If you include the backslash (as
+ in "\fsplit(\%a,\&a[])") a parse error occurs.
+
+ Here are the new array-related commands:
+
+ IF DECLARED arrayname
+ Allows a script to test whether an array has been declared. The
+ arrayname can be a non-array backslash variable such as \%1 or
+ \m(name), in which case it is evaluated first, and the result
+ is treated as the array name. Otherwise, arrayname is treated
+ as in the ARRAY commands: it can be a, &a, &a[], \&a, \&a[],
+ \&a[3], \&a[3:9], etc, with the appropriate results in each
+ case. Synonym: IF DCL.
+
+ UNDECLARE arrayname
+ UNDECLARE is a new top-level command to undeclare an array.
+ Previously this could only be done with "declare \&a[0]" (i.e.
+ re-declare the array with a dimension of 0).
+
+ ARRAY LINK linkname arrayname
+ Creates a symbolic link from the array named by linkname (which
+ must be the name of an array that is not yet declared in the
+ current context) to the array named by arrayname (which must
+ the name of a currently declared array that is not itself a
+ link, or a variable containing the name of such an array). The
+ two names indicate the same array: if you change an array
+ element, the change is reflected in the link too, and vice
+ versa. If you undeclare the link, the real array is unaffected.
+ If you undeclare the real array, all links to it disappear. If
+ you resize an array (directly or through a link), all links to
+ it are updated automatically.
+
+ Array links let you pass array names as arguments to macros. For
+ example, suppose you had a program that needed to uppercase all the
+ elements of different arrays at different times. You could write a
+ macro to do this, with the array name as an argument. But without
+ array links, there would be no way to refer to the argument array
+ within the macro. Array links make it easy:
+
+ define arrayupper {
+ local \&e[] \%i
+ array link \&e[] \%1
+ for i 1 \fdim(&e) 1 { .\&e[i] := \fupper(\&e[i]) }
+ }
+ declare \&a[] = these are some words
+ arrayupper &a
+ show array &a
+
+ The macro declares the array link LOCAL, which means it doesn't
+ conflict with any array of the same name that might exist outside the
+ macro, and that the link is destroyed automatically when the macro
+ exits. This works, by the way, even if the link name and the macro
+ argument name are the same, as long as the link is declared LOCAL.
+
+ As noted, you can't make a link to a nonexistent array. So when
+ writing a macro whose job is to create an array whose name is passed
+ as an argument, you must declare the array first (the size doesn't
+ matter as long as it's greater than 0). Example:
+
+ define tryme { ; Demonstration macro
+ local \&e[] ; We only need this inside the macro
+ array link \&e[] \%1 ; Make local link
+ shift ; Shift argument list
+ void \fsplit(\%*,&e) ; Split remainder of arg list into array
+ }
+ declare \&a[1] ; Declare target array in advance
+ tryme &a here are some words ; Invoke the macro with array name and words
+ show array a ; See the results
+
+ One final improvement allows the macro itself to declare the array
+ (this was not possible in earlier Kermit releases): if the array name
+ in the DECLARE command is a variable (and not an array name), or
+ includes variables, the resulting value is used as the array name. So:
+
+ define tryme { ; Demonstration macro
+ declare \%1[1] ; Preliminary declaration for target array
+ local \&e[] ; We only need this inside the macro
+ array link \&e[] \%1 ; Make local link
+ shift ; Shift argument list
+ void \fsplit(\%*,&e) ; Split remainder of arg list into array
+ }
+ tryme &a here are some words ; Invoke the macro with array name and words
+ show array a ; See the results
+
+ The SHOW ARRAY command now indicates whether an array name is a link.
+
+ Also see the descriptions of [417]\fjoin() and [418]\fsplit(), plus
+ [419]Section 8.10 on the MINPUT command, which shows how an entire
+ array (or segment of it) can be used as the MINPUT target list.
+
+ [ [420]Top ] [ [421]Contents ] [ [422]C-Kermit Home ] [ [423]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8.7. New or Improved Built-in Variables and Functions
+
+ The following new built-in variables are available:
+
+ \v(buildid) A date string like "20000808" indicating when C-Kermit was
+built.
+ \v(ftime) Current time, secs since midnight, including fraction of se
+cond.
+ \v(iprompt) The current SET PROMPT value
+ \v(sexp) The most recent S-Expression (see [424]Section 9)
+ \v(sdepth) The current S-Expression invocation depth ([425]Section 9)
+ \v(svalue) The value of the most recent S-Expression ([426]Section 9)
+
+ \v(ftp_code) Most recent FTP response code ([427]Section 3)
+ \v(ftp_connected) FTP connection status ([428]Section 3)
+ \v(ftp_cpl) FTP Command Protection Level ([429]Section 3.2)
+ \v(ftp_dpl) FTP Data Protection Level ([430]Section 3.2)
+ \v(ftp_getputremote) The current SET GET-PUT-REMOTE setting ([431]Section 3.8
+)
+ \v(ftp_host) Name or IP address of FTP server ([432]Section 3)
+ \v(ftp_loggedin) FTP login status ([433]Section 3)
+ \v(ftp_message) Most recent FTP response message ([434]Section 3)
+ \v(ftp_security) FTP Security method ([435]Section 3.2)
+ \v(ftp_server) OS type of FTP server ([436]Section 3)
+
+ \v(http_code) Most recent HTTP response code
+ \v(http_connected) HTTP connection status
+ \v(http_host) Name or IP address of HTTP server
+ \v(http_message) Most recent HTTP response message
+ \v(http_security) TLS cipher used to secure the HTTP session
+
+ \v(hour) Hour of the day, 0 to 23.
+ \v(timestamp) Equivalent to "\v(ndate) \v(time)".
+
+ \v(log_debug) Current debug log file, if any.
+ \v(log_packet) Current packet log file, if any.
+ \v(log_session) Current session log file, if any.
+ \v(log_transaction) Current transaction log file, if any.
+ \v(log_connection) Current connection log file, if any.
+
+ The following new or improved built-in functions are available:
+
+ \fcmdstack() Allows programmatic access to the command stack.
+ \fcvtdate() [437]Section 8.13, format options added
+ \fdelta2secs() [438]Section 8.13
+ \fdostounixpath(s1) Converts a DOS filename to Unix format.
+ \fsplit() Now allows grouping/nesting in source string.
+ \fword() Allows the same grouping and nesting.
+ \fjoin(&a,s1,n1,n2) Copies an array into a single string.
+ \fsubstitute(s1,s2,s3) Substitutes characters within a string.
+ \freplace() Has new 4th "occurrence" argument.
+ \fsexpression() Evaluates an S-Expression (explained in [439]Section
+9).
+ \ftrim(), \fltrim() Now trim CR and LF by default, as well as SP and Tab.
+ \funixtodospath(s1) Converts a Unix filename to DOS format.
+ \fkeywordval(s1,c1) Assigns values to keywords (macros) (explained below)
+.
+
+ Most functions that have "2" in their names to stand for the word "to"
+ can now also be written with "to", e.g. "\fdelta2secs(),"
+ \fdeltatosecs()."
+
+ \funtabify(string)
+ (New to 8.0.211) Replaces Horizontal Tab characters in the
+ given string with spaces based on VT100-like tab stops.
+
+ \fverify(s1,s2,n)
+ As of version 8.0.211, returns -1 if s2 is an empty string.
+ Previously it returned 0, making \fverify(abc,\%a) look as if
+ \%a was a string combosed of a's, b's, and/or c's when in fact
+ it contained nothing.
+
+ \fcode(string)
+ As of version 8.0.211, returns 0 if string is empty or missing.
+ Previously it returned the empty string, which made it unsafe
+ to use in arithmetic or boolean expressions.
+
+ \v(inscale)
+ New to version 8.0.211, its value is the INPUT SCALE-FACTOR
+ ([440]Section 8.10), default 1.0.
+
+ 8.7.1. The \fkeywordval() Function
+
+ \fkeywordval(s1,c1) is new to C-Kermit 8.0. Given a string s1 of the
+ form "name=value", it creates a macro with the given name and assigns
+ it the given value. If no value appears after the equal sign, any
+ existing macro of the given name is undefined. Blanks are
+ automatically trimmed from around the name and value. The optional c1
+ parameter is the assignment operator character, equal sign (=) by
+ default. This function is handy for processing keyword parameters or
+ any other form of parameter-value pair. Suppose, for example, you want
+ to write a macro that accepts keyword parameters rather than
+ positional ones:
+
+ define MYDIAL {
+ local \%i modem hangup method device speed number
+ def number 5551234 ; Assign default parameter values
+ def speed 57600
+ def modem usrobotics
+ def hangup rs232
+ def method tone
+ def country 1
+ for \%i 1 \v(argc)-1 1 { ; Parse any keyword parameters...
+ if not \fkeywordval(\&_[\%i]) end 1 Bad parameter: "\&_[\%i]"
+ }
+ set dial country \m(country)
+ set modem type \m(modem)
+ set modem hang \m(hangup)
+ set dial method \m(tone)
+ set line \m(device)
+ if fail stop 1
+ set speed \m(speed)
+ if fail stop 1
+ show comm
+ set dial display on
+ dial \m(number)
+ if success connect
+ }
+
+ In this example, all the defaults are set up inside the macro, and
+ therefore it can be invoked with no parameters at all. But if you want
+ to have the macro dial a different number, you can supply it as
+ follows:
+
+ mydial number=7654321
+
+ You can supply any number of keyword parameters, and you can give them
+ in any order:
+
+ mydial number=7654321 hangup=modem speed=115200
+
+ 8.7.2. The \fsplit(), \fjoin(), and \fword() Functions
+
+ \fjoin(&a,s1,n1,n2) is also new; it creates a string from an array (or
+ a piece of one). &a is the name of the array (a range specifier can be
+ included); s1 is a character or string to separate each element in the
+ result string (can be omitted, in which case the elements are not
+ separated at all), and n1 is a grouping mask, explained below. If s1
+ is empty or not specified, the array elements are separated with
+ spaces. If you want the elements concatenated with no separator,
+ include a nonzero n2 argument. Given the array:
+
+ declare \&a[] = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
+
+ you can get effects like this:
+
+ \fjoin(&a) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
+ \fjoin(&a,:) 0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8:9
+ \fjoin(&a,{,}) 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
+ \fjoin(&a,...) 0...1...2...3...4...5...6...7...8...9
+ \fjoin(&a,,,1) 0123456789
+
+ \fsplit(), \fword(), \fstripb(), and \fjoin() accept a "grouping mask"
+ argument, n1, which is a number from 0 to 63, in which:
+
+ 1 = "" doublequotes
+ 2 = {} braces
+ 4 = '' singlequotes
+ 8 = () parentheses
+ 16 = [] square brackets
+ 32 = <> angle brackets
+
+ These can be OR'd (added) together to make any number 0-63 (-1 is
+ treated the same as 63, 0 means no grouping). If a bit is on, the
+ corresponding kind of grouping is selected. (If more than 1 bit is set
+ for \fjoin(), only the lowest-order one is used.)
+
+ If you include the same character in the grouping mask and the include
+ list, the grouping mask takes precedence. Example:
+
+ def \%a a "b c d" e
+ \fsplit(\%a,&a[],,,-1) = 3 <-- doublequote used for grouping
+ \fsplit(\%a,&a[],,",-1) = 3 <-- doublequote still used for grouping
+
+ Nesting of matched left and right grouping characters (parentheses,
+ braces, and brackets, but not quotes) is recognized. Example:
+
+ def \%a a (b c <d e [f g {h i} j k] l m> n o) p
+ \fsplit(\%a,&a,,,0) = 16 (no grouping)
+ \fsplit(\%a,&a,,,2) = 15 (braces only)
+ \fsplit(\%a,&a,,,16) = 11 (square brackets only)
+ \fsplit(\%a,&a,,,32) = 7 (angle brackets only)
+ \fsplit(\%a,&a,,,63) = 3 (all)
+ \fsplit(\%a,&a,,,-1) = 3 (all)
+
+ \fsplit() and \fjoin() are "reciprocal" functions. You can split a
+ string up into an array and join it back into a new string that is
+ equivalent, as long as \fsplit() and \fjoin() are given equivalent
+ grouping masks, except that the type of braces might change. Example:
+
+ def \%a a {b c [d e] f g} "h i" j <k l> m
+ echo STRING=[\%a]
+ echo WORDS=\fsplit(\%a,&a,,,-1)
+ show array a
+ asg \%b \fjoin(&a,{ },2)
+ echo JOIN =[\%b]
+ echo WORDS=\fsplit(\%b,&b,,,-1)
+ show array b
+
+ The arrays a and b are identical. The strings a and b are as follows:
+
+ \%a: a {b c [d e] f g} "h i" j <k l> m
+ \%b: a {b c [d e] f g} {h i} j {k l} m
+
+ It is possible to quote separator grouping characters with backslash
+ to override their grouping function. And of course to include
+ backslash itself in the string, it must be quoted too. Furthermore,
+ each backslash must be doubled, so the command parser will still pass
+ one backslash to \fsplit() for each two that it sees. Here are some
+ examples using \fsplit() with a grouping mask of 8 (treat parentheses
+ as grouping characters).
+
+ String Result
+ a b c d e f 6
+ a b\\ c d e f 5
+ a b (c d e) f 4
+ a b \\(c d e\\) f 6
+ a b \\\\(c d e\\\\) f 7
+
+ \fsplit() has also been changed to create its array (if one is given)
+ each time it is called, so now it can be conveniently called in a loop
+ without having to redeclare the array each time.
+
+ Incidentally... Sometimes you might want to invoke \fsplit() in a
+ situation where you don't care about its return value, e.g. when you
+ just want to fill the array. Now you can "call" \fsplit() or any other
+ function with the new [441]VOID command:
+
+ void \fsplit(\%a,&a)
+
+ \fsplit() and \fjoin() also accept a new, optional 6th argument, an
+ options flag, a number that can specify a number of options. So far
+ there is just one option, whose value is 1:
+
+ separator-flag
+ Normally separators are collapsed. So, for example,
+
+ \fword(Three little words,2)
+
+ returns "little" (the second word). Space is a separator, but
+ there are multiple spaces between each word. If the value 1 is
+ included in the option flag, however, each separator counts. If
+ two separators are adjacent, an empty word is produced between
+ them. This is useful for parsing (e.g.) comma-separated lists
+ exported from databases or spreadsheets.
+
+ 8.7.3. The \fcmdstack() Function
+
+ The new \fcmdstack() function gives access to the command stack:
+
+ \fcmdstack(n1,n2)
+ Arguments: n1 is the command stack level. If omitted, the
+ current level, \v(cmdlevel), is used. n2 is a function code
+ specifying the desired type of information:
+
+ 0 (default) = name of object at level n1.
+ 1 (nonzero) = object type (0 = prompt; 1 = command file; 2 = macro).
+
+ The default for n2 is 0.
+
+ The name associated with prompt is "(prompt)". Here's a loop that can
+ be included in a macro or command file to show the stack (similar to
+ what the SHOW STACK command does):
+
+ for \%i \v(cmdlevel) 0 -1 {
+ echo \%i. [\fcmdstack(\%i,1)] \fcmdstack(\%i,0)
+ }
+
+ In this connection, note that \v(cmdfile) always indicates the most
+ recently invoked active command file (if any), even if that file is
+ executing a macro. Similarly, \v(macro) indicates the most recently
+ invoked macro (if any), even if the current command source is not a
+ macro. The name of the "caller" of the currently executing object
+ (command file or macro) is:
+
+ \fcmdstack(\v(cmdlevel)-1)
+
+ and its type is:
+
+ \fcmdstack(\v(cmdlevel)-1,1)
+
+ To find the name of the macro that invoked the currently executing
+ object, even if one or more intermediate command files (or prompting
+ levels) are involved, use a loop like this:
+
+ for \%i \v(cmdlevel)-1 0 -1 {
+ if = \fcmdstack(\%i,1) 2 echo CALLER = \fcmdstack(\%i,0)
+ }
+
+ Of course if you make a macro to do this, the macro must account for
+ its own additional level:
+
+ define CALLER {
+ for \%i \v(cmdlevel)-2 0 -1 {
+ if = \fcmdstack(\%i,1) 2 return \fcmdstack(\%i,0)
+ }
+ return "(none)"
+ }
+
+ The built-in variable \v(cmdsource) gives the current command source
+ as a word ("prompt", "file", or "macro").
+
+ 8.7.4. The VOID Command
+
+ VOID is like ECHO in that all functions and variables in its argument
+ text are evaluated. but it doesn't print anything (except possibly an
+ error message if a function was invocation contained or resulted in
+ any errors). VOID sets FAILURE if it encounters any errors, SUCCESS
+ otherwise.
+
+ [ [442]Top ] [ [443]Contents ] [ [444]C-Kermit Home ] [ [445]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8.8. The RETURN and END Commands
+
+ The execution of a macro is terminated in any of the following ways:
+
+ * With an END [ number [ message ] ] command. If a number is given,
+ the macro succeeds if the number is 0, and fails if it is not
+ zero; if a number is not given, the macro succeeds.
+ * With a STOP command, which works just like END except it peels
+ back the command stack all the way to top level.
+ * With a RETURN [ text ] command, in which case the macro always
+ succeeds.
+ * By running out of commands to execute, in which case the macro
+ succeeds or fails according the most recently executed command
+ that sets success or failure.
+
+ The same considerations apply to command files invoked by the TAKE
+ command.
+
+ If a macro does not execute any commands that set success or failure,
+ then invoking the macro does not change the current SUCCESS/FAILURE
+ status. It follows, then, that the mere invocation of a macro does not
+ change the SUCCESS/FAILURE status either. This makes it possible to
+ write macros to react to the status of other commands (or macros), for
+ example:
+
+ define CHKLINE {
+ if success end 0
+ stop 1 SET LINE failed - please try another device.
+ }
+ set modem type usrobotics
+ set line /dev/cua0
+ chkline
+ set speed 57600
+ dial 7654321
+
+ By the way, none of this is news. But it was not explicitly documented
+ before, and C-Kermit 7.0 and earlier did not always handle the RETURN
+ statement as it should have.
+
+ [ [446]Top ] [ [447]Contents ] [ [448]C-Kermit Home ] [ [449]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8.9. UNDEFINing Groups of Variables
+
+ The UNDEFINE command, which previously accepted one variable name, now
+ accepts a list of them, and also accepts wildcard notation to allow
+ deletion of variables that match a given pattern.
+
+ UNDEFINE [ switches ] name [ name [ name [ ... ] ] ]
+ Undefines the variables whose names are given. Up to 64 names
+ may be given in one UNDEFINE command.
+
+ If you omit the switches and include only one name, the UNDEFINE
+ command works as before.
+
+ Switches include:
+
+ /MATCHING
+ Specifies that the names given are to treated as patterns
+ rather than literal variable names. Note: pattern matching
+ can't be used with array references; use the ARRAY command to
+ manipulate arrays and subarrays.
+
+ /LIST
+ List the name of each variable to be undefined, and whether it
+ was undefined successfully ("ok" or "error"), plus a summary
+ count at the end.
+
+ /SIMULATE
+ List the names of the variables that would be deleted without
+ actually deleting them. Implies /LIST.
+
+ The UNDEFINE command fails if there were any errors and succeeds
+ otherwise.
+
+ The new _UNDEFINE command is like UNDEFINE, except the names are
+ assumed to be variable names themselves, which contain the names (or
+ parts of them) of the variables to be undefined. For example, if you
+ have the following definitions:
+
+ define \%a foo
+ define foo This is some text
+
+ then:
+
+ undef \%a
+
+ undefines the variable \%a, but:
+
+ _undef \%a
+
+ undefines the macro foo.
+
+ Normal Kermit patterns are used for matching; metacharacters include
+ asterisk, question mark, braces, and square brackets. Thus, when using
+ the /MATCHING switch, if the names of the macros you want to undefine
+ contain any of these characters, you must quote them with backslash to
+ force them to be taken literally. Also note that \%* is not the name
+ of a variable; it is a special notation used within a macro for "all
+ my arguments". The command "undef /match \%*" deletes all \%x
+ variables, where x is 0..9 and a..z. Use "undef /match \%[0-9]" to
+ delete macro argument variables or "undef /match \%[i-n]" to delete a
+ range of \%x variables.
+
+ [ [450]Top ] [ [451]Contents ] [ [452]C-Kermit Home ] [ [453]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8.10. The INPUT and MINPUT Commands
+
+ As of C-Kermit 8.0.211, the INPUT and MINPUT commands accept a switch:
+
+ [M]INPUT /NOMATCH timeout
+ The /NOMATCH switch allows INPUT or MINPUT to read incoming
+ material for the specified amount of time, without attempting
+ to match it with any text or patterns. When this switch is
+ included, the [M]INPUT command succeeds when the timeout
+ interval expires, with \v(instatus) set to 1, meaning "timed
+ out", or fails upon interruption or i/o error.
+
+ Also in version 8.0.211, there is a new way to apply a scale factor to
+ [M]INPUT timeouts:
+
+ SET INPUT SCALE-FACTOR floating-point-number
+ This scales all [M]INPUT timeouts by the given factor, allowing
+ time-sensitive scripts to be adjusted to changing conditions
+ such as congested networks or different-speed modems without
+ having to change each INPUT-class command. This affects only
+ those timeouts that are given in seconds, not as wall-clock
+ times. Although the scale factor can have a fractional part,
+ the INPUT timeout is still an integer. The new built-in
+ variable \v(inscale) tells the current INPUT SCALE-FACTOR.
+
+ The MINPUT command can be used to search the incoming data stream for
+ several targets simultaneously. For example:
+
+ MINPUT 8 one two three
+
+ waits up to 8 seconds for one of the words "one", "two", or "three" to
+ arrive. Words can be grouped to indicate targets that contain spaces:
+
+ MINPUT 8 nineteeen twenty "twenty one"
+
+ And of course you can also use variables in place of (or as part of)
+ the target names:
+
+ MINPUT 8 \%a \&x[3] \m(foo)
+
+ Until now you had to know the number of targets in advance when
+ writing the MINPUT statement. Each of the examples above has exactly
+ three targets.
+
+ But suppose your script needs to look for a variable number of
+ targets. For this you can use arrays and \fjoin(), described in
+ [454]Section 8.7. Any number of \fjoin() invocations can be included
+ in the MINPUT target list, and each one is expanded into the
+ appropriate number of separate targets each time the MINPUT command is
+ executed. Example:
+
+ declare \&a[10] = one two three
+ minput 10 foo \fjoin(&a) bar
+
+ This declares an array of ten elements, and assigns values to the
+ first three of them. The MINPUT command looks for these three (as well
+ as the words "foo" and "bar"). Later, if you assign additional
+ elements to the array, the same MINPUT command also looks for the new
+ elements.
+
+ If an array element contains spaces, each word becomes a separate
+ target. To create one target per array element, use \fjoin()'s
+ grouping feature:
+
+ dcl \&a[] = {aaa bbb} {ccc ddd} {xxx yyy zzz}
+
+ minput 10 \fjoin(&a) <-- 7 targets
+ minput 10 \fjoin(&a,,2) <-- 3 targets
+
+ [ [455]Top ] [ [456]Contents ] [ [457]C-Kermit Home ] [ [458]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8.11. Learned Scripts
+
+ C-Kermit now includes a simple script recorder that monitors your
+ commands, plus your actions during CONNECT mode, and automatically
+ generates a script program that mimics what it observed. You should
+ think of this feature as a script-writing ASSISTANT since, as you will
+ see [459]later in this section, the result generally needs some
+ editing to make it both secure and flexible. The script recorder is
+ controlled by the new LEARN command:
+
+ LEARN [ /ON /OFF /CLOSE ] [ filename ]
+ If you give a filename, the file is opened for subsequent
+ recording. The /ON switch enables recording to the current file
+ (if any); /OFF disables recording. /CLOSE closes the current
+ script recording file (if any). If you give a filename without
+ any switches, /ON is assumed.
+
+ The /OFF and /ON switches let you turn recording off and on during a
+ session without closing the file.
+
+ When recording:
+
+ * All commands that you type (or recall) at the prompt are recorded
+ in the file except:
+ + LEARN commands are not recorded.
+ + The CONNECT command is not recorded.
+ + The TELNET command is converted to SET HOST /NETWORK:TCP.
+ * Commands obtained from macros or command files are not recorded.
+ * During CONNECT:
+ + Every line you type is converted to an OUTPUT command.
+ + The last prompt before any line you type becomes an INPUT
+ command.
+ + Timeouts are calculated automatically for each INPUT command.
+ + A PAUSE command is inserted before each OUTPUT command just
+ to be safe.
+
+ Thus the script recorder is inherently line-oriented. It can't be used
+ to script character-oriented interactions like typing Space to a
+ "More?" prompt or editing a text file with VI or EMACS.
+
+ But it has advantages too; for example it takes control characters
+ into account that might not be visible to you otherwise, and it
+ automatically converts control characters in both the input and output
+ streams to the appropriate notation. It can tell, for example that the
+ "$ " prompt on the left margin in UNIX is really {\{13}\{10}$ },
+ whereas in VMS it might be {\{13}\{10}\{13}$ }. These sequences are
+ detected and recorded automatically.
+
+ A learned script should execute correctly when you give a TAKE command
+ for it. However, it is usually appropriate to edit the script a bit.
+ The most important change would be to remove any passwords from it.
+ For example, if the script contains:
+
+ INPUT 9 {\{13}\{10}Password: }
+ IF FAIL STOP 1 INPUT timeout
+ PAUSE 1
+ OUTPUT bigsecret\{13}
+
+ you should replace this by something like:
+
+ INPUT 9 {\{13}\{10}Password: }
+ IF FAIL STOP 1 INPUT timeout
+ ASKQ pswd Please type your password:
+ PAUSE 1
+ OUTPUT \m(pswd)\{13}
+
+ The LEARN command can't do this for you since it knows nothing about
+ "content"; it only knows about lines and can't be expected to parse or
+ understand them -- after all, the Password prompt might be in some
+ other language. So remember: if you use the LEARN command to record a
+ login script, be sure edit the resulting file to remove any passwords.
+ Also be sure to delete any backup copies your editor or OS might have
+ made of the file.
+
+ Other manual adjustments might also be appropriate:
+
+ * If the target of an INPUT command can vary, you can replace the
+ INPUT command with MINPUT and the appropriate target list, and/or
+ the target with a \fpattern(). For example, suppose you are
+ dialing a number that can be answered by any one of 100 terminal
+ servers, whose prompts are ts-00>, ts-01>, ts-02>, ... ts-99>. The
+ script records a particular one of these, but you want it to work
+ for all of them, so change (e.g.):
+ INPUT 10 ts-23> ; or whatever
+ to:
+ INPUT 10 \fpattern(ts-[0-9][0-9]>)
+ * The INPUT timeout values are conservative, but they are based only
+ on a single observation; you might need to tune them.
+ * The PAUSE commands might not be necessary, or the PAUSE interval
+ might need adjustment.
+ * In case you made typographical errors during recording, they are
+ incorporated in your script; you can edit them out if you want to.
+
+ Here is a sample script generated by Kermit ("learn vms.ksc") in which
+ a Telnet connection is made to a VMS computer, the user logs in,
+ starts Kermit on VMS, sends it a file, and then logs out:
+
+ ; Scriptfile: vms.ksc
+ ; Directory: /usr/olga
+ ; Recorded: 20001124 15:21:23
+
+ SET HOST /NETWORK:TCP vms.xyzcorp.com
+ IF FAIL STOP 1 Connection failed
+
+ INPUT 7 {\{13}\{10}\{13}Username: }
+ IF FAIL STOP 1 INPUT timeout
+ PAUSE 1
+ OUTPUT olga\{13}
+ INPUT 3 {\{13}\{10}\{13}Password: }
+ IF FAIL STOP 1 INPUT timeout
+ PAUSE 1
+ OUTPUT secret\{13}
+ INPUT 18 {\{13}\{10}\{13}$ }
+ IF FAIL STOP 1 INPUT timeout
+ PAUSE 1
+ OUTPUT set default [.incoming]\{13}
+ INPUT 12 {\{13}\{10}\{13}$ }
+ IF FAIL STOP 1 INPUT timeout
+ PAUSE 1
+ OUTPUT kermit\{13}
+ INPUT 15 {\{13}\{10}\{13}ALTO:[OLGA.INCOMING] C-Kermit>}
+ IF FAIL STOP 1 INPUT timeout
+ PAUSE 1
+ OUTPUT receive\{13}
+ send myfile.txt
+
+ INPUT 18 {\{13}\{10}\{13}ALTO:[OLGA.INCOMING] C-Kermit>}
+ IF FAIL STOP 1 INPUT timeout
+ PAUSE 1
+ OUTPUT exit\{13}
+ INPUT 6 {\{13}\{10}\{13}$ }
+ IF FAIL STOP 1 INPUT timeout
+ PAUSE 1
+ OUTPUT logout\{13}
+ close
+ exit
+
+ The commands generated by Kermit during CONNECT (INPUT, IF FAIL,
+ PAUSE, and OUTPUT) have uppercase keywords; the commands typed by the
+ user are in whatever form the user typed them (in this case,
+ lowercase).
+
+ [ [460]Top ] [ [461]Contents ] [ [462]C-Kermit Home ] [ [463]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8.12. Pattern Matching
+
+ A pattern is a character string that is used to match other strings.
+ Patterns can contain metacharacters that represent special actions
+ like "match any single character", "match zero or more characters",
+ "match any single character from a list", and so on. The best known
+ application of patterns is in file specifications that contain
+ wildcards, as in "send *.txt", meaning "send all files whose names end
+ with .txt".
+
+ Patterns are also used in increasingly many other ways, to the extent
+ it is useful to point out certain important distinctions in the ways
+ in which they are used:
+
+ Anchored Patterns
+ If an anchored pattern does not begin with "*", it must match
+ the beginning of the string, and if it does not end with "*",
+ it must match the end of the string. For example, the anchored
+ pattern "abc" matches only the string "abc", not "abcde" or
+ "xyzabc" or "abcabc". The anchored pattern "abc*" matches any
+ string that starts with "abc"; the anchored pattern "*abc"
+ matches any string that ends with "abc"; the anchored pattern
+ "*abc*" matches any string that contains "abc" (including any
+ that start and/or end with it).
+
+ Floating Patterns
+ A floating pattern matches any string that contains a substring
+ that matches the pattern. In other words, a floating pattern
+ has an implied "*" at the beginning and end. You can anchor a
+ floating pattern to the beginning by starting it with "^", and
+ you can anchor it to the end by ending it with "$" (see
+ examples below).
+
+ Wildcards
+ A wildcard is an anchored pattern that has the additional
+ property that "*" does not match directory separators.
+
+ This terminology lets us describe Kermit's commands with a bit more
+ precision. When a pattern is used for matching filenames, it is a
+ wildcard, except in the TEXT-PATTERNS and BINARY-PATTERNS lists and
+ /EXCEPT: clauses, in which case directory separators are not
+ significant (for example, a BINARY-PATTERN of "*.exe" matches any file
+ whose name ends in .exe, no matter how deeply it might be buried in
+ subdirectories). When Kermit parses a file specification directly,
+ however, it uses the strict wildcard definition. For example, "send
+ a*b" sends all files whose names start with "a" and end with "b" in
+ the current directory, and not any files whose names end with "b" that
+ happen to be in subdirectories whose names start with "a". And as
+ noted, wildcards are anchored, so "delete foo" deletes the file named
+ "foo", and not all files whose names happen to contain "foo".
+
+ Most other patterns are anchored. For example:
+
+ if match abc bc ...
+
+ does not succeed (and you would be surprised if it did!). In fact, the
+ only floating patterns are the ones used by commands or functions that
+ search for patterns in files, arrays, or strings. These include:
+
+ * The GREP and TYPE /MATCH commands.
+ * The \fsearch(), \frsearch(), and \farraylook() functions.
+
+ Thus these are the only contexts in which explicit anchors ("^" and
+ "$") may be used:
+
+ grep abc *.txt
+ Prints all lines containing "abc" in all files whose names end
+ with ".txt".
+
+ grep ^abc *.txt
+ Prints all lines that start with "abc" in all ".txt" files.
+
+ grep abc$ *.txt
+ Prints all lines that end with "abc" in all ".txt" files.
+
+ grep ^a*z$ *.txt
+ Prints all lines that start with "a" and end with "z" in all
+ ".txt" files.
+
+ Similarly for TYPE /PAGE, /fsearch(), /frsearch(), and \farraylook().
+
+ Here is a brief summary of anchored and floating pattern equivalences:
+
+ Anchored Floating
+ abc ^abc$
+ *abc abc$
+ abc* ^abc
+ *abc* abc
+
+ [ [464]Top ] [ [465]Contents ] [ [466]C-Kermit Home ] [ [467]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8.13. Dates and Times
+
+ C-Kermit's comprehension of date-time formats is considerably expanded
+ in version 8.0. Any command that reads dates, including the DATE
+ command itself, or any switch, such as the /BEFORE: and /AFTER:
+ switches, or any function such as \fcvtdate(), now can understand
+ dates and times expressed in any ISO 8601 format, in Unix "asctime"
+ format, in FTP MDTM format, and in practically any format used in RFC
+ 822 or RFC 2822 electronic mail, with or without timezones, and in a
+ great many other formats as well. HELP DATE briefly summarizes the
+ acceptable date-time formats.
+
+ Furthermore, C-Kermit 8.0 includes a new and easy-to-use form of
+ date-time arithmetic, in which any date or time can be combined with a
+ "delta time", to add or subtract the desired time interval (years,
+ months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, seconds) to/from the given date.
+ And new functions are available to compare dates and to compute their
+ differences.
+
+ As you can imagine, all this requires quite a bit of "syntax". The
+ basic format is:
+
+ [ date ] [ time ] [ delta ]
+
+ Each field is optional, but in most cases (depending on the context)
+ there must be at least one field. If a date is given, it must come
+ first. If no date is given, the current date is assumed. If no time is
+ given, an appropriate time is supplied depending on whether a date was
+ supplied. If no delta is given, no arithmetic is done. If a delta is
+ given without a date or time, the current date and time are used as
+ the base.
+
+ Date-time-delta fields are likely to contain spaces (although they
+ need not; space-free forms are always available). Therefore, in most
+ contexts -- and notably as switch arguments -- date-time information
+ must be enclosed in braces or doublequotes, for example:
+
+ send /after:"8-Aug-2001 12:00 UTC" *.txt
+
+ Kermit's standard internal format for dates and times is:
+
+ yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss
+
+ for example:
+
+ 20010208 10:28:01
+
+ Date-times can always be given in this format. yyyy is the 4-digit
+ year, mm is the two-digit month (1-12; supply leading zero for
+ Jan-Sep), dd is the 2-digit day (leading zero for 1-9), hh is the hour
+ (0-23), mm the minute (0-59), ss the second (0-59), each with leading
+ zero if less than the field width. The date and time can be separated
+ by a space, an underscore, a colon, or the letter T. The time is in
+ 24-hour format. Thus the various quantites are at the following fixed
+ positions:
+
+Position Contents
+ 1-4 Year (4 digits, 0000-9999)
+ 5-6 Month (2 digits, 1-12)
+ 7-8 Day (2 digits, 1-31)
+ 9 Date-Time Separator (space, :, _, or the letter T)
+ 10-11 Hour (2 digits, 0-23)
+ 12 Hour-Minute Separator (colon)
+ 13-14 Minute (2 digits, 0-59)
+ 15 Minute-Second Separator (colon)
+ 16-17 Second (2 digits, 0-59)
+
+ Example:
+
+ 19800526 13:07:12 26 May 1980, 13:07:12 (1:07:12PM)
+
+ This is the format produced by the DATE command and by any function
+ that returns a date-time. It is suitable for lexical comparison and
+ sorting, and for use as a date-time in any Kermit command. When this
+ format is given as input to a command or function, various date-time
+ separators (as noted) are accepted:
+
+ 19800526 13:07:12 26 May 1980, 13:07:12 (1:07:12PM)
+ 20010208_10:28:35 2 February 2001, 10:28:35 AM
+ 18580101:12:00:00 1 January 1858, noon
+ 20110208T00:00:00 2 February 2011, midnight
+
+ Certain other special date-time formats that are encountered on
+ computer networks are recognized:
+
+ Asctime Format
+ This is a fixed format used by Unix, named after Unix's
+ asctime() ("ASCII time") function. It is always exactly 24
+ characters long. Example: Fri Aug 10 16:38:01 2001
+
+ Asctime with Timezone
+ This is like Asctime format, but includes a 3-character
+ timezone between the time and year. It is exactly 28 characters
+ long. Example: Fri Aug 10 16:38:01 GMT 2001
+
+ E-Mail Format
+ E-mail date-time formats are defined in [468]RFC 2822 with a
+ fair amount of flexibility and options. The following examples
+ are typical of e-mails and HTTP (web-page) headers:
+
+ Sat, 14 Jul 2001 11:49:29 (No timezone)
+ Fri, 24 Mar 2000 14:19:59 EST (Symbolic timezone)
+ Tue, 26 Jun 2001 10:19:45 -0400 (EDT) (GMT Offset + comment)
+
+ FTP MDTM Format
+ This is the date-time format supplied by FTP servers that
+ support the (not yet standard but widely used nevertheless)
+ MDTM command, by which the FTP client asks for a file's
+ modification time:
+
+ yyyymmddhhmmss[.ffff]
+
+ where yyyy is the 4-digit year, mm is the 2-digit month, and so
+ on, exactly 14 digits long. An optional fractional part
+ (fraction of second) may also be included, separated by a
+ decimal point (period). Kermit rounds to the nearest second.
+ Example:
+
+ 20020208102835.515 (8 February 2002 10:28:36 AM)
+
+ 8.13.1. The Date
+
+ The date, if given, must precede the time and/or delta, and can be in
+ many, many formats. For starters, you can use several symbolic date
+ names in place of actual dates:
+
+ NOW
+ This is replaced by the current date and time. The time can not
+ be overriden (if you want to supply a specific time, use TODAY
+ rather than NOW).
+
+ TODAY
+ This is replaced by the current date and a default time of
+ 00:00:00 is supplied, but can be overridden by a specific time;
+ for example, if today is 8 February 2002, then "TODAY" is
+ "20020802 00:00:00" but "TODAY 10:28" is "20020802 10:28:00".
+
+ TOMORROW
+ Like TODAY, but one day later (if today is 8 February 2002,
+ then "TOMORROW" is "20020803 00:00:00" but "TOMORROW 16:30" is
+ "20020803 16:30:00").
+
+ YESTERDAY
+ Like TODAY, but one day earlier.
+
+ MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, ..., SUNDAY
+ The date on the given day of the week, today or later. A
+ default time of 00:00:00 is supplied but can be overridden.
+ Example: "SATURDAY 12:00" means next Saturday (or today, if
+ today is Saturday) at noon.
+
+ You can give an explicit date in almost any conceivable format, but
+ there are some rules:
+
+ * If a date is given, it must have three fields: day, month, and
+ year; the order can vary (except that the month can not be last).
+ * If names are used for days, months, etc, they must be English.
+ * The year must lie between 0000 and 9999, inclusive.
+ * All calendar calculations use Gregorian dating, so calculated
+ dates for years prior to 1582 (or later, depending on the country)
+ will not agree with historical dates. Other forms of dating (e.g.
+ Hebrew, Chinese) are not supported.
+
+ Various date-field separators are accepted: hyphen, slash, space,
+ underscore, period. The same field separator (if any) must be used in
+ both places; for example 18-Sep-2001 but not 18-Sep/2001. Months can
+ be numeric (1-12) or English names or abbreviations. Month name
+ abbreviations are normally three letters, e.g. Apr, May, Jun, Jul.
+ Capitalization doesn't matter.
+
+ Here are a few examples:
+
+ 18 Sep 2001 (English month, abbreviated)
+ 18 September 2001 (English month, spelled out)
+ 2001 Sept 18 (Year, month, day)
+ 18-Sep-2001 (With hyphens)
+ 18/09/2001 (All numeric with slashes)
+ 18.09.2001 (Ditto, with periods)
+ 18_09_2001 (Ditto, with underscores)
+ 09/18/2001 (See below)
+ 2001/09/18 (See below)
+ September 18, 2001 (Correspondence style)
+ Sep-18-2001 (Month-day-year)
+ 20010918 (Numeric, no separators)
+
+ You can also include the day of the week with a specific date, in
+ which case it is accepted (if it is a valid day name), but not
+ verified to agree with the given date:
+
+ Tue, 18 Sep 2001 (Abbreviated, with comma)
+ Tue,18 Sep 2001 (Comma but no space)
+ Tue 18 Sep 2001 (Abbreviated, no comma)
+ Tuesday 18 Sep 2001 (Spelled out)
+ Tuesday, 18 Sep 2001 (etc)
+ Friday, 18 Sep 2001 (Accepted even if not Friday)
+
+ In all-numeric dates with the year last, such as 18/09/2001, Kermit
+ identifies the year because it's 4 digits, then decides which of the
+ other two numbers is the month or day based on its value. If both are
+ 12 or less and are unequal, the date is ambiguous and is rejected. In
+ all-numeric dates with the year first, the second field is always the
+ month and the third is the day. The month never comes last. A date
+ with no separators is accepted only if it is all numeric and has
+ exactly eight digits, and is assumed to be in yyyymmdd format.
+
+ 20010918 (18-Sep-2001 00:00:00)
+
+ or 14 digits (as in FTP MDTM format):
+
+ 20010918123456 (18-Sep-2001 12:34:56)
+
+ You can always avoid ambiguity by putting the year first, or by using
+ an English, rather than numeric, month. A date such as 09/08/2001
+ would be ambiguous but 2001/09/08 is not, nor is 09-Aug-2001.
+
+ Until the late 1990s, it was common to encounter 2-digit years, and
+ these are found to this day in old e-mails and other documents. Kermit
+ accepts these dates if they have English months, and interprets them
+ according to the windowing rules of [469]RFC 2822: "If a two digit
+ year is encountered whose value is between 00 and 49, the year is
+ interpreted by adding 2000, ending up with a value between 2000 and
+ 2049. If a two digit year is encountered with a value between 50 and
+ 99, or any three digit year is encountered, the year is interpreted by
+ adding 1900."
+
+ If you need to specify a year prior to 1000, use leading zeros to
+ ensure it is not misinterpreted as a "non-Y2K-compliant" modern year:
+
+ 7-Oct-77 (19771007 00:00:00)
+ 7-Oct-0077 (00771007 00:00:00)
+
+ 8.13.2. The Time
+
+ The basic time format is hh:mm:dd; that is hours, minutes, seconds,
+ separated by colons, perhaps with an optional fractional second
+ separated by a decimal point (period). The hours are in 24-hour
+ format; 12 is noon, 13 is 1pm, and so on. Fields omitted from the
+ right default to zero. Fields can be omitted from the left or middle
+ by including the field's terminating colon. Examples:
+
+ 11:59:59 (11:59:59 AM)
+ 11:59 (11:59:00 AM)
+ 11 (11:00:00 AM)
+ 11:59:59.33 (11:59:59 AM)
+ 11:59:59.66 (Noon)
+ 03:21:00 (3:21:00 AM)
+ 3:21:00 (3:21:00 AM)
+ 15:21:00 (3:21:00 PM)
+ :21:00 (00:21:00 AM)
+ ::01 (00:00:01 AM)
+ 11::59 (11:00:59 AM)
+
+ Leading zeros can be omitted, but it is customary and more readable to
+ keep them in the minute and second fields:
+
+ 03:02:01 (03:02:01 AM)
+ 3:02:01 (03:02:01 AM)
+ 3:2:1 (03:02:01 AM)
+
+ AM/PM notation is accepted if you wish to use it:
+
+ 11:59:59 (11:59:59 AM)
+ 11:59:59AM (11:59:59 AM)
+ 11:59:59A.M. (11:59:59 AM)
+ 11:59:59am (11:59:59 AM)
+ 11:59:59a.m. (11:59:59 AM)
+ 11:59:59PM (11:59:59 PM = 23:59:59)
+ 11:59:59P.M. (11:59:59 PM = 23:59:59)
+ 11:59:59pm (11:59:59 PM = 23:59:59)
+ 11:59:59p.m. (11:59:59 PM = 23:59:59)
+
+ You can omit the colons if you wish, in which case Kermit uses the
+ following rules to interpret the time:
+
+ 1. 6 digits is hh:mm:ss, e.g. 123456 is 12:34:56.
+ 2. 5 digits is h:mm:ss, e.g. 12345 is 1:23:45.
+ 3. 4 digits is hh:mm, e.g. 1234 is 12:34.
+ 4. 3 digits is h:mm, e.g. 123 is 1:23.
+ 5. 2 digits is hh, e.g. 12 is 12:00.
+ 6. 1 digit is h (the hour), e.g. 1 is 1:00.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ 1 (01:00:00 AM)
+ 10 (10:00:00 AM)
+ 230 (02:30:00 AM)
+ 230pm (02:30:00 PM = 14:30:00)
+ 1115 (11:15:00 AM)
+ 2315 (11:15:00 PM = 23:15:00 PM)
+ 23150 (02:31:50 AM)
+ 231500 (23:15:00 PM)
+
+ 8.13.3. Time Zones
+
+ If a time is given, it can (but need not) be followed by a time zone
+ designator. If no time zone is included, the time is treated as local
+ time and no timezone conversions are performed.
+
+ The preferred time zone designator is the UTC Offset, as specified in
+ [470]RFC 2822: a plus sign or minus sign immediately followed by
+ exactly four decimal digits, signifying the difference in hh (hours)
+ and mm (minutes) from Universal Coordinated Time (UTC, also known as
+ Greenwich Mean Time, or GMT), with negative numbers to the West and
+ positive numbers to the East. For example:
+
+ Fri, 13 Jul 2001 12:54:29 -0700
+
+ indicates a local time of 12:54:29 that is 07 hours and 00 minutes
+ behind (less than, East of) Universal Time. The space is optional, so
+ the example could also be written as:
+
+ Fri, 13 Jul 2001 12:54:29-0700
+
+ The following symbolic time zones are also accepted, as specified by
+ [471]RFC 2822 and/or in ISO 8601:
+
+ GMT = +0000 Greenwich Mean Time
+ Z = +0000 Zulu (Zero Meridian) Time
+ UTC = +0000 Universal Coordinated Time
+ UT = +0000 Universal Time
+ EDT = -0400 Eastern (USA) Daylight Time
+ EST = -0500 Eastern (USA) Standard Time
+ CDT = -0500 Central (USA) Daylight Time
+ CST = -0600 Central (USA) Standard Time
+ MDT = -0600 Mountain (USA) Daylight Time
+ MST = -0700 Mountain (USA) Standard Time
+ PDT = -0700 Pacific (USA) Daylight Time
+ PST = -0800 Pacific (USA) Standard Time
+
+ Note that GMT, Z, UTC, and UT all express the same concept: standard
+ (not daylight) time at the Zero Meridian. UTC, by the way, is an
+ international standard symbol and does not correspond to the order of
+ the English words, Universal Coordinated Time, but it happens to have
+ the same initial letters as these words. Of course hundreds of other
+ symbolic timezones and variations exist, but they are not
+ standardized, and are therefore not supported by Kermit.
+
+ When a time zone is included with a time, the time is converted to
+ local time. In case the conversion crosses a midnight boundary, the
+ date is adjusted accordingly. Examples converting to EST (Eastern USA
+ Standard Time = -0500):
+
+ 11:30:00 = 11:30:00
+ 11:30:00 EST = 11:30:00
+ 11:30:00 GMT = 06:30:00
+ 11:30:00 PST = 14:30:00
+ 11:30:00Z = 06:30:00
+ 11:30PM GMT = 18:30:00
+ 11:30 -0500 = 11:30:00
+ 11:30 -0800 = 08:30:00
+ 11:30 +0200 = 04:30:00
+
+ Unlike most of Kermit's other date-time conversions, timezone
+ knowledge (specifically, the offset of local time from UTC) is
+ embodied in the underlying operating system, not in Kermit itself, and
+ any conversion errors in this department are the fault of the OS. For
+ example, most UNIX platforms do not perform conversions for years
+ prior to 1970.
+
+ 8.13.4. Delta Time
+
+ Date/time expressions can be composed of a date and/or time and a
+ delta time, or a delta time by itself. When a delta time is given by
+ itself, it is relative to the current local date and time. Delta times
+ have the following general format:
+
+ {+,-}[number units][hh[:mm[:ss]]]
+
+ In other words, a delta time always starts with a plus or minus sign,
+ which is followed by a "part1", a "part2", or both. The "part1", if
+ given, specifies a number of days, weeks, months, or years; "part2"
+ specifies a time in hh:mm:ss notation. In arithmetic terms, these
+ represents some number of days or other big time units, and then a
+ fraction of a day expressed as hours, minutes, and seconds; these are
+ to be added to or subtracted from the given (or implied) date and
+ time. The syntax is somewhat flexible, as shown by the following
+ examples:
+
+ +1 day (Plus one day)
+ +1day (Ditto)
+ +1d (Ditto)
+ + 1 day (Ditto)
+ + 1 day 3:00 (Plus one day and 3 hours)
+ +1d3:00 (Ditto)
+ +1d3 (Ditto)
+ +3:00:00 (Plus 3 hours)
+ +3:00 (Ditto)
+ +3 (Ditto)
+ +2 days (Plus 2 days)
+ -12 days 7:14:22 (Minus 12 days, 7 hours, 14 minutes, and 22 seconds)
+
+ The words "week", "month", and "year" can be used like "day" in the
+ examples above. A week is exactly equivalent to 7 days. When months
+ are specified, the numeric month number of the date is incremented or
+ decremented by the given number, and the year and day adjusted
+ accordingly if necessary (for example, 31-Jan-2001 +1month =
+ 03-Mar-2001 because February does not have 31 days). When years are
+ specified, they are added or subtracted to the base year. Examples
+ (assuming the current date is 10-Aug-2001 and the current time is
+ 19:21:11):
+
+ 18-Sep-2001 +1day (20010918 00:00:00)
+ today +1day (20010811 00:00:00)
+ now+1d (20010811 19:21:11)
+ + 1 day (20010811 19:21:11)
+ + 1 day 3:14:42 (20010811 22:35:54)
+ + 7 weeks (20010928 19:21:11)
+ +1d3:14:42 (20010811 22:35:54)
+ +1w3:14:42 (20010817 22:35:54)
+ +1m3:14:42 (20010910 22:35:54)
+ +1y3:14:42 (20020810 22:35:54)
+ 2 feb 2001 + 10 years (20110208 00:00:00)
+ 2001-02-08 +10y12 (20110208 12:00:00)
+ 31-dec-1999 23:59:59+00:00:01 (20000101 00:00:00)
+ 28-feb-1996 +1day (19960229 00:00:00) (leap year)
+ 28-feb-1997 +1day (19970301 00:00:00) (nonleap year)
+ 28-feb-1997 +1month (19970328 00:00:00)
+ 28-feb-1997 +1month 11:59:59 (19970328 11:59:59)
+ 28-feb-1997 +20years (20170228 00:00:00)
+ 28-feb-1997 +8000years (99970228 00:00:00)
+
+ For compatibility with VMS, the following special delta-time format is
+ also accepted:
+
+ +number-hh:mm:ss
+ -number-hh:mm:ss
+
+ (no spaces). The hyphen after the number indicates days. It
+ corresponds exactly to the Kermit notation:
+
+ +numberdhh:mm:ss
+ -numberdhh:mm:ss
+
+ The following forms all indicate exactly the same date and time:
+
+ 18-Sep-2001 12:34:56 +1-3:23:01
+ 18-Sep-2001 12:34:56 +1d3:23:01
+ 18-Sep-2001 12:34:56 +1 day 3:23:01
+
+ and mean "add a day plus 3 hours, 23 minutes, and 1 second" to the
+ given date.
+
+ Note that delta times are not at all the same as UTC offsets; the
+ former specifies an adjustment to the given date/time and the latter
+ specifies that the local time is a particular distance from Universal
+ Time, for example:
+
+ 11-Aug-2001 12:34:56 -0800 (20010811 16:34:56 -- UTC Offset)
+ 11-Aug-2001 12:34:56 -08:00 (20010811 04:34:56 -- Delta time)
+
+ If you give a time followed by a modifer that starts with a + or -
+ sign, how does Kermit know whether it's a UTC offset or a delta time?
+ It is treated as a UTC offset if the sign is followed by exactly four
+ decimal digits; otherwise it is a delta time. Examples (for USA
+ Eastern Daylight Time):
+
+ 11-Aug-2001 12:34:56 -0800 (20010811 16:34:56 -- UTC Offset)
+ 11-Aug-2001 12:34:56 -08:00 (20010811 04:34:56 -- Delta time)
+ 11-Aug-2001 12:34:56 -800 (20010811 04:34:56 -- Delta time)
+ 11-Aug-2001 12:34:56 -8 (20010811 04:34:56 -- Delta time)
+
+ The first example says that at some unknown place which is 8 hours
+ ahead of Universal Time, the time is 12:34:56, and this corresponds to
+ 16:34:56 in Eastern Daylight time. The second example says to subtract
+ 8 hours from the local time. The third and fourth are delta times
+ because, even though a colon is not included, the time does not
+ consist of exactly 4 digits.
+
+ When a delta time is written after a timezone, however, there is no
+ ambiguity and no syntax distinction is required:
+
+ 11-Aug-2001 12:34:56 -0800 -0800 (20010811 08:34:56)
+ 11-Aug-2001 12:34:56 -0800 -08:00 (Ditto)
+ 11-Aug-2001 12:34:56 -08:00 -08:00 (Illegal)
+
+ 8.13.5. The DATE Command
+
+ Obviously a great many combinations of date, time, time zone, and
+ delta time are possible, as well as many formatting options. The
+ purpose of all this flexibility is to comply with as many standards as
+ possible -- Internet RFCs, ISO standards, and proven corporate
+ standards -- as well as with notations commonly used by real people,
+ in order that dates and times from the widest variety of sources can
+ be assigned to a variable and used in any date-time field in any
+ Kermit command.
+
+ You can test any date-and/or-time format with the DATE command, which
+ converts it to standard yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss format if it is understood,
+ or else gives an explicit error message (rather than just "BAD DATE"
+ as in previous C-Kermit releases) to indicate what is wrong with it.
+ Examples (on Tuesday, 31 July 2001 in New York City, Eastern Daylight
+ Time, UTC -0400):
+
+ DATE command argument Result
+ 12:30 20010731 12:30:00
+ 12:30:01 20010731 12:30:01
+ 12:30:01.5 20010731 12:30:02
+ 1230 20010731 12:30:00
+ 230 20010731 02:30:00
+ 230+1d 20010801 02:30:00
+ 230+1d3:00 20010801 05:30:00
+ 20010718 19:21:15 20010718 19:21:15
+ 20010718_192115 20010718 19:21:15
+ 20010718T192115 20010718 19:21:15
+ 18 Jul 2001 +0400 20010717 23:59:59
+ 18 Jul 2001 192115 20010718 19:21:15
+ 18 Jul 2001 192115.8 20010718 19:21:16
+ 18-Jul-2001T1921 20010718 19:21:00
+ 18-Jul-2001 1921Z 20010718 15:21:00
+ 18-Jul-2001 1921 GMT 20010718 15:21:00
+ 18-Jul-2001 1921 UTC 20010718 15:21:00
+ 18-Jul-2001 1921 Z 20010718 15:21:00
+ 18-Jul-2001 1921Z 20010718 15:21:00
+ 18-Jul-2001 1921 -04:00:00 20010718 19:21:00
+ 21-Jul-2001_08:20:00am 20010721 08:20:00
+ 21-Jul-2001_8:20:00P.M. 20010721 20:20:00
+ Fri Jul 20 11:26:25 2001 20010720 11:26:25
+ Fri Jul 20 11:26:25 GMT 2001 20010720 07:26:25
+ Sun, 9 Apr 2000 06:46:46 +0100 20000409 01:46:46
+ Sunday, 9 Apr 2000 06:46:46 +0100 20000409 01:46:46
+ now 20010731 19:41:12
+ today 20010731 00:00:00
+ today 09:00 20010731 09:00:00
+ tomorrow 20010801 00:00:00
+ tomorrow 09:00 20010801 09:00:00
+ tomorrow 09:00 GMT 20010801 05:00:00
+ yesterday 20010730 00:00:00
+ yesterday 09:00 20010730 09:00:00
+ + 3 days 20010803 00:00:00
+ +3 days 20010803 00:00:00
+ +3days 20010803 00:00:00
+ + 3days 20010803 00:00:00
+ + 3 days 09:00 20010803 09:00:00
+ + 2 weeks 20010814 00:00:00
+ + 1 month 20010831 00:00:00
+ - 7 months 20001231 00:00:00
+ + 10 years 20110731 00:00:00
+ friday 20010803 00:00:00
+ saturday 20010804 00:00:00
+ sunday 20010805 00:00:00
+ monday 20010806 00:00:00
+ tuesday 20010731 00:00:00
+ wednesday 20010801 00:00:00
+ thursday 20010802 00:00:00
+ friday 07:00 20010803 07:00:00
+ thursday 1:00pm 20010802 13:00:00
+ thursday 1:00pm GMT 20010802 09:00:00
+ Thu, 10 Nov 94 10:50:47 EST 19941110 10:50:47
+ Fri, 20 Oct 1995 18:35:15 -0400 (EDT) 19951020 18:35:15
+ 31/12/2001 20011231 00:00:00
+ 12/31/2001 20011231 00:00:00
+ 2001-July-20 20010720 00:00:00
+ 2001-September-30 20010930 00:00:00
+ 30-September-2001 20010930 00:00:00
+ Sep 30, 2001 12:34:56 20010930 12:34:56
+ September 30, 2001 20010930 00:00:00
+ September 30, 2001 630 20010930 06:30:00
+ September 30 2001 630 20010930 06:30:00
+ Sep-30-2001 12:34:59 20010930 12:34:59
+ 20010807113542.014 20010807 11:35.42
+ 20010807113542.014Z 20010807 07:35:42
+
+ 8.13.6. New Date-Time Functions
+
+ In the following descriptions, date-time function arguments are the
+ same free-format date-time strings discussed above, with the same
+ defaults for missing fields. They are automatically converted to
+ standard format internally prior to processing.
+
+ \fcvtdate(d1)
+ Converts the date-time d1 to standard format and local time.
+ This function is not new, but now it accepts a wider range of
+ argument formats that can include timezones and/or delta times.
+ If the first argument is omitted, the current date and time are
+ assumed. The optional second argument is a format code for the
+ result:
+
+ n1 = 1: yyyy-mmm-dd hh:mm:ss (mmm = English 3-letter month
+ abbreviation)
+ n1 = 2: dd-mmm-yyyy hh:mm:ss (ditto)
+ n1 = 3: yyyymmddhhmmss (all numeric)
+
+ \futcdate(d1)
+ Converts the date-time d1 to Universal Coordinated Time (UTC),
+ also known as GMT or Zulu or Zero-Meridian time. The default d1
+ is NOW. If d1 is a valid date-time, the UTC result is returned
+ in standard format, yyyymmdd hh:ss:mm.
+
+ \fcmpdates(d1,d2)
+ Compares two free-format date-times, d1 and d2, and, if both
+ arguments are valid, returns a number: -1 if d1 is earlier than
+ (before) d2; 0 if d1 is the same as d2; 1 if d1 is later than
+ (after) d2.
+
+ \fdiffdates(d1,d2)
+ Computes the difference between two free-format date-times, d1
+ and d2. If both arguments are valid, returns a delta time which
+ is negative if d1 is earlier than (before) d2 and positive
+ otherwise. If d1 and d2 are equal, the result is "+0:00".
+ Otherwise, the result consists of the number of days, hours,
+ minutes, and seconds that separate the two date-times. If the
+ number of days is zero, it is omitted. If the number of days is
+ nonzero but the hours, minutes, and seconds are all zero, the
+ time is omitted. if the seconds are zero, they are omitted.
+
+ \fdelta2secs(dt)
+ Converts a delta time to seconds. For example, "+1d00:00:01" to
+ 86401. Valid delta times must start with a + or - sign. Days
+ are accepted as time units, but not years, months, or weeks. If
+ the result would overflow a computer long word (as would happen
+ with 32-bit long words when the number of days is greater than
+ 24854), the function fails.
+
+ HINT: Although Kermit has a number of built-in date and time
+ variables, it doesn't have a single one suitable for writing a
+ timestamp. For this you would normally use something like "\v(ndate)
+ \v(time)". But \fcvtdate() (with no arguments) is equivalent: it
+ returns the current date and time in yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss format,
+ suitable for time stamping.
+
+ 8.13.7. Date-Time Programming Examples
+
+ Here's a macro that converts any date-time to UTC, which you might use
+ if C-Kermit didn't already have a \futcdate() function:
+
+ define utcdate {
+ .local := \fcvtdate(\%*) ; 1.
+ .tmp := \fcvtdate(\m(local)UTC) ; 2.
+ .offset := \fdiffdate(\m(local),\m(tmp)) ; 3.
+ .utc := \fcvtdate(\m(local)\m(offset)) ; 4.
+ sho mac utc ; 5.
+ }
+
+ Brief explanation: Line 1 converts the macro argument, a free-format
+ date-time, to standard-format local time. Line 2 appends the "UTC"
+ timezone to the local time and converts the result to local time. In
+ other words, we take the same time as the local time, but pretend it's
+ UTC time, and convert it to local time. For example, if New York time
+ is 4 hours ahead of UTC, then 6:00pm New York time is 2:00pm UTC. Line
+ 3 gets the difference of the two results (e.g. "+04:00"). Line 4
+ appends the difference (delta time) to the local time, and converts it
+ again, which adds (or subtracts) the UTC offset to the given time.
+ Line 5 displays the result.
+
+ Here's a script that opens a web page, gets its headers into an array,
+ scans the array for the "Last-Modified:" header, and inteprets it:
+ http open www.columbia.edu
+ if fail stop 1 HTTP OPEN failed
+ http /array:a head index.html /dev/null
+ if fail stop 1 HTTP GET failed
+ show array a
+ for \%i 1 \fdim(&a) 1 {
+ .\%x := \findex(:,\&a[\%i])
+ if not \%x continue
+ .tag := \fleft(\&a[\%i],\%x-1)
+ .val := \fltrim(\fsubstr(\&a[\%i],\%x+1))
+ if ( eq "\m(tag)" "Last-Modified" ) {
+ echo HTTP Date: \m(val)
+ .rdate := \fcvtdate(\m(val))
+ echo {Standard Date (local): \m(rdate)}
+ echo {Standard Date (UTC): \futcdate(\m(rdate))}
+ break
+ }
+ }
+ http close
+
+ The result:
+
+ HTTP Date: Mon, 13 Aug 2001 20:05:42 GMT
+ Standard Date (local): 20010813 16:05:42
+ Standard Date (UTC): 20010813 20:05:42
+
+ As you can see, Kermit had no trouble decoding the date-time-string
+ from the website, converting to local time, and converting back to UTC
+ with no conflicts or loss of information. If it had been in any other
+ known format, the result would have been the same.
+
+ Now suppose we want to download the web page only if it is newer than
+ our local copy. The \fdate(filename) function (which returns the
+ modification date-time of the given file) and the new \fcmpdates()
+ function make it easy. Insert the following just before the BREAK
+ statement:
+
+ if ( < 0 \fcmpdates(\m(rdate),\fdate(index.html)) ) {
+ echo GETTING index.html...
+ http get index.html index.html
+ if success echo HTTP GET OK
+ } else {
+ echo index.html: no update needed
+ }
+ http close
+ exit
+
+ This says, "if 0 is less than the comparison of the remote file date
+ and the local file date, get the remote file, otherwise skip it." And
+ it automatically reconciles the time-zone difference (if any).
+
+ It would be nice to be able to extend this script into a
+ general-purpose website updater, but unfortunately HTTP protocol
+ doesn't provide any mechanism for the client to ask the server for a
+ list of files, recursive or otherwise.
+
+ [ [472]Top ] [ [473]Contents ] [ [474]C-Kermit Home ] [ [475]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8.14. Trapping Keyboard Interruption
+
+ Normally when you type Ctrl-C and Kermit is in command mode (as
+ opposed to CONNECT mode) with COMMAND INTERRUPTION ON (as it is unless
+ you have set it OFF), Kermit interrupts any command that is currently
+ in progress, and if a command file or macro is executing, rolls the
+ command stack back to top level, closing all open command files,
+ deactivating all macros, deallocating all local variables and arrays,
+ and leaving you at the command prompt.
+
+ Suppose, however, you want certain actions to occur when a script is
+ interrupted; for example, closing open files, writing log entries, or
+ displaying summary results. You can do this by defining a macro named
+ ON_CTRLC. When Ctrl-C is detected, and a macro with this name is
+ defined, Kermit executes it from the current command level, thus
+ giving it full access to the environment in which the interruption
+ occurred, including local variables and open files. Only when the
+ ON_CTRLC macro completes execution is the command stack rolled back to
+ top level.
+
+ Once the ON_CTRLC macro is defined, it can be executed only once. This
+ is to prevent recursion if the user types Ctrl-C while the ON_CTRLC
+ macro is executing. If you type Ctrl-C while the Ctrl-C macro is
+ active, this does not start a new copy of ON_CTRLC; rather, it returns
+ to the top-level command prompt. After the ON_CTRLC macro returns, it
+ has been removed from the macro table so if you want to use it again
+ or install a different Ctrl-C trap, you must execute a new DEFINE
+ ON_CTRLC command. In any case, as always when you interrupt a script
+ with Ctrl-C, its completion status is FAILURE.
+
+ Normally the ON_CTRLC macro would be defined in the command file or
+ macro to which it applies, and should be declared LOCAL. This way, if
+ the command file or macro completes successfully without being
+ interrupted, the ON_CTRLC definition disappears automatically.
+ Otherwise the definition would still be valid and the macro would be
+ executed, probably out of context, the next time you typed Ctrl-C.
+
+ Here's a simple example of a command file that sets a Ctrl-C trap for
+ itself:
+
+ local on_ctrlc ; Make Ctrl-C trap local to this command file.
+ define on_ctrlc { ; Define the ON_CTRLC macro.
+ echo Interrupted at \v(time).
+ echo Iterations: \%n
+ }
+ xecho Type Ctrl-C to quit
+ for \%n 1 999 1 { ; Prints a dot every second until interrupted.
+ sleep 1
+ xecho .
+ }
+ echo Finished normally at \v(time) ; Get here only if not interrupted.
+ decrement \%n
+ echo Iterations: \%n
+
+ This prints a summary no matter whether it completes normally or is
+ interrupted from the keyboard. In both cases the trap is automatically
+ removed afterwards.
+
+ For an example of how to use ON_CTRLC to debug scripts, see
+ [476]Section 8.1.
+
+ [ [477]Top ] [ [478]Contents ] [ [479]C-Kermit Home ] [ [480]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+9. S-EXPRESSIONS
+
+ This section is primarily for those who want to write
+ calculation-intensive scripts, especially if they require
+ floating-point arithmetic, and/or for those who are familiar with the
+ LISP programming language.
+
+ Ever since C-Kermit version 5 was released in 1988, scripting has been
+ one of its major attractions, and arithmetic is a key part of it.
+ Versions 5 and 6 included integer arithmetic only, using traditional
+ algebraic notation, e.g.:
+
+ echo \fevaluate(3*(2+7)/2)
+ 13
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 added support for floating-point arithmetic, but only
+ through function calls:
+
+ echo \ffpdivide(\ffpmultiply(3.0,\ffpadd(2.0,7.0)),2.0)
+ 13.5
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 introduces a third form of arithmetic that treats
+ integers and floating-point numbers uniformly, is easier to read and
+ write, and executes very quickly:
+
+ (/ (* 3 (+ 2 7)) 2)
+ 13.5
+
+ But first some background.
+
+ The Kermit command and scripting language differs from true
+ programming languages (such as C or Fortran) in many ways; one of the
+ most prominent differences is the way in which variables are
+ distinguished from constants. In a command language, words are taken
+ literally; for example, the Unix shell:
+
+ cat foo.bar
+
+ displays the file named foo.bar. Whereas in a programming language
+ like C, words are assumed to be variables:
+
+ s = foo.bar; /* Assigns the value of foo.bar to the variable s */
+
+ To make a programming language take words literally, you have to quote
+ or "escape" them:
+
+ s = "foo.bar"; /* Assigns a pointer to the string "foo.bar" to the variable
+s */
+
+ The opposite holds for command languages: to get them to treat a word
+ as a variable rather than a constant, you have to escape them. For
+ example, in the Unix shell:
+
+ foo=123 ; Assign value 123 to variable foo.
+ echo foo ; Prints "foo"
+ echo $foo ; Prints "123"
+
+ And in Kermit:
+
+ define foo 123 ; Assign value 123 to variable foo.
+ echo 123 ; This prints "123".
+ echo foo ; This prints "foo".
+ echo \m(foo) ; This prints "123".
+
+ In other words, character strings (such as "foo" above) are
+ interpreted as literal strings, rather than variable names, except in
+ special commands like DEFINE that deal specifically with variable
+ names (or in numeric contexts as explained in [481]Section 8.2). The
+ special "escape" character (dollar sign ($) for the shell, backslash
+ (\) for Kermit) indicates that a variable is to be replaced by its
+ value.
+
+ The requirement to escape variable names in command languages normally
+ does not impose any special hardship, but can add a considerable
+ notational burden to arithmetic expressions, which are typically full
+ of variables. Especially in Kermit when floating point numbers are
+ involved, where you must use special \ffpxxx() functions, e.g.
+ "\ffpadd(\m(a),\m(b))" rather than the simple "+" operator to add two
+ floating-point numbers together, because the original arithmetic
+ handler doesn't support floating point (this might change in the
+ future). To illustrate, the general formula for the area of a triangle
+ is:
+
+ sqrt(s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c))
+
+ where a, b, and c are the lengths of the triangle's three sides and:
+
+ s = (a + b + c) / 2
+
+ Except in special cases (e.g. a = 3, b = 4, c = 5), the result has a
+ fractional part so the computation must be done using floating-point
+ arithmetic. We can create a Kermit 7.0 function for this as follows:
+
+ def area {
+ local s t1 t2 t3
+ assign s \ffpdiv(\ffpadd(\ffpadd(\%1,\%2),\%3),2.0)
+ assign t1 \ffpsub(\m(s),\%1)
+ assign t2 \ffpsub(\m(s),\%2)
+ assign t3 \ffpsub(\m(s),\%3)
+ return \ffpsqrt(\ffpmul(\m(s),\ffpmul(\m(t1),\ffpmul(\m(t2),\m(t3)))))
+ }
+
+ But as you can see, this is rather cumbersome. Note, in particular,
+ that arithmetic functions like \ffpadd(), \ffpmul(), etc, take exactly
+ two operands (like their symbolic counterparts + and *), so obtaining
+ the product of three or more numbers (as we do in this case) is
+ awkward.
+
+ Using the alternative S-Expression notation, we can reduce this to a
+ form that is both easier to read and executes faster (the details are
+ explained later):
+
+ def newarea {
+ (let s (/ (+ \%1 \%2 \%3) 2.0))
+ (sqrt (* s (- s \%1) (- s \%2) (- s \%3)))
+ }
+
+ In both examples, the \%1..3 variables are the normal Kermit macro
+ arguments, referenced by the normal escaping mechanism. For increased
+ readability, we can also assign the macro arguments \%1, \%2, and \%3
+ to the letters a, b, and c corresponding to our formula:
+
+def newarea {
+ (let a \%1 b \%2 c \%3)
+ (let s (/ (+ a b c) 2.0))
+ (sqrt (* s (- s a) (- s b) (- s c)))
+}
+
+ And now the Kermit function reads almost like the original formula.
+ Here Kermit behaves more like a regular programming language. In an
+ S-Expression, macro names need not be escaped when they are used as
+ the names of numeric variables.
+
+ [ [482]Top ] [ [483]Contents ] [ [484]C-Kermit Home ] [ [485]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.1. What is an S-Expression?
+
+ The S-Expression concept is borrowed from the Lisp programming
+ language. "S-Expression" is short for Symbolic Expression (itself
+ sometimes shortened to SEXP). S-Expressions provide a kind of
+ Alternative Mini-Universe within the Kermit command language when the
+ regular rules don't apply, a universe enclosed in parentheses.
+
+ C-Kermit does not pretend to be a full Lisp interpreter; only the
+ arithmetic parts of Lisp have been incorporated: S-Expressions that
+ operate on numbers and return numeric values (plus extensibility
+ features described in [486]Section 9.8, which allow some degree of
+ string processing).
+
+ An S-Expression is a list of zero or more items, separated by spaces,
+ within parentheses. Examples:
+
+ ()
+ (1)
+ (a)
+ (+ a 1)
+ (* 2 a b)
+
+ If the S-Expression is empty, it has the NIL (empty) value. If it is
+ not empty and the first item is an operator (such as + or *), there
+ can be zero or more subsequent items, called the operands:
+
+ (+ 1 2)
+
+ Here the operator is "+" and the operands are "1" and "2", and the
+ value of the S-Expression is the value of the operation (in this case
+ 3). The operator always comes first, which is different from the
+ familiar algebraic notation; this because S-Expression operators can
+ have different numbers of operands:
+
+ (+ 1)
+ (+ 1 2)
+ (+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)
+
+ If the first item in the S-Expression is not an operator, then it must
+ be a variable or a number (or a macro; see [487]Section 9.8), and the
+ S-Expression can only contain one item; in this case, the
+ S-Expression's value is the value of the variable or number:
+
+ (a)
+ (3)
+
+ Operands can be numbers, variables that have numeric values, functions
+ that return numbers, or other S-Expressions. To illustrate an
+ S-Expression within an S-Expression, observe that:
+
+ (+ 1 2)
+
+ is equivalent to any of the following (plus an infinite number of
+ others):
+
+ (+ 1 (+ 1 1))
+ (+ (- 3 2) (/ 14 (+ 3 4)))
+
+ S-Expressions can be nested to any reasonable level; for example, the
+ value of the following S-Expression is 64:
+
+ (- (* (+ 2 (* 3 4)) (- 9 (* 2 2))) 6)
+
+ Operators have no precedence, implied or otherwise, since they can't
+ be mixed. The only exceptions are unary + and -, which simply indicate
+ the sign of a number:
+
+ (* 3 -1)
+
+ Order of evaluation is specified entirely by parentheses, which are
+ required around each operator and its operands: (+ a (* b c)) instead
+ of (a + b * c).
+
+ S-Expressions provide a simple and isolated environment in which
+ Kermit's macro names can be used without the \m(...) escaping that is
+ normally required. Given:
+
+ define a 1
+ define b 2
+ define c 3
+
+ Then:
+
+ (+ \m(a) \m(b) \m(c))
+
+ is equivalent to:
+
+ (+ a b c)
+
+ Within an S-Expression, as in other strictly numeric contexts
+ ([488]Section 8.2), any operand that starts with a letter is treated
+ as a Kermit macro name. In this context, abbreviations are not
+ accepted; variable names must be spelled out in full. Alphabetic case
+ is not significant; "a" and "A" are the same variable, but both are
+ different from "area".
+
+ Of course, regular Kermit variables and functions can be used in
+ S-Expressions in the normal ways:
+
+ (* \v(math_pi) (^ \%r 2)) ; Area of a circle with radius \%r
+ (+ \fjoin(&a)) ; Sum of all elements of array \&a[]
+
+ [ [489]Top ] [ [490]Contents ] [ [491]C-Kermit Home ] [ [492]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.2. Integer and Floating-Point-Arithmetic
+
+ Normally, if all numbers in an S-Expression are integers, the result
+ is an integer:
+
+ (+ 1 1) ; Result is 2
+ (/ 9 3) ; Result is 3
+
+ If any of the operands is floating point, however, the result is also
+ floating point:
+
+ (+ 1 1.0) ; Result is 2.0
+ (/ 9.0 3) ; Result is 3.0
+
+ If all the operands are integers but the result has a fractional part,
+ the result is floating point:
+
+ (/ 10 3) ; Result is 3.333333333333333
+
+ To force an integer result in such cases, use the TRUNCATE operator:
+
+ (truncate (/ 10 3)) ; Result is 3
+
+ Similarly, to force a computation to occur in floating point, you can
+ coerce one of its operands to FLOAT:
+
+ (+ 1 (float 1)) ; Result is 2.0
+
+ The result is also floating point if the magnitude of any integer
+ operand, intermediate result, or the result itself, is larger than the
+ maximum for the underlying machine architecture:
+
+ (^ 100 100)
+
+ If the result is too large even for floating-point representation,
+ "Infinity" is printed; if it is too small to be distinguished from 0,
+ 0.0 is returned.
+
+ Large numbers can be used and large results generated, but they are
+ accurate only to the precision of the underlying machine. For example,
+ the result of:
+
+ (+ 111111111111111111111 222222222222222222222)
+
+ should be 333333333333333333333, but 333333333333333300000.0 is
+ produced instead if the machine is accurate to only about 16 decimal
+ digits, even with coercion to floating-point. The order of magnitude
+ is correct but the least significant digits are wrong. The imprecise
+ nature of the result is indicated by the ".0" at the end. Contrast
+ with:
+
+ (+ 111111111 222222222)
+
+ which produces an exact integer result.
+
+ [ [493]Top ] [ [494]Contents ] [ [495]C-Kermit Home ] [ [496]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.3. How to Use S-Expressions
+
+ S-Expressions may be given as commands to C-Kermit. Any command whose
+ first character is "(" (left parenthesis) is interpreted as an
+ S-Expression.
+
+ If you enter an S-Expression at the C-Kermit> prompt, its result is
+ printed:
+
+ C-Kermit>(/ 10.0 3)
+ 3.333333333333333
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ If an S-Expression is executed within a macro or command file, its
+ value is not printed. However, you can control the printing action
+ with:
+
+ SET SEXPRESSION ECHO { AUTO, ON, OFF }
+ AUTO is the default, meaning print the value at top level only;
+ ON means always print the value; OFF means never print it.
+
+ In any case, the value of the most recent S-Expression (and the
+ S-Expression itself) may be accessed programmatically through the
+ following variables:
+
+ \v(sexpression)
+ The S-Expression most recently executed.
+
+ \v(svalue)
+ The value of the S-Expression most recently executed.
+
+ Besides issuing S-Expressions as commands in themselves, you can also
+ execute them anywhere within a Kermit command, but in this case they
+ must be enclosed in a function call (otherwise they are taken
+ literally):
+
+ \fsexpression(s)
+ The argument "s" is an S-Expression; the outer parentheses may
+ be omitted. The value of the S-Expression is returned. Note
+ that since S-Expressions usually contain spaces, some form of
+ grouping or quoting might be needed in some contexts:
+
+ echo \fsexpression((+ 1 1)) ; Outer parentheses may be included
+ echo \fsexpr(+ 1 1) ; Outer parentheses may be omitted
+ echo Value = "\fsexp(+ 1 a)" ; Can be embedded in strings
+ echo Value = \&a[\fsexp(/ b 2)] ; Can be used in array subscripts
+ if = {\fsexp(+ 1 1)} 2 { ; Braces needed here for grouping
+ echo One plus one still equals two
+ }
+
+ The IF statement illustrates how to use S-Expressions as (or in) IF or
+ WHILE conditions:
+
+ * Although S-Expressions and IF conditions are similar in
+ appearance, they are not interchangeable. Therefore you must use
+ \fsexpr() to let Kermit know it's an S-Expression rather than a
+ regular IF condition, or a boolean or algebraic expression within
+ an IF condition.
+ * In contexts where a single "word" is expected, you must enclose
+ the \fsexp() invocation in braces if the S-Expression contains
+ spaces (and most of them do).
+
+ If an S-Expression is the last command executed in a macro, its value
+ becomes the return value of the macro; no RETURN command is needed.
+ Example:
+
+ def newarea {
+ (let s (/ (+ \%1 \%2 \%3) 2.0))
+ (sqrt (* s (- s \%1) (- s \%2) (- s \%3)))
+ }
+
+ This is equivalent to (but more efficient than):
+
+ def newarea {
+ (let s (/ (+ \%1 \%2 \%3) 2.0))
+ return \fsexp(sqrt (* s (- s \%1) (- s \%2) (- s \%3)))
+ }
+
+ When an S-Expression is entered as a command -- that is, the first
+ nonblank character of the command is a left parenthesis -- then it is
+ allowed to span multiple lines, as many as you like, until the first
+ left parenthesis is matched:
+
+ (let s (/
+ (+
+ \%1
+ \%2
+ \%3
+ )
+ 2.0
+ )
+ )
+ (sqrt (*
+ s
+ (- s \%1)
+ (- s \%2)
+ (- s \%3)
+ )
+ )
+
+ The S-Expression concept lends itself easily to embedding and
+ recursion, but the depth to which recursion can occur is limited by
+ the resources of the computer (memory size, address space, swap space
+ on disk) and other factors. There is no way that C-Kermit can know
+ what this limit is, since it varies not only from computer to
+ computer, but also from moment to moment. If resources are exhausted
+ by recursion, C-Kermit simply crashes; there's no way to trap this
+ error. However, you can set a depth limit on S-Expressions:
+
+ SET SEXPRESSION DEPTH-LIMIT number
+ Limits the number of times the S-Expression reader can invoke
+ itself without returning to the given number. The default limit
+ is 1000. This limit applies to S-Expressions embedded within
+ other S-Expressions as well as to S-Expressions that invoke
+ recursive macros. If the limit is exceeded, Kermit prints
+ "?S-Expression depth limit exceeded" and returns to its prompt.
+ More about recursion in [497]Section 9.8.
+
+ You can also test the depth programmatically:
+
+ \v(sdepth)
+ The current S-Expression invocation depth. The depth includes
+ both nesting level and recursion. For example, in:
+ (foo (foo (foo (foo (foo))))), the innermost (foo) is at depth
+ 5.
+
+ Help, completion, and syntax checking are not available within an
+ S-Expression. If you type ? within an S-Expression, it says:
+
+ C-Kermit>(? S-Expression ("help sexp" for details)
+
+ As it says, typing "help sexp" will display a brief help text.
+
+ The SHOW SEXPRESSION command displays current SET SEXPRESSION settings
+ and related information.
+
+ [ [498]Top ] [ [499]Contents ] [ [500]C-Kermit Home ] [ [501]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.4. Summary of Built-in Constants and Operators
+
+ Three constants are built in:
+
+ * PI, whose value is the value of pi (the quotient of circumference
+ of any circle and its diameter, 3.141592653...) to the underlying
+ machine's precision;
+ * T, which always has the value 1, which signifies truth in Kermit
+ logical expressions or S-Expressions;
+ * NIL, which always has the empty value, and can serve as a False
+ truth value.
+
+ These constants are specific to S-Expressions and are not visible
+ outside them. They may not be used as the target of an assignment. So,
+ for example:
+
+ (setq t 0) Fails
+ assign t 0 Succeeds but this is not the same T!
+
+ E (the base of natural logarithms, 2.7182818184...) is not built in
+ since it is not intrinsic in most Lisp dialects. If you want E to be
+ the base of natural logarithms you can:
+
+ (setq e (exp 1))
+
+ Operators are either symbols (such as "+") or words. Words must be
+ spelled out in full, not abbreviated. Differences of alphabetic case
+ are ignored.
+
+ The most basic operation in S-Expressions is evaluation:
+
+ EVAL [ s-expression or variable or number [ another [ another ... ] ]
+ ]
+ Evaluates its operands and returns the value of the last one
+ evaluated. Examples:
+
+ (eval) 0
+ (eval 1) 1
+ (eval a) value of a
+ (eval (+ 1 a)) value of a+1
+ (eval (setq a 1) (setq b (+ a 0.5))) value of b (= a+0.5)
+
+ You can use "." as a shorthand for EVAL:
+
+ (.)
+ (. 1)
+ (. a)
+ (. (+ 1 a))
+ (. (setq a 1) (setq b (+ a 0.5)))
+
+ Opposite of EVAL is the operator that suppresses evaluation of its
+ operand:
+
+ QUOTE item
+ The value (quote item) is "item". If the item is itself an
+ S-Expression, the result is the S-Expression with the outer
+ parentheses stripped. Examples:
+
+ (quote) (illegal)
+ (quote a) a
+ (quote hello) hello
+ (quote (this is a string)) this is a string
+ (quote this is a string) (illegal)
+
+ A shorthand notation is also accepted for quoting:
+ 'a is equivalent to (quote a). And therefore:
+ '(a b c) is equivalent to (quote (a b c)).
+ More about quoting in [502]Section 9.8.
+
+ STRING item
+ Is a combination of EVAL and QUOTE. It evaluates the item as an
+ S-Expression, and then puts quotes around the result (more
+ about this in [503]Section 9.8).
+
+ The following operators assign values to variables:
+
+ SETQ [ variable [ value [ variable [ value [ ... ] ] ] ] ]
+ Applies to global variables. For each variable given: if a
+ value is not given, the variable is undefined. If a value is
+ given, assigns the value to the variable. The value may be a
+ number, a variable, or anything that resolves to a number
+ including an S-Expression. Returns the value of the last
+ assignment. Examples:
+
+ (setq) Does nothing, returns NIL.
+ (setq a) Undefines a, returns NIL.
+ (setq a 1) Assigns 1 to a, returns 1.
+ (setq a 1 b 2) Assigns 1 to a, 2 to b, returns 2.
+ (setq a 1 b 2 c) Assigns 1 to a, 2 to b, undefines c, returns NIL.
+
+ To undefine a variable that is not the final one in the list, give it
+ a value of "()" or NIL:
+
+ (setq a () b 2) Undefines a, assigns 2 to b, returns 2.
+ (setq a nil b 2) Ditto.
+
+ Note that a variable can be used right away once it has a value:
+
+ (setq a 1 b a) Assigns 1 to a, the value of a (1) to b, returns 1.
+
+ The results of SETQ (when used with macro names) can be checked
+ conveniently with SHOW MACRO, e.g:
+
+ show mac a b c
+
+ LET [ variable [ value [ variable [ value [ ... ] ] ] ] ]
+ Like SETQ, but applies to local variables. Note that "local" is
+ used in the Kermit sense, not the Lisp sense; it applies to the
+ current Kermit command level, not to the current S-Expression.
+
+ If you want to use SETQ or LET to assign a value to a backslash
+ variable such as \%a or \&a[2], you must double the backslash:
+
+ (setq \\%a 3)
+ (setq \\%b (+ \%a 1))
+ (setq \\&a[2] (setq (\\%c (+ \%a \%b))))
+
+ In other words:
+
+ * Double the backslash when you want to indicate the variable's
+ NAME;
+ * Don't double the backslash when you want its VALUE.
+
+ See [504]Section 9.6 for a fuller explanation of variable syntax and
+ scope.
+
+ Here's a summary table of arithmetic operators; in the examples, a is
+ 2 and b is -1.3:
+
+ Operator Description Example Result
+ + Adds all operands (0 or more) (+ a b) 0.7
+ - Subtracts all operands (0 or more) (- 9 5 2 1) 1
+ * Multiplies all operands (0 or more) (* a (+ b 1) 3) -1.80
+ / Divides all operands (2 or more) (/ b a 2) -0.325
+ ^ Raise given number to given power (^ 3 2) 9
+ ++ Increments variables (++ a 1.2) 3.2
+ -- Decrements variables (-- a) 1
+ ABS Absolute value of 1 operand (abs (* a b 3)) 7.8
+ MAX Maximum of all operands (1 or more) (max 1 2 3 4) 4
+ MIN Minimum of all operands (1 or more) (min 1 2 3 4) 1
+ MOD (%) Modulus of all operands (1 or more) (mod 7 4 2) 1
+ FLOAT Convert an integer to floating-point (float 1) 1.0
+ TRUNCATE Integer part of floating-point operand (truncate 3.333) 3
+ CEILING Ceiling of floating-point operand (ceiling 1.25) 2
+ FLOOR Floor of floating-point operand (floor 1.25) 1
+ ROUND Operand rounded to nearest integer (round 1.75) 2
+ SQRT Square root of 1 operand (sqrt 2) 1.414..
+ EXP e (2.71828..) to the given power (exp -1) 0.367..
+ SIN Sine of angle-in-radians (sin (/ pi 2)) 1.0
+ COS Cosine of angle-in-radians (cos pi) -1.0
+ TAN Tangent of angle-in-radians (tan pi) 0.0
+ LOG Natural log (base e) of given number (log 2.7183) 1.000..
+ LOG10 Log base 10 of given number (log10 1000) 3.0
+
+ The ++ and -- operators are also assignment operators and work just
+ like SETQ and LET in their interpretations of operators and operands,
+ but:
+
+ * Each target variable must already be defined and have a numeric
+ value;
+ * The assignment value is the amount by which to increment or
+ decrement the variable.
+ * If an assignment value is not given, 1 is used.
+
+ If you include more than one variable-value pair in a ++ or --
+ expression, every variable (except, optionally, the last) must be
+ followed by a value. Examples:
+
+ (++ a) Equivalent to (setq a (+ a 1)) and to (++ a 1)
+ (++ a 2) Equivalent to (setq a (+ a 2))
+ (-- a (* 2 pi)) Equivalent to (setq a (- a (* 2 pi)))
+ (++ a 1 b 1 c 1 d) Equivalent to four SETQs incrementing a,b,c,d by 1.
+
+ Another group of operators forms the predicates. These return a "truth
+ value", in which 0 (or NIL) is false, and 1 or any other nonzero
+ number is true.
+
+ Operator Description Example Result
+ = (or ==) Operands are equal (= 1 1.0) 1
+ != Operands are not equal (!= 1 1.0) 0
+ < Operands in strictly ascending order (< 1 2 3) 1
+ <= Operands in ascending order (<= 1 1 2 3) 1
+ > Operands in strictly descending order (> 3 2 1) 1
+ >= Operands in descending order (<= 3 3 2 1) 1
+ AND (&&) Operands are all true (and 1 1 1 1 0) 0
+ OR (||) At least one operand is true (or 1 1 1 1 0) 1
+ XOR Logical Exclusive OR (xor 3 1) 0
+ NOT (!) Reverses truth value of operand (not 3) 0
+
+ The Exclusive OR of two values is true if one value is true and the
+ other value is false.
+
+ And another group operates on bits within an integer word:
+
+ Operator Description Example Result
+ & Bitwise AND (& 7 2) 2
+ | Bitwise OR (| 1 2 3 4) 7
+ # Bitwise Exclusive OR (# 3 1) 2
+ ~ Reverses all bits (~ 3) -4
+
+ These operators coerce their operands to integer by truncation if
+ necessary. The result of bit reversal is hardware dependent.
+
+ The final category of operator works on truth values:
+
+ Operator Description Example Result
+ IF Conditional evaluation (if (1) 2 3) 2
+
+ IF (predicate) (s1) [ (s2) ]
+ The IF operator is similar to Kermit's IF command. If the
+ predicate is true (i.e. evaluates to a nonzero number), the
+ first S-Expression (s1) is evaluated and its value is returned.
+ Otherwise, if (s2) is given, it is evaluated and its value
+ returned; if (s2) is not given, nothing happens and the NIL
+ (empty) value is returned.
+
+ You can group multiple expressions in the s1 and s2 expressions using
+ EVAL (or "."):
+
+ (if (< a 0) (eval (setq x 0) (setq y 0)) (eval (setq x a) (setq y b)))
+
+ or equivalently:
+
+ (if (< a 0) (. (setq x 0) (setq y 0)) (. (setq x a) (setq y b)))
+
+ Each operator has its own requirement as to number and type of
+ operands. In the following table, "number" means any kind of number --
+ integer or floating-point -- or a variable, function, macro, or
+ S-Expression that returns a number; "vname" means variable name,
+ "fpnumber" means a floating-point number (or anything that resolves to
+ one), and "integer" means integer (or anything that resolves to one).
+ "truthvalue" means anything that resolves to a value of zero or an
+ empty value (which indicates false) or a nonzero value (which
+ indicates true). "any" means any kind of value, including none at all.
+
+ Operator Number of operands Type of operands Returns
+ EVAL (.) 0 or more S-Expression Last value (default NIL)
+ STRING 1 S-Expression string
+ QUOTE (') 1 word string
+ SETQ 0 or more vname value pairs Last value (default NIL)
+ LET 0 or more vname value pairs Last value (default NIL)
+ + 0 or more number number (default 0)
+ - 0 or more number number (default 0)
+ * 0 or more number number (see note (1))
+ / 2 or more number number
+ ^ 2 or more number number
+ ++ 1 or more vname value pairs Result of last increment
+ -- 1 or more vname value pairs Result of last decrement
+ ABS 1 number number
+ MAX 1 or more number number
+ MIN 1 or more number number
+ MOD (%) 2 number number
+ FLOAT 1 number fpnumber
+ TRUNCATE 1 number integer
+ CEILING 1 number integer
+ FLOOR 1 number integer
+ ROUND 1 number integer
+ SQRT 1 number fpnumber
+ EXP 1 number fpnumber
+ SIN 1 number fpnumber
+ COS 1 number fpnumber
+ TAN 1 number fpnumber
+ LOG 1 number fpnumber
+ LOG10 1 number fpnumber
+ = (==) 1 or more number truthvalue
+ != 1 or more number truthvalue
+ < 1 or more number truthvalue
+ <= 1 or more number truthvalue
+ > 1 or more number truthvalue
+ >= 1 or more number truthvalue
+ AND (&&) 1 or more truthvalue truthvalue
+ OR (||) 1 or more truthvalue truthvalue
+ XOR 2 truthvalue truthvalue
+ NOT (!) 1 truthvalue truthvalue
+ & 1 or more number (see note 2) integer
+ | 1 or more number (see note 2) integer
+ # 2 number (see note 2) integer
+ ~ 1 number (see note 2) integer
+ IF 2 or 3 truthvalue,any,any any
+
+ Operators that don't require any arguments return the default values
+ shown.
+
+ 1. The value of "*", when used as an operator, is initially "1" and
+ the value of the most recent S-Expression thereafter, as in Franz
+ Lisp. This is handy when doing a series of calculations by hand:
+ C-Kermit>(* 13272.42 0.40)
+ 5308.968
+ C-Kermit>(/ * 2)
+ 2654.4840
+ C-Kermit>
+ 2. The bitwise operators coerce their operands to integer by
+ truncation.
+
+ [ [505]Top ] [ [506]Contents ] [ [507]C-Kermit Home ] [ [508]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.5. Variables
+
+ As noted elsewhere in this discussion, all backslash items (variables
+ such as \%a, macro parameters such as \%1, array elements such as
+ \&a[\%i], built-in variables such as \v(ndate), built-in functions
+ such as \fjoin(), macro names enclosed in \m(), \s(), or \:(), etc)
+ are evaluated at "top level" before the S-Expression is sent to the
+ S-Expression reader. To use a backslash variable as the target of an
+ assignment (e.g. by SETQ, LET, ++, or --), you must double the
+ backslash, e.g. (setq \\%r 1234). This is discussed at greater length
+ in the next section.
+
+ Thus S-Expression reader generally deals only with macro names (not
+ backslash items) as variables. It is important to understand how the
+ reader handles macro names. There are fundamentally two kinds of
+ S-Expressions: those that contain a single element, such as:
+
+ (foo)
+
+ and those that contain more than one element:
+
+ (foo a b c)
+
+ If an S-Expression contains only one element, and it is the name of a
+ macro, the macro's definition is examined. If the definition is a
+ number (integer or floating-point, positive or negative), then this
+ becomes the value of the expression. If the definition starts with '
+ (apostrophe), then the quoted word or string is the value of the
+ expression (explained in [509]Section 9.8). Otherwise, the macro is
+ assumed to be composed of Kermit commands (possibly including
+ S-Expressions), which are executed. If the macro has a RETURN value,
+ or it executes an S-Expression as its last command, the result becomes
+ the value of the S-Expression; otherwise the result is empty.
+
+ For S-Expressions that contain more than one element, and the first
+ element is the name of a macro, then this macro is executed with the
+ arguments that are given, after the arguments are evaluated by the
+ S-Expression reader. Likewise, If the first element is a built-in
+ operator, then it is applied to the operands after they are evaluated.
+ In both cases, each operand is fed to the S-Expression reader
+ recursively for evaluation. If an operand is a number or a quoted
+ string, it is used as-is. But if it's a macro name, this degenerates
+ into the first case, and the previous paragraph applies.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ define foo 123
+ (foo) Result: 123
+ define foo 'abc
+ (foo) Result: abc
+ define foo '(one two three)
+ (foo) Result: one two three
+ define foo return \frandom(1000)
+ (foo) Result: 713 (or other number)
+ define foo (+ a b)
+ (foo) Result: The sum of a and b
+
+ A more difficult example:
+
+ define foo abc
+ (foo) Result: ???
+
+ The result in the last example depends on the definition of abc:
+
+ * If it has no definition, an error occurs; otherwise:
+ * If the definition is an S-Expression, the result is the
+ S-Expression's value; otherwise:
+ * If the definition consists of Kermit commands, they are executed.
+ But in this case "(foo)" produces the empty result, because it
+ doesn't RETURN anything.
+
+ The use of macros as S-Expression operators is described in
+ [510]Section 9.8.
+
+ [ [511]Top ] [ [512]Contents ] [ [513]C-Kermit Home ] [ [514]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.6. Assignments and Scope
+
+ The assignment operators SETQ and LET apply to global and local
+ variables, respectively. SETQ and LET are standard Lisp operators
+ adapted to Kermit scoping rules. When the operands are numeric or
+ arithmetic, SETQ is equivalent to Kermit's EVALUATE command:
+
+ (setq a (+ 1 2))
+ evaluate a 1 + 2
+
+ When the operand is a string, SETQ is equivalent to DEFINE:
+
+ (setq a '(this is a string))
+ define a this is a string
+
+ In the first case, both statements create a macro named "a" with a
+ value of 3. But in neither case is the macro "a" necessarily global.
+ If either of these commands executes in an environment (i.e. macro
+ invocation level) where a "local a" command has been given, the "a"
+ macro is global to that environment, but is not visible outside it.
+
+ LET is equivalent to the Kermit LOCAL command, followed by the
+ corresponding EVALUATE:
+
+ (let a (+ 1 2))
+
+ is equivalent to:
+
+ local a
+ evaluate a 1 + 2
+
+ Again, "local" in this context applies to the Kermit macro invocation
+ stack, not to the S-Expression nesting level. To illustrate, recall
+ our "newarea" macro:
+
+def newarea {
+ (let a \%1 b \%2 c \%3)
+ (let s (/ (+ a b c) 2.0))
+ (sqrt (* s (- s a) (- s b) (- s c)))
+}
+
+ Because SETQ and LET expressions return a value, they can be placed
+ within a larger S-Expression. In this case we can replace the first
+ reference to the "s" variable by its defining expression:
+
+def newarea {
+ (let a \%1 b \%2 c \%3)
+ (sqrt (* (let s (/ (+ a b c) 2.0)) (- s a) (- s b) (- s c)))
+}
+
+ This would not work if LET were local to the S-Expression, but it
+ works nicely in the context of Kermit macros. The previous definition
+ is equivalent to:
+
+def newarea {
+ local a b c s
+ (setq a \%1 b \%2 c \%3)
+ (sqrt (* (setq s (/ (+ a b c) 2.0)) (- s a) (- s b) (- s c)))
+}
+
+ In both cases, the variables a, b, c, and s are local to the "newarea"
+ macro, and global within it.
+
+ Multiple assignments can be handled in several ways. Here is the
+ obvious way to initialize a series of variables to the same value:
+
+ (setq a 0)
+ (setq b 0)
+ (setq c 0)
+ (setq s 0)
+
+ Here is a more compact and efficient way of doing the same thing:
+
+ (setq a 0 b 0 c 0 s 0)
+
+ However, in case the value was more complex, it's better to put only
+ one copy of it in the S-Expression; in this case we rely on the fact
+ that SETQ returns the value of its last assignment:
+
+ (setq a (setq b (setq c (setq s (* x (^ y 2))))))
+
+ Similarly, to set a series of variables to x, x+1, x+2, ...
+
+ (setq c (+ (setq b (+ (setq a (+ (setq s x) 1)) 1)) 1))
+
+ In the last example, you can see why "last" does not always correspond
+ to "rightmost" (the leftmost variable "c" is assigned last).
+
+ If you are working with backslash variables like \%a or array elements
+ like \&a[1], remember two rules:
+ 1. Don't put spaces inside array brackets.
+ 2. You must double the backslash when using SETQ, LET, ++, or -- to
+ assign a value to a backslash variable.
+
+ Examples of assigning to a backslash variable:
+
+ (setq x 1)
+ (setq \\%a 0)
+ (setq \\&a[x+1] 1)
+ (++ \\%x)
+ (-- \\&a[x+2])
+
+ Examples of referring to a backslash variable's value:
+
+ (setq a (+ \%a 1))
+ (setq b (+ \%a \&a[1]))
+ (++ a \%x)
+ (-- b \&a[1])
+
+ The special notation is required because all backslashed items (\%x
+ variables, array elements, built-in \v(xxx) variables, and \fxxx()
+ function invocations) are evaluated in a single pass BEFORE the
+ S-Expression is executed; any other approach would result in
+ unacceptable performance. So, for example, in:
+
+ declare \&a[] = 1 2 3
+ define \%x 4
+ define \%y 0
+ (setq \\%y (+ \%x \&a[1]))
+
+ the S-Expression becomes:
+
+ (setq \%y (+ 4 1))
+
+ before it is sent to the S-Expression evaluator. If the backslash had
+ not been doubled on the assignment target, the result would have been:
+
+ (setq 0 (+ 4 1))
+
+ which is illegal because you can't assign a value to a number.
+ Conversely, if backslashes were doubled on right-hand-side values:
+
+ (setq \\%y (+ \\%x \\&a[1])
+
+ this too, would give an error (not numeric - "\%x").
+
+ If you omit the double backslash in the assignment target, the result
+ depends on whether the variable already has a value:
+
+ (setq \%a (* 3 3))
+
+ If \%a has a non-numeric single-word value, then this becomes the name
+ of the variable that is assigned by SETQ. To illustrate:
+
+ define \%a foo
+ echo \%a
+ foo
+ (setq \%a (* 3 3))
+ echo \%a
+ foo
+ show macro foo
+ foo = 9
+
+ If \%a has no value, a numeric value, or a multiword value, an
+ "invalid assignment" error occurs.
+
+ [ [515]Top ] [ [516]Contents ] [ [517]C-Kermit Home ] [ [518]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.7. Conditional Expressions
+
+ The IF operator provides a compact form of decision-making within
+ S-Expressions. An IF expression can stand wherever a number might
+ stand, as long is it returns a number. Here's a quick way to obtain
+ the average value of all the elements in an array that contains only
+ numbers:
+
+ (/ (+ \fjoin(&a)) (float \fdim(&a)))
+
+ This results in a "Divide by zero" error if the array is empty. If you
+ want to define the average value of an empty array to be 0 instead of
+ getting an error, you can use IF to check the array size:
+
+ (if \fdim(&a) (/ (+ \fjoin(&a)) (float \fdim(&a))) 0)
+
+ or equivalently:
+
+ (if (not \fdim(&a)) 0 (/ (+ \fjoin(&a)) (float \fdim(&a))))
+
+ Of course, IF can fit anywhere else into an S-Expression:
+
+ (setq a (+ b (if (< c 0) 0 c)))
+
+ and the IF expression can be as complex as you like:
+
+ (setq a (+ b (if (and (or (> x 0) (> y 0)) (< c 0) (> d 1) (!= e 0)) 1 0)))
+
+ and the "then" and "else" parts can contain multiple S-Expressions
+ enclosed within (EVAL ...):
+
+ (if x (eval (...) (...) (...)) (eval (...) (...) (...)))
+
+ AND and OR operators are guaranteed to "short circuit". If any operand
+ of AND is false, none of the subsequent operands is evaluated;
+ likewise, if an OR operand is true, no further operands are evaluated.
+
+ Bear in mind that the S-Expression IF is not the same as Kermit IF;
+ the condition is only allowed to be an S-Expression or a variable or
+ number, not the whole list of possibilities you see when you type "if
+ ?" at the C-Kermit> prompt. But keep reading...
+
+ [ [519]Top ] [ [520]Contents ] [ [521]C-Kermit Home ] [ [522]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.8. Extensibility
+
+ To extend the capabilities of S-Expressions, you can use Kermit macro
+ names as operators, with the following limitations:
+
+ * The macro must not have the same name as a built-in operator.
+ * You must use the full macro name, not an abbreviation.
+
+ And with the following enhancement:
+
+ * If the last statement executed by the macro is an S-Expression,
+ its value is returned automatically. In other words:
+
+ define bump (++ \%1)
+
+ is equivalent to:
+
+ define bump return \fsexpression(++ \%1)
+
+ Here's an example in which we define a FIBONACCI operator that returns
+ the nth element, n >= 0, of the Fibonacci series, 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21
+ 34 55, . . ., in which the first element is 0, the second is 1, and
+ each subsequent element is the sum of the two before it. This series
+ was devised by Leonardo Pisano, Filius Bonacci (Fibonacci for short)
+ in 1202 to describe how fast rabbits can breed, and also forms the
+ basis for the Golden Mean, the branching behavior of plants, the
+ spiral of a nautilus shell, etc. (Thanks to [523]Dat Thuc Nguyen for
+ December 2003 corrections to this section!)
+
+ We can write a FIBONACCI function as a macro easily with
+ S-Expressions:
+
+ define FIBONACCI {
+ (if (== \%1 0) 0
+ (if (== \%1 1) 1 (+ (fibonacci (- \%1 2)) (fibonacci (- \%1 1)))))
+ }
+
+ You can read this as:
+
+ If the argument (\%1) is 0, return a result of 0; if it is 1,
+ return 1; otherwise:
+ return the sum of fibonacci(argument - 2) and fibonacci(argument -
+ 1)
+
+ Note that a RETURN statement is not needed, since S-Expressions
+ automatically set the return value of their containing macros.
+
+ For comparison, here's how it would be coded without S-Expressions:
+
+ define FIBONACCI {
+ if == \%1 0 {
+ return 0
+ } else if == \%1 1 {
+ return 1
+ } else {
+ return \feval(\fexec(fibonacci \feval(\%1-2)) -
+ + \fexec(fibonacci \feval(\%1-1)))
+ }
+ }
+
+ Now we can use the FIBONACCI function (whichever way you write it)
+ just as if it were a built-in operator:
+
+ (fibonacci 6)
+
+ Or:
+
+ (setq a 10)
+ (fibonacci a)
+
+ Within S-Expressions only (not outside them), S-Expressions themselves
+ can be used as macro arguments:
+
+ (setq a 2 b 4)
+ (setq x (fibonacci (* a b )))
+
+ The value of the S-Expression (in this case "8"), and not the
+ S-Expression itself, is sent to the macro.
+
+ Your macro is responsible for argument validation and error handling.
+ A robust Fibonacci macro would be more like this:
+
+ define FIBONACCI {
+ if < \v(argc) 2 end 1 ?\%0: Missing argument
+ if > \v(argc) 2 end 1 ?\%0: Too many arguments
+ if not integer \%1 end 1 ?\%0: Integers only
+ if < \%1 1 end 1 ?\%0: Argument out of range
+ (if (== \%1 0) 0
+ (if (== \%1 1) 1 (+ (fibonacci (- \%1 2)) (fibonacci (- \%1 1)))))
+ }
+
+ Recall that "END nonzero-number [ message ]" causes a macro invocation
+ to fail. When the macro is the operator in an S-Expression, this makes
+ the S-Expression fail too. Also note that our Fibonacci macro is just
+ an illustration, not a practical example. Since it is recursive (calls
+ itself), it won't work for large arguments because the call stack can
+ exceed available memory. See [524]Section 9.9.2 for a practical
+ alternative.
+
+ Kermit macros, when used as S-Expression operators, can do anything at
+ all except initiate file transfers: they can print messages on the
+ screen, read and write files, interact with the user, and so on. For
+ example, here's a macro ASKME that asks you to enter a number, makes
+ sure that you did, and then returns its value for use in the
+ S-Expression:
+
+ define ASKME {
+ local \%n
+ while true {
+ ask \%n { Number: }
+ if not def \%n continue
+ if not numeric \%n {
+ echo Not numeric - "\%n"
+ continue
+ }
+ break
+ }
+ return \%n
+ }
+ (setq a (* 2 (askme))) ; Get number from user, double it, assign result to a.
+
+ Here's a macro you can use to validate that a number is in a given
+ range:
+
+ define inrange {
+ if != \v(argc) 4 end 1 ?\%0: Wrong number of arguments
+ if ( < \%1 \%2 || > \%1 \%3 ) return 0
+ return 1
+ }
+
+ The first argument is the number to be checked, the second is the
+ minimum acceptable value, the third is the maximum. You can use this
+ (for example) in IF conditions:
+
+ define yes echo \%1 IS OK
+ define no echo \%1 IS NOT OK
+
+ (setq a -1 b 999)
+ (if (inrange a 0 100) (yes a) (no a))
+ (if (inrange b -1000 +1000) (yes b) (no b))
+
+ This is just an illustration, of course; there's already a built-in
+ operator to let you do range checking without help from macros:
+
+ (if (<= 0 a 100) (yes a) (no a))
+ (if (<= -1000 b +1000) (yes b) (no b))
+
+ To send string parameters to a macro, some kind of quoting is required
+ to tell the S-Expression parser to take a given "word" literally
+ rather than replacing it by its value. For this we use the Lisp QUOTE
+ operator:
+
+ define length return \flength(\%1)
+ (length (quote abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz))
+ 26
+
+ This causes the string "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" to be sent
+ literally to the LENGTH macro. Kermit, like Lisp, also offers a
+ shortcut for QUOTE, that lets us quote a word by prefixing it with a
+ single quote (') character, also called apostophe (ASCII 39):
+
+ (length 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz)
+ 26
+
+ The two forms are equivalent.
+
+ How the macro treats its arguments is up to the macro. In the example
+ above, the argument is treated as a literal string. However, it can
+ also be treated as a variable name:
+
+ define string This is a string
+ define length return \flength(\m(\%1))
+ (length 'string)
+ 16
+
+ Note the construct \m(\%1). This means "the value of the macro whose
+ name is the value of
+ \%1". The value of \%1 in this case is the word "string", and the
+ value of the macro whose name is "string" is "This is a string".
+
+ What if the macro takes multiple arguments, or a variable number of
+ them? Here's a simple macro that prints a phrase that includes its
+ arguments:
+
+ define complain echo It's too \%*!
+
+ (Recall that \%* means "all arguments".)
+
+ It can be called in the traditional way:
+
+ complain hot Result: "It's too hot!"
+ complain cold and wet Result: "It's too cold and wet!"
+
+ Or from an S-Expression if you quote the arguments:
+
+ (complain 'hot) Result: "It's too hot!"
+ (complain 'cold 'and 'wet) Result: "It's too cold and wet!"
+
+ To group multiple words into a single argument, use parentheses:
+
+ (complain (quote (cold and wet))) Result: "It's too cold and wet!"
+ (complain '(cold and wet)) Result: "It's too cold and wet!"
+
+ Note the difference:
+
+ (complain 'cold 'and 'wet) Three arguments
+ (complain '(cold and wet)) One argument
+
+ Since the COMPLAIN macro uses \%* to refer to all its arguments, no
+ matter how many, it doesn't care which form you use. But it makes a
+ difference in cases where the macro refers to its arguments
+ individually.
+
+ To illustrate, let's consider a macro that receives the name of a
+ macro and its argument list and executes it with its arguments,
+ without knowing how many arguments there are. The following LOOP macro
+ is used to execute the given macro with the given argument list the
+ requested number of times:
+
+ def loop { local i, for i 1 \%1 1 do \%2 \%3 }
+
+ Within the LOOP macro, the first argument (\%1) is the loop count, \%2
+ is the macro name, and \%3 is the argument list. When the LOOP macro
+ is invoked traditionally like this:
+
+ loop 3 complain hot
+
+ it prints "It's too hot!" three times. To invoke it from an
+ S-Expression, you must quote both the macro name as well as the
+ argument, since in this case the macro name itself is an argument:
+
+ (loop 3 'complain 'hot)
+
+ Now what if you need to send different or variable numbers of
+ arguments to the LOOP macro? The LOOP macro can handle it already,
+ provided you group the arguments into LOOP's third argument (\%3). In
+ Kermit syntax, without grouping:
+
+ loop 3 complain cold and wet
+
+ prints "It's too cold!" three times ("and wet" is lost); but with
+ grouping (either of the following two forms):
+
+ loop 3 complain {cold and wet}
+ loop 3 complain "cold and wet"
+
+ the LOOP macro prints "It's too cold and wet!" three times as desired.
+
+ To do the same thing in an S-Expression, just use the Lisp forms of
+ quoting instead of the Kermit forms; the following two are equivalent:
+
+ (loop 3 'complain (quote (cold and wet)))
+ (loop 3 'complain '(cold and wet))
+
+ Here's a similar example in which we write a macro that shows both the
+ name and the value of one or more other macros, whose names are given
+ as arguments (similar to "show macro"):
+
+ define display {
+ local \%i
+ for \%i 1 \v(argc)-1 1 {
+ echo \&_[\%i] = \m(\&_[\%i])
+ }
+ }
+
+ (Recall that \&_[] is the macro's argument vector array, equivalent to
+ \%1, \%2, ...) The DISPLAY macro can be used in S-Expressions like
+ this:
+
+ (setq a 1 b 2 c 3)
+ (display 'a 'b 'c 'd)
+
+ which prints:
+
+ a = 1
+ b = 2
+ c = 3
+ d =
+
+ The names must be quoted to prevent their evaluation before they are
+ sent to the macro. This ability to pass variables "by name" to macros,
+ rather than by value, lets you write macros that change the values of
+ argument variables. For example, here's a macro that doubles the value
+ of its argument variable:
+
+ define double (++ \%1 \%1)
+
+ which you can call like this:
+
+ (setq a 12)
+ (double 'a)
+
+ In the macro, \%1 is replace by the variable name "a"; "(++ a a)" adds
+ "a" to itself, and sets the value of "a" to the result.
+
+ There are no built-in operators other than QUOTE, ', and STRING for
+ handling strings in S-Expressions, but using just these, plus macros
+ that use Kermit's regular string-handling features, you can easily
+ extend S-Expressions to do string manipulation:
+
+ define len return \flen(\%1) Returns length of argument string
+ define cap return \fupper(\%1) Uppercase argument string
+ define rev return \freverse(\%1) Reverses argument string
+ define sub return \fsubstr(\%1,\%2,\%3) Returns substring of arg string
+
+ (len '(this is a string)) Result: 16
+ (rev '(this is a string)) Result: gnirts a si siht
+ (rev (cap '(this is a string))) Result: GNIRTS A SI SIHT
+ (sub (rev (cap '(this is a string))) 5 9) Result: TS A SI S
+
+ You can assign a string to a macro name as follows:
+
+ (setq foo '(this is a string))
+ (setq foo (quote (this is a string)))
+
+ The two are exactly equivalent. In both cases, the macro "foo" has the
+ value:
+
+ '(this is a string)
+
+ so when it is retrieved it can be identified as a string rather than a
+ number or commands to be executed. Thus:
+
+ (setq foo (quote (this is a string)))
+ show macro foo
+ foo = '(this is a string)
+ (foo)
+ this is a string
+
+ Note the different results for "show macro foo" and "(foo)". The
+ former shows the internal definition; the latter evaluates the
+ variable, which removes the quoting. And perhaps more important, note
+ that if the apostrophe and surrounding parentheses were not stored as
+ part of the definition, (foo) would try to execute "this is a string"
+ as a command.
+
+ Given the assignment above, the following work as expected:
+
+ (len foo) Result: 16
+ (rev foo) Result: gnirts a si siht
+ (rev (cap foo)) Result: GNIRTS A SI SIHT
+ (sub (rev (cap foo)) 5 8) Result: TS A SI S
+
+ Note that, unlike built-in S-Expression operators that return numbers
+ or truth values, these operators return strings. If you want to assign
+ their return values to other variables, you can do so:
+
+ (setq bar (rev (cap foo))) Result: GNIRTS A SI SIHT
+
+ But now the S-Expression processor doesn't know the value of "bar" is
+ supposed to be a string, rather than a macro to execute. For this you
+ need one final special operator, STRING. The STRING operator takes an
+ S-Expression as an operand, evaluates it, and then returns its value
+ enclosed in '(), so you can use the value as a string is subsequent
+ S-Expressions. Use STRING for referencing macros that return strings:
+
+ (setq bar (string (rev (cap foo)))) Result: '(GNIRTS A SI SIHT)
+
+ STRING is like QUOTE, except that it evaluates its operand before
+ applying the quoting, rather than taking the operand literally.
+
+ To reference backslash variables or functions that return string
+ values, you must use the regular quoting mechanisms:
+
+ (setq time '(\v(time)))
+ (setq date '(\v(date)))
+ assign \%r this is a string
+ (setq s1 '(\%r))
+
+ That's because backslash items are evaluated BEFORE the S-Expression
+ parser ever sees them, and the values of \v(time) and so on are not
+ valid S-Expressions, so STRING won't like them.
+
+ Finally a brief word on the touchy topic of quoting. Suppose you want
+ to include (say) literal parentheses in a string that will later be
+ processed by the S-Expression reader (or \fsplit() or \fword()).
+ Normally, you can't do this because parentheses are meaningful in
+ these contexts. To defeat the normal parsing rules, you can quote the
+ parentheses with backslash. However, due to the many levels of string
+ processing involved, a surprisingly large amount of backslashes might
+ be required, for example:
+
+ (setq s '(a b (c d) \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\(e f (g h) x\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\) j k))
+
+ This is nearly impossible to explain(*). Instead, just remember two
+ points:
+
+ * In situations like this, it's better to use DEFINE to create the
+ string, rather than SETQ. The example above requires only double
+ backslashes when DEFINE is used:
+ define s '(a b (c d) \\(e f (g h) x\\) j k)
+ * The level of quoting depends on how many levels of evaluation the
+ string must pass through, which is not always obvious. However,
+ the number of backslashes required in any given situation is
+ always a power of 2. So if 1 doesn't work, try 2; if 2 doesn't
+ work, try 4; if 4 doesn't work, try 8, 16, 32, and so on.
+
+ Considerations like this apply in any scripting language (shell, Tcl,
+ Perl, Python, etc). The situation is known as "Quoting Hell".
+
+ (*) If you really want an explanation, here it is:
+
+ * Every SEXP has its backslash items evaluated in a single pass at
+ top level before being passed to the SEXP reader, so \%1,
+ \v(ftime), etc, can be evaluated up front, freeing the SEXP reader
+ of having to know about such things, which in turn makes it much
+ more efficient. Therefore one level of quoting is lost right away,
+ and therefore you must double each backslash that is to be used as
+ a quote.
+ * When the SEXP reader sees '\', it treats it as a quote; discards
+ it and keeps the next character. Thus '\\' becomes '\'. This would
+ be the end of it, except that:
+ * The SEXP reader must call itself recursively on its operands, so
+ we must double any quotes in the operands: 2^2 = 4.
+ * If the result is to be passed as an argument to a macro, the
+ backslashes must again be doubled, because the macro processor
+ evaluates the arguments before sending them to the macro: 2^3 = 8.
+ * If the macro itself is to see the quotes, rather than just the
+ result of the quoting, the quotes must be doubled again: 2^4 = 16.
+
+ Moral: To create string constants in which grouping characters must be
+ quoted, use DEFINE rather than SETQ.
+
+ [ [525]Top ] [ [526]Contents ] [ [527]C-Kermit Home ] [ [528]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.9. Examples
+
+ 9.9.1. Statistics
+
+ The following program computes statistics -- means, maxima, mimima,
+ variance, standard deviation, and correlation -- from data stored in
+ parallel arrays, \&x[] and \&y[], which can contain any mixture of
+ integer and floating-point numbers: positive, negative, or zero. Array
+ setup and validation are not shown. Except for the traditional FOR
+ loop and printing the results at the end, the entire computation is
+ done with S-Expressions:
+
+; Initialize sums, maxima, minima, and number of elements
+
+ (setq xsum 0 ysum 0 xsum2 0 ysum2 0 xysum 0)
+ (setq xmin (setq xmax \&x[1]) ymin (setq ymax \&y[1]))
+ (setq n \fdim(&x))
+
+; Loop through elements and accumulate sums, maxima, and minima
+
+ for i 1 n 1 {
+ (setq x \&x[i] y \&y[i]) ; Notational convenience
+ (setq xmax (max xmax x) ymax (max ymax y)) ; X and Y maxima
+ (setq xmin (min xmin x) ymin (min ymin y)) ; X and Y minima
+ (++ xsum x ysum y) ; X and Y sums
+ (++ xsum2 (^ x 2) ysum2 (^ y 2)) ; Sum of X and Y squares
+ (++ xysum (* x y)) ; Sum of XY products
+ }
+
+; Calculate results
+
+ (setq xmean (/ xsum n) ymean (/ ysum n)) ; Mean X and Y
+ (setq xss (- xsum2 (/ (^ xsum 2) n))) ; Intermediate values
+ (setq yss (- ysum2 (/ (^ ysum 2) n)))
+ (setq xyss (- xysum (/ (* xsum ysum) n)))
+ (setq xvar (/ xss n) yvar (/ yss n)) ; X and Y variance
+ (setq sdx (sqrt xvar) sdy (sqrt yvar)) ; Std deviation in X and Y
+ (setq tmp (* xss yss))
+ (setq cc (if tmp (/ xyss (sqrt tmp)) 1.0)) ; Correlation coefficient
+ show macro xmean ymean xvar yvar sdx sdy cc ; Print the results
+
+ The final "if tmp" check accounts for the possibility that both arrays
+ contain all 0's. Results can also be printed with "echo CC = \m(cc)",
+ or any other desired way. Interestingly, if we had not needed the sum
+ of the squares and products, we could have obtained the sums, maxima,
+ and minima of the X's and Y's without a loop like this:
+
+ (setq xsum (+ \fjoin(&x)) ysum (+ \fjoin(&y)))
+ (setq xmax (max \fjoin(&x)) ymax (max \fjoin(&y)))
+ (setq xmin (min \fjoin(&x)) ymin (min \fjoin(&y)))
+
+ Any Kermit function that returns numbers or lists of numbers can be
+ included in an S-Expression as an operand.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.9.2. Practical Fibonacci Series
+
+ The recursive Fibonacci example given previously is simple and
+ elegant, but not very useful since it causes memory occupation to grow
+ each time it calls itself, until eventually both physical memory and
+ disk swap space are filled and the program crashes. Even for small
+ arguments, like 17, execution time can be prohibitive:
+
+ (setq t1 \v(ftime))
+ (setq result (fibonacci 17))
+ (setq t2 (- \v(ftime) t1))
+ echo FIBONACCI(17) = \m(result): TIME = \ffpround(t2,3)
+
+ prints (on a certain rather slow computer):
+
+ FIBONACCI(17) = 1597: TIME = 5.861
+
+ Any recursive function can be recoded iteratively. The result is not
+ as pretty, but execution is far less expensive:
+
+ define FIBITER {
+ (if (== \%3 0) (\%2) (fibiter (+ \%1 \%2) \%1 (- \%3 1)))
+ }
+ define FIBONACCI {
+ (fibiter 1 0 \%1)
+ }
+
+ Here's the result on the same computer for the same argument of 17:
+
+ FIBONACCI(17) = 1597: TIME = 0.015
+
+ (47 times faster.) Execution time increases proportionally to the size
+ of the argument in the iterative case, whereas in the recursive case
+ it goes up geometrically, quickly reaching infinity.
+
+ [ [529]Top ] [ [530]Contents ] [ [531]C-Kermit Home ] [ [532]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.10. Differences from Algebraic Notation
+
+ In C-Kermit:
+
+ * Algebraic notation uses infix operators and normal rules of
+ operator precedence, with parentheses used to force exceptions to
+ the rules; many operations can be included in an expression.
+ S-Expressions use prefix operators with no intrinsic precedence;
+ each operation is enclosed in parentheses, and the arrangement of
+ parentheses determines precedence.
+ * Algebraic infix operators require two operands; S-Expression
+ prefix operators can accept a variable number of operands.
+ * You can use algebraic notation anywhere that C-Kermit accepts a
+ number, e.g. "echo \&a[((1+1)*2-1]", but you can use S-Expressions
+ only as top-level commands. You can, however, use either algebraic
+ or S-Expressions anywhere at all by enclosing them in \fevaluate()
+ or \fsexpression(), respectively.
+ * You can use any mixture of integer and floating-point numbers in
+ S-Expressions, but only integers are permitted in algebraic
+ expressions. Outside of S-Expressions, floating point arithmetic
+ is supported only by \ffp...() function calls.
+ * Operators and operands in S-Expressions must be separated by
+ spaces, e.g. "(+ a b)". Spaces are not required in algebraic
+ expressions: "((a+b)*c)".
+ * When assigning values to backslash variables (such as \%x or
+ \&a[2]) using SETQ or LET, you must double the backslash.
+
+ [ [533]Top ] [ [534]Contents ] [ [535]C-Kermit Home ] [ [536]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.11. Differences from Lisp
+
+ * Kermit has a lot of built-in operators not found in Lisp: ++, ^,
+ etc.
+ * Most dialects of real Lisp do not allow S-Expressions that don't
+ start with an operator, for example:
+ (a)
+ This expression can cause an error in Lisp (even if "a" has a
+ value), but is acceptable in Kermit, where it returns the value of
+ the variable "a". Similarly, (1) returns the value "1".
+ * In real Lisp, EVAL requires exactly one operand. In Kermit, it can
+ have 0, 1, 2, or more operands. It returns the value of the last
+ operand evaluated.
+ * Real Lisp SETQ and LET usually require an even number of operands.
+ Kermit allows an odd number, in which case the last (or only)
+ variable is undefined (i.e. deleted, destroyed).
+ * Kermit does not support ratios such as "7/8". Some Lisp dialects
+ accept ratios as numbers, and generate ratios when told to divide
+ two integers whose quotient is not a whole number; e.g. in Common
+ Lisp:
+ [13] USER(37): (/ (+ 1 2 3 4) 3)
+ 10/3
+ [13] USER(38):
+ * The result of (/ 10 3) is 3.333.... Some Lisp dialects truncate
+ the result to 3 since both operands are integers, some don't; some
+ give the result as a ratio. C-Kermit always gives a floating point
+ result when there is a fractional part. If you want an integer
+ result, you can use TRUNCATE, FLOOR, or CEILING, e.g. (truncate (/
+ 10 3)).
+ * There is currently no "bignum" support. Large numbers can be used
+ and large results generated, but (as noted in [537]Section 9.2)
+ they are accurate only to the precision of the underlying machine.
+ \v(math_precision) gives the machine precision as a number of
+ decimal digits, e.g. 16.
+ * Scientific notation for floating-point numbers is not supported.
+ If the magnitude of a number is greater than the precision of the
+ underlying hardware, the less-significant digits are shown but
+ their values are meaningless. If it the number is too small to be
+ represented internally, it is shown as "0.0".
+ * Many Lisp features are omitted: List processing (CAR, CDR, etc),
+ DEFUN, Lisp-specific control structures, and so on.
+
+ [ [538]Top ] [ [539]Contents ] [ [540]C-Kermit Home ] [ [541]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+10. FILE TRANSFER
+
+ New commands and switches:
+
+ SET TRANSFER REPORT { OFF, ON }
+ Enables or disables the (new) one-line message printed by
+ Kermit after a remote-mode file transfer to indicate the source
+ and destination file, complete with path, to let you know where
+ the file went.
+
+ SEND /TYPE:{TEXT,BINARY}
+ Sends only files of the given type (see [542]Section 4).
+
+ SEND /NOFOLLOWLINKS:
+ (UNIX only) Skip over symbolic links rather than following them
+ (default). This applies to wildcard and/or recursive SENDs; if
+ a single filename is given, and it happens to be a symbolic
+ link, the file it points to is sent.
+
+ SEND /FOLLOWLINKS:
+ (UNIX only) Follow (resolve) symbolic links. Watch out for
+ circular links, endless loops, etc.
+
+ SET SEND I-PACKETS { OFF, ON }
+ When sending commands to a Kermit server, this tells whether
+ command packets should be preceded by an I (information)
+ packet, which is used to synchronize parameters prior to
+ executing the command. Normally ON. The only reason to set this
+ OFF is for communicating with buggy Kermit servers that
+ misbehave when an I packet is sent to them. There is also a SET
+ RECEIVE I-PACKETS command, but presently it has no effect.
+
+ SET TRANSFER MESSAGE [ text ]
+ Sets an initial message to be shown in the Last Message field
+ of the fullscreen file-transfer display.
+
+ SET TRANSFER TRANSLATION { ON, OFF }
+ Inhibits or re-enables text-file transfer character-set
+ translation globally.
+
+ { SEND, MSEND, GET, RECEIVE } /TRANSPARENT
+ Inhibits character-set translation for this transfer only.
+
+ { GET, RECEIVE } /PIPES:{ON,OFF}
+ Overrides global TRANSFER PIPES setting for this transfer only;
+ ON allows incoming files with names like "!tar xf -" to be
+ opened as pipelines rather than regular files.
+
+ The following new "hot keys" are available when Kermit's file-transfer
+ display is visible:
+
+ D: Turn on debugging, open "debug.log" if not already open.
+ d: Turn off debugging but leave log open (if it was open).
+ T: Turn on debug-log timestamps.
+ t: Turn off debug-log timestamps.
+
+ Other improvements:
+ * SET FILE DOWNLOAD-DIRECTORY now works for external protocols (e.g.
+ sz/rz) too.
+ * Improved automatic per-file text/binary switching, described in
+ [543]Section 4.
+ * When sending a file group (e.g. "send *.*"), failure to open a
+ file is no longer fatal; now C-Kermit simply goes ahead to the
+ next file.
+ * Transaction log entries are now made for external protocols too.
+
+ [ [544]Top ] [ [545]Contents ] [ [546]C-Kermit Home ] [ [547]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+11. MODEMS AND DIALING
+
+ In C-Kermit 8.0, the default modem type for dialing has changed from
+ NONE (= DIRECT, meaning no modem) to GENERIC. This change should have
+ no impact on direct connections. For dialing, it means that, unless
+ you SET MODEM TYPE to a specific type, such as USROBOTICS or CONEXANT,
+ Kermit assumes:
+
+ 1. The modem uses the Hayes AT command set.
+ 2. The modem supports error correction, data compression, and
+ hardware flow control and is already configured to use them.
+
+ In fact, Kermit assumes the modem is completely configured, and
+ therefore does not send it an initialization string or any
+ configuration commands. Instead, it sends only the simplest and most
+ portable commands:
+
+ ATQ0V1 Give dial result codes.
+ ATDTnumber Dial the number.
+
+ (or ATD or ATDP, as appropriate).
+
+ The new defaults work for direct connections and for most modern
+ modems on most platforms, and they work much faster than
+ "full-treatment" dialing. If the new defaults don't work for you, or
+ if you need to perform explicit modem configuations or interactions,
+ then set a specific modem type and use the SET MODEM and SET DIAL
+ commands as documented in Using C-Kermit.
+
+ WARNING: Don't use the generic modem on hosts that do not support
+ RTS/CTS flow control. If Xon/Xoff is in use on the serial port,
+ you'll need to select a particular modem type so Kermit knows what
+ command to give it to enable Xon/Xoff flow control between itself
+ and your serial port.
+
+ The following new modem types were added in C-Kermit 8.0:
+
+ lucent: Lucent Venus chipset
+ pctel: PCTel V.90 chipset
+ conexant: Conexant (ex-Rockwell) modem family
+ zoom-v32bis: New name for "Zoom"
+ zoom-v34 Zoom V.34
+ zoom-v90 Zoom V.90 56K
+ zoom-v92: Zoom V.92 with V.44 data compression
+ zoltrix-v34: New name for "zoltrix"
+ zoltrix-hsp-v90: Synonym for PCTel
+ zoltrix-hcf-v90: Synonym for ITU-T-V250
+ smartlink-v90: Synonym for usrobotics (same chipset)
+ acer-v90: Synonym for Rockwell-v90
+
+ New DIAL-related variables:
+
+ \v(dm_hf): Dial modifier: Wait for Hook-Flash.
+ \v(dm_wb): Dial modifier: Wait for Bong.
+
+ Finally, if dialing fails, Kermit now prints a context-sensitive hint
+ suggesting possible reasons and remedies.
+
+ Added in C-Kermit 8.0.201: Rudimentary support for Caller ID, for
+ use with the ANSWER command. If the modem reports Caller ID
+ information, Kermit stores it in variables that you can access after
+ the call is answered:
+
+ \v(callid_date) The date of the call
+ \v(callid_time) The time of the call
+ \v(callid_name) The name of the caller
+ \v(callid_nmbr) The telephone number of the caller
+ \v(callid_mesg) A message
+
+ The format of these items depends on the originating and answering
+ phone companies and the modems and their configuration.
+
+ Not very many modems support Caller ID, and those that do (a) tend to
+ have it disabled by default, and (b) use different commands to enable
+ it. A quick survey shows of some current models shows:
+
+ - USR V.90: No
+ - ITU-T V.250: No
+ - Lucent Venus: No
+ - Diamond Supra: #CID=1
+ - Rockwell 56K: #CID=1
+ - PCTEL: #CID=1
+ - Zoltrix: +VCID=1
+ - Conexant: +VCID=1
+
+ To use Kermit's Caller ID feature, you have to set the modem to wait
+ for at least two rings before answering, and you have to give the
+ command to enable Caller ID; for example (after choosing a modem with
+ SET MODEM TYPE):
+
+ set modem command autoanswer on ATS0=2#CID=1\{13}
+ set modem command autoanswer on ATS0=2+VCID=1\{13}
+
+ These commands can be undone with:
+
+ set modem command autoanswer on ATS0=1#CID=0\{13}
+ set modem command autoanswer on ATS0=1+VCID=0\{13}
+
+ Kermit presently has no built-in knowledge of the Caller ID
+ capabilities or commands of the modems in its database.
+
+ Since the variables can be accessed only after the call is answered,
+ the only way to refuse a call is to answer it, inspect the variables,
+ and then hang it up if desired.
+
+ [ [548]Top ] [ [549]Contents ] [ [550]C-Kermit Home ] [ [551]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+12. TERMINAL CONNECTION
+
+ Now that 7-bit connections are no longer the norm, the default
+ terminal bytesize (also called "data size" or "word size") in C-Kermit
+ 8.0 is 8 bits, rather than 7 bits as it was in C-Kermit 7.0 and
+ earlier:
+
+ SET ESCAPE character
+ This command, which specifies your CONNECT-mode escape
+ character, allows you to specify any ASCII control character in
+ a variety of formats. C-Kermit 8.0.201 now also lets you
+ specify any 8-bit value, 128-255, as the escape character. In
+ the SET ESCAPE command, you can type the 8-bit character
+ literally or you can enter its numeric code. Here are examples
+ that you can enter from a terminal or console that uses the ISO
+ Latin-1 character set:
+
+ C-Kermit> set escape Ã
+ C-Kermit> set escape 195
+ C-Kermit> show escape
+ Escape character: Code 195 (Ã): enabled
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ Both of these commands set the escape character value to 195
+ (decimal), which happens to be uppercase letter A with Tilde in
+ Latin-1. SHOW ESCAPE and SHOW TERMINAL show the value, as does
+ the CONNECT message.
+
+ SET TERMINAL AUTODOWNLOAD ERROR { STOP, CONTINUE }
+ When Kermit has a terminal connection to another computer, and
+ a file transfer is initiated automatically because a Kermit
+ packet was received in CONNECT mode (i.e. in the terminal
+ screen), this command tells what Kermit should do if the
+ transfer fails. The default is to STOP, which leaves Kermit in
+ command mode with its file-transfer display showing, so you can
+ see that the transfer failed and why. If you SET TERMINAL
+ AUTODOWNLOAD ERROR CONTINUE, this causes Kermit to return
+ automatically to its terminal screen (i.e. resume its CONNECT
+ session) as if the transfer had succeeded; this can be
+ desirable if the entire session is under control of a
+ host-based script.
+
+ SET TERMINAL BYTESIZE { 7, 8 }
+ The byte size to use during CONNECT and INPUT command
+ execution, which can be more restrictive than the bytesize
+ implied by the current PARITY setting, but not less
+ restrictive. In C-Kermit 7.0 and earlier, the terminal bytesize
+ was 7 by default to protect against the likelihood that parity
+ was in use on the connection without the user's knowledge. When
+ the terminal bytesize is 8 (as it is in C-Kermit 8.0 and
+ later), the user will see garbage in this (increasingly
+ unlikely) situation. Note that 8 data bits are required for
+ most character sets other than ASCII: Latin-1, UTF-8, and so
+ on.
+
+ A new command has been added to produce timestamped session logs:
+
+ SET TERMINAL SESSION-LOG TIMESTAMPED-TEXT
+ Records the terminal session in text mode (like SET TERMINAL
+ SESSION-LOG TEXT) but adds a timestamp at the beginning of each
+ line. The timestamp format is hh:mm:ss.nnn, and indicates the
+ time at which the first character of the line appeared.
+
+ In most UNIX versions (those built with the select()-capable CONNECT
+ module -- pretty much all the ones that have or could have TELNET
+ included), an idle timeout feature has been added:
+
+ SET TERMINAL IDLE-TIMEOUT number
+ If the number is not 0, then Kermit is to take an action when
+ the given amount of time passes with no activity during CONNECT
+ mode. If the number is positive it is the maximum number of
+ idle seconds; if number is negative it represents milliseconds
+ (thousandths of seconds). If 0 is given as the number, there
+ are no idle timeouts. Synonym: SET TERMINAL IDLE-LIMIT.
+
+ SET TERMINAL IDLE-ACTION { RETURN, HANGUP, EXIT, OUTPUT [ string ] }
+ The action to be taken upon an idle timeout in CONNECT mode.
+ RETURN to the prompt, HANGUP the connection, EXIT from Kermit,
+ or OUTPUT the given string (if no string is given, a NUL (ASCII
+ 0) character is sent).
+
+ SET TERMINAL IDLE-ACTION { TELNET-NOP, TELNET-AYT }
+ Actions that can be selected on Telnet connections only, that
+ might be useful if idle limits are enforced by the Telnet
+ server or in the TCP/IP protocol: TELNET-NOP sends a "NO
+ Operation" (do-nothing) command, which causes no response from
+ the server; TELNET-AYT sends an "Are You There" message to the
+ server, which should make the server send back a message.
+ Neither of these actions interferes with your remote session.
+
+ SET TERMINAL IDLE-ACTION is useful for connections to hosts or
+ services that automatically log you out after a certain amount of idle
+ time, e.g.:
+
+ set term idle-timeout 300
+ set term idle-action output \32
+
+ sends a space (as if you had pressed the space bar) every 300 seconds
+ (five minutes) while there is no activity (32 is the ASCII code for
+ space).
+
+ When C-Kermit returns from CONNECT to command mode, the reason for the
+ transition is given in a new variable, \v(cx_status):
+
+ 0 No CONNECT command given yet.
+ 1 User escaped back manually.
+ 2 A trigger string was encountered.
+ 3 IKSD entered server mode.
+ 4 Application Program Command received from host.
+ 5 Idle timeout.
+ 6 Telnet protocol error.
+ 7 Keystroke macro.
+ 8 Time limit exceeded.
+ 100 Internal error.
+ 101 Carrier required by not detected.
+ 102 I/O error on connection.
+ 103 Disconnected by host.
+ 104 Disconnected by user.
+ 105 Session limit exceeded.
+ 106 Rejected due to Telnet policy.
+ 107 Received kill signal.
+
+ Values 100 and above indicate there is no connection.
+
+ [ [552]Top ] [ [553]Contents ] [ [554]C-Kermit Home ] [ [555]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+13. CHARACTER SETS
+
+ See the section on [556]file scanning above, and the section on
+ character-set conversion in [557]FTP. Also:
+
+ * True support for CP1252 (rather than treating it as Latin-1).
+ * Proper handling of C1 values when converting ISO 8-bit text to
+ UTF-8.
+ * TYPE /CHARACTER-SET: /TRANSLATE-TO: allows specific translations.
+ * The TRANSLATE command now works on multiple files.
+ * K_CHARSET environment variable to set the file character-set.
+ * SET TRANSFER TRANSLATION OFF.
+ * FTP client character-set translation ([558]Section 3.7).
+
+ [ [559]Top ] [ [560]Contents ] [ [561]C-Kermit Home ] [ [562]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+14. DIALOUT FROM TELNET TERMINAL SERVERS
+
+ For years, C-Kermit has supported dialing out from Telnet modem
+ servers (also called reverse terminal servers or access servers), but
+ until now there was no way for Kermit to control the communication
+ parameters (speed, parity, etc) on the serial port of the terminal
+ server; it had to use whatever was there.
+
+ But now, if you make a connection to a server that supports the Telnet
+ Com Port Control Option, [563]RFC 2217, you have the same degree of
+ control as you would have over a serial port on the computer where
+ Kermit is running: SET SPEED, SET FLOW, SET PARITY, SET STOP-BITS,
+ SHOW COMM, WAIT, SET CARRIER-WATCH, the modem-signal variables,
+ sending Break, and so on, apply to the connection between the terminal
+ server and the modem.
+
+ For example, using a Cisco Access Server 2509, where specifying a TCP
+ port in the 6000's selects a serial port that can be used for dialing
+ out:
+
+ set host xxx 6001 ; xxx is the IP hostname or address of the server
+ (log in if necessary) ; With a script or by hand
+ set modem type usr ; Tell Kermit what kind of modem it has
+ set speed 57600 ; This affects the server's port
+ set flow rts/cts ; Ditto
+ dial 7654321
+
+ The modem server might or might not require a login sequence. It might
+ also allow for automatic authentication, e.g. via Kerberos tickets.
+ NOTE: If the modem server requires a login sequence, then REDIAL might
+ not work as expected.
+
+ When you have a Telnet Com Port connection, your SET SPEED and SET
+ FLOW options change automatically to reflect the capabilities of the
+ server, rather than those of your local computer.
+
+ See the configuration manual for your server for additional
+ information. For example, how to set up the server to drop the Telnet
+ connection automatically when the telephone call is hung up (e.g.
+ "autohangup" on Cisco models).
+
+ For a Linux-based Telnet Com-Port server, click the Srdird link:
+
+ [ [564]Top ] [ [565]Contents ] [ [566]Sredird ] [ [567]C-Kermit Home ]
+ [ [568]Kermit Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+15. COPING WITH BROKEN KERMIT PARTNERS
+
+ There are lots of faulty Kermit protocol implementations out there,
+ found mainly in 3rd-party products ranging from communications
+ software packages to file-transfer functions imbedded within devices.
+ This topic is covered [569]HERE for C-Kermit 7.0, but C-Kermit 8.0
+ adds some additional tricks.
+
+ SET ATTRIBUTE RECORD-FORMAT { ON, OFF }
+ Allows control of the Kermit's Record-Format attribute. Set
+ this to OFF in case incoming file are refused due to unknown or
+ invalid record formats if you want to accept the file anyway.
+
+ SET SEND I-PACKETS { ON, OFF }
+ A Kermit server is supposed to accept I-packets; this is how
+ the client lets the server know its capabilities and
+ preferences before sending a command. Apparently there is at
+ least one Kermit server implementation that does not accept
+ I-packets, and does not properly respond with an Error packet
+ if it gets one. To get around such situations in C-Kermit 8.0,
+ you can use SET SEND I-PACKETS OFF to inhibit the sending of I
+ packets. In this case, the client must be able to adjust to the
+ server's configuration, rather than the other way around as we
+ are used to.
+
+ SET PROTOCOL KERMIT {} {} {}
+ C-Kermit 6.0 and later automatically send "autoupload" and
+ "autodownload" commands when in local mode and you give a file
+ transfer command. For example, if you tell kermit to "send
+ oofa.txt", Kermit sends "kermit -r" and a carriage return, in
+ case you had forgotten to start Kermit on the far end and told
+ it to receive a file. If a Kermit program had already been
+ started on the far end, it should harmlessly absorb this
+ string. However, some Kermit programs violate the Kermit
+ protocol definition and treat such strings as Kermit packets
+ even though they are not. In such cases, give this command to
+ set the Kermit protocol autoupload and download strings to
+ nothing, which tells Kermit not to send them. (This is not a
+ new feature, but it was not previously included in the "Coping"
+ section of the documentation.)
+
+ [ [570]Top ] [ [571]Contents ] [ [572]C-Kermit Home ] [ [573]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+16. NEW COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS
+
+ kermit -h Now prints a complete listing of its command-line options,
+ rather than an abbreviated list squeezed into a 24x80 space.
+
+ -dd Debug, like -d but adds timestamps
+ --version Shows C-Kermit version number.
+ --noperms Equivalent to SET ATTRIBUTE PROTECTION OFF.
+
+ Kermit now accepts a selection of URLs (Universal Resource Locators)
+ as its first command-line argument. These are:
+
+ telnet:hostname
+ Makes a Telnet connection to the given host (IP hostname or
+ address).
+
+ ftp://[user[:password]@]hostname[/path...]
+ Makes an FTP connection to the given host (IP hostname or
+ address). If a username is given, Kermit tries to log you in;
+ if a password is given, it is used; if not, you are prompted
+ for one. If no username is given, an anonymous login is
+ performed. If a pathname is included, Kermit tries to GET the
+ given file. See [574]Section 3.1.3 for details.
+
+ ftps://[user[:password]@]hostname[/path...]
+ Makes a secure FTP connection over SSL.
+
+ telnets://[user[:password]@]hostname
+ Makes a secure Telnet connection over SSL.
+
+ kermit://[user[:password]@]hostname[/path...]
+ Makes a connection to an [575]Internet Kermit Server.
+
+ http://[user[:password]@]hostname[/path...]
+ Makes a connection to Web server.
+
+ https://[user[:password]@]hostname[/path...]
+ Makes a connection to secure Web server.
+
+ [ [576]Top ] [ [577]Contents ] [ [578]C-Kermit Home ] [ [579]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+17. LOGS
+
+ In C-Kermit 8.0, we make an effort to keep passwords out of the debug
+ log. This can never be 100% effective, but it's better than before,
+ when there were no precautions at all. Whenever Kermit knows it's
+ prompting for, parsing, or transmitting a password, it temporarily
+ turns off logging and then turns it back on afterwards. This keeps the
+ debug log password-free in most common cases, but there can be no
+ guarantees.
+
+ As noted elsewhere, the new "-dd" command-line option selects a
+ timestamped debug log (equivalent to "set debug timestamps on", "log
+ debug debug.log").
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 also supports a new timestamped session log via "set
+ session-log timestamped-text", "log session".
+
+ There have been requests for other kinds of logs, for example a
+ command log. These might be added at some point. One person wanted to
+ be able to log commands with timestamps, but only commands issued at
+ the prompt, not commands from files or macros, and also wanted a
+ header line at the beginning showing the date, user, and host. This
+ can be done as follows:
+
+ .filename := \v(home)commands.log ; (for example)
+ fopen /write \%c \m(filename)
+ if success {
+ fwrite /line \%c \v(date): User=\v(user) Host=\v(host)
+ fclose \%c
+ set debug timestamps on
+ log debug {| grep "CMD(P)" >> \m(filename)} append
+ }
+
+ [ [580]Top ] [ [581]Contents ] [ [582]C-Kermit Home ] [ [583]Kermit
+ Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 Update Notes / [584]The Kermit Project / Columbia
+ University / 15 Dec 2003
+
+References
+
+ 1. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
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+ 136. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#ftpvdir
+ 137. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#setftptype
+ 138. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x3.6
+ 139. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x15
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+ 141. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x2.1
+ 142. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x2.2
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+ 144. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x8.13
+ 145. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x8.13
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+ 147. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html
+ 148. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/skermit.html
+ 149. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#setlocus
+ 150. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#lcommands
+ 151. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#ftpuser
+ 152. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#showvar
+ 153. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#callerid
+ 154. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x6.6
+ 155. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x0
+ 156. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x3.11
+ 157. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 158. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 159. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 160. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 161. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x0
+ 162. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 163. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
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+ 465. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 466. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 467. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 468. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2822.txt
+ 469. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2822.txt
+ 470. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2822.txt
+ 471. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2822.txt
+ 472. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 473. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 474. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 475. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 476. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x8.1
+ 477. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 478. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 479. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 480. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 481. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x8.2
+ 482. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 483. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 484. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 485. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 486. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x9.8
+ 487. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x9.8
+ 488. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x8.2
+ 489. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 490. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 491. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 492. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 493. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 494. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 495. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 496. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 497. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x9.8
+ 498. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 499. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 500. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 501. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 502. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x9.8
+ 503. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x9.8
+ 504. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x9.6
+ 505. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 506. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 507. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 508. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 509. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x9.8
+ 510. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x9.8
+ 511. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 512. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 513. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 514. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 515. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 516. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 517. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 518. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 519. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 520. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 521. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 522. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 523. mailto:thucdat@hotmail.com
+ 524. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x9.9.2
+ 525. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 526. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 527. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 528. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 529. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 530. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 531. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 532. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 533. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 534. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 535. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 536. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 537. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x9.2
+ 538. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 539. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 540. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 541. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 542. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x4
+ 543. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x4
+ 544. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 545. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 546. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 547. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 548. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 549. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 550. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 551. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 552. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 553. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 554. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 555. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 556. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x4
+ 557. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x3.7
+ 558. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x3.7
+ 559. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 560. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 561. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 562. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 563. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2217.txt
+ 564. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 565. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 566. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/sredird/
+ 567. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 568. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 569. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermi70.htm#x4.22
+ 570. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 571. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 572. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 573. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 574. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#x3.1.3
+ 575. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/cuiksd.html
+ 576. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 577. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 578. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 579. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 580. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#top
+ 581. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html#contents
+ 582. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 583. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 584. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
--- /dev/null
+; File CKERMOD.INI, Sample C-Kermit 7.0 customization file.
+;
+; This file, which is ONLY A SAMPLE, should be called:
+;
+; .mykermrc (UNIX, OS-9, Aegis, BeBox, Plan 9)
+; CKERMOD.INI (VMS, OpenVMS, AOS/VS, OS/2, Amiga, Atari ST)
+; ckermod.ini (Stratus VOS)
+;
+; This file is executed automatically by the standard C-Kermit initialization
+; file, CKERMIT.INI (or .kermrc). This file is not executed by C-Kermit itself
+; unless the initialization file is not found.
+;
+; MODify this file to suit your needs and preferences, and install it in your
+; home directory. Or replace it entirely with a new file.
+;
+; The design of this sample customization file lets you fill in a section for
+; each different operating system where you run C-Kermit.
+;
+; In UNIX, if you give this file execute permission and make sure the top
+; line indicates the full path of the C-Kermit 7.0-or-later executable, you
+; can execute this file directly, as if it was a shell script, except it is
+; interpreted by Kermit rather than the shell. This lets you have as many
+; different startup files as you like, each suited to a particular purpose.
+;
+; Authors: Christine Gianone, Frank da Cruz, Jeffrey Altman,
+; The Kermit Project, Columbia University.
+; Creation: 23 November 1992 for C-Kermit 5A(188).
+; Modified: 30 June 1993 for edit 189.
+; 04 October 1994 for edit 190.
+; 17 April 1995 for edit 191.
+; 6 September 1996 for version 6.0, edit 192.
+; 1 January 2000 for version 7.0, edit 196.
+; 14 October 2001 for version 8.0, edit 200.
+
+ECHO
+ECHO Executing SAMPLE C-Kermit customization file \v(cmdfile) for \v(system)...
+ECHO { Please edit this file to reflect your needs and preferences.}
+ECHO
+;
+; ... and then remove the ECHO commands above.
+
+COMMENT - Settings that apply to all the systems I use:
+;
+set delay 1 ; I escape back quickly
+set dial display on ; I like to watch C-Kermit dial
+
+; Dialing locale and method
+;
+; SET DIAL COUNTRY-CODE 1 ; Uncomment and replace with yours
+; SET DIAL AREA-CODE 000 ; Uncomment and replace with yours
+; SET DIAL LD-PREFIX 1 ; Uncomment and replace with yours
+; SET DIAL INTL-PREFIX 011 ; Uncomment and replace with yours
+; SET DIAL METHOD TONE ; Uncomment and replace with PULSE if necessary
+; SET DIAL DIRECTORY ... ... ; List dialing directory files here
+
+if < \v(version) 600192 -
+ stop 1 \v(cmdfile): C-Kermit 6.0.192 or later required.
+
+set take error on ; Make errors fatal temporarily
+check if ; Do we have an IF command?
+set take error off ; Yes we do, back to normal
+
+; The ON_EXIT macro is executed automatically when C-Kermit exits.
+; Define as desired.
+;
+define ON_EXIT echo Returning you to \v(system) now.
+
+; System-independent quick dialing macro. Depends on having the
+; macros MYMODEM, MYPORT, and (optionally) MYSPEED defined in the
+; system-dependent sections below.
+;
+define MYDIAL {
+ if not defined MYMODEM end 1 {\%0: Modem type not defined.}
+ set modem type \m(MYMODEM)
+ if fail end 1 {\%0: \m(MYMODEM): Unsupported modem type.}
+ if not defined MYPORT end 1 {\%0: Communication port not defined.}
+ set port \m(MYPORT)
+ if fail end 1 {\%0: SET PORT \m(MYPORT) failed.}
+ if defined MYFLOW set flow \m(MYFLOW)
+ if fail end 1 {\%0: SET FLOW \m(MYFLOW) failed.}
+ if defined MYSPEED set speed \m(MYSPEED)
+ if fail end 1 {\%0: SET SPEED \m(MYSPEED) failed.}
+ dial \%1\%2\%3\%4\%5\%6\%7\%8\%9
+ end \v(status)
+}
+
+forward \v(system) ; Go execute system-dependent commands
+
+:UNIX ; UNIX, all versions...
+define MYPORT /dev/cua ; My dialing environment
+define MYMODEM usr ; Replace these by what you actually have
+define MYSPEED 57600
+;
+; If you want all your downloads to go to the same directory, no matter
+; what your current directory is, uncomment and edit the following command:
+;
+; set file download-directory ~/download ; Download directory for UNIX
+
+; Put other UNIX-specific commands here...
+end ; End of UNIX section
+
+:VMS ; VMS and OpenVMS
+define MYPORT TXA0: ; My dialing environment
+define MYMODEM usr ; Replace these by what you actually have
+define MYSPEED 57600
+; set file download-directory [\$(USER).DOWNLOAD] ; Download directory for VMS
+; Put other VMS-specific commands here...
+end ; End of VMS section
+
+:WIN32 ; Windows and OS/2 customizations...
+:OS/2
+define MYPORT COM1 ; My dialing environment
+define MYMODEM usr ; Replace these by what you actually have
+define MYSPEED 57600
+set command byte 8 ; Use 8 bits between Kermit and console
+set xfer char latin1 ; Use Latin-1 for text file transfer
+set term char latin1 ; And use Latin-1 during CONNECT mode
+; set file download-directory C:\DOWNLOADS
+end
+
+:OS9/68K ; OS-9/68000
+define MYPORT /t3 ; My dialing environment
+define MYMODEM usr ; Replace these by what you actually have
+define MYSPEED 9600
+; set file download-directory ~/downloads
+end ; End of OS-9 section
+
+:AOS/VS ; Data General AOS/VS
+define MYPORT @con3 ; My dialing environment
+define MYMODEM usr ; Replace these by what you actually have
+define MYSPEED 9600
+; set file download-directory \v(home)DOWNLOADS
+end
+
+; And so on, you get the idea...
+; Fill in the sections that apply to you.
+
+:Stratus_VOS ; Stratus VOS
+:Amiga ; Commodore Amiga
+:Atari_ST ; Atari ST
+:Macintosh ; Apple Macintosh
+:unknown ; Others
+
+; (End of CKERMOD.INI)
--- /dev/null
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 Unix Hints and Tips
+
+ Frank da Cruz
+ [1]The Kermit Project, [2]Columbia University
+
+ As of: C-Kermit 8.0.211 10 April 2004
+ This page last updated: Fri Apr 16 16:13:14 2004 (New York USA Time)
+
+ IF YOU ARE READING A PLAIN-TEXT version of this document, note it
+ is a plain-text dump of a Web page. You can visit the original (and
+ possibly more up-to-date) Web page here:
+
+ [3]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html
+
+ Since the material in this file has been accumulating since 1985,
+ some (much) of it might be dated. [4]Feedback from experts on
+ particular OS's and platforms is always welcome.
+
+ [ [5]C-Kermit ] [ [6]Installation Instructions ] [ [7]TUTORIAL ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ CONTENTS
+
+ 1. [8]INTRODUCTION
+ 2. [9]PREBUILT C-KERMIT BINARIES
+ 3. [10]PLATFORM-SPECIFIC NOTES
+ 4. [11]GENERAL UNIX-SPECIFIC LIMITATIONS AND BUGS
+ 5. [12]INITIALIZATION AND COMMAND FILES
+ 6. [13]COMMUNICATION SPEED SELECTION
+ 7. [14]COMMUNICATIONS AND DIALING
+ 8. [15]HARDWARE FLOW CONTROL
+ 9. [16]TERMINAL CONNECTION AND KEY MAPPING
+ 10. [17]FILE TRANSFER
+ 11. [18]EXTERNAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOLS
+ 12. [19]SECURITY
+ 13. [20]MISCELLANEOUS USER REPORTS
+ 14. [21]THIRD-PARTY DRIVERS
+
+ Quick Links: [ [22]Linux ] [ [23]*BSD ] [[24]Mac OS X] [ [25]AIX ] [
+ [26]HP-UX ] [ [27]Solaris ] [ [28]SCO ] [ [29]DEC/Compaq ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 1. INTRODUCTION
+
+ [ [30]Top ] [ [31]Contents ] [ [32]Next ]
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+ 1.1. [33]Documentation
+ 1.2. [34]Technical Support
+ 1.3. [35]The Year 2000
+ 1.4. [36]The Euro
+
+ THIS IS WHAT USED TO BE CALLED the "beware file" for the Unix version
+ of C-Kermit, previously distributed as ckubwr.txt and, before that, as
+ ckuker.bwr, after the fashion of old Digital Equipment Corporation
+ (DEC) software releases that came with release notes (describing what
+ had changed) and a "beware file" listing known bugs, limitations,
+ "non-goals", and things to watch out for. The C-Kermit beware file has
+ been accumulating since 1985, and it applies to many different
+ hardware platforms and operating systems, and many versions of them,
+ so it is quite large. Prior to C-Kermit 8.0, it was distributed only
+ in plain-text format. Now it is available as a Web document with
+ links, internal cross references, and so on, to make it easier to use.
+
+ This document applies to Unix C-Kermit in general, as well as to
+ specific Unix variations like [37]Linux, [38]AIX, [39]HP-UX,
+ [40]Solaris, and so on, and should be read in conjunction with the
+ [41]platform-independent C-Kermit beware file, which contains similar
+ information, but applying to all versions of C-Kermit (VMS, Windows,
+ OS/2, AOS/VS, VOS, etc, as well as to Unix).
+
+ There is much in this document that is (only) of historical interest.
+ The navigation links should help you skip directly to the sections
+ that are relevant to you. Numerous offsite Web links are supposed to
+ lead to further information but, as you know, Web links go stale
+ frequently and without warning. If you can supply additional,
+ corrected, updated, or better Web links, please feel free to [42]let
+ us know.
+
+ 1.1. Documentation
+
+ [ [43]Top ] [ [44]Contents ] [ [45]Next ]
+
+ C-Kermit 6.0 is documented in the book [46]Using C-Kermit, Second
+ Edition, by Frank da Cruz and Christine M. Gianone, Digital Press,
+ Burlington, MA, USA, ISBN 1-55558-164-1 (1997), 622 pages. This
+ remains the definitive C-Kermit documentation. Until the third edition
+ is published (sorry, there is no firm timeframe for this), please also
+ refer to:
+
+ [47]Supplement to Using C-Kermit, Second Edition, For C-Kermit 7.0
+ Thorough documentation of features new to version 7.0.
+
+ [48]Supplement to Using C-Kermit, Second Edition, For C-Kermit 8.0
+ Thorough documentation of features new to version 8.0.
+
+ 1.2. Technical Support
+
+ [ [49]Top ] [ [50]Contents ] [ [51]Section Contents ] [ [52]Next ] [
+ [53]Previous ]
+
+ For information on how to get technical support, please visit:
+
+ [54]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/support.html
+
+ 1.3. The Year 2000
+
+ [ [55]Top ] [ [56]Contents ] [ [57]Section Contents ] [ [58]Next ] [
+ [59]Previous ]
+
+ The Unix version of C-Kermit, release 6.0 and later, is "Year 2000
+ compliant", but only if the underlying operating system is too.
+ Contact your Unix operating system vendor to find out which operating
+ system versions, patches, hardware, and/or updates are required.
+ (Quite a few old Unixes are still in operation in the new millenium,
+ but with their date set 28 years in the past so at least the non-year
+ parts of the calendar are correct.)
+
+ As of C-Kermit 6.0 (6 September 1996), post-millenium file dates are
+ recognized, transmitted, received, and reproduced correctly during the
+ file transfer process in C-Kermit's File Attribute packets. If
+ post-millenium dates are not processed correctly on the other end,
+ file transfer still takes place, but the modification or creation date
+ of the received file might be incorrect. The only exception would be
+ if the "file collision update" feature is being used to prevent
+ unnecessary transfer of files that have not changed since the last
+ time a transfer took place; in this case, a file might be transferred
+ unnecessarily, or it might not be transferred when it should have
+ been. Correct operation of the update feature depends on both Kermit
+ programs having the correct date and time.
+
+ Of secondary importance are the time stamps in the transaction and/or
+ debug logs, and the date-related script programming constructs, such
+ as \v(date), \v(ndate), \v(day), \v(nday), and perhaps also the
+ time-related ones, \v(time) and \v(ntime), insofar as they might be
+ affected by the date. The \v(ndate) is a numeric-format date of the
+ form yyyymmdd, suitable for both lexical and numeric comparison and
+ sorting: e.g. 19970208 or 20011231. If the underlying operating system
+ returns the correct date information, these variables will have the
+ proper values. If not, then scripts that make decisions based on these
+ variables might not operate correctly.
+
+ Most date-related code is based upon the C Library asctime() string,
+ which always has a four-digit year. In Unix, the one bit of code in
+ C-Kermit that is an exception to this rule is several calls to
+ localtime(), which returns a pointer to a tm struct, in which the year
+ is presumed to be expressed as "years since 1900". The code depends on
+ this assumption. Any platforms that violate it will need special
+ coding. As of this writing, no such platforms are known.
+
+ Command and script programming functions that deal with dates use
+ C-Kermit specific code that always uses full years.
+
+ 1.4. The Euro
+
+ [ [60]Top ] [ [61]Contents ] [ [62]Section Contents ] [ [63]Previous ]
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 and later support Unicode (ISO 10646), ISO 8859-15 Latin
+ Alphabet 9, PC Code Page 858, Windows Code Pages 1250 and 1251, and
+ perhaps other character sets, that encode the Euro symbol, and can
+ translate among them as long as no intermediate character-set is
+ involved that does not include the Euro.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 2. PREBUILT C-KERMIT BINARIES
+
+ [ [64]Top ] [ [65]Contents ] [ [66]Next ] [ [67]Previous ]
+
+ It is often dangerous to run a binary C-Kermit (or any other) program
+ built on a different computer. Particularly if that computer had a
+ different C compiler, libraries, operating system version, processor
+ features, etc, and especially if the program was built with shared
+ libraries, because as soon as you update the libraries on your system,
+ they no longer match the ones referenced in the binary, and the binary
+ might refuse to load when you run it, in which case you'll see error
+ messages similar to:
+
+ Could not load program kermit
+ Member shr4.o not found or file not an archive
+ Could not load library libcurses.a[shr4.o]
+ Error was: No such file or directory
+
+ (These samples are from AIX.) To avoid this problem, we try to build
+ C-Kermit with statically linked libraries whenever we can, but this is
+ increasingly impossible as shared libraries become the norm.
+
+ It is often OK to run a binary built on an earlier OS version, but it
+ is rarely possible (or safe) to run a binary built on a later one, for
+ example to run a binary built under Solaris 8 on Solaris 2.6.
+ Sometimes even the OS-or-library patch/ECO level makes a difference.
+
+ A particularly insidious problem occurs when a binary was built on a
+ version of the OS that has patches from the vendor (e.g. to
+ libraries); in many cases you won't be able to run such a binary on an
+ unpatched version of the same platform.
+
+ When in doubt, build C-Kermit from the source code on the computer
+ where it is to be run (if possible!). If not, ask us for a binary
+ specific to your configuration. We might have one, and if we don't, we
+ might be able to find somebody who will build one for you.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3. NOTES ON SPECIFIC UNIX VERSIONS
+
+ [ [68]Top ] [ [69]Contents ] [ [70]Next ] [ [71]Previous ]
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+ 3.0. [72]C-KERMIT ON PC-BASED UNIXES
+ 3.1. [73]C-KERMIT AND AIX
+ 3.2. [74]C-KERMIT AND HP-UX
+ 3.3. [75]C-KERMIT AND LINUX
+ 3.4. [76]C-KERMIT AND NEXTSTEP
+ 3.5. [77]C-KERMIT AND QNX
+ 3.6. [78]C-KERMIT AND SCO
+ 3.7. [79]C-KERMIT AND SOLARIS
+ 3.8. [80]C-KERMIT AND SUNOS
+ 3.9. [81]C-KERMIT AND ULTRIX
+ 3.10. [82]C-KERMIT AND UNIXWARE
+ 3.11. [83]C-KERMIT AND APOLLO SR10
+ 3.12. [84]C-KERMIT AND TANDY XENIX 3.0
+ 3.13. [85]C-KERMIT AND OSF/1 (DIGITAL UNIX) (TRU64 UNIX)
+ 3.14. [86]C-KERMIT AND SGI IRIX
+ 3.15. [87]C-KERMIT AND THE BEBOX
+ 3.16. [88]C-KERMIT AND DG/UX
+ 3.17. [89]C-KERMIT AND SEQUENT DYNIX
+ 3.18. [90]C-KERMIT AND {FREE,OPEN,NET}BSD
+ 3.19. [91]C-KERMIT AND MAC OS X
+ 3.20. [92]C-KERMIT AND COHERENT
+
+ The following sections apply to specific Unix versions. Most of them
+ contain references to FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions), but these
+ tend to be ephemeral. For possibly more current information see:
+
+ [93]http://www.faqs.org
+ [94]http://aplawrence.com/Unixart/newtounix.html
+
+ One thread that runs through many of them, and implicitly perhaps
+ through all, concerns the problems that occur when trying to dial out
+ on a serial device that is (also) enabled for dialing in. The
+ "solutions" to this problem are many, varied, diverse, and usually
+ gross, involving configuring the device for bidirectional use. This is
+ done in a highly OS-dependent and often obscure manner, and the
+ effects (good or evil) are also highly dependent on the particular OS
+ (and getty variety, etc). Many examples are given in the
+ [95]OS-specific sections below.
+
+ An important point to keep in mind is that C-Kermit is a
+ cross-platform, portable software program. It was not designed
+ specifically and only for your particular Unix version, or for that
+ matter, for Unix in particular at all. It also runs on VMS, AOS/VS,
+ VOS, and other non-Unix platforms. All the Unix versions of C-Kermit
+ share common i/o modules, with compile-time #ifdef constructions used
+ to account for the differences among the many Unix products and
+ releases. If you think that C-Kermit is behaving badly or missing
+ something on your particular Unix version, you might be right -- we
+ can't claim to be expert in hundreds of different OS / version /
+ hardware / library combinations. If you're a programmer, take a look
+ at the source code and [96]send us your suggested fixes or changes. Or
+ else just [97]send us a report about what seems to be wrong and we'll
+ see what we can do.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.0. C-KERMIT ON PC-BASED UNIXES
+
+ [ [98]Top ] [ [99]Contents ] [ [100]Section Contents ] [ [101]Next ]
+
+ Also see: [102]http://www.pcunix.com/.
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+ 3.0.1. [103]Interrupt Conflicts
+ 3.0.2. [104]Windows-Specific Hardware
+ 3.0.3. [105]Modems
+ 3.0.4. [106]Character Sets
+ 3.0.5. [107]Keyboard, Screen, and Mouse Access
+ 3.0.6. [108]Laptops
+
+ 3.0.1. Interrupt Conflicts
+
+ [ [109]Top ] [ [110]Contents ] [ [111]Section Contents ] [ [112]Next ]
+
+ PCs are not the best platform for real operating systems like Unix.
+ The architecture suffers from numerous deficiencies, not the least of
+ which is the stiflingly small number of hardware interrupts (either 7
+ or 15, many of which are preallocated). Thus adding devices, using
+ multiple serial ports, etc, is always a challenge and often a
+ nightmare. The free-for-all nature of the PC market and the lack of
+ standards combined with the diversity of Unix OS versions make it
+ difficult to find drivers for any particular device on any particular
+ version of Unix.
+
+ Of special interest to Kermit users is the fact that there is no
+ standard provision in the PC architecture for more than 2
+ communication (serial) ports. COM3 and COM4 (or higher) will not work
+ unless you (a) find out the hardware address and interrupt for each,
+ (b) find out how to provide your Unix version with this information,
+ and (c) actually set up the configuration in the Unix startup files
+ (or whatever other method is used). Watch out for interrupt conflicts,
+ especially when using a serial mouse, and don't expect to be able to
+ use more than two serial ports.
+
+ The techniques for resolving interrupt conflicts are different for
+ each operating system (Linux, NetBSD, etc). In general, there is a
+ configuration file somewhere that lists COM ports, something like
+ this:
+
+ com0 at isa? port 0x3f8 irq 4 # DOS COM1
+ com1 at isa? port 0x2f8 irq 3 # DOS COM2
+
+ The address and IRQ values in this file must agree with the values in
+ the PC BIOS and with the ports themselves, and there must not be more
+ than one device with the same interrupt. Unfortunately, due to the
+ small number of available interrupts, installing new devices on a PC
+ almost always creates a conflict. Here is a typical tale from a Linux
+ user (Fred Smith) about installing a third serial port:
+
+ ...problems can come from a number of causes. The one I fought with
+ for some time, and finally conquered, was that my modem is on an
+ add-in serial port, cua3/IRQ5. By default IRQ5 has a very low
+ priority, and does not get enough service in times when the system
+ is busy to prevent losing data. This in turn causes many resends.
+ There are two 'fixes' that I know of, one is to relax hard disk
+ interrupt hogging by using the correct parameter to hdparm, but I
+ don't like that one because the hdparm man page indicates it is
+ risky to use. The other one, the one I used, was to get 'irqtune'
+ and use it to give IRQ5 the highest priority instead of nearly the
+ lowest. Completely cured the problem.
+
+ Here's another one from a newsgroup posting:
+
+ After much hair pulling, I've discovered why my serial port won't
+ work. Apparently my [PC] has three serial devices (two comm ports
+ and an IR port), of which only two at a time can be active. I
+ looked in the BIOS setup and noticed that the IR port was
+ activated, but didn't realize at the time that this meant that COM2
+ was thereby de-activated. I turned off the IR port and now the
+ serial port works as advertised.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.0.2. Windows-Specific Hardware
+
+ [ [113]Top ] [ [114]Contents ] [ [115]Section Contents ] [ [116]Next ]
+ [ [117]Previous ]
+
+ To complicate matters, the PC platform is becoming increasingly and
+ inexorably Windows-oriented. More and more add-on devices are "Windows
+ only" -- meaning they are incomplete and rely on proprietary
+ Windows-based software drivers to do the jobs that you would expect
+ the device itself to do. PCMCIA, PCI, or "Plug-n-Play" devices are
+ rarely supported on PC-based Unix versions such as SCO; Winmodems,
+ Winprinters, and the like are not supported on any Unix variety (with
+ [118]a few exceptions). The self-proclaimed Microsoft PC 97 (or later)
+ standard only makes matters worse since its only purpose to ensure
+ that PCs are "optimized to run Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 and
+ future versions of these operating systems".
+
+ With the exception noted (the Lucent modem, perhaps a handful of
+ others by the time you read this), drivers for "Win" devices are
+ available only for Windows, since the Windows market dwarfs that of
+ any particular Unix brand, and for that matter all Unixes (or for that
+ matter, all non-Windows operating systems) combined. If your version
+ of Unix (SCO, Linux, BSDI, FreeBSD, etc) does not support a particular
+ device, then C-Kermit can't use it either. C-Kermit, like any Unix
+ application, must access all devices through drivers and not directly
+ because Unix is a real operating system.
+
+ Don't waste time thinking that you, or anybody else, could write a
+ Linux (or other Unix) driver for a Winmodem or other "Win" device.
+ First of all, these devices generally require realtime control, but
+ since Unix is a true multitasking operating system, realtime device
+ control is not possible outside the kernel. Second, the specifications
+ for these devices are secret and proprietary, and each one (and each
+ version of each one) is potentially different. Third, a Winmodem
+ driver would be enormously complex; it would take years to write and
+ debug, by which time it would be obsolete.
+
+ A more recent generation of PCs (circa 1999-2000) is marketed as
+ "Legacy Free". One can only speculate what that could mean. Most
+ likely it means it will ONLY run the very latest versions of Windows,
+ and is made exclusively of Winmodems, Winprinters, Winmemory, and
+ Win-CPU-fans (Legacy Free is a concept [119]pioneered by Microsoft).
+
+ Before you buy a new PC or add-on equipment, especially serial ports,
+ internal modems, or printers, make sure they are compatible with your
+ version of Unix. This is becoming an ever-greater challenge; only a
+ huge company like Microsoft can afford to be constantly cranking out
+ and/or verifying drivers for the thousands of video boards, sound
+ cards, network adapters, SCSI adapters, buses, etc, that spew forth in
+ an uncontrolled manner from all corners of the world on a daily basis.
+ With very few exceptions, makers of PCs assemble the various
+ components and then verify them only with Windows, which they must do
+ since they are, no doubt, preloading the PC with Windows. To find a
+ modern PC that is capable of running a variety of non-Windows
+ operating systems (e.g. Linux, SCO OpenServer, Unixware, and Solaris)
+ is a formidable challenge requiring careful study of each vendor's
+ "compatibility lists" and precise attention to exact component model
+ numbers and revision levels.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.0.3. Modems
+
+ [ [120]Top ] [ [121]Contents ] [ [122]Section Contents ] [ [123]Next ]
+ [ [124]Previous ]
+
+ External modems are recommended:
+
+ * They don't need any special drivers.
+ * You can use the lights and speaker to troubleshoot dialing.
+ * You can share them among all types of computers.
+ * You can easily turn them off and on when power-cycling seems
+ warranted.
+ * They are more likely to have manuals.
+
+ Internal PC modems (even when they are not Winmodems, which is
+ increasingly unlikely in new PCs) are always trouble, especially in
+ Unix. Even when they work for dialing out, they might not work for
+ dialing in, etc. Problems that occur when using an internal modem can
+ almost always be eliminated by switching to an external one. Even when
+ an internal modem is not a Winmodem or Plug-n-Play, it is often a
+ no-name model of unknown quality -- not the sort of thing you want
+ sitting directly on your computer's bus. (Even if it does not cause
+ hardware problems, it probably came without a command list, so no Unix
+ software will know how to control it.) For more about Unix compatible
+ modems, see:
+
+ [125]http://www.idir.net/~gromitkc/winmodem.html
+
+ Remember that PCs, even now -- more than two decades after they were
+ first introduced -- are not (in general) capable of supporting more
+ than 2 serial devices. Here's a short success story from a recent
+ newsgroup posting: "I have a Diamond SupraSonic II dual modem in my
+ machine. What I had to end up doing is buying a PS/2 mouse and port
+ and install it. Had to get rid of my serial mouse. I also had to
+ disable PnP in my computer bios. I was having IRQ conflicts between my
+ serial mouse and 'com 3'. Both modems work fine for me. My first modem
+ is ttyS0 and my second is ttyS1." Special third-party multiport boards
+ such as [126]DigiBoard are available for certain Unix platforms
+ (typically SCO, maybe Linux) that come with special platform-specific
+ drivers.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.0.4. Character Sets
+
+ [ [127]Top ] [ [128]Contents ] [ [129]Section Contents ] [ [130]Next ]
+ [ [131]Previous ]
+
+ PCs generally have PC code pages such as CP437 or CP850, and these are
+ often used by PC-based Unix operating systems, particularly on the
+ console. These are supported directly by C-Kermit's SET FILE
+ CHARACTER-SET and SET TERMINAL CHARACTER-SET commands. Some PC-based
+ Unix versions, such as recent Red Hat Linux releases, might also
+ support Microsoft Windows code pages such as CP1252, or even Latin
+ Alphabet 1 itself (perhaps displayed with CP437 glyphs). (And work is
+ in progress to support Unicode UTF8 in Linux.)
+
+ Certain Windows code pages are not supported directly by C-Kermit, but
+ since they are ISO Latin Alphabets with nonstandard "extensions" in
+ the C1 control range, you can substitute the corresponding Latin
+ alphabet (or other character set) in any C-Kermit character-set
+ related commands:
+
+ Windows Code Page Substitution
+ CP 1004 Latin-1
+ CP 1051 HP Roman-8
+
+ Other Windows code pages are mostly (or totally) incompatible with
+ their Latin Alphabet counterparts (e.g. CP1250 and Latin-2), and
+ several of these are already supported by C-Kermit 7.0 and later
+ (1250, 1251, and 1252).
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.0.5. Keyboard, Screen, and Mouse Access
+
+ [ [132]Top ] [ [133]Contents ] [ [134]Section Contents ] [ [135]Next ]
+ [ [136]Previous ]
+
+ Finally, note that as a real operating system, Unix (unlike Windows)
+ does not provide the intimate connection to the PC keyboard, screen,
+ and mouse that you might expect. Unix applications can not "see" the
+ keyboard, and therefore can not be programmed to understand F-keys,
+ Editing keys, Arrow keys, Alt-key combinations, and the like. This is
+ because:
+
+ a. Unix is a portable operating system, not only for PCs;
+ b. Unix sessions can come from anywhere, not just the PC's own
+ keyboard and screen; and:
+ c. even though it might be possible for an application that actually
+ is running on the PC's keyboard and screen to access these devices
+ directly, there are no APIs (outside of X) for this.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.0.6. Laptops
+
+ [ [137]Top ] [ [138]Contents ] [ [139]Section Contents ] [
+ [140]Previous ]
+
+ (To be filled in . . .)
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.1. C-KERMIT AND AIX
+
+ [ [141]Top ] [ [142]Contents ] [ [143]Section Contents ] [ [144]Next ]
+ [ [145]Previous ]
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+ 3.1.1. [146]AIX: General
+ 3.1.2. [147]AIX: Network Connections
+ 3.1.3. [148]AIX: Serial Connections
+ 3.1.4. [149]AIX: File Transfer
+ 3.1.5. [150]AIX: Xterm Key Map
+
+ For additional information see:
+ * [151]http://www.emerson.emory.edu/services/aix-faq/
+ * [152]http://www.faqs.org/faqs/by-newsgroup/comp/comp.unix.aix.html
+ * [153]http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/aix-faq/to
+ p.html
+ * [154]http://aixpdslib.seas.ucla.edu/
+ * [155]http://www.rootvg.net (AIX history)
+ * [156]ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/aix-faq/part1
+ * [157]ftp://mirrors.aol.com/pub/rtfm/usenet-by-hierarchy/comp/unix/
+ aix
+
+ and/or read the [158]comp.unix.aix newsgroup.
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.1.1. AIX: General
+
+ [ [159]Top ] [ [160]Contents ] [ [161]Section Contents ] [ [162]Next ]
+
+ About AIX version numbers: "uname -a" tells the two-digit version
+ number, such as 3.2 or 4.1. The three-digit form can be seen with the
+ "oslevel" command (this information is unavailable at the API level
+ and is reportedly obtained by scanning the installed patch list).
+ Supposedly all three-digit versions within the same two-digit version
+ (e.g. 4.3.1, 4.3.2) are binary compatible; i.e. a binary built on any
+ one of them should run on all others, but who knows. Most AIX
+ advocates tell you that any AIX binary will run on any AIX version
+ greater than or equal to the one under which it was built, but
+ experience with C-Kermit suggests otherwise. It is always best to run
+ a binary built under your exact same AIX version, down to the third
+ decimal place, if possible. Ideally, build it from source code
+ yourself. Yes, this advice would be easier to follow if AIX came with
+ a C compiler.
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.1.2. AIX: Network Connections
+
+ [ [163]Top ] [ [164]Contents ] [ [165]Section Contents ] [ [166]Next ]
+ [ [167]Previous ]
+
+ File transfers into AIX 4.2 or 4.3 through the AIX Telnet or Rlogin
+ server have been observed to fail (or accumulate huge numbers of
+ correctable errors, or even disconnect the session), when exactly the
+ same kind of transfers into AIX 4.1 work without incident, as do such
+ transfers into all non-AIX platforms on the same kind of connections
+ (with a few exceptions noted elsewhere in this document). AIX 4.3.3
+ seems to be particularly fragile in this regard; the weakness seems to
+ be in its pseudoterminal (pty) driver. High-speed streaming transfers
+ work perfectly, however, if the AIX Telnet server and pty driver are
+ removed from the picture; e.g, by using "set host * 3000" on AIX.
+
+ The problem can be completely cured by replacing the IBM Telnet server
+ with [168]MIT's Kerberos Telnet server -- even if you don't actually
+ use the Kerberos part. Diagnosis: AIX pseudoterminals (which are
+ controlled by the Telnet server to give you a login terminal for your
+ session) have quirks that not even IBM knows about. The situation with
+ AIX 5.x is not known, but if it has the same problem, the same cure is
+ available.
+
+ Meanwhile, the only remedy when going through the IBM Telnet server is
+ to cut back on Kermit's performance settings until you find a
+ combination that works:
+
+ * SET STREAMING OFF
+ * SET WINDOW-SIZE small-number
+ * SET { SEND, RECEIVE } PACKET-LENGTH small-number
+ * SET PREFIXING { CAUTIOUS, ALL }
+
+ In some cases, severe cutbacks are required, e.g. those implied by the
+ ROBUST command. Also be sure that the AIX C-Kermit on the remote end
+ has "set flow none" (which is the default). NOTE: Maybe this one can
+ also be addressed by starting AIX telnetd with the "-a" option. The
+ situation with SSH connections is not known, but almost certainly the
+ same.
+
+ When these problems occur, the system error log contains:
+
+ LABEL: TTY_TTYHOG
+ IDENTIFIER: 0873CF9F
+ Type: TEMP
+ Resource Name: pts/1
+
+ Description
+ TTYHOG OVER-RUN
+
+ Failure Causes
+ EXCESSIVE LOAD ON PROCESSOR
+
+ Recommended Actions
+ REDUCE SYSTEM LOAD.
+ REDUCE SERIAL PORT BAUD RATE
+
+ Before leaving the topic of AIX pseudoterminals, it is very likely
+ that Kermit's PTY and SSH commands do not work well either, for the
+ same reason that Telnet connections into AIX don't work well. A brief
+ test with "pty rlogin somehost" got a perfectly usable terminal
+ (CONNECT) session, but file-transfer problems like those just
+ described.
+
+ Reportedly, telnet from AIX 4.1-point-something to non-Telnet ports
+ does not work unless the port number is in the /etc/services file;
+ it's not clear from the report whether this is a problem with AIX
+ Telnet (in which case it would not affect Kermit), or with the sockets
+ library (in which case it would). The purported fix is IBM APAR
+ IX61523.
+
+ C-Kermit SET HOST or TELNET from one AIX 3.1 (or earlier) system to
+ another won't work right unless you set your local terminal type to
+ something other than AIXTERM. When your terminal type is AIXTERM, AIX
+ TELNET sends two escapes whenever you type one, and the AIX telnet
+ server swallows one of them. This has something to do with the "hft"
+ device. This behavior seems to be removed in AIX 3.2 and later.
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.1.3. AIX: Serial Connections
+
+ [ [169]Top ] [ [170]Contents ] [ [171]Section Contents ] [ [172]Next ]
+ [ [173]Previous ]
+
+ In AIX 3, 4, or 5, C-Kermit won't be able to "set line /dev/tty0" (or
+ any other dialout device) if you haven't installed "cu" or "uucp" on
+ your system, because installing these is what creates the UUCP
+ lockfile directory. If SET LINE commands always result in "Sorry,
+ access to lock denied", even when C-Kermit has been given the same
+ owner, group, and permissions as cu:
+
+ -r-sr-xr-x 1 uucp uucp 67216 Jul 27 1999 cu
+
+ and even when you run it as root, then you must go back and install
+ "cu" from your AIX installation media.
+
+ According to IBM's "From Strength to Strength" document (21 April
+ 1998), in AIX 4.2 and later "Async supports speeds on native serial
+ ports up to 115.2kbps". However, no API is documented to achieve
+ serial speeds higher than 38400 bps. Apparently the way to do this --
+ which might or might not work only on the IBM 128-port multiplexer --
+ is:
+
+ cxma-stty fastbaud /dev/tty0
+
+ which, according to "man cxma-stty":
+
+ fastbaud Alters the baud rate table, so 50 baud becomes 57600 baud.
+ -fastbaud Restores the baud rate table, so 57600 baud becomes 50
+ baud.
+
+ Presumably (but not certainly) this extrapolates to 110 "baud" becomes
+ 76800 bps, and 150 becomes 115200 bps. So to use high serial speeds in
+ AIX 4.2 or 4.3, the trick would be to give the "cxma-stty fastbaud"
+ command for the desired tty device before starting Kermit, and then
+ use "set speed 50", "set speed 110", or "set speed 150" to select
+ 56700, 76800, or 115200 bps. It is not known whether cxma-stty
+ requires privilege.
+
+ According to one report, "Further investigation with IBM seems to
+ indicate that the only hardware capable of doing this is the 128-port
+ multiplexor with one (or more) of the 16 port breakout cables
+ (Enhanced Remote Async Node 16-Port EIA-232). We are looking at about
+ CDN$4,000 in hardware just to hang a 56kb modem on there. Of course,
+ we can then hang 15 more, if we want. This hardware combo is described
+ to be good to 230.4kbps."
+
+ Another report says (quote from AIX newsgroup, March 1999):
+
+ The machine type and the adapter determine the speed that one can
+ actually run at. The older microchannel machines have much slower
+ crystal frequencies and may not go beyond 76,800. A feature put
+ into AIX 421 allows one to key in non-POSIX baud rates and if the
+ uart can support that speed, it will get set. this applies also to
+ 43p's and beyond. 115200 is the max for the 43P's native serial
+ port. As crytal frequencies continue to increase, the built-in
+ serial ports speeds will improve. To use 'uucp' or 'ate' at the
+ higher baud rates, configure the port for the desired speed, but
+ set the speed of uucp or ate to 50. Any non-POSIX speeds set in the
+ ttys configuration will the be used. In the case of the 128-port
+ adapters or the ISA 8-port or PCI 8-port adapter, there are only a
+ few higher baud rates.
+
+ a. Change the port to enable high baud rates:
+ + B50 for 57600
+ + B75 for 76800
+ + B110 for 115200
+ + B200 for 230000
+ b. chdev -l ttyX -a fastbaud=enable
+ + For the 128 ports original style rans, only 57600 bps is
+ supported.
+ + For the new enhanced RANs, up to 230Kbps is supported.
+
+ In AIX 2.2.1 on the RT PC with the 8-port multiplexer, SET SPEED 38400
+ gives 9600 bps, but SET SPEED 19200 gives 19200 (on the built-in S1
+ port).
+
+ Note that some RS/6000s (e.g. the IBM PowerServer 320) have
+ nonstandard rectangular 10-pin serial ports; the DB-25 connector is
+ NOT a serial port; it is a parallel printer port. IBM cables are
+ required for the serial ports, (The IBM RT PC also had rectangular
+ serial ports -- perhaps the same as these, perhaps different.)
+
+ If you dial in to AIX through a modem that is connected directly to an
+ AIX port (e.g. on the 128-port multiplexer) and find that data is
+ lost, especially when uploading files to the AIX system (and system
+ error logs report buffer overruns on the port):
+
+ 1. Make sure the port and modem are BOTH configured for hardware
+ (RTS/CTS) flow control. The port is configured somewhere in the
+ system configuration, outside of Kermit.
+ 2. Tell C-Kermit to "set flow keep"; experimentation shows that SET
+ FLOW RTS/CTS has no effect when used in remote mode (i.e. on
+ /dev/tty, as opposed to a specify port device).
+ 3. Fixes for bugs in the original AIX 4.2 tty (serial i/o) support
+ and other AIX bugs are available from IBM at:
+ [174]http://service.software.ibm.com/rs6000/
+ Downloads -> Software Fixes -> Download FixDist gets an
+ application for looking up known problems.
+
+ Many problems reported with bidirectional terminal lines on AIX 3.2.x
+ on the RS/6000. Workaround: don't use bidirectional terminal lines, or
+ write a shell-script wrapper for Kermit that turns getty off on the
+ line before starting Kermit, or before Kermit attempts to do the SET
+ LINE. (But note: These problems MIGHT be fixed in C-Kermit 6.0 and
+ later.) The commands for turning getty off and on (respectively) are
+ /usr/sbin/pdisable and /usr/sbin/penable.
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.1.4. AIX: File Transfer
+
+ [ [175]Top ] [ [176]Contents ] [ [177]Section Contents ] [ [178]Next ]
+ [ [179]Previous ]
+
+ Evidently AIX 4.3 (I don't know about earlier versions) does not allow
+ open files to be overwritten. This can cause Kermit transfers to fail
+ when FILE COLLISION is OVERWRITE, where they might work on other Unix
+ varieties or earlier AIX versions.
+
+ Transfer of binary -- and maybe even text -- files can fail in AIX if
+ the AIX terminal has particular port can have character-set
+ translation done for it by the tty driver. The following advice from a
+ knowledgeable AIX user:
+
+ [This feature] has to be checked (and set/cleared) with a separate
+ command, unfortunately stty doesn't handle this. To check:
+
+ $ setmaps
+ input map: none installed
+ output map: none installed
+
+ If it says anything other than "none installed" for either one, it
+ is likely to cause a problem with kermit. To get rid of installed
+ maps:
+
+ $ setmaps -t NOMAP
+
+ However, I seem to recall that with some versions of AIX before
+ 3.2.5, only root could change the setting. I'm not sure what
+ versions - it might have only been under AIX 3.1 that this was
+ true. At least with AIX 3.2.5 an ordinary user can set or clear the
+ maps.
+
+ On the same problem, another knowledgeable AIX user says:
+
+ The way to get information on the NLS mapping under AIX (3.2.5
+ anyway) is as follows. From the command line type:
+
+ lsattr -l tty# -a imap -a omap -E -H
+
+ Replace the tty number for the number sign above. This will give a
+ human readable output of the settings that looks like this;
+
+ # lsattr -l tty2 -a imap -a omap -E -H
+ attribute value description user_settable
+
+ imap none INPUT map file True
+ omap none OUTPUT map file True
+
+ If you change the -H to a -O, you get output that can easily be
+ processed by another program or a shell script, for example:
+
+ # lsattr -l tty2 -a imap -a omap -E -O
+ #imap:omap
+ none:none
+
+ To change the settings from the command line, the chdev command is
+ used with the following syntax.
+
+ chdev -l tty# -a imap='none' -a omap='none'
+
+ Again substituting the appropriate tty port number for the number
+ sign, "none" being the value we want for C-Kermit. Of course, the
+ above can also be changed by using the SMIT utility and selecting
+ devices - tty. (...end quote)
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.1.5. AIX: Xterm Key Map
+
+ [ [180]Top ] [ [181]Contents ] [ [182]Section Contents ] [
+ [183]Previous ]
+
+ Here is a sample configuration for setting up an xterm keyboard for
+ VT220 or higher terminal emulation on AIX, courtesy of Bruce Momjian,
+ Drexel Hill, PA. Xterm can be started like this:
+
+ xterm $XTERMFLAGS +rw +sb +ls $@ -tm 'erase ^? intr ^c' -name vt220 \
+ -title vt220 -tn xterm-220 "$@" &
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ XTerm*VT100.Translations: #override \n\
+ <Key>Home: string(0x1b) string("[3~") \n \
+ <Key>End: string(0x1b) string("[4~") \n
+ vt220*VT100.Translations: #override \n\
+ Shift <Key>F1: string("[23~") \n \
+ Shift <Key>F2: string("[24~") \n \
+ Shift <Key>F3: string("[25~") \n \
+ Shift <Key>F4: string("[26~") \n \
+ Shift <Key>F5: string("[K~") \n \
+ Shift <Key>F6: string("[31~") \n \
+ Shift <Key>F7: string("[31~") \n \
+ Shift <Key>F8: string("[32~") \n \
+ Shift <Key>F9: string("[33~") \n \
+ Shift <Key>F10: string("[34~") \n \
+ Shift <Key>F11: string("[28~") \n \
+ Shift <Key>F12: string("[29~") \n \
+ <Key>Print: string(0x1b) string("[32~") \n\
+ <Key>Cancel: string(0x1b) string("[33~") \n\
+ <Key>Pause: string(0x1b) string("[34~") \n\
+ <Key>Insert: string(0x1b) string("[2~") \n\
+ <Key>Delete: string(0x1b) string("[3~") \n\
+ <Key>Home: string(0x1b) string("[1~") \n\
+ <Key>End: string(0x1b) string("[4~") \n\
+ <Key>Prior: string(0x1b) string("[5~") \n\
+ <Key>Next: string(0x1b) string("[6~") \n\
+ <Key>BackSpace: string(0x7f) \n\
+ <Key>Num_Lock: string(0x1b) string("OP") \n\
+ <Key>KP_Divide: string(0x1b) string("Ol") \n\
+ <Key>KP_Multiply: string(0x1b) string("Om") \n\
+ <Key>KP_Subtract: string(0x1b) string("OS") \n\
+ <Key>KP_Add: string(0x1b) string("OM") \n\
+ <Key>KP_Enter: string(0x1b) string("OM") \n\
+ <Key>KP_Decimal: string(0x1b) string("On") \n\
+ <Key>KP_0: string(0x1b) string("Op") \n\
+ <Key>KP_1: string(0x1b) string("Oq") \n\
+ <Key>KP_2: string(0x1b) string("Or") \n\
+ <Key>KP_3: string(0x1b) string("Os") \n\
+ <Key>KP_4: string(0x1b) string("Ot") \n\
+ <Key>KP_5: string(0x1b) string("Ou") \n\
+ <Key>KP_6: string(0x1b) string("Ov") \n\
+ <Key>KP_7: string(0x1b) string("Ow") \n\
+ <Key>KP_8: string(0x1b) string("Ox") \n\
+ <Key>KP_9: string(0x1b) string("Oy") \n
+
+ ! <Key>Up: string(0x1b) string("[A") \n\
+ ! <Key>Down: string(0x1b) string("[B") \n\
+ ! <Key>Right: string(0x1b) string("[C") \n\
+ ! <Key>Left: string(0x1b) string("[D") \n\
+
+ *visualBell: true
+ *saveLines: 1000
+ *cursesemul: true
+ *scrollKey: true
+ *scrollBar: true
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.2. C-KERMIT AND HP-UX
+
+ [ [184]Top ] [ [185]Contents ] [ [186]Section Contents ] [ [187]Next ]
+ [ [188]Previous ]
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+ 3.2.0. [189]Common Problems
+ 3.2.1. [190]Building C-Kermit on HP-UX
+ 3.2.2. [191]File Transfer
+ 3.2.3. [192]Dialing Out and UUCP Lockfiles in HP-UX
+ 3.2.4. [193]Notes on Specific HP-UX Releases
+ 3.2.5. [194]HP-UX and X.25
+
+ REFERENCES
+
+ For further information, read the [195]comp.sys.hp.hpux newsgroup.
+
+ C-Kermit is included as part of the HP-UX operating system by contract
+ between Hewlett Packard and Columbia University for HP-UX 10.00 and
+ later. Each level of HP-UX includes a freshly built C-Kermit binary in
+ /bin/kermit, which should work correctly. Binaries built for regular
+ HP-UX may be used on Trusted HP-UX and vice-versa, except for use as
+ IKSD because of the different authentication methods.
+
+ Note that HP does not update C-Kermit versions for any but its most
+ current HP-UX release. So, for example, HP-UX 10.20 has C-Kermit 6.0;
+ 11.00 has C-Kermit 7.0, and 11.22 has 8.0. Of course, as with all
+ software, older Kermit versions have bugs (such as buffer overflow
+ vulnerabilities) that are fixed in later versions. From time to time,
+ HP discovers one of these (long-ago fixed) bugs and issues a security
+ alert for the older OS's, recommending some draconian measure to avoid
+ the problem. The true fix in each situation is to install the current
+ release of C-Kermit.
+
+ 3.2.0. Common Problems
+
+ [ [196]Top ] [ [197]Contents ] [ [198]Section Contents ] [ [199]Next ]
+
+ Some HP workstations have a BREAK/RESET key. If you hit this key while
+ C-Kermit is running, it might kill or suspend the C-Kermit process.
+ C-Kermit arms itself against these signals, but evidently the
+ BREAK/RESET key is -- at least in some circumstances, on certain HP-UX
+ versions -- too powerful to be caught. (Some report that the first
+ BREAK/RESET shows up as SIGINT and is caught by C-Kermit's former
+ SIGINT handler even when SIGINT is currently set to SIG_IGN; the
+ second kills Kermit; other reports suggest the first BREAK/RESET sends
+ a SIGTSTP (suspend signal) to Kermit, which it catches and suspends
+ itself. You can tell C-Kermit to ignore suspend signals with SET
+ SUSPEND OFF. You can tell C-Kermit to ignore SIGINT with SET COMMAND
+ INTERRUPTION OFF. It is not known whether these commands also grant
+ immunity to the BREAK/RESET key (one report states that with SET
+ SUSPEND OFF, the BREAK/RESET key is ignored the first four times, but
+ kills Kermit the 5th time). In any case:
+
+ 1. If this key is mapped to SIGINT or SIGTSTP, C-Kermit catches or
+ ignores it, depending on which mode (CONNECT, command, etc) Kermit
+ is in.
+ 2. If it causes HP-UX to kill C-Kermit, there is nothing C-Kermit can
+ do to prevent it.
+
+ When HP-UX is on the remote end of the connection, it is essential
+ that HP-UX C-Kermit be configured for Xon/Xoff flow control (this is
+ the default, but in case you change it and then experience
+ file-transfer failures, this is a likely reason).
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.2.1. Building C-Kermit on HP-UX
+
+ [ [200]Top ] [ [201]Contents ] [ [202]Section Contents ] [ [203]Next ]
+ [ [204]Previous ]
+
+ This section applies mainly to old (pre-10.20) HP-UX version on
+ old, slow, and/or memory-constrained hardware.
+
+ During the C-Kermit 6.0 Beta cycle, something happened to ckcpro.w
+ (or, more precisely, the ckcpro.c file that is generated from it)
+ which causes HP optimizing compilers under HP-UX versions 7.0 and 8.0
+ (apparently on all platforms) as well as under HP-UX 9.0 on Motorola
+ platforms only, to blow up. In versions 7.0 and 8.0 the problem has
+ spread to other modules.
+
+ The symptoms vary from the system grinding to a halt, to the compiler
+ crashing, to the compilation of the ckcpro.c module taking very long
+ periods of time, like 9 hours. This problem is handled by compiling
+ the modules that tickle it without optimization; the new C-Kermit
+ makefile takes care of this, and shows how to do it in case the same
+ thing begins happening with other modules.
+
+ On HP-UX 9.0, a kernel parameter, maxdsiz (maximum process data
+ segment size), seems to be important. On Motorola systems, it is 16MB
+ by default, whereas on RISC systems the default is much bigger.
+ Increasing maxdsiz to about 80MB seems to make the problem go away,
+ but only if the system also has a lot of physical memory -- otherwise
+ it swaps itself to death.
+
+ The optimizing compiler might complain about "some optimizations
+ skipped" on certain modules, due to lack of space available to the
+ optimizer. You can increase the space (the incantation depends on the
+ particular compiler version -- see the [205]makefile), but doing so
+ tends to make the compilations take a much longer time. For example,
+ the "hpux0100o+" makefile target adds the "+Onolimit" compiler flag,
+ and about an hour to the compile time on an HP-9000/730. But it *does*
+ produce an executable that is about 10K smaller :-)
+
+ In the makefile, all HP-UX entries automatically skip optimization of
+ problematic modules.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.2.2. File Transfer
+
+ [ [206]Top ] [ [207]Contents ] [ [208]Section Contents ] [ [209]Next ]
+ [ [210]Previous ]
+
+ Telnet connections into HP-UX versions up to and including 11.11 (and
+ possibly 11.20) tend not to lend themselves to file transfer due to
+ limitations, restrictions, and/or bugs in the HP-UX Telnet server
+ and/or pseudoterminal (pty) driver.
+
+ In C-Kermit 6.0 (1996) an unexpected slowness was noted when
+ transferring files over local Ethernet connections when an HP-UX
+ system (9.05 or 10.00) was on the remote end. The following experiment
+ was conducted to determine the cause. C-Kermit 6.0 was used; the
+ situation is slightly better using C-Kermit 7.0's streaming feature
+ and HP-UX 10.20 on the far end.
+
+ The systems were HP-UX 10.00 (on 715/33) and SunOS 4.1.3 (on
+ Sparc-20), both on the same local 10Mbps Ethernet, packet length 4096,
+ parity none, control prefixing "cautious", using only local disks on
+ each machine -- no NFS. In the C-Kermit 6.0 (ACK/NAK) case, the window
+ size was 20; in the streaming case there is no window size (i.e. it is
+ infinite). The test file was C-Kermit executable, transferred in
+ binary mode. Conditions were relatively poor: the Sun and the local
+ net heavily loaded; the HP system is old, slow, and
+ memory-constrained.
+
+ C-Kermit 6.0... C-Kermit 7.0...
+ Local Remote ACK/NAK........ Streaming......
+ Client Server Send Receive Send Receive
+ Sun HP 36 18 64 18
+ HP HP 25 15 37 16
+ HP Sun 77 83 118 92
+ Sun Sun 60 60 153 158
+
+ So whenever HP is the remote we have poor performance. Why?
+
+ * Changing file display to CRT has no effect (so it's not the curses
+ library on the client side).
+ * Changing TCP RECV-BUFFER or SEND-BUFFER has little effect.
+ * Telling the client to make a binary-mode connection (SET TELNET
+ BINARY REQUESTED, which successfully negotiates a binary
+ connection) has no effect on throughput.
+
+ BUT... If I start HP-UX C-Kermit as a TCP service:
+
+ set host * 3000
+ server
+
+ and then from the client "set host xxx 3000", I get:
+
+ C-Kermit 6.0... C-Kermit 7.0...
+ Local Remote ACK/NAK........ Streaming......
+ Client Server Send Receive Send Receive
+ Sun HP 77 67 106 139
+ HP HP 50 50 64 62
+ HP Sun 57 85 155 105
+ Sun Sun 57 50 321 314
+
+ Therefore the HP-UX telnet server or pty driver seems to be adding
+ more overhead than the SunOS one, and most others. When going through
+ this type of connection (a remote telnet server) there is little
+ Kermit can do improve matters, since the telnet server and pty driver
+ are between the two Kermits, and neither Kermit program can have any
+ influence over them (except putting the Telnet connection in binary
+ mode, but that doesn't help).
+
+ (The numbers for the HP-HP transfers are lower than the others since
+ both Kermit processes are running on the same slow 33MHz CPU.)
+
+ Matters seem to have deteriorated in HP-UX 11. Now file transfers over
+ Telnet connections fail completely, rather than just being slow. In
+ the following trial, a Telnet connection was made from Kermit 95 to
+ HP-UX 11.11 on an HP-9000/785/B2000 over local 10Mbps Ethernet running
+ C-Kermit 8.00 in server mode (under the HP-UX Telnet server):
+
+ Text........ Binary......
+ Stream Pktlen GET SEND GET SEND
+ On 4000 Fail Fail Fail Fail
+ Off 4000 Fail Fail Fail Fail
+ Off 2000 OK Fail OK Fail
+ On 2000 OK Fail OK Fail
+ On 3000 Fail Fail Fail Fail
+ On 2500 Fail Fail Fail Fail
+ On 2047 OK Fail OK Fail
+ On 2045 OK Fail OK Fail
+ Off 500 OK OK OK OK
+ On 500 OK Fail OK Fail
+ On 240 OK Fail OK Fail
+
+ As you can see, downloads are problematic unless the receiver's Kermit
+ packet length is 2045 or less, but uploads work only with streaming
+ disabled and the packet length restricted to 500. To force file
+ transfers to work on this connection, the desktop Kermit must be told
+ to:
+
+ set streaming off
+ set receive packet-length 2000
+ set send packet-length 500
+
+ However, if a connection is made between the same two programs on the
+ same two computers over the same network, but this time a direct
+ socket-to-socket connection bypassing the HP-UX Telnet server and pty
+ driver (tell HP-UX C-Kermit to "set host /server * 3000 /raw"; tell
+ desktop client program to "set host blah 3000 /raw"), everything works
+ perfectly with the default Kermit settings (streaming, 4K packets,
+ liberal control-character unprefixing, 8-bit transparency, etc):
+
+ Text........ Binary......
+ Stream Pktlen GET SEND GET SEND
+ On 4000 OK OK OK OK
+
+ And in this case, transfer rates were approximately 900,000 cps. To
+ verify that the behavior reported here is not caused by the new Kermit
+ release, the same experiment was performed on a Telnet connection from
+ the same PC over the same network to the old 715/33 running HP-UX
+ 10.20 and C-Kermit 8.00. Text and binary uploads and downloads worked
+ perfectly (albeit slowly) with all the default settings -- streaming,
+ 4K packets, etc.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.2.3. Dialing Out and UUCP Lockfiles in HP-UX
+
+ [ [211]Top ] [ [212]Contents ] [ [213]Section Contents ] [ [214]Next ]
+ [ [215]Previous ]
+
+ HP workstations do not come with dialout devices configured; you have
+ to do it yourself (as root). First look in /dev to see what's there;
+ for example in HP-UX 10.00 or later:
+
+ ls -l /dev/cua*
+ ls -l /dev/tty*
+
+ If you find a tty0p0 device but no cua0p0, you'll need to creat one if
+ you want to dial out; the tty0p0 does not work for dialing out. It's
+ easy: start SAM; in the main Sam window, double-click on Peripheral
+ Device, then in the Peripheral Devices window, double-click on
+ Terminals and Modems. In the Terminals and Modems dialog, click on
+ Actions, then choose "Add modem" and fill in the blanks. For example:
+ Port number 0, speed 57600 (higher speeds tend not to work reliably),
+ "Use device for calling out", do NOT "Receive incoming calls" (unless
+ you know what you are doing), leave "CCITT modem" unchecked unless you
+ really have one, and do select "Use hardware flow control (RTS/CTS)".
+ Then click OK. This creates cua0p0 as well as cul0p0 and ttyd0p0
+
+ If the following sequence:
+
+ set line /dev/cua0p0 ; or other device
+ set speed 115200 ; or other normal speed
+
+ produces the message "?Unsupported line speed". This means either that
+ the port is not configured for dialout (go into SAM as described above
+ and make sure "Use device for calling out" is selected), or else that
+ speed you have given (such as 460800) is supported by the operating
+ system but not by the physical device (in which case, use a lower
+ speed like 57600).
+
+ In HP-UX 9.0, serial device names began to change. The older names
+ looked like "/dev/cua00", "/dev/tty01", etc (sometimes with only one
+ digit). The newer names have two digits with the letter "p" in
+ between. HP-UX 8.xx and earlier have the older form, HP-UX 10.00 and
+ later have the newer form. HP-UX 9.xx has the newer form on Series 800
+ machines, and the older form on other hardware models. The situation
+ is summarized in the following table (the Convio 10.0 column applies
+ to HP-UX 10 and 11).
+
+ Converged HP-UX Serial I/O Filenames : TTY Mux Naming
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ General meaning Old Form S800 9.0 Convio 10.0
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ tty* hardwired ports tty<YY> tty<X>p<Y> tty<D>p<p>
+ diag:mux<X> diag:mux<D>
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ ttyd* dial-in modems ttyd<YY> ttyd<X>p<Y> ttyd<D>p<p>
+ diag:ttyd<X>p<Y> diag:ttyd<D>p<p>
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ cua* auto-dial out cua<YY> cua<X>p<Y> cua<D>p<p>
+ diag:cua<X>p<Y>
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ cul* dial-out cul<YY> cul<X>p<Y> cul<D>p<p>
+ diag:cul<X>p<Y>
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ <X>= LU (Logical Unit) <D>= Devspec (decimal card instance)
+ <Y> or <YY> = Port <p>= Port
+
+ For dialing out, you should use the cua or cul devices. When
+ C-Kermit's CARRIER setting is AUTO or ON, C-Kermit should pop back to
+ its prompt automatically if the carrier signal drops, e.g. when you
+ log out from the remote computer or service. If you use the tty<D>p<d>
+ (e.g. tty0p0) device, the carrier signal should be ignored. The
+ tty<D>p<d> device should be used for direct connections where the
+ carrier signal does not follow RS-232 conventions (use the cul device
+ for hardwired connections through a true null modem). Do not use the
+ ttyd<D>p<d> device for dialing out.
+
+ Kermit's access to serial devices is controlled by "UUCP lockfiles",
+ which are intended to prevent different users using different software
+ programs (Kermit, cu, etc, and UUCP itself) from accessing the same
+ serial device at the same time. When a device is in use by a
+ particular user, a file with a special name is created in:
+
+ /var/spool/locks (HP-UX 10.00 and later)
+ /usr/spool/uucp (HP-UX 9.xx and earlier)
+
+ The file's name indicates the device that is in use, and its contents
+ indicates the process ID (pid) of the process that is using the
+ device. Since serial devices and the locks directory are not both
+ publicly readable and writable, Kermit and other communication
+ software must be installed setuid to the owner (bin) of the serial
+ device and setgid to the group (daemon) of the /var/spool/locks
+ directory. Kermit's setuid and setgid privileges are enabled only when
+ opening the device and accessing the lockfiles.
+
+ Let's say "unit" means a string of decimal digits (the interface
+ instance number) followed (in HP-UX 10.00 and later) by the letter "p"
+ (lowercase), followed by another string of decimal digits (the port
+ number on the interface), e.g.:
+
+ "0p0", "0p1", "1p0", etc (HP-UX 10.00 and later)
+ "0p0", "0p1", "1p0", etc (HP-UX 9.xx on Series 800)
+ "00", "01", "10", "0", etc (HP-UX 9.xx not on Series 800)
+ "00", "01", "10", "0", etc (HP-UX 8.xx and earlier)
+
+ Then a normal serial device (driver) name consists of a prefix ("tty",
+ "ttyd", "cua", "cul", or possibly "cuad" or "culd") followed by a
+ unit, e.g. "cua0p0". Kermit's treatment of UUCP lockfiles is as close
+ as possible to that of the HP-UX "cu" program. Here is a table of the
+ lockfiles that Kermit creates for unit 0p0:
+
+ Selection Lockfile 1 Lockfile 2
+ /dev/tty0p0 LCK..tty0p0 (none)
+* /dev/ttyd0p0 LCK..ttyd0p0 (none)
+ /dev/cua0p0 LCK..cua0p0 LCK..ttyd0p0
+ /dev/cul0p0 LCK..cul0p0 LCK..ttyd0p0
+ /dev/cuad0p0 LCK..cuad0p0 LCK..ttyd0p0
+ /dev/culd0p0 LCK..culd0p0 LCK..ttyd0p0
+ <other> LCK..<other> (none)
+
+ (* = Dialin device, should not be used.)
+
+ In other words, if the device name begins with "cu", a second lockfile
+ for the "ttyd" device, same unit, is created, which should prevent
+ dialin access on that device.
+
+ The <other> case allows for symbolic links, etc, but of course it is
+ not foolproof since we have no way of telling which device is really
+ being used.
+
+ When C-Kermit tries to open a dialout device whose name ends with a
+ "unit", it searches the lockfile directory for all possible names for
+ the same unit. For example, if user selects /dev/cul2p3, Kermit looks
+ for lockfiles named:
+
+ LCK..tty2p3
+ LCK..ttyd2p3
+ LCK..cua2p3
+ LCK..cul2p3
+ LCK..cuad2p3
+ LCK..culd2p3
+
+ If any of these files are found, Kermit opens them to find out the ID
+ (pid) of the process that created them; if the pid is still valid, the
+ process is still active, and so the SET LINE command fails and the
+ user is informed of the pid so s/he can use "ps" to find out who is
+ using the device.
+
+ If the pid is not valid, the file is deleted. If all such files (i.e.
+ with same "unit" designation) are successfully removed, then the SET
+ LINE command succeeds; up to six messages are printed telling the user
+ which "stale lockfiles" are being removed.
+
+ When the "set line" command succeeds in HP-UX 10.00 and later,
+ C-Kermit also creates a Unix System V R4 "advisory lock" as a further
+ precaution (but not guarantee) against any other process obtaining
+ access to the device while you are using it.
+
+ If the selected device was in use by "cu", Kermit can't open it,
+ because "cu" has changed its ownership, so we never get as far as
+ looking at the lockfiles. In the normal case, we can't even look at
+ the device to see who the owner is because it is visible only to its
+ (present) owner. In this case, Kermit says (for example):
+
+ /dev/cua0p0: Permission denied
+
+ When Kermit releases a device it has successfully opened, it removes
+ all the lockfiles that it created. This also happens whenever Kermit
+ exits "under its own power".
+
+ If Kermit is killed with a device open, the lockfile(s) are left
+ behind. The next Kermit program that tries to assign the device, under
+ any of its various names, will automatically clean up the stale
+ lockfiles because the pids they contain are invalid. The behavior of
+ cu and other communication programs under these conditions should be
+ the same.
+
+ Here, by the way, is a summary of the differences between the HP-UX
+ port driver types from John Pezzano of HP:
+
+ There are three types of device files for each port.
+
+ The ttydXXX device file is designed to work as follows:
+
+ 1. The process that opens it does NOT get control of the port until
+ CD is asserted. This was intentional (over 15 years ago) to allow
+ getty to open the port but not control it until someone called in.
+ If a process wants to use the direct or callout device files
+ (ttyXXX and culXXX respectively), they will then get control and
+ getty would be blocked. This eliminated the need to use uugetty
+ (and its inherent problems with lock files) for modems. You can
+ see this demonstrated by the fact that "ps -ef" shows a ? in the
+ tty column for the getty process as getty does not have the port
+ yet.
+ 2. Once CD is asserted, the port is controlled by getty (or the
+ process handling an incoming call) if there was no process using
+ the port. The ? in the "ps" command now shows the port. At this
+ point, the port accepts data.
+
+ Therefore you should use either the callout culXXX device file
+ (immediate control but no data until CD is asserted) or the direct
+ device file ttyXXX which gives immediate control and immediate data
+ and which ignores by default modem control signals.
+
+ The ttydXXX device should be used only for callin and my
+ recommendation is to use it only for getty and uugetty.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.2.4 Notes on Specific HP-UX Releases
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+ 3.2.4.1. [216]HP-UX 11
+ 3.2.4.2. [217]HP-UX 10
+ 3.2.4.3. [218]HP-UX 9
+ 3.2.4.4. [219]HP-UX 8
+ 3.2.4.5. [220]HP-UX 7 and Earlier
+
+ 3.2.4.1. HP-UX 11
+
+ [ [221]Top ] [ [222]Contents ] [ [223]Section Contents ] [ [224]Next ]
+
+ As noted in [225]Section 3.2.2, the HP-UX 11 Telnet server and/or
+ pseudoterminal driver are a serious impediment to file transfer over
+ Telnet connections into HP-UX. If you have a Telnet connection into
+ HP-UX 11, tell your desktop Kermit program to:
+
+ set streaming off
+ set receive packet-length 2000
+ set send packet-length 500
+
+ File transfer speeds over connections from HP-UX 11 (dialed or Telnet)
+ are not impeded whatsoever, and can go at whatever speed is allowed by
+ the connection and the Kermit partner on the far end.
+
+ PA-RISC binaries for HP-UX 10.20 or later should run on any PA-RISC
+ system, S700 or S800, as long as the binary was not built under a
+ later HP-UX version than the host operating system. HP-UX 11.00 and
+ 11.11 are only for PA-RISC systems. HP-UX 11.20 is only for IA64
+ (subsequent HP-UX releases will be for both PA-RISC and IA64). To
+ check binary compatibility, the following C-Kermit 8.0 binaries were
+ run successfully on an HP-9000/785 with HP-UX 11.11:
+
+ * Model 7xx HP-UX 10.20
+ * Model 8xx HP-UX 10.20
+ * Model 7xx HP-UX 11.00
+ * Model 8xx HP-UX 11.00
+ * Model 7xx HP-UX 11.11
+ * Model 8xx HP-UX 11.11
+
+ Binaries built under some of the earlier HP-UX releases, such as 9.05,
+ might also work, but only if built for the same hardware family (e.g.
+ s700).
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.2.4.2. HP-UX 10
+
+ [ [226]Top ] [ [227]Contents ] [ [228]Section Contents ] [ [229]Next ]
+ [ [230]Previous ]
+
+ Beginning in HP-UX 10.10, libcurses is linked to libxcurses, the new
+ UNIX95 (X/Open) version of curses, which has some serious bugs; some
+ routines, when called, would hang and never return, some would dump
+ core. Evidently libxcurses contains a select() routine, and whenever
+ C-Kermit calls what it thinks is the regular (sockets) select(), it
+ gets the curses one, causing a segmentation fault. There is a patch
+ for this from HP, PHCO_8086, "s700_800 10.10 libcurses patch", "shared
+ lib curses program hangs on 10.10", "10.10 enhanced X/Open curses core
+ dumps due to using wrong select call", 96/08/02 (you can tell if the
+ patch is installed with "what /usr/lib/libxcurses.1"; the unpatched
+ version is 76.20, the patched one is 76.20.1.2). It has been verified
+ that C-Kermit works OK with the patched library, but results are not
+ definite for HP-UX 10.20 or higher.
+
+ To ensure that C-Kermit works even on non-patched HP-UX 10.10 systems,
+ separate makefile entries are provided for HP-UX 10.00/10.01, 10.10,
+ 10.20, etc, in which the entries for 10.10 and above link with
+ libHcurses, which is "HP curses", the one that was used in
+ 10.00/10.01. HP-UX 11.20 and later, however, link with libcurses, as
+ libHcurses disappeared in 11.20.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.2.4.3. HP-UX 9
+
+ [ [231]Top ] [ [232]Contents ] [ [233]Section Contents ] [ [234]Next ]
+ [ [235]Previous ]
+
+ HP-UX 9.00 and 9.01 need patch PHNE_10572 (note: this replaces
+ PHNE_3641) for hptt0.o, asio0.o, and ttycomn.o in libhp-ux.a. Contact
+ Hewlett Packard if you need this patch. Without it, the dialout device
+ (tty) will be hung after first use; subsequent attempts to use will
+ return an error like "device busy". (There are also equivalent patches
+ for s700 9.03 9.05 9.07 (PHNE_10573) and s800 9.00 9.04 (PHNE_10416).
+
+ When C-Kermit is in server mode, it might have trouble executing
+ REMOTE HOST commands. This problem happens under HP-UX 9.00 (Motorola)
+ and HP-UX 9.01 (RISC) IF the C-Shell is the login shell AND with the
+ C-Shell Revision 70.15. Best thing is to install HP's Patch PHCO_4919
+ for Series 300/400 and PHCO_5015 for the Series 700/800. PHCO_5015 is
+ called "s700_800 9.X cumulative csh(1) patch with memory leak fix"
+ which works for HP-UX 9.00, 9.01, 9.03, 9.04, 9.05 and 9.07. At least
+ you need C-Shell Revision 72.12!
+
+ C-Kermit works fine -- including its curses-based file-transfer
+ display -- on the console terminal, in a remote session (e.g. when
+ logged in to the HP 9000 on a terminal port or when telnetted or
+ rlogin'd), and in an HP-VUE hpterm window or an xterm window.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.2.4.4. HP-UX 8
+
+ [ [236]Top ] [ [237]Contents ] [ [238]Section Contents ] [ [239]Next ]
+ [ [240]Previous ]
+
+ To make C-Kermit work on HP-UX 8.05 on a model 720, obtain and install
+ HP-UX patch PHNE_0899. This patch deals with a lot of driver issues,
+ particularly related to communication at higher speeds.
+
+ One user reports:
+
+ On HP-UX 8 DON'T install 'tty patch' PHKL_4656, install PHKL_3047
+ instead! Yesterday I tried this latest tty patch PHKL_4656 and had
+ terrible problems. This patch should fix RTS/CTS problems. With
+ text transver all looks nice. But when I switched over to binary
+ files the serial interface returned only rubish to C-Kermit. All
+ sorts of protocol, CRC and packed errors I had. After several tests
+ and after uninstalling that patch, all transvers worked fine. MB's
+ of data without any errors. So keep your fingers away from that
+ patch. If anybody needs the PHKL_3047 patch I have it here. It is
+ no longer availabel from HP's patch base.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.2.4.5. HP-UX 7 and Earlier
+
+ [ [241]Top ] [ [242]Contents ] [ [243]Section Contents ] [
+ [244]Previous ]
+
+ When transferring files into HP-UX 5 or 6 over a Telnet connection,
+ you must not use streaming, and you must not use a packet length
+ greater than 512. However, you can use streaming and longer packets
+ when sending files from HP-UX on a Telnet connection. In C-Kermit 8.0,
+ the default receive packet length for HP-UX 5 and 6 was changed to 500
+ (but you can still increase it with SET RECEIVE PACKET-LENGTH if you
+ wish, e.g. for non-Telnet connections). Disable streaming with SET
+ STREAMING OFF.
+
+ The HP-UX 5.00 version of C-Kermit does not include the fullscreen
+ file-transfer because of problems with the curses library.
+
+ If HP-UX 5.21 with Wollongong TCP/IP is on the remote end of a Telnet
+ connection, streaming transfers to HP-UX invariably fail. Workaround:
+ SET STREAMING OFF. Packets longer than about 1000 should not be used.
+ Transfers from these systems, however, can use streaming and/or longer
+ packets.
+
+ Reportedly, "[there is] a bug in C-Kermit using HP-UX version 5.21 on
+ the HP-9000 series 500 computers. It only occurs when the controlling
+ terminal is using an HP-27140 six-port modem mux. The problem is not
+ present if the controlling terminal is logged into an HP-27130
+ eight-port mux. The symptom is that just after dialing successfully
+ and connecting Kermit locks up and the port is unusable until both
+ forks of Kermit and the login shell are killed." (This report predates
+ C-Kermit 6.0 and might no longer apply.)
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.2.5. HP-UX and X.25
+
+ [ [245]Top ] [ [246]Contents ] [ [247]Section Contents ] [
+ [248]Previous ]
+
+ Although C-Kermit presently does not include built-in support for
+ HP-UX X.25 (as it does for the Sun and IBM X.25 products), it can
+ still be used to make X.25 connections as follows: start Kermit and
+ then telnet to localhost. After logging back in, start padem as you
+ would normally do to connect over X.25. Padem acts as a pipe between
+ Kermit and X.25. In C-Kermit 7.0, you might also be able to avoid the
+ "telnet localhost" step by using:
+
+ C-Kermit> pty padem address
+
+ This works if padem uses standard i/o (who knows?).
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.3. C-KERMIT AND LINUX
+
+ [ [249]Top ] [ [250]Contents ] [ [251]Section Contents ] [ [252]Next ]
+ [ [253]Previous ]
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+ 3.3.1. [254]Problems Building C-Kermit for Linux
+ 3.3.2. [255]Problems with Serial Devices in Linux
+ 3.3.3. [256]Terminal Emulation in Linux
+ 3.3.4. [257]Dates and Times
+ 3.3.5. [258]Startup Errors
+ 3.3.6. [259]The Fullscreen File Transfer Display
+
+ REFERENCES
+
+ For further information, read the [260]comp.os.linux.misc,
+ [261]comp.os.linux.answers, and other Linux-oriented newsgroups, and
+ see:
+
+ The Linux Document Project (LDP)
+ [262]http://www.tldp.org/
+
+ The Linux FAQ
+ [263]http://www.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html
+
+ The Linux HOWTOs (especially the Serial HOWTO)
+
+ [264]http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Serial-HOWTO.html
+
+ [265]http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Modem-HOWTO.html
+
+ [266]ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO
+
+ [267]ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/docs/HOWTO
+
+ [268]http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/
+
+ [269]http://www.tldp.org/hmirrors.html
+
+ Linux Vendor Tech Support Pages:
+
+ [270]http://www.redhat.com/apps/support/
+
+ [271]http://www.debian.org/support
+
+ [272]http://www.slackware.com/support/
+
+ [273]http://www.caldera.com/support/
+
+ [274]http://www.suse.com/support/
+
+ [275]http://www.mandrake.com/support/
+
+ [276]http://www.turbolinux.com/support/
+
+ Linux Winmodem Support
+ [277]http://www.linmodems.org/
+
+ Also see general comments on PC-based Unixes in [278]Section 3.0.
+
+ What Linux version is it? -- "uname -a" supplies only kernel
+ information, but these days it's the distribution that matters: Red
+ Hat 7.3, Debian 2.2, Slackware 8.0, etc. Unfortunately there's no
+ consistent way to get the distribution version. Usually it's in a
+ distribution-specific file:
+
+ Red Hat: /etc/issue or /etc/redhat-release
+ Debian: /etc/debian_version
+ Slackware: /etc/slackware-version (at least in later versions)
+
+ Did you know: DECnet is available for Linux? See:
+
+ [279]http://linux.dreamtime.org/decnet/
+
+ (But there is no support for it in C-Kermit -- anybody interested in
+ adding it, please [280]let us know).
+
+ Before proceeding, let's handle the some of the most frequently asked
+ question in the Linux newsgroups:
+
+ 1. Neither C-Kermit nor any other Linux application can use
+ Winmodems, except in the [281]rare cases where Linux drivers have
+ been written for them. See [282]Section 3.0.2 for details.
+ 2. "Why does it take such a long time to make a telnet connection to
+ (or from) my Linux PC?" (this applies to C-Kermit and to regular
+ Telnet). Most telnet servers these days perform reverse DNS
+ lookups on the client (for security and/or logging reasons). If
+ the Telnet client's address cannot be found by the server's local
+ DNS server, the DNS request goes out to the Internet at large, and
+ this can take quite some time. The solution to this problem is to
+ make sure that both client and host are registered in DNS, and
+ that the registrations are exported. C-Kermit itself performs
+ reverse DNS lookups unless you tell it not to; this is to allow
+ C-Kermit to let you know which host it is actually connected to in
+ case you have made a connection to a host pool (multihomed host).
+ You can disable C-Kermit's reverse DNS lookup with SET TCP
+ REVERSE-DNS-LOOKUP OFF.
+ 3. (Any question that has the word "Telnet" in it...) The knee-jerk
+ reaction is "don't use Telnet, use SSH!" There's nothing wrong
+ with Telnet. In fact it's far superior to SSH as a protocol in
+ terms of features and extensibility, not to mention platform
+ neutrality. The issue lurking behind the knee-jerk reaction is
+ security. SSH is thought to be secure, whereas Telnet is thought
+ to be insecure. This is true for clear-text Telnet (because
+ passwords travel in the clear across the network), but apparently
+ few people realize that [283]secure Telnet clients and servers
+ have been available for years, and these are more secure than SSH
+ (for reasons explained [284]HERE.
+ 4. (Any question that has the word "FTP" in it...) The knee-jerk
+ reaction being "Don't use FTP, use SCP!" (or SFTP). Same answer as
+ above, but moreso. SCP and SFTP are not only not platform neutral,
+ they're diversity-hostile. They transfer files only in binary
+ mode, which mangles text files across different platforms, to the
+ same degree the platform's text-file record format and character
+ set differ. An extreme example would be an Variable-Block format
+ EBCDIC text file on an IBM mainframe, binary transfer of which to
+ Unix would do you little good indeed. FTP was designed with
+ diversity in mind and secure versions are available.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.3.1. Problems Building C-Kermit for Linux
+
+ [ [285]Top ] [ [286]Contents ] [ [287]Section Contents ] [ [288]Next ]
+
+ Modern Linux distributions like Red Hat give you a choice at
+ installation whether to include "developer tools". Obviously, you
+ can't build C-Kermit or any other C program from source code if you
+ have not installed the developer tools. But to confuse matters, you
+ might also have to choose (separately) to install the "curses" or
+ "ncurses" terminal control library; thus it is possible to install the
+ C compiler and linker, but omit the (n)curses library and headers. If
+ curses is not installed, you will not be able to build a version of
+ C-Kermit that supports the fullscreen file-transfer display, in which
+ case you'll need to use the "linuxnc" makefile target (nc = No Curses)
+ or else install ncurses before building.
+
+ There are all sorts of confusing issues caused by the many and varied
+ Linux distributions. Some of the worst involve the curses library and
+ header files: where are they, what are they called, which ones are
+ they really? Other vexing questions involve libc5 vs libc6 vs glibc vs
+ glibc2 (C libraries), gcc vs egcs vs lcc (compilers), plus using or
+ avoiding features that were added in a certain version of Linux or a
+ library or a distribution, and are not available in others. As of
+ C-Kermit 8.0, these questions should be resolved by the "linux"
+ makefile target itself, which does a bit of looking around to see
+ what's what, and then sets the appropriate CFLAGS.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.3.2. Problems with Serial Devices in Linux
+
+ [ [289]Top ] [ [290]Contents ] [ [291]Section Contents ] [ [292]Next ]
+ [ [293]Previous ]
+
+ Also see: "man setserial", "man irqtune".
+ And: [294]Sections 3.0, [295]6, [296]7, and [297]8 of this
+ document.
+
+ NOTE: Red Hat Linux 7.2 and later include a new API that allows
+ serial-port arbitration by non-setuid/gid programs. This API has
+ not yet been added to C-Kermit. If C-Kermit is to be used for
+ dialing out on Red Hat 7.2 or later, it must still be installed as
+ described in in Sections [298]10 and [299]11 of the
+ [300]Installation Instructions.
+
+ Don't expect it to be easy. Queries like the following are posted to
+ the Linux newsgroups almost daily:
+
+ Problem of a major kind with my Compaq Presario 1805 in the sense
+ that the pnpdump doesn't find the modem and the configuration tells
+ me that the modem is busy when I set everything by hand!
+
+ I have <some recent SuSE distribution>, kernel 2.0.35. Using the
+ Compaq tells me that the modem (which is internal) is on COM2, with
+ the usual IRQ and port numbers. Running various Windows diagnostics
+ show me AT-style commands exchanged so I have no reason to beleive
+ that it is a Winmodem. Also, the diagnostics under Win98 tell me
+ that I am talking to an NS 16550AN.
+
+ [Editor's note: This does not necessarily mean it isn't a Winmodem.]
+
+ Under Linux, no joy trying to talk to the modem on /dev/cua1
+ whether via minicom, kppp, or chat; kppp at least tells me that
+ tcgetattr() failed.
+
+ Usage of setserial:
+
+ setserial /dev/cua1 port 0x2F8 irq 3 autoconfig
+ setserial -g /dev/cua1
+
+ tells me that the uart is 'unknown'. I have tried setting the UART
+ manullay via. setserial to 16550A, 16550, and the other one (8550?)
+ (I didn't try 16540). None of these manual settings resulted in any
+ success.
+
+ A look at past articles leads me to investigate PNP issues by
+ calling pnpdump but pnpdump returns "no boards found". I have
+ looked around on my BIOS (Phoenix) and there is not much evidence
+ of it being PNP aware. However for what it calls "Serial port A",
+ it offers a choice of Auto, Disabled or Manual settings (currently
+ set to Auto), but using the BIOS interface I tried to change to
+ 'manual' and saw the default settings offered to be were 0x3F8 and
+ IRQ 4 (COM1). The BIOS menus did not give me any chance to
+ configure COM2 or any "modem". I ended up not saving any BIOS
+ changes in the course of my investigations.
+
+ You can also find out a fair amount about your PC's hardware
+ configuration in the text files in /proc, e.g.:
+
+ -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 Sep 4 14:00 /proc/devices
+ -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 Sep 4 14:00 /proc/interrupts
+ -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 Sep 4 14:00 /proc/ioports
+ -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 Sep 4 14:00 /proc/pci
+
+ From the directory listing they look like empty files, but in fact
+ they are text files that you "cat":
+
+$ cat /proc/pci
+ Bus 0, device 14, function 0:
+ Serial controller: US Robotics/3Com 56K FaxModem Model 5610 (rev 1).
+ IRQ 10.
+ I/O at 0x1050 [0x1057].
+
+$ setserial -g /dev/ttyS4
+/dev/ttyS4, UART: 16550A, Port: 0x1050, IRQ: 10
+
+$ cat /proc/ioports
+1050-1057 : US Robotics/3Com 56K FaxModem Model 5610
+ 1050-1057 : serial(auto)
+
+$ cat /proc/interrupts
+ CPU0
+ 0: 7037515 XT-PIC timer
+ 1: 2 XT-PIC keyboard
+ 2: 0 XT-PIC cascade
+ 4: 0 XT-PIC serial
+ 8: 1 XT-PIC rtc
+ 9: 209811 XT-PIC usb-uhci, eth0
+ 14: 282015 XT-PIC ide0
+ 15: 6 XT-PIC ide1
+
+ Watch out for PCI, PCMCIA and Plug-n-Play devices, Winmodems, and the
+ like (see cautions in [301]Section 3.0 Linux supports Plug-n-Play
+ devices to some degree via the isapnp and pnpdump programs; read the
+ man pages for them. (If you don't have them, look on your installation
+ CD for isapnptool or download it from sunsite or a sunsite mirror or
+ other politically correct location du jour).
+
+ PCI modems do not use standard COM port addresses. The I/O address and
+ IRQ are assigned by the BIOS. All you need to do to get one working,
+ find out the I/O address and interrupt number with (as root) "lspci -v
+ | more" and then give the resulting address and interrupt number to
+ setserial.
+
+ Even when you have a real serial port, always be wary of interrupt
+ conflicts and similar PC hardware configuration issues: a PC is not a
+ real computer like other Unix workstations -- it is generally pieced
+ together from whatever random components were the best bargain on the
+ commodity market the week it was built. Once it's assembled and boxed,
+ not even the manufacturer will remember what it's made of or how it
+ was put together because they've moved on to a new model. Their job is
+ to get it (barely) working with Windows; for Linux and other OS's you
+ are on your own.
+
+ "set line /dev/modem" or "set line /dev/ttyS2", etc, results in an
+ error, "/dev/modem is not a tty". Cause unknown, but obviously a
+ driver issue, not a Kermit one (Kermit uses "isatty()" to check that
+ the device is a tty, so it knows it will be able to issue all the
+ tty-related ioctl's on it, like setting the speed & flow control). Try
+ a different name (i.e. driver) for the same port, e.g. "set line
+ /dev/cua2" or whatever.
+
+ To find what serial ports were registered at the most recent system
+ boot, type (as root): "grep tty /var/log/dmesg".
+
+ "set modem type xxx" (where xxx is the name of a modem) followed by
+ "set line /dev/modem" or "set
+ line /dev/ttyS2", etc, hangs (but can be interrupted with Ctrl-C).
+ Experimentation shows that if the modem is configured to always assert
+ carrier (&C0) the same command does not hang. Again, a driver issue.
+ Use /dev/cua2 (or whatever) instead. (Or not -- hopefully none of
+ these symptoms occurs in C-Kermit 7.0 or later.)
+
+ "set line /dev/cua0" reports "Device is busy", but "set line
+ /dev/ttyS0" works OK.
+
+ In short: If the cua device doesn't work, try the corresponding ttyS
+ device. If the ttyS device doesn't work, try the corresponding cua
+ device -- but note that Linux developers do not recommend this, and
+ are phasing out the cua devices. From /usr/doc/faq/howto/Serial-HOWTO:
+
+ 12.4. What's The Real Difference Between the /dev/cuaN And /dev/ttySN
+ Devices?
+ The only difference is the way that the devices are opened. The
+ dialin devices /dev/ttySN are opened in blocking mode, until CD
+ is asserted (ie someone connects). So, when someone wants to
+ use the /dev/cuaN device, there is no conflict with a program
+ watching the /dev/ttySN device (unless someone is connected of
+ course). The multiple /dev entries, allow operation of the same
+ physical device with different operating characteristics. It
+ also allows standard getty programs to coexist with any other
+ serial program, without the getty being retrofitted with
+ locking of some sort. It's especially useful since standard
+ Unix kernel file locking, and UUCP locking are both advisory
+ and not mandatory.
+
+ It was discovered during development of C-Kermit 7.0 that rebuilding
+ C-Kermit with -DNOCOTFMC (No Close/Open To Force Mode Change) made the
+ aforementioned problem with /dev/ttyS0 go away. It is not yet clear,
+ however, what its affect might be on the /dev/cua* devices. As of 19
+ March 1998, this option has been added to the CFLAGS in the makefile
+ entries for Linux ("make linux").
+
+ Note that the cua device is now "deprecated", and new editions of
+ Linux will phase (have phased) it out in favor of the ttyS device. See
+ (if it's still there):
+
+ [302]http://linuxwww.db.erau.edu/mail_archives/linux-kernel/Mar_98/1441.html
+
+ (no, of course it isn't; you'll have to use your imagination). One
+ user reported that C-Kermit 7.0, when built with egcs 1.1.2 and run on
+ Linux 2.2.6 with glibc 2.1 (hardware unknown but probably a PC) dumps
+ core when given a "set line /dev/ttyS1" command. When rebuilt with
+ gcc, it works fine.
+
+ All versions of Linux seem to have the following deficiency: When a
+ modem call is hung up and CD drops, Kermit can no longer read the
+ modem signals; SHOW COMMUNICATIONS says "Modem signals not available".
+ The TIOCMGET ioctl() returns -1 with errno 5 ("I/O Error").
+
+ The Linux version of POSIX tcsendbreak(), which is used by C-Kermit to
+ send regular (275msec) and long (1.5sec) BREAK signals, appears to
+ ignore its argument (despite its description in the man page and info
+ topic), and always sends a regular 275msec BREAK. This has been
+ observed in Linux versions ranging from Debian 2.1 to Red Hat 7.1.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.3.3. Terminal Emulation in Linux
+
+ [ [303]Top ] [ [304]Contents ] [ [305]Section Contents ] [ [306]Next ]
+ [ [307]Previous ]
+
+ C-Kermit is not a terminal emulator. For a brief explanation of why
+ not, see [308]Section 3.0.5. For a fuller explanation, [309]ClICK
+ HERE.
+
+ In Unix, terminal emulation is supplied by the Window in which you run
+ Kermit: the regular console screen, which provides Linux Console
+ "emulation" via the "console" termcap entry, or under X-Windows in an
+ xterm window, which gives VTxxx emulation. An xterm that includes
+ color ANSI and VT220 emulation is available with Xfree86:
+
+ [310]http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.html
+
+ Before starting C-Kermit in an xterm window, you might need to tell
+ the xterm window's shell to "stty sane".
+
+ To set up your PC console keyboard to send VT220 key sequences when
+ using C-Kermit as your communications program in an X terminal window
+ (if it doesn't already), create a file somewhere (e.g. in /root/)
+ called .xmodmaprc, containing something like the following:
+
+ keycode 77 = KP_F1 ! Num Lock => DEC Gold (PF1)
+ keycode 112 = KP_F2 ! Keypad / => DEC PF1
+ keycode 63 = KP_F3 ! Keypad * => DEC PF3
+ keycode 82 = KP_F4 ! Keypad - => DEC PF4
+ keycode 111 = Help ! Print Screen => DEC Help
+ keycode 78 = F16 ! Scroll Lock => DEC Do
+ keycode 110 = F16 ! Pause => DEC Do
+ keycode 106 = Find ! Insert => DEC Find
+ keycode 97 = Insert ! Home => DEC Insert
+ keycode 99 = 0x1000ff00 ! Page Up => DEC Remove
+ keycode 107 = Select ! Delete => DEC Select
+ keycode 103 = Page_Up ! End => DEC Prev Screen
+ keycode 22 = Delete ! Backspace sends Delete (127)
+
+ Then put "xmodmap filename" in your .xinitrc file (in your login
+ directory), e.g.
+
+ xmodmap /root/.xmodmaprc
+
+ Of course you can move things around. Use the xev program to find out
+ key codes.
+
+ Console-mode keys are mapped separately using loadkeys, and different
+ keycodes are used. Find out what they are with showkey.
+
+ For a much more complete VT220/320 key mapping for [311]Xfree86 xterm,
+ [312]CLICK HERE.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.3.4. Dates and Times
+
+ [ [313]Top ] [ [314]Contents ] [ [315]Section Contents ] [ [316]Next ]
+ [ [317]Previous ]
+
+ If C-Kermit's date-time (e.g. as shown by its DATE command) differs
+ from the system's date and time:
+
+ a. Make sure the libc to which Kermit is linked is set to GMT or is
+ not set to any time zone. Watch out for mixed libc5/libc6 systems;
+ each must be set indpendently.
+ b. If you have changed your TZ environment variable, make sure it is
+ exported. This is normally done in /etc/profile or /etc/TZ.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.3.5. Startup Errors
+
+ [ [318]Top ] [ [319]Contents ] [ [320]Section Contents ] [ [321]Next ]
+ [ [322]Previous ]
+
+ C-Kermit should work on all versions of Linux current through March
+ 2003, provided it was built on the same version you have, with the
+ same libraries and header files (just get the source code and "make
+ linux"). Binaries tend not to travel well from one Linux machine to
+ another, due to their many differences. There is no guarantee that a
+ particular C-Kermit binary will not stop working at a later date,
+ since Linux tends to change out from under its applications. If that
+ happens, rebuild C-Kermit from source. If something goes wrong with
+ the build process, look on the [323]C-Kermit website for a newer
+ version. If you have the latest version, then [324]report the problem
+ to us.
+
+ Inability to transfer files in Red Hat 7.2: the typical symptom would
+ be if you start Kermit and tell it to RECEIVE, it fails right away
+ with "?/dev/tty: No such device or address" or "?Bad file descriptor".
+ One report says this is because of csh, and if you change your shell
+ to bash or other shell, it doesn't happen. Another report cite bugs in
+ Red Hat 7.2 Telnetd "very seldom (if ever) providing a controlling
+ tty, and lots of other people piled on saying they have the same
+ problem.") A third theory is that this happens only when Linux has
+ been installed without "virtual terminal support".
+
+ A search of RedHat's errata pages shows a bug advisory (RHBA-2001-153)
+ issued 13 November 2001, but updated 6 December, about this same
+ symptom (but with tcsh and login.) Seems that login was not always
+ assigning a controlling TTY for the session, which would make most use
+ of "/dev/tty" somewhat less than useful.
+
+ [325]http://www.redhat.com/support/errata/RHBA-2001-153.html
+
+ Quoting: "Due to terminal handling problems in /bin/login, tcsh would
+ not find the controlling terminal correctly, and a shell in single
+ user mode would exhibit strange terminal input characteristics. This
+ update fixes both of these problems."
+
+ Since the Red Hat 5.1 release (circa August 1998), there have been
+ numerous reports of prebuilt Linux executables, and particularly the
+ Kermit RPM for Red Hat Linux, not working; either it won't start at
+ all, or it gives error messages about "terminal type unknown" and
+ refuses to initialize its curses support. The following is from the
+ [326]Kermit newsgroup:
+
+ From: rchandra@hal9000.buf.servtech.com
+ Newsgroups: comp.protocols.kermit.misc
+ Subject: Red Hat Linux/Intel 5.1 and ncurses: suggestions
+ Date: 22 Aug 1998 15:54:46 GMT
+ Organization: Verio New York
+ Keywords: RedHat RPM 5.1
+
+ Several factors can influence whether "linux" is recognized as a
+ terminal type on many Linux systems.
+
+ 1. Your program, or the libraries it linked with (if statically
+ linked), or the libraries it dynamically links with at runtime,
+ are looking for an entry in /etc/termcap that isn't there. (not
+ likely, but possible... I believe but am not certain that this is
+ a very old practice in very old [n]curses library implementations
+ to use a single file for all terminal descriptions.)
+ 2. Your program, or the libraries...are looking for a terminfo file
+ that just plain isn't there. (also not so likely, since many
+ people in other recent message threads said that other programs
+ work OK).
+ 3. Your program, or the libraries...are looking for a terminfo file
+ that is stored at a pathname that isn't expected by your program,
+ the libraries--and so on. I forgot if I read this in the errata
+ Web page or where exactly I discovered this (Netscape install?
+ Acrobat install?), but it may just be that one libc (let's say for
+ sake of argument, libc5, but I don't know this to be true) expects
+ your terminfo to be in /usr/share/terminfo, and the other (let's
+ say libc6/glibc) expects /usr/lib/terminfo. I remember that the
+ specific instructions in this bugfix/workaround were to do the
+ following or equivalent:
+ cd /usr/lib
+ ln -s ../share/terminfo ./terminfo
+ or:
+ ln -s /usr/share/terminfo /usr/lib/terminfo
+
+ So what this says is that the terminfo database/directory structure
+ can be accessed by either path. When something goes to reference
+ /usr/lib/terminfo, the symlink redirects it to essentially
+ /usr/share/terminfo, which is where it really resides on your
+ system. I personally prefer wherever possible to use relative
+ symlinks, because they still hold, more often than break, across
+ mount points, particularly NFS mounts, where the directory
+ structure may be different on the different systems.
+
+ Evidently the terminfo file moved between Red Hat 5.0 and 5.1, but Red
+ Hat did not include a link to let applications built prior to 5.1 find
+ it. Users reported that installing the link fixes the problem.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.3.6. The Fullscreen File Transfer Display
+
+ [ [327]Top ] [ [328]Contents ] [ [329]Section Contents ] [
+ [330]Previous ]
+
+ Starting with ncurses versions dated 1998-12-12 (about a year before
+ ncurses 5.0), ncurses sets the terminal for buffered i/o, but
+ unfortunately is not able to restore it upon exit from curses (via
+ endwin()). Thus after a file transfer that uses the fullscreen file
+ transfer display, the terminal no longer echos nor responds
+ immediately to Tab, ?, and other special command characters. The same
+ thing happens on other platforms that use ncurses, e.g. FreeBSD.
+ Workarounds:
+
+ * Use SET XFER DISPLAY BRIEF, CRT, SERIAL, or NONE instead of
+ FULLSCREEN; or:
+ * Rebuild with KFLAGS=-DNONOSETBUF (C-Kermit 8.0)
+
+ In Red Hat 7.1, when using C-Kermit in a Gnome terminal window, it was
+ noticed that when the fullscreen file transfer display exits (via
+ endwin()), the previous (pre-file-transfer-display) screen is
+ restored. Thus you can't look at the completed display to see what
+ happened. This is a evidently a new feature of xterm. I can only
+ speculate that initscreen() and endwin() must send some kind of
+ special escape sequences that command xterm to save and restore the
+ screen. To defeat this effect, tell Linux you have a vt100 or other
+ xterm-compatible terminal that is not actually an xterm, or else tell
+ Kermit to SET TRANSFER DISPLAY to something besides FULLSCREEN.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.4. C-KERMIT AND NEXTSTEP
+
+ [ [331]Top ] [ [332]Contents ] [ [333]Section Contents ] [ [334]Next ]
+ [ [335]Previous ]
+
+ Run C-Kermit in a Terminal, Stuart, or xterm window, or when logged in
+ remotely through a serial port or TELNET connection. C-Kermit does not
+ work correctly when invoked directly from the NeXTSTEP File Viewer or
+ Dock. This is because the terminal-oriented gtty, stty, & ioctl calls
+ don't work on the little window that NeXTSTEP pops up for non-NeXTSTEP
+ applications like Kermit. CBREAK and No-ECHO settings do not take
+ effect in the command parser -- commands are parsed strictly line at a
+ time. "set line /dev/cua" works. During CONNECT mode, the console
+ stays in cooked mode, so characters are not transmitted until carriage
+ return or linefeed is typed, and you can't escape back. If you want to
+ run Kermit directly from the File Viewer, then launch it from a shell
+ script that puts it in the desired kind of window, something like this
+ (for "Terminal"):
+
+ Terminal -Lines 24 -Columns 80 -WinLocX 100 -WinLocY 100 $FONT $FONTSIZE \
+ -SourceDotLogin -Shell /usr/local/bin/kermit &
+
+ C-Kermit does not work correctly on a NeXT with NeXTSTEP 3.0 to which
+ you have established an rlogin connection, due to a bug in NeXTSTEP
+ 3.0, which has been reported to NeXT.
+
+ The SET CARRIER command has no effect on the NeXT -- this is a
+ limitation of the NeXTSTEP serial-port device drivers.
+
+ Hardware flow control on the NeXT is selected not by "set flow
+ rts/cts" in Kermit (since NeXTSTEP offers no API for this), but
+ rather, by using a specially-named driver for the serial device:
+ /dev/cufa instead /dev/cua; /dev/cufb instead of /dev/cub. This is
+ available only on 68040-based NeXT models (the situation for Intel
+ NeXTSTEP implementations is unknown).
+
+ NeXT-built 68030 and 68040 models have different kinds of serial
+ interfaces; the 68030 has a Macintosh-like RS-422 interface, which
+ lacks RTS and CTS signals; the 68040 has an RS-423 (RS-232 compatible)
+ interface, which supports the commonly-used modem signals. WARNING:
+ the connectors look exactly the same, but the pins are used in
+ completely DIFFERENT ways -- different cables are required for the two
+ kinds of interfaces.
+
+ IF YOU GET LOTS OF RETRANSMISSIONS during file transfer, even when
+ using a /dev/cuf* device and the modem is correctly configured for
+ RTS/CTS flow control, YOU PROBABLY HAVE THE WRONG KIND OF CABLE.
+
+ On the NeXT, Kermit reportedly (by TimeMon) causes the kernel to use a
+ lot of CPU time when using a "set line" connection. That's because
+ there is no DMA channel for the NeXT serial port, so the port must
+ interrupt the kernel for each character in or out.
+
+ One user reported trouble running C-Kermit on a NeXT from within
+ NeXT's Subprocess class under NeXTstep 3.0, and/or when rlogin'd from
+ one NeXT to another: Error opening /dev/tty:, congm: No such device or
+ address. Diagnosis: Bug in NeXTSTEP 3.0, cure unknown.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.5. C-KERMIT AND QNX
+
+ [ [336]Top ] [ [337]Contents ] [ [338]Section Contents ] [ [339]Next ]
+ [ [340]Previous ]
+
+ See also: The [341]comp.os.qnx newsgroup.
+
+ Support for QNX 4.x was added in C-Kermit 5A(190). This is a
+ full-function implementation, thoroughly tested on QNX 4.21 and later,
+ and verified to work in both 16-bit and 32-bit versions. The 16-bit
+ version was dropped in C-Kermit 7.0 since it can no longer be built
+ successfully (after stripping most most features, I succeeded in
+ getting it to compile and link without complaint, but the executable
+ just beeps when you run it); for 16-bit QNX 4.2x, use C-Kermit 6.0 or
+ earlier, or else [342]G-Kermit.
+
+ The 32-bit version (and the 16-bit version prior to C-Kermit 7.0)
+ supports most of C-Kermit's advanced features including TCP/IP, high
+ serial speeds, hardware flow-control, modem-signal awareness, curses
+ support, etc.
+
+ BUG: In C-Kermit 6.0 on QNX 4.22 and earlier, the fullscreen file
+ transfer display worked fine the first time, but was fractured on
+ subsequent file transfers. Cause and cure unknown. In C-Kermit 7.0 and
+ QNX 4.25, this no longer occurs. It is not known if it would occur in
+ C-Kermit 7.0 or later on earlier QNX versions.
+
+ Dialout devices are normally /dev/ser1, /dev/ser2, ..., and can be
+ opened explicitly with SET LINE. Reportedly, "/dev/ser" (no unit
+ number) opens the first available /dev/sern device.
+
+ Like all other Unix C-Kermit implementations, QNX C-Kermit does not
+ provide any kind of terminal emulation. Terminal specific functions
+ are provided by your terminal, terminal window (e.g. QNX Terminal or
+ xterm), or emulator.
+
+ QNX C-Kermit, as distributed, does not include support for UUCP
+ line-locking; the QNX makefile entries (qnx32 and qnx16) include the
+ -DNOUUCP switch. This is because QNX, as distributed, does not include
+ UUCP, and its own communications software (e.g. qterm) does not use
+ UUCP line locking. If you have a UUCP product installed on your QNX
+ system, remove the -DNOUUCP switch from the makefile entry and
+ rebuild. Then check to see that Kermit's UUCP lockfile conventions are
+ the same as those of your UUCP package; if not, read the [343]UUCP
+ lockfile section of the [344]Installation Instructions and make the
+ necessary changes to the makefile entry (e.g. add -DHDBUUCP).
+
+ QNX does, however, allow a program to get the device open count. This
+ can not be a reliable form of locking unless all applications do it,
+ so by default, Kermit uses this information only for printing a
+ warning message such as:
+
+ C-Kermit>set line /dev/ser1
+ WARNING - "/dev/ser1" looks busy...
+
+ However, if you want to use it as a lock, you can do so with:
+
+ SET QNX-PORT-LOCK { ON, OFF }
+
+ This is OFF by default; if you set in ON, C-Kermit will fail to open
+ any dialout device when its open count indicates that another process
+ has it open. SHOW COMM (in QNX only) displays the setting, and if you
+ have a port open, it also shows the open count.
+
+ As of C-Kermit 8.0, C-Kermit's "open-count" form of line locking works
+ only in QNX4, not in QNX6 (this might change in a future C-Kermit
+ release).
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.6. C-KERMIT AND SCO
+
+ [ [345]Top ] [ [346]Contents ] [ [347]Section Contents ] [ [348]Next ]
+ [ [349]Previous ]
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+3.6.1. [350]SCO XENIX
+3.6.2. [351]SCO UNIX and OSR5
+3.6.3. [352]Unixware
+3.6.4. [353]Open UNIX 8
+
+ REFERENCES
+
+ * The comp.unix.sco.* newsgroups.
+ * [354]Section 3.10 below for Unixware.
+ * The following FAQs:
+
+ The comp.sco.misc FAQ:
+ [355]http://aplawrence.com/SCOFAQ/
+
+ Caldera (SCO) comp.unix.sco.programmer FAQ:
+ [356]http://www.zenez.com/cgi-bin/scoprogfaq/faq.pl
+
+ The UnixWare 7/OpenUNIX 8 FAQ:
+ [357]http://www.zenez.com/cgi-bin/scouw7faq/faq.pl
+ [358]http://zenez.pcunix.com/cgi-bin/scouw7faq/faq.pl
+
+ High Speed Modems for SCO Unix:
+ [359]http://pcunix.com/Unixart/modems.html
+
+ The UnixWare FAQ
+ [360]http://www.freebird.org/faq/
+
+ The UnixWare 1.x and 2.0 Programmer FAQ
+ [361]http://www.freebird.org/faq/developer.html
+
+ Caldera Support Knowledge Base
+ [362]http://support.caldera.com/caldera
+
+ [363]http://stage.caldera.com/ta/
+ Caldera (SCO) Technical Article Search Center
+
+ [364]http://aplawrence.com/newtosco.html
+ New to SCO (Tony Lawrence)
+
+ The same comments regarding terminal emulation and key mapping apply
+ to SCO operating systems as to all other Unixes. C-Kermit is not a
+ terminal emulator, and you can't use it to map F-keys, Arrow keys,
+ etc. The way to do this is with xmodmap (xterm) or loadkeys (console).
+ For a brief explanation, see [365]Section 3.0.5. For a fuller
+ explanation, [366]ClICK HERE.
+
+ Also see general comments on PC-based Unixes in [367]Section 3.0.
+
+ 3.6.1. SCO XENIX
+
+ [ [368]Top ] [ [369]Contents ] [ [370]Section Contents ] [ [371]Next ]
+
+ Old Xenix versions... Did you know: Xenix 3.0 is *older* than Xenix
+ 2.0?
+
+ In Xenix 2.3.4 and probably other Xenix versions, momentarily dropping
+ DTR to hang up a modem does not work. DTR goes down but does not come
+ up again. Workaround: Use SET MODEM HANGUP-METHOD MODEM-COMMAND.
+ Anybody who would like to fix this is welcome to take a look at
+ tthang() in [372]ckutio.c. Also: modem signals can not be read in
+ Xenix, and the maximum serial speed is 38400.
+
+ There is all sorts of confusion among SCO versions, particularly when
+ third- party communications boards and drivers are installed,
+ regarding lockfile naming conventions, as well as basic functionality.
+ As far as lockfiles go, all bets are off if you are using a
+ third-party multiport board. At least you have the source code.
+ Hopefully you also have a C compiler :-)
+
+ Xenix 2.3.0 and later claim to support RTSFLOW and CTSFLOW, but this
+ is not modern bidirectional hardware flow control; rather it
+ implements the original RS-232 meanings of these signals for
+ unidirectional half-duplex line access: If both RTSFLOW and CTSFLOW
+ bits are set, Xenix asserts RTS when it wants to send data and waits
+ for CTS assertion before it actually starts sending data (also,
+ reportedly, even this is broken in Xenix 2.3.0 and 2.3.1).
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.6.2. SCO UNIX AND OSR5
+
+ [ [373]Top ] [ [374]Contents ] [ [375]Section Contents ] [ [376]Next ]
+ [ [377]Previous ]
+
+ SCO systems tend to use different names (i.e. drivers) for the same
+ device. Typically /dev/tty1a refers to a terminal device that has no
+ modem control; open, read, write, and close operations do not depend
+ on carrier. On the other hand, /dev/tty1A (same name, but with final
+ letter upper case), is the same device with modem control, in which
+ carrier is required (the SET LINE command does not complete until
+ carrier appears, read/write operations fail if there is no carrier,
+ etc).
+
+ SCO OpenServer 5.0.5 and earlier do not support the reading of modem
+ signals. Thus "show comm" does not list modem signals, and C-Kermit
+ does not automatically pop back to its prompt when the modem hangs up
+ the connection (drops CD). The ioctl() call for this is simply not
+ implmented, at least not in the standard drivers. OSR5.0.6 attempts to
+ deal with modem signals but fails; however OSR5.0.6a appears to
+ function properly.
+
+ Dialing is likely not to work well in SCO OpenServer 5.0.x because
+ many of the serial-port APIs simply do not operate when using the
+ standard drivers. For example, if DTR is dropped by the recommended
+ method (setting speed to 0 for half a seconds, then restoring the
+ speed), DTR and RTS go down but never come back up. When in doubt SET
+ MODEM HANGUP-METHOD MODEM-COMMAND or SET DIAL HANGUP OFF.
+
+ On the other hand, certain functions that might not (do not) work
+ right or at all when using SCO drivers (e.g. high serial speeds,
+ hardware flow control, and/or reading of modem signals) might work
+ right when using third-party drivers. (Example: hardware flow control
+ works, reportedly, only on uppercase device like tty1A -- not tty1a --
+ and only when CLOCAL is clear when using the SCO sio driver, but there
+ are no such restrictions in, e.g., [378]Digiboard drivers).
+
+ One user reports that he can't transfer large files with C-Kermit
+ under SCO OSR5.0.0 and 5.0.4 -- after the first 5K, everything falls
+ apart. Same thing without Kermit -- e.g. with ftp over a PPP
+ connection. Later, he said that replacing SCO's SIO driver with FAS,
+ an alternative communications driver, made the problem go away:
+
+ [379]ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/pub/unix/driver/fas
+
+ With regard to bidirectional serial ports on OpenServer 5.0.4, the
+ following advice appeared on an SCO-related newsgroup:
+
+ No amount of configuration information is going to help you on
+ 5.0.4 unless it includes the kludge for the primary problem. With
+ almost every modem, the 5.0.4 getty will barf messages and may or
+ may not connect. There are 2 solutions and only one works on 5.0.4.
+ Get the atdialer binary from a 5.0.0 system and substitute it for
+ the native 5.0.4 atdialer. The other solution is to upgrade to
+ 5.0.5. And, most of all, on any OpenServer products, do NOT run the
+ badly broken Modem Manager. Configure the modems in the time
+ honored way that dates back to Xenix.
+
+ Use SCO-provided utilities for switching the directionality of a modem
+ line, such as "enable" and "disable" commands. For example, to dial
+ out on tty1a, which is normally set up for logins:
+
+ disable tty1a
+ kermit -l /dev/tty1a
+ enable tty1a
+
+ If a tty device is listed as an ACU in /usr/lib/uucp/Devices and is
+ enabled, getty resets the ownership and permissions to uucp.uucp and
+ 640 every time the device is released. If you want to use the device
+ only for dialout, and you want to specify other owners or permissions,
+ you should disable it in /usr/lib/uucp/Devices; this will prevent
+ getty from doing things to it. You should also changes the device's
+ file modes in /etc/conf/node.d/sio by changing fields 5-7 for the
+ desired device(s); this determines how the devices are set if you
+ relink the kernel.
+
+ One SCO user of C-Kermit 5A(190) reported that only one copy of Kermit
+ can run at a time when a Stallion Technologies multiport boards are
+ installed. Cause, cure, and present status unknown (see [380]Section
+ 14 for more info regarding Stallion).
+
+ Prior to SCO OpenServer 5.0.4, the highest serial port speed supported
+ by SCO was 38400. However, in some SCO versions (e.g. OSR5) it is
+ possible to map rarely-used lower speeds (like 600 and 1800) to higher
+ ones like 57600 and 115200. To find out how, go to
+ [381]http://www.sco.com/ and search for "115200". In OSR5.0.4, serial
+ speeds up to 921600 are supported through the POSIX interface;
+ C-Kermit 6.1.193 or later, when built for OSR5.0.4 using /bin/cc (NOT
+ the UDK, which hides the high-speed definitions from CPP), supports
+ these speeds, but you might be able to run this binary on earlier
+ releases to get the high serial speeds, depending on various factors,
+ described by Bela Lubkin of SCO:
+
+ Serial speeds under SCO Unix / Open Desktop / OpenServer
+ ========================================================
+ Third party drivers (intelligent serial boards) may provide any speeds
+ they desire; most support up to 115.2Kbps.
+
+ SCO's "sio" driver, which is used to drive standard serial ports with
+ 8250/16450/16550 and similar UARTs, was limited to 38400bps in older
+ releases. Support for rates through 115.2Kbps was added in the
+ following releases:
+
+ SCO OpenServer Release 5.0.0 (requires supplement "rs40b")
+ SCO OpenServer Release 5.0.2 (requires supplement "rs40a" or "rs40b")
+ SCO OpenServer Release 5.0.4 or later
+ SCO Internet FastStart Release 1.0.0 or later
+
+ SCO supplements are at [382]ftp://ftp.sco.com/; the "rs40" series are
+ under directory /Supplements/internet
+
+ Kermit includes the high serial speeds in all OSR5 builds, but that
+ does not necessarily mean they work. For example, on our in-house
+ 5.0.5 system, SET SPEED 57600 or higher seems to succeed (no error
+ occurs) but when we read the speed back the driver says it is 50.
+ Similarly, 76800 becomes 75, and 115200 becomes 110. Testing shows the
+ resulting speed is indeed the low one we read back, not the high one
+ we asked for. Moral: Use speeds higher than 38400 with caution on SCO
+ OSR5.
+
+ Reportedly, if you have a script that makes a TCP/IP SET HOST (e.g.
+ Telnet) connection to SCO 3.2v4.2 with TCP/IP 1.2.1, and then does the
+ following:
+
+ script $ exit
+ hangup
+
+ this causes a pseudoterminal (pty) to be consumed on the SCO system;
+ if you do it enough times, it will run out of ptys. An "exit" command
+ is being sent to the SCO shell, and a HANGUP command is executed
+ locally, so the chances are good that both sides are trying to close
+ the connection at once, perhaps inducing a race condition in which the
+ remote pty is not released. It was speculated that this would be fixed
+ by applying SLS net382e, but it did not. Meanwhile, the workaround is
+ to insert a "pause" between the SCRIPT and HANGUP commands. (The
+ situation with later SCO releases is not known.)
+
+ SCO UNIX and OpenServer allow their console and/or terminal drivers to
+ be configured to translate character sets for you. DON'T DO THIS WHEN
+ USING KERMIT! First of all, you don't need it -- Kermit itself already
+ does this for you. And second, it will (a) probably ruin the
+ formatting of your screens (depending on which emulation you are
+ using); and (b) interfere with all sorts of other things -- legibility
+ of non-ASCII text on the terminal screen, file transfer, etc. Use:
+
+ mapchan -n
+
+ to turn off this feature.
+
+ Note that there is a multitude of SCO entries in the makefile, many of
+ them exhibiting an unusually large number of compiler options. Some
+ people actually understand all of this. Reportedly, things are
+ settling down with SCO OpenServer 5.x and Unixware 7 (and Open UNIX 8
+ and who knows what the next one will be -- Linux probably) -- the SCO
+ UDK compiler is said to generate binaries that will run on either
+ platform, by default, automatically. When using gcc or egcs, on the
+ other hand, differences persist, plus issues regarding the type of
+ binary that is generated (COFF, ELF, etc), and where and how it can
+ run. All of this could stand further clarification by SCO experts.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.6.3. Unixware
+
+ [ [383]Top ] [ [384]Contents ] [ [385]Section Contents ] [ [386]Next ]
+ [ [387]Previous ]
+
+ Unixware changed hands several times before landing at SCO, and so has
+ its [388]own section in this document. (Briefly: AT&T UNIX Systems
+ Laboratories sold the rights to the UNIX name and to System V R4 (or
+ R5?) to Novell; later Novell spun its UNIX division off into a new
+ company called Univel, which eventually was bought by SCO, which later
+ was bought by Caldera, which later sort of semi-spun-off SCO...)
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.6.4. Open UNIX 8
+
+ [ [389]Top ] [ [390]Contents ] [ [391]Section Contents ] [
+ [392]Previous ]
+
+ SCO was bought by Caldera in 2000 or 2001 and evolved Unixware 7.1
+ into Caldera Open UNIX 8.00. It's just like Unixware 7.1 as far as
+ Kermit is concerned (the Unixware 7.1 makefile target works for Open
+ UNIX 8.00, and in fact a Unixware 7.1 Kermit binary built on Unixware
+ 7.1 runs under OU8; a separate OU8 makefile target exists simply to
+ generate an appropriate program startup herald). Open Unix is now
+ defunct; subsequent releases are called UnixWare again (e.g. UnixWare
+ 7.1.3).
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.7. C-KERMIT AND SOLARIS
+
+ [ [393]Top ] [ [394]Contents ] [ [395]Section Contents ] [ [396]Next ]
+ [ [397]Previous ]
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+3.7.1. [398]Serial Port Configuration
+3.7.2. [399]Serial Port Problems
+3.7.3. [400]SunLink X.25
+3.7.4. [401]Sun Workstation Keyboard Mapping
+3.7.5. [402]Solaris 2.4 and Earlier
+
+ REFERENCES
+
+ * The [403]comp.unix.solaris newsgroup
+ * [404]http://access1.sun.com/
+ * [405]http://docs.sun.com/
+ * [406]http://www.sunhelp.com/
+ * [407]http://www.wins.uva.nl/pub/solaris/solaris2/
+ * [408]http://www.wins.uva.nl/cgi-bin/sfaq.cgi
+ * [409]ftp://ftp.wins.uva.nl/pub/solaris
+ * [410]http://www.science.uva.nl/pub/solaris/solaris2.html
+
+ And about serial communications in particular, see "Celeste's Tutorial
+ on Solaris 2.x Modems and Terminals":
+
+ [411]http://www.stokely.com/
+
+ In particular:
+
+ [412]http://www.stokely.com/unix.sysadm.resources/faqs.sun.html
+
+ For PC-based Solaris, also see general comments on PC-based Unixes in
+ [413]Section 3.0. Don't expect Solaris or any other kind of Unix to
+ work right on a PC until you resolve all interrupt conflicts. Don't
+ expect to be able to use COM3 or COM4 (or even COM2) until you have
+ configured their addresses and interrupts.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.7.1. Serial Port Configuration
+
+ [ [414]Top ] [ [415]Contents ] [ [416]Section Contents ] [
+ [417]Section Contents ] [ [418]Next ]
+
+ Your serial port can't be used -- or at least won't work right --
+ until it is enabled in Solaris. For example, you get a message like
+ "SERIAL: Operation would block" when attempting to dial. This probably
+ indicates that the serial port has not been enabled for use with
+ modems. You'll need to follow the instructions in your system setup or
+ management manual, such as (e.g.) the Desktop SPARC Sun System &
+ Network Manager's Guide, which should contain a section "Setting up
+ Modem Software"; read it and follow the instructions. These might (or
+ might not) include running a program called "eeprom", editing some
+ system configuration file (such as, for example:
+
+ /platform/i86pc/kernel/drv/asy.conf
+
+ and then doing a configuration reboot, or running some other programs
+ like drvconfig and devlinks. "man eeprom" for details.
+
+ Also, on certain Sun models like IPC, the serial port hardware might
+ need to have a jumper changed to make it an RS-232 port rather than
+ RS-423.
+
+ eeprom applies only to real serial ports, not to "Spiff" devices
+ (serial port expander), in which case setup with Solaris' admintool is
+ required.
+
+ Another command you might need to use is pmadm, e.g.:
+
+ pmadm -d -p zsmon -s tty3
+ pmadm -e -p zsmon -s tty3
+
+ You can use the following command to check if a process has the device
+ open:
+
+ fuser -f /dev/term/3
+
+ In some cases, however (according to Sun support, May 2001) "It is
+ still possible that a zombie process has hold of the port EVEN IF
+ there is no lock file and the fuser command comes up empty. In that
+ case, the only way to resolve the problem is by rebooting."
+
+ If you can't establish communication through a serial port to a device
+ that is not asserting CD (Carrier Detect), try setting the environment
+ variable "ttya-ignore-cd" to "true" (replace "ttya" with the port
+ name).
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.7.2. Serial Port Problems
+
+ [ [419]Top ] [ [420]Contents ] [ [421]Section Contents ] [ [422]Next ]
+ [ [423]Previous ]
+
+ Current advice from Sun is to always the /dev/cua/x devices for
+ dialing out, rather than the /dev/term/x. Nevertheless, if you have
+ trouble dialing out with one, try the other.
+
+ Reportedly, if you start C-Kermit and "set line" to a port that has a
+ modem connected to it that is not turned on, and then "set flow
+ rts/cts", there might be some (unspecified) difficulties closing the
+ device because the CTS signal is not coming in from the modem.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.7.3. SunLink X.25
+
+ [ [424]Top ] [ [425]Contents ] [ [426]Section Contents ] [ [427]Next ]
+ [ [428]Previous ]
+
+ The built-in SunLink X.25 support for Solaris 2.3/2.4./25 and SunLink
+ 8.01 or 9.00 works OK provided the X.25 system has been installed and
+ initialized properly. Packet sizes might need to be reduced to 256,
+ maybe even less, depending on the configuration of the X.25
+ installation. On one connection where C-Kermit 6.0 was tested, very
+ large packets and window sizes could be used in one direction, but
+ only very small ones would work in the other.
+
+ In any case, according to Sun, C-Kermit's X.25 support is superfluous
+ with SunLink 8.x / Solaris 2.3. Quoting an anonymous Sun engineer:
+
+ ... there is now no need to include any X.25 code within kermit. As
+ of X.25 8.0.1 we support the use of kermit, uucp and similar
+ protocols over devices of type /dev/xty. This facility was there in
+ 8.0, and should also work on the 8.0 release if patch 101524 is
+ applied, but I'm not 100% sure it will work in all cases, which is
+ why we only claim support from 8.0.1 onwards.
+
+ When configuring X.25, on the "Advanced Configuration->Parameters"
+ screen of the x25tool you can select a number of XTY devices. If
+ you set this to be > 1, press Apply, and reboot, you will get a
+ number of /dev/xty entries created.
+
+ Ignore /dev/xty0, it is a special case. All the others can be used
+ exactly as if they were a serial line (e.g. /dev/tty) connected to
+ a modem, except that instead of using Hayes-style commands, you use
+ PAD commands.
+
+ From kermit you can do a 'set line' command to, say, /dev/xty1,
+ then set your dialing command to be "CALL 12345678", etc. All the
+ usual PAD commands will work (SET, PAR, etc).
+
+ I know of one customer in Australia who is successfully using this,
+ with kermit scripts, to manage some X.25-connected switches. He
+ used standard kermit, compiled for Solaris 2, with X.25 8.0 xty
+ devices.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.7.4. Sun Workstation Keyboard Mapping
+
+ [ [429]Top ] [ [430]Contents ] [ [431]Section Contents ] [ [432]Next ]
+ [ [433]Previous ]
+
+ Hints for using a Sun workstation keyboard for VT emulation when
+ accessing VMS, from the [434]comp.os.vms newsgroup:
+
+ From: Jerry Leichter <leichter@smarts.com>
+ Newsgroups: comp.os.vms
+ Subject: Re: VT100 keyboard mapping to Sun X server
+ Date: Mon, 19 Aug 1996 12:44:21 -0400
+
+ > I am stuck right now using a Sun keyboard (type 5) on systems
+ running SunOS
+ > and Solaris. I would like to use EVE on an OpenVMS box with
+ display back to
+ > the Sun. Does anyone know of a keyboard mapping (or some other
+ procedure)
+ > which will allow the Sun keyboard to approximate a VT100/VT220?
+
+ You can't get it exactly - because the keypad has one fewer key -
+ but you can come pretty close. Here's a set of keydefs I use:
+
+ keycode 101=KP_0
+ keycode 119=KP_1
+ keycode 120=KP_2
+ keycode 121=KP_3
+ keycode 98=KP_4
+ keycode 99=KP_5
+ keycode 100=KP_6
+ keycode 75=KP_7
+ keycode 76=KP_8
+ keycode 77=KP_9
+ keycode 52=KP_F1
+ keycode 53=KP_F2
+ keycode 54=KP_F3
+ keycode 57=KP_Decimal
+ keycode 28=Left
+ keycode 29=Right
+ keycode 30=KP_Separator
+ keycode 105=KP_F4
+ keycode 78=KP_Subtract
+ keycode 8=Left
+ keycode 10=Right
+ keycode 32=Up
+ keycode 33=Down
+ keycode 97=KP_Enter
+
+ Put this in a file - I use "keydefs" in my home directory and feed
+ it into xmodmap:
+
+ xmodmap - <$HOME/keydefs
+
+ This takes care of the arrow keys and the "calculator" key cluster.
+ The "+" key will play the role of the DEC "," key. The Sun "-" key
+ will be like the DEC "-" key, though it's in a physically different
+ position - where the DEC PF4 key is. The PF4 key is ... damn, I'm
+ not sure where "key 105" is. I *think* it may be on the leftmost
+ key of the group of four just above the "calculator" key cluster.
+
+ I also execute the following (this is all in my xinitrc file):
+
+ xmodmap -e 'keysym KP_Decimal = KP_Decimal'
+ xmodmap -e 'keysym BackSpace = Delete BackSpace' \
+ -e 'keysym Delete = BackSpace Delete'
+ xmodmap -e 'keysym KP_Decimal = Delete Delete KP_Decimal'
+ xmodmap -e 'add mod1 = Meta_R'
+ xmodmap -e 'add mod1 = Meta_L'
+
+ Beware of one thing about xmodmap: Keymap changes are applied to
+ the *whole workstation*, not just to individual windows. There is,
+ in fact, no way I know of to apply them to individual windows.
+ These definitions *may* confuse some Unix programs (and/or some
+ Unix users).
+
+ If you're using Motif, you may also need to apply bindings at the
+ Motif level. If just using xmodmap doesn't work, I can try and dig
+ that stuff up for you.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.7.5. Solaris PPP Connections
+
+ [ [435]Top ] [ [436]Contents ] [ [437]Section Contents ] [ [438]Next ]
+ [ [439]Previous ]
+
+ The following is a report from a user of C-Kermit 8.0 on Solaris 8 and
+ 9, who had complained that while Kermit file transfers worked
+ perfectly on direct (non-PPP) dialout connections, they failed
+ miserably on PPP connections. We suggested that the PPP dialer
+ probably was not setting the port and/or modem up in the same way that
+ Kermit did:
+
+ I want to get back on this and tell you what the resolution was.
+ You pointed me in the direction of flow control, which turned out
+ to be the key.
+
+ Some discussion on the comp.unix.solaris newsgroup led to some
+ comments from Greg Andrews about the need to use the uucp driver to
+ talk to the modem (/dev/cua/a). I had to remind Greg that no matter
+ what the manpages for the zs and se drivers say, the ppp that Sun
+ released with Solaris 8 7/01, and has in Solaris 9, is a setuid
+ root program, and simply trying to make a pppd call from user space
+ specifying /dev/cua/a would fail because of permissions. Greg
+ finally put the question to the ppp people, who came back with
+ information that is not laid out anywhere in the docs available for
+ Solaris users. Namely, put /dev/cua/a in one of the priviledged
+ options files in the /etc/ppp directory. That, plus resetting the
+ OBP ttya-ignore-cd flag (this is Sun hardware) to false, seems to
+ have solved the problems.
+
+ While I note that I had installed Kermit suid to uucp to use
+ /dev/cua/a on this particular box, it seems to run fine through
+ /dev/term/a. Not so with pppd.
+
+ With this change in place, I seem to be able to upload and download
+ through telnet run on Kermit with the maximum length packets. I
+ note that the window allocation display does show STREAMING, using
+ telnet. Running ssh on Kermit, I see the standard 1 of 30 windows
+ display, and note that there appears to be a buffer length limit
+ between 1000 and 2000 bytes. Run with 1000, and it's tick-tock,
+ solid as a rock. With 2000 I see timeout errors and RTS/CTS action
+ on the modem.
+
+ Kermit's packet-length and other controls let you make adjustments
+ like this to get around whatever obstacles might be thrown up -- in
+ this case (running Kermit over ssh), the underling Solaris PTY driver.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.7.6. Solaris 2.4 and Earlier
+
+ [ [440]Top ] [ [441]Contents ] [ [442]Section Contents ] [
+ [443]Previous ]
+
+ C-Kermit can't be compiled successfully under Solaris 2.3 using
+ SUNWspro cc 2.0.1 unless at least some of the following patches are
+ applied to cc (it is not known which one(s), if any, fix the problem):
+
+ * 100935-01 SparcCompiler C 2.0.1: bad code generated when addresses
+ of two double arguments are involved
+ * 100961-05 SPARCcompilers C 2.0.1: conditional expression with
+ function returning structure gives wrong value
+ * 100974-01 SparcWorks 2.0.1: dbx jumbo patch
+ * 101424-01 SPARCworks 2.0.1 maketool SEGV's instantly on Solaris
+ 2.3
+
+ With unpatched cc 2.0.1, the symptom is that certain modules generate
+ truncated object files, resulting in many unresolved references at
+ link time.
+
+ The rest of the problems in this section have to do with
+ bidirectional terminal ports and the Solaris Port Monitor. A bug in
+ C-Kermit 5A ticked a bug in Solaris. The C-Kermit bug was fixed in
+ version 6.0, and the Solaris bug was fixed in 2.4 (I think, or
+ maybe 2.5).
+
+ Reportedly, "C-Kermit ... causes a SPARCstation running Solaris 2.3 to
+ panic after the modem connects. I have tried compiling C-Kermit with
+ Sun's unbundled C compiler, with GCC Versions 2.4.5 and 2.5.3, with
+ make targets 'sunos51', 'sunos51tcp', 'sunos51gcc', and even 'sys5r4',
+ and each time it compiles and starts up cleanly, but without fail, as
+ soon as I dial the number and get a 'CONNECT' message from the modem,
+ I get:
+
+ BAD TRAP
+ kermit: Data fault
+ kernel read fault at addr=0x45c, pme=0x0
+ Sync Error Reg 80 <INVALID>
+ ...
+ panic: Data Fault.
+ ...
+ Rebooting...
+
+ The same modem works fine for UUCP/tip calling." Also (reportedly),
+ this only happens if the dialout port is configured as in/out via
+ admintool. If it is configured as out-only, no problem. This is the
+ same dialing code that works on hundreds of other System-V based Unix
+ OS's. Since it should be impossible for a user program to crash the
+ operating system, this problem must be chalked up to a Solaris bug.
+ Even if you SET CARRIER OFF, CONNECT, and dial manually by typing
+ ATDTnnnnnnn, the system panics as soon as the modem issues its CONNECT
+ message. (Clearly, when you are dialing manually, C-Kermit does not
+ know a thing about the CONNECT message, and so the panic is almost
+ certainly caused by the transition of the Carrier Detect (CD) line
+ from off to on.) This problem was reported by many users, all of whom
+ say that C-Kermit worked fine on Solaris 2.1 and 2.2. If the
+ speculation about CD is true, then a possible workaround might be to
+ configure the modem to leave CD on (or off) all the time. Perhaps by
+ the time you read this, a patch will have been issued for Solaris 2.3.
+
+ The following is from Karl S. Marsh, Systems & Networks Administrator,
+ AMBIX Systems Corp, Rochester, NY:
+
+ Environment: Solaris 2.3 Patch 101318-45 C-Kermit 5A(189) (and
+ presumably this applies to 188 and 190 also). eeprom setting:
+
+ ttya-rts-dtr-off=false
+ ttya-ignore-cd=false
+ ttya-mode=19200,8,n,8,-
+
+ To use C-Kermit on a bidirectional port in this environment, do not
+ use admintool to configure the port. Use admintool to delete any
+ services running on the port and then quit admintool and issue the
+ following command:
+
+ pmadm -a -p zsmon -s ttyb -i root -fu -v 1 -m "`ttyadm -b -d /dev/term/b \
+ -l conttyH -m ldterm,ttcompat -s /usr/bin/login -S n`"
+
+ [NOTE: This was copied from a blurry fax, so please check it
+ carefully] where:
+
+ -a = Add service
+ -p = pmtag (zsmon)
+ -s = service tag (ttyb)
+ -i = id to be associated with service tag (root)
+ -fu = create utmp entry
+ -v = version of ttyadm
+ -m = port monitor-specific portion of the port monitor administrative file
+ entry for the service
+ -b = set up port for bidirectional use
+ -d = full path name of device
+ -l = which ttylabel in the /etc/ttydefs file to use
+ -m = a list of pushable STREAMS modules
+ -s = pathname of service to be invoked when connection request received
+ -S = software carrier detect on or off (n = off)
+
+ "This is exactly how I was able to get Kermit to work on a
+ bi-directional port without crashing the system."
+
+ On the Solaris problem, also see SunSolve Bug ID 1150457 ("Using
+ C-Kermit, get Bad Trap on receiving prompt from remote system").
+ Another user reported "So, I have communicated with the Sun tech
+ support person that submitted this bug report [1150457]. Apparently,
+ this bug was fixed under one of the jumbo kernel patches. It would
+ seem that the fix did not live on into 101318-45, as this is EXACTLY
+ the error that I see when I attempt to use kermit on my system."
+
+ Later (Aug 94)... C-Kermit dialout successfully tested on a Sun4m with
+ a heavily patched Solaris 2.3. The patches most likely to have been
+ relevant:
+
+ * 101318-50: SunOS 5.3: Jumbo patch for kernel (includes libc,
+ lockd)
+ * 101720-01: SunOS 5.3: ttymon - prompt not always visible on a
+ modem connection
+ * 101815-01: SunOS 5.3: Data fault in put() NULL queue passed from
+ ttycommon_qfull()
+ * 101328-01: SunOS 5.3: Automation script to properly setup tty
+ ports prior to PCTS execution
+
+ Still later (Nov 94): another user (Bo Kullmar in Sweden) reports that
+ after using C-Kermit to dial out on a bidirectional port, the port
+ might not answer subsequent incoming calls, and says "the problem is
+ easy enough to fix with the Serial Port Manager; I just delete the
+ service and install it again using the graphical interface, which
+ underneath uses commands like sacadm and pmadm." Later Bo reports, "I
+ have found that if I run Kermit with the following script then it
+ works. This script is for /dev/cua/a, "-s a" is the last a in
+ /dev/cua/a:
+
+ #! /bin/sh
+ kermit
+ sleep 2
+ surun pmadm -e -p zsmon -s a
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.8. C-KERMIT AND SUNOS
+
+ [ [444]Top ] [ [445]Contents ] [ [446]Section Contents ] [ [447]Next ]
+ [ [448]Previous ]
+
+ For additional information, see "Celeste's Tutorial on SunOS 4.1.3+
+ Modems and Terminals":
+
+ [449]http://www.stokely.com/
+
+ For FAQs, etc, from Sun, see:
+ * [450]http://access1.sun.com/
+
+ For history of Sun models and SunOS versions, see (should be all the
+ same):
+ * [451]http://www.ludd.luth.se/~bear/project/sun/sun.hardware.txt
+ * [452]ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/ru/rubicon/sun.hdwr.ref
+ * [453]ftp://ftp.intnet.net/pub/SUN/Sun-Hardware-Ref
+
+ Sun SPARCstation users should read the section "Setting up Modem
+ Software" in the Desktop SPARC Sun System & Network Manager's Guide.
+ If you don't set up your serial ports correctly, Kermit (and other
+ communications software) won't work right.
+
+ Also, on certain Sun models like IPC, the serial port hardware might
+ need to have a jumper changed to make it an RS-232 port rather than
+ RS-423.
+
+ Reportedly, C-Kermit does not work correctly on a Sun SPARCstation in
+ an Open Windows window with scrolling enabled. Disable scrolling, or
+ else invoke Kermit in a terminal emulation window (xterm, crttool,
+ vttool) under SunView (this might be fixed in later SunOS releases).
+
+ On the Sun with Open Windows, an additional symptom has been reported:
+ outbound SunLink X.25 connections "magically" translate CR typed at
+ the keyboard into LF before transmission to the remote host. This
+ doesn't happen under SunView.
+
+ SET CARRIER ON, when used on the SunOS 4.1 version of C-Kermit
+ (compiled in the BSD universe), causes the program to hang
+ uninterruptibly when SET LINE is issued for a device that is not
+ asserting carrier. When Kermit is built in the Sys V universe on the
+ same computer, there is no problem (it can be interrupted with
+ Ctrl-C). This is apparently a limitation of the BSD-style tty driver.
+
+ SunOS 4.1 C-Kermit has been observed to dump core when running a
+ complicated script program under cron. The dump invariably occurs in
+ ttoc(), while trying to output a character to a TCP/IP TELNET
+ connection. ttoc() contains a write() call, and when the system or the
+ network is very busy, the write() call can get stuck for long periods
+ of time. To break out of deadlocks caused by stuck write() calls,
+ there is an alarm around the write(). It is possible that the core
+ dump occurs when this alarm signal is caught. (This one has not been
+ observed recently -- possibly fixed in edit 190.)
+
+ On Sun computers with SunOS 4.0 or 4.1, SET FLOW RTS/CTS works only if
+ the carrier signal is present from the communication device at the
+ time when C-Kermit enters packet mode or CONNECT mode. If carrier is
+ not sensed (e.g. when dialing), C-Kermit does not attempt to turn on
+ RTS/CTS flow control. This is because the SunOS serial device driver
+ does not allow characters to be output if RTS/CTS is set (CRTSCTS) but
+ carrier (and DSR) are not present. Workaround (maybe): SET CARRIER OFF
+ before giving the SET LINE command, establish the connection, then SET
+ FLOW RTS/CTS
+
+ It has also been reported that RTS/CTS flow control under SunOS 4.1
+ through 4.1.3 works only on INPUT, not on output, and that there is a
+ patch from Sun to correct this problem: Patch-ID# T100513-04, 20 July
+ 1993 (this patch might apply only to SunOS 4.1.3). It might also be
+ necessary to configure the eeprom parameters of the serial port; e.g.
+ do the following as root at the shell prompt:
+
+ eeprom ttya-ignore-cd=false
+ eeprom ttya-rts-dtr-off=true
+
+ There have been reports of file transfer failures on Sun-3 systems
+ when using long packets and/or large window sizes. One user says that
+ when this happens, the console issues many copies of this message:
+
+ chaos vmunix: zs1: ring buffer overflow
+
+ This means that SunOS is not scheduling Kermit frequently enough to
+ service interrupts from the zs serial device (Zilog 8350 SCC serial
+ communication port) before its input silo overflows. Workaround: use
+ smaller packets and/or a smaller window size, or use "nice" to
+ increase Kermit's priority. Use hardware flow control if available, or
+ remove other active processes before running Kermit.
+
+ SunLink X.25 support in C-Kermit 5A(190) was built and tested
+ successfully under SunOS 4.1.3b and SunLink X.25 7.00.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.9. C-KERMIT AND ULTRIX
+
+ [ [454]Top ] [ [455]Contents ] [ [456]Section Contents ] [ [457]Next ]
+ [ [458]Previous ]
+
+ See also: The [459]comp.unix.ultrix and [460]comp.sys.dec newsgroups.
+
+ There is no hardware flow control in Ultrix. That's not a Kermit
+ deficiency, but an Ultrix one.
+
+ When sending files to C-Kermit on a Telnet connection to a remote
+ Ultrix system, you must SET PREFIXING ALL (or at least prefix more
+ control characters than are selected by SET PREFIXING CAUTIOUS).
+
+ Reportedly, DEC ULTRIX 4.3 is immune to C-Kermit's disabling of
+ SIGQUIT, which is the signal that is generated when the user types
+ Ctrl-\, which kills the current process (i.e. C-Kermit) and dumps
+ core. Diagnosis and cure unknown. Workaround: before starting C-Kermit
+ -- or for that matter, when you first log in because this applies to
+ all processes, not just Kermit -- give the following Unix command:
+
+ stty quit undef
+
+ Certain operations driven by RS-232 modem signal do not work on
+ DECstations or other DEC platforms whose serial interfaces use MMP
+ connectors (DEC version of RJ45 telephone jack with offset tab). These
+ connectors convey only the DSR and DTR modem signals, but not carrier
+ (CD), RTS, CTS, or RI. Use SET CARRIER OFF to enable communication, or
+ "hotwire" DSR to CD.
+
+ The maximum serial speed on the DECstation 5000 is normally 19200, but
+ various tricks are available (outside Kermit) to enable higher rates.
+ For example, on the 5000/200, 19200 can be remapped (somehow,
+ something to do with "a bit in the SIR", whatever that is) to 38400,
+ but in software you must still refer to this speed as 19200; you can't
+ have 19200 and 38400 available at the same time.
+
+ 19200, reportedly, is also the highest speed supported by Ultrix, but
+ NetBSD reportedly supports speeds up to 57600 on the DECstation,
+ although whether and how well this works is another question.
+
+ In any case, given the lack of hardware flow control in Ultrix, high
+ serial speeds are problematic at best.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.10. C-KERMIT AND UNIXWARE
+
+ [ [461]Top ] [ [462]Contents ] [ [463]Section Contents ] [ [464]Next ]
+ [ [465]Previous ]
+
+ See also:
+ * The Freebird Project (Unixware software repository)
+ [466]http://www.freebird.org/
+ * The UnixWare FAQ: [467]http://www.freebird.org/faq/
+ * The following newsgroups:
+ + [468]comp.unix.unixware.misc
+ + [469]comp.unix.sco.misc.
+
+ Also see general comments on PC-based Unixes in [470]Section 3.0. By
+ the way, this section is separate from the SCO (Caldera) section
+ because at the time this section was started, Unixware was owned by a
+ company called Univel. Later it was sold to Novell, and then to SCO.
+ Still later, SCO was sold to Caldera.
+
+ In Unixware 2.0 and later, the preferred serial device names (drivers)
+ are /dev/term/00 (etc), rather than /dev/tty00 (etc). Note the
+ following correspondence of device names and driver characteristics:
+
+ New name Old name Description
+ /dev/term/00 /dev/tty00 ???
+ /dev/term/00h /dev/tty00h Modem signals and hardware flow control
+ /dev/term/00m /dev/tty00m Modem signals(?)
+ /dev/term/00s /dev/tty00s Modem signals and software flow control
+ /dev/term/00t /dev/tty00t ???
+
+ Lockfile names use device.major.minor numbers, e.g.:
+
+ /var/spool/locks/LK.7679.003.005
+
+ The minor number varies according to the device name suffix (none, h,
+ m, s, or t). Only the device and major number are compared, and thus
+ all of the different names for the same physical device (e.g. all of
+ those shown in the table above) interlock effectively.
+
+ Prior to UnixWare 7, serial speeds higher than 38400 are not
+ supported. In UnixWare 7, we also support 57600 and 115200, plus some
+ unexpected ones like 14400, 28800, and 76800, by virtue of a strange
+ new interface, evidently peculiar to UnixWare 7, discovered while
+ digging through the header files: tcsetspeed(). Access to this
+ interface is allowed only in POSIX builds, and thus the UnixWare 7
+ version of C-Kermit is POSIX-based, unlike C-Kermit for Unixware 1.x
+ and 2.x (since the earlier UnixWare versions did not support high
+ serial speeds, period).
+
+ HOWEVER, turning on POSIX features engages all of the "#if
+ (!_POSIX_SOURCE)" clauses in the UnixWare header files, which in turn
+ prevent us from having modem signals, access to the hardware flow
+ control APIs, select(), etc -- in short, all the other things we need
+ in communications software, especially when high speeds are used. Oh
+ the irony. And so C-Kermit must be shamelessly butchered -- as it has
+ been so many times before -- to allow us to have the needed features
+ from the POSIX and non-POSIX worlds. See the UNIXWAREPOSIX sections of
+ [471]ckutio.c.
+
+ After the butchery, we wind up with Unixware 2.x having full
+ modem-signal capability, but politically-correct Unixware 7.x lacking
+ the ability to automatically detect a broken connection when carrier
+ drops.
+
+ Meanwhile the Unixware tcsetspeed() function allows any number at all
+ (any long, 0 or positive) as an argument and succeeds if the number is
+ a legal bit rate for the serial device, and fails otherwise. There is
+ no list anywhere of legal speeds. Thus the SET SPEED keyword table
+ ("set speed ?" to see it) is hardwired based on trial and error with
+ all known serial speeds, the maximum being 115200. However, to allow
+ for the possibility that other speeds might be allowed in the future
+ (or with different port drivers), the SET SPEED command for UnixWare 7
+ only allows you to specify any number at all; a warning is printed if
+ the number is not in the list, but the number is accepted anyway; the
+ command succeeds if tcsetspeed() accepts the number, and fails
+ otherwise.
+
+ In C-Kermit 8.0 testing, it was noticed that the POSIX method for
+ hanging up the phone by dropping DTR (set speed 0, pause, restore
+ speed) did not actually drop DTR. The APIs do not return any error
+ indication, but nothing happens. I changed tthang() to skip the
+ special case I had made for Unixware and instead follow the normal
+ path: if TIOCSDTR is defined use that, otherwise blah blah... It turns
+ out TIOCSDTR *is* defined, and it works.
+
+ So in Unixware (at least in 2.1.3) we can read modem signals, hangup
+ by toggling DTR, and so on, BUT... But once the remote hangs up and
+ Carrier drops, the API for reading modem signals ceases to function;
+ although the device is still open, the TIOCMGET ioctl always raises
+ errno 6 = ENXIO, "No such device or address".
+
+ Old business:
+
+ Using C-Kermit 6.0 on the UnixWare 1.1 Application Server, one user
+ reported a system panic when the following script program is executed:
+
+ set line /dev/tty4
+ set speed 9600
+ output \13
+ connect
+
+ The panic does not happen if a PAUSE is inserted:
+
+ set line /dev/tty4
+ set speed 9600
+ pause 1
+ output \13
+ connect
+
+ This is using a Stallion EasyIO card installed as board 0 on IRQ 12 on
+ a Gateway 386 with the Stallion-supplied driver. The problem was
+ reported to Novell and Stallion and (reportedly) is now fixed.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.11. C-KERMIT AND APOLLO SR10
+
+ [ [472]Top ] [ [473]Contents ] [ [474]Section Contents ] [ [475]Next ]
+ [ [476]Previous ]
+
+ Reportedly, version 5A(190), when built under Apollo SR10 using "make
+ sr10-bsd", compiles, links, and executes OK, but leaves the terminal
+ unusable after it exits -- the "cs7" or "cs8" (character size)
+ parameter has become cs5. The terminal must be reset from another
+ terminal. Cause and cure unknown. Suggested workaround: Wrap Kermit in
+ a shell script something like:
+
+ kermit @*
+ stty sane
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.12. C-KERMIT AND TANDY XENIX 3.0
+
+ [ [477]Top ] [ [478]Contents ] [ [479]Section Contents ] [ [480]Next ]
+ [ [481]Previous ]
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 was too big to be built on Tandy Xenix, even in a minimum
+ configuration; version 6.0 is the last one that fits.
+
+ Reportedly, in C-Kermit 6.0, if you type lots of Ctrl-C's during
+ execution of the initialization file, ghost Kermit processes will be
+ created, and will compete for the keyboard. They can only be removed
+ via "kill -9" from another terminal, or by rebooting. Diagnosis --
+ something strange happening with the SIGINT handler while the process
+ is reading the directory (it seems to occur during the SET PROMPT
+ [\v(dir)] ... sequence). Cure: unknown. Workaround: don't interrupt
+ C-Kermit while it is executing its init file on the Tandy 16/6000.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.13. C-KERMIT AND OSF/1 (DIGITAL UNIX) (TRU64 UNIX)
+
+ [ [482]Top ] [ [483]Contents ] [ [484]Section Contents ] [ [485]Next ]
+ [ [486]Previous ]
+
+ While putting together and testing C-Kermit 8.0, it was discovered
+ that binaries built for one version of Tru64 Unix (e.g. 4.0G) might
+ exhibit very strange behavior if run on a different version of Tru64
+ Unix (e.g. 5.1A). The typical symptom was that a section of the
+ initialization file would be skipped, notably locating the dialing
+ and/or network directory as well as finding and executing the
+ customization file, ~/.mykermrc. This problem also is reported to
+ occur on Tru64 Unix 5.0 (Rev 732) even when running a C-Kermit binary
+ that was built there. However, the Tru64 5.1A binary works correctly
+ on 5.0. Go figure.
+
+ When making Telnet connections to a Digital Unix or Tru64 system, and
+ your Telnet client forwards your user name, the Telnet server
+ evidently stuffs the username into login's standard input, and you
+ see:
+
+ login: ivan
+ Password:
+
+ This is clearly going to play havoc with scripts that look for
+ "login:". Workaround (when Kermit is your Telnet client): SET LOGIN
+ USER to nothing, to prevent Kermit from sending your user ID.
+
+ Before you can use a serial port on a new Digital Unix system, you
+ must run uucpsetup to enable or configure the port. Evidently the
+ /dev/tty00 and 01 devices that appear in the configuration are not
+ usable; uucpsetup turns them into /dev/ttyd00 and 01, which are. Note
+ that uucpsetup and other uucp-family programs are quite primitive --
+ they only know about speeds up to 9600 bps and their selection of
+ modems dates from the early 1980s. None of this affects Kermit, though
+ -- with C-Kermit, you can use speeds up to 115200 bps (at least in
+ DU4.0 and later) and modern modems with hardware flow control and all
+ the rest.
+
+ Reportedly, if a modem is set for &S0 (assert DSR at all times), the
+ system resets or drops DTR every 30 seconds; reportedly DEC says to
+ set &S1.
+
+ Digital Unix 3.2 evidently wants to believe your terminal is one line
+ longer than you say it is, e.g. when a "more" or "man" command is
+ given. This is has nothing to do with C-Kermit, but tends to annoy
+ those who use Kermit or other terminal emulators to access Digital
+ Unix systems. Workaround: tell Unix to "stty rows 23" (or whatever).
+
+ Reportedly, there is some bizarre behavior when trying to use a
+ version of C-Kermit built on one Digital Unix 4.0 system on another
+ one, possibly due to differing OS or library revision levels; for
+ example, the inability to connect to certain TCP/IP hosts. Solution:
+ rebuild C-Kermit from source code on the system where you will be
+ using it.
+
+ Digital Unix tgetstr() causes a segmentation fault. C-Kermit 7.0 added
+ #ifdefs to avoid calling this routine in Digital Unix. As a result,
+ the SCREEN commands always send ANSI escape sequences -- even though
+ curses knows your actual terminal type.
+
+ Reportedy the Tru64 Unix 4.0E 1091 Telnet server does not tolerate
+ streaming transfers into itself, at least not when the sending Kermit
+ is on the same local network. Solution: tell one Kermit or the other
+ (or both) to "set streaming off". This might or might be the case with
+ earlier and/or later Tru64, Digital Unix, and OSF/1 releases.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.14. C-KERMIT AND SGI IRIX
+
+ [ [487]Top ] [ [488]Contents ] [ [489]Section Contents ] [ [490]Next ]
+ [ [491]Previous ]
+
+ See also:
+ * The [492]comp.sys.sgi.misc and [493]comp.sys.sgi.admin newsgroups.
+ [494]The SGI website
+ * The SGI FAQ:
+ + [495]http://www-viz.tamu.edu/~sgi-faq/
+ + [496]ftp://viz.tamu.edu/pub/sgi/faq/
+
+ About IRIX version numbers: "uname -a" tells the "two-digit" version
+ number, such as "5.3" or "6.5". The three-digit form can be seen with
+ "uname -R". (this information is unavailable at the simple API level).
+ Supposedly all three-digit versions within the same two-digit version
+ (e.g. 6.5.2, 6.5.3) are binary compatible; i.e. a binary built on any
+ one of them should run on all others. The "m" suffix denotes just
+ patches; the "f" suffix indicates that features were added.
+
+ An IRIX binary built on lower MIPS model (Instruction Set
+ Architecture, ISA) can run on higher models, but not vice versa:
+
+ MIPS1 R3000 and below
+ MIPS2 R4000
+ MIPS3 R4x00
+ MIPS4 R5000 and above
+
+ Furthermore, there are different Application Binary Inferfaces (ABIs):
+
+ COFF 32 bits, IRIX 5.3, 5.2, 5.1, 4.x and below
+ o32 ELF 32 bits, IRIX 5.3, 6.0 - 6.5
+ N32 ELF 32 bits, IRIX 6.2 - 6.5
+ N64 ELF 64 bits, IRIX 6.2 - 6.5
+
+ Thus a prebuilt IRIX binary works on a particular machine only if (a)
+ the machine's IRIX version (to one decimal place) is equal to or
+ greater than the version under which the binary was built; (b) the
+ machine's MIPS level is greater or equal to that of the binary; and
+ (c) the machine supports the ABI of the binary. If all three
+ conditions are not satisfied, of course, you can build a binary
+ yourself from source code since, unlike some other Unix vendors, SGI
+ does supply a C compiler and libraries.
+
+ SGI did not supply an API for hardware flow control prior to IRIX 5.2.
+ C-Kermit 6.1 and higher for IRIX 5.2 and higher supports hardware flow
+ control in the normal way, via "set flow rts/cts".
+
+ For hardware flow control on earlier IRIX and/or C-Kermit versions,
+ use the ttyf* (modem control AND hardware flow control) devices and
+ not the ttyd* (direct) or ttym* (modem control but no hardware flow
+ control) ones, and obtain the proper "hardware handshaking" cable from
+ SGI, which is incompatible with the ones for the Macintosh and NeXT
+ even though they look the same ("man serial" for further info) and
+ tell Kermit to "set flow keep" and "set modem flow rts/cts".
+
+ Serial speeds higher than 38400 are available in IRIX 6.2 and later,
+ on O-class machines (e.g. Origin, Octane) only, and are supported by
+ C-Kermit 7.0 and later. Commands such as "set speed 115200" may be
+ given on other models (e.g. Iris, Indy, Indigo) but will fail because
+ the OS reports an invalid speed for the device.
+
+ Experimentation with both IRIX 5.3 and 6.2 shows that when logged in
+ to IRIX via Telnet, that remote-mode C-Kermit can't send files if the
+ packet length is greater than 4096; the Telnet server evidently has
+ this restriction (or bug), since there is no problem sending long
+ packets on serial or rlogin connections. However, it can receive files
+ with no problem if the packet length is greater than 4096. As a
+ workaround, the FAST macro for IRIX includes "set send packet-length
+ 4000". IRIX 6.5.1 does not have this problem, so evidently it was
+ fixed some time after IRIX 6.2. Tests show file-transfer speeds are
+ better (not worse) with 8K packets than with 4K packets from IRIX
+ 6.5.1.
+
+ Reportedly some Indys have bad serial port hardware. IRIX 5.2, for
+ example, needs patch 151 to work around this; or upgrade to a later
+ release. Similarly, IRIX 5.2 has several problems with serial i/o,
+ flow control, etc. Again, patch or upgrade.
+
+ Reportedly on machines with IRIX 4.0, Kermit cannot be suspended by
+ typing the suspend ("swtch") character if it was started from csh,
+ even though other programs can be suspended this way, and even though
+ the Z and SUSPEND commands still work correctly. This is evidently
+ because IRIX's csh does not deliver the SIGTSTP signal to Kermit. The
+ reason other programs can be suspended in the same environment is
+ probably that they do not trap SIGTSTP themselves, so the shell is
+ doing the suspending rather than the application.
+
+ Also see notes about IRIX 3.x in the [497]C-Kermit for Unix
+ Installation Instructions.
+
+ If you have problems making TCP/IP connections in versions of IRIX
+ built with GCC 2.95.2, see the bugs section of:
+
+ [498]http://freeware.sgi.com/Installable/gcc-2.95.2.html.
+
+ Reportedly, if you allow gcc to compile C-Kermit on Irix you should be
+ aware that there might be problems with some of the network code. The
+ specifics are at
+ [499]http://freeware.sgi.com/Installable/gcc-2.95.2.html; scroll down
+ to the "known bugs" section at the end of the document.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.15. C-KERMIT AND THE BEBOX
+
+ [ [500]Top ] [ [501]Contents ] [ [502]Section Contents ] [ [503]Next ]
+ [ [504]Previous ]
+
+ See also: The [505]comp.sys.be newsgroup.
+
+ The BeBox has been discontinued and BeOS repositioned for PC
+ platforms. The POSIX parts of BeOS are not finished, nor is the
+ sockets library, therefore a fully functional version of C-Kermit is
+ not possible. In version 6.0 of C-Kermit, written for BeOS DR7, it was
+ possible to:
+
+ * set line /dev/serial2 (and probably the other serial ports)
+ * set speed 115200 (and at least some of the lower baud rates)
+ * connect
+ * set modem type hayes (and likely others, too)
+ * dial phone-number
+ * set send packet-length 2048 (other lengths for both send and
+ receive)
+ * set receive packet length 2048
+ * set file type binary (text mode works, too) (with remote kermit
+ session in server mode)
+ * put bedrop.jpg
+ * get bedrop.jpg
+ * get bedrop.jpg bedrop.jpg2
+ * finish, bye
+
+ The following do not work:
+ * kermit does not detect modem hangup
+ * !/RUN/PUSH [commandline command]
+ * Running kermit in remote mode
+ * Using other protocols (x/y/zmodem)
+ * TCP networking interface (Be's TCP/IP API has a ways to go, still)
+
+ C-Kermit does not work on BeOS DR8 because of changes in the
+ underlying APIs. Unfortunately not enough changes were made to allow
+ the regular POSIX-based C-Kermit to work either. Note: the lack of a
+ fork() service requires the select()-based CONNECT module, but there
+ is no select(). There is a select() in DR8, but it doesn't work.
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 was built for BeOS 4.5 and works in remote mode. It does
+ not include networking support since the APIs are still not there. It
+ is not known if dialing out works, but probably not. Be experts are
+ welcome to lend a hand.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.16. C-KERMIT AND DG/UX
+
+ [ [506]Top ] [ [507]Contents ] [ [508]Section Contents ] [ [509]Next ]
+ [ [510]Previous ]
+
+ Somebody downloaded the C-Kermit 6.0 binary built under DG/UX 5.40 and
+ ran it under DG/UX 5.4R3.10 -- it worked OK except that file dates for
+ incoming files were all written as 1 Jan 1970. Cause and cure unknown.
+ Workaround: SET ATTRIBUTE DATE OFF. Better: Use a version of C-Kermit
+ built under and for DG/UX 5.4R3.10.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.17. C-KERMIT AND SEQUENT DYNIX
+
+ [ [511]Top ] [ [512]Contents ] [ [513]Section Contents ] [ [514]Next ]
+ [ [515]Previous ]
+
+ Reportedly, when coming into a Sequent Unix (DYNIX) system through an
+ X.25 connection, Kermit doesn't work right because the Sequent's
+ FIONREAD ioctl returns incorrect data. To work around, use the
+ 1-character-at-a-time version of myread() in ckutio.c (i.e. undefine
+ MYREAD in ckutio.c and rebuild the program). This is unsatisfying
+ because two versions of the program would be needed -- one for use
+ over X.25, and the other for serial and TCP/IP connections.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.18. C-KERMIT AND {FREE,OPEN,NET}BSD
+
+ [ [516]Top ] [ [517]Contents ] [ [518]Section Contents ] [ [519]Next ]
+ [ [520]Previous ]
+
+ Some NebBSD users have reported difficulty escaping back from CONNECT
+ mode, usually when running NetBSD on non-PC hardware. Probably a
+ keyboard issue.
+
+ NetBSD users have also reported that C-Kermit doesn't pop back to the
+ prompt if the modem drops carrier. This needs to be checked out &
+ fixed if possible.
+
+ (All the above seems to work properly in C-Kermit 7.0 and later.)
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.19. C-KERMIT AND MAC OS X (Rhapsody, Darwin, Jaguar, Panther)
+
+ [ [521]Top ] [ [522]Contents ] [ [523]Section Contents ] [ [524]Next ]
+ [ [525]Previous ]
+
+ Mac OS X is Apple's 4.4BSD Unix variety, closely related to FreeBSD,
+ but different. "uname -a" is singularly uninformative, as in Linux,
+ giving only the Darwin kernel version number. As far as I can tell,
+ there is no way to find out the Mac OS X version number, such as 10.3
+ (in Linux you can find the distribution version in a
+ distribution-dependent file). Here are some points to be aware of:
+
+ * The biggest gotcha for Kermit users is that Mac OS X does not
+ support serial ports and, as far as I can tell, doesn't support
+ its built-in modem either, for anything other than making Internet
+ connections. Macintoshes capable of running Mac OS X, such as the
+ G5, some without serial ports and without any APIs to support
+ them, and also without the UUCP family of programs (including cu),
+ nor any standard for serial-port lockfile directory.
+ * At least early versions of Mac OS X came without Curses, Termlib,
+ or Terminfo libraries. Later versions seem to have ncurses. Kermit
+ uses curses for its file-transfer display. See elsewhere about
+ curses-vs-ncurses confusion.
+ * In the HFS+ file system, filenames are case-folded. Thus
+ "makefile" and "Makefile" are the same file. The UFS file system
+ is, like normal Unix, case-sensitive.
+ * Files that are composed of a resource fork and a data fork... I
+ doubt that C-Kermit does anything useful with them. There is no
+ code in C-Kermit for traditional two-forked Macintosh files, but
+ it could be added if there is any demand.
+ * In case you want to transfer a traditional Macintosh text file (or
+ data fork of a file that is plain text), you can use these
+ C-Kermit commands:
+
+set file eol cr
+set file character-set apple-quickdraw
+send /text filename
+
+ * File or pathnames that include spaces must be enclosed in either
+ doublequotes or curly braces in C-Kermit commands.
+ * Mac OS X has its own package format for applications, called
+ "fink". Various fink packages for C-Kermit are floating around
+ that are not standard releases. For example, there's a C-Kermit
+ 8.0.201 package in which C-Kermit was modifed (at least) to use a
+ UUCP lockfile directory that does not exist on vanilla Mac OS X
+ systems.
+
+ Mac OS X and Serial Ports
+
+ Apple is in the forefront of companies that believe serial ports have
+ no use in the modern world and so has simply eliminated all traces of
+ them from its machines and OS. But of course serial ports are still
+ needed to connect not only to external modems, but also to the control
+ ports of hubs, routers, terminal servers, PBXs, and similar devices,
+ not to mention barcode readers, POS systems and components, automated
+ factory-floor equipment, and scientific, medical, and lab equipment
+ (to name a few). Among workers in these areas, there is a need to add
+ serial ports back onto this platform, which is being filled by
+ third-party products such as the [526]Keyspan USB Serial Adapter. To
+ use the Keyspan device, you must install the accompanying device
+ drivers, which wind up giving you serial ports with names like
+ /dev/cu.USA19H3b1P1.1.
+
+ To configure your Mac OS X system to allow C-Kermit to use these (or
+ any other) serial devices:
+
+ 1. su
+ chgrp xxxx /var/spool/lock
+ chmod g+w /var/spool/lock
+ chgrp xxxx /dev/cu.*
+ (where xxxx is the name of the group for users to whom serial-port
+ access is to be granted). Use "admin" or other existing group, or
+ create a new group if desired. NB:
+
+ In the absence of official guidance from Apple or anyone else, we
+ choose /var/spool/lock as the lockfile directory because this
+ directory (a) already exists on vanilla Mac OS X installations, and
+ (b) it is the directory used for serial-port lockfiles on many
+ other platforms.
+ 2. Put all users who need access to the serial port in the same
+ group.
+ 3. Make sure the serial device files that are to be used by C-Kermit
+ have group read-write permission and (if you care) lack world
+ read-write permission, e.g.:
+ chmod g+rw,o-rw /dev/cu.*
+
+ If you do the above, then there's no need to become root to use
+ Kermit, or to make Kermit suid or sgid. Just do this:
+
+chmod 775 wermit
+mv wermit /usr/local/bin/kermit
+
+ (or whatever spot is more appropriate). For greater detail about
+ installation (man page, etc), [527]CLICK HERE.
+
+ Back when Macs had serial ports, they were not RS-232 (the standard
+ for connecting computers with nearby modems) but rather RS-422 or -423
+ (a standard for connecting serial devices over longer distances).
+ Macintosh serial ports do not support modems well because they do not
+ have enough wires (or more properly in the case RS-422/423, wire
+ pairs) to convey a useful subset of modem signals. The Keyspan USB
+ adapter gives you two Mini-Din8 RS-422 ports, that are no better (or
+ worse) for communicating with modems or serial devices than a real Mac
+ Din-8 port was. In essense, you get Data In, Data Out, and two modem
+ signals. It looks to me as if the signals chosen by Keyspan are RTS
+ and CTS. This gives you hardware flow control, but at the expense of
+ Carrier Detect. Thus to use C-Kermit with a Keyspan USB serial port,
+ you must tell C-Kermit to:
+
+set modem type none ; (don't expect a modem)
+set carrier-watch off ; (ignore carrier signal)
+set port /dev/cu.USA19H3b1P1.1 ; (open the port)
+set flow rts/cts ; (this is the default)
+set speed 57600 ; (or whatever)
+connect ; (or whatever)
+
+ Use Ctrl-\C in the normal manner to escape back to the C-Kermit>
+ prompt. Kermit can't pop back to its prompt automatically when Carrier
+ drops because there is no Carrier signal.
+
+ Instructions for the built-in modem remain to be written.
+
+ Links:
+ * [528]Unix tips for Mac OS X (Jerry Stratton)
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 3.20. C-KERMIT AND COHERENT
+
+ [ [529]Top ] [ [530]Contents ] [ [531]Section Contents ] [
+ [532]Previous ]
+
+ Also see:
+
+ [533]http://www.uni-giessen.de/faq/archiv/coherent-faq.general/msg00
+ 000.html
+
+ Mark Williams COHERENT was perhaps the first commercial Unix-based
+ operating system for PCs, first appearing about 1983 or -84 for the
+ PC/XT (?), and popular until about 1993, when Linux took over.
+ C-Kermit, as of version 8.0, is still current for COHERENT 386 4.2
+ (i.e. only for i386 and above). Curses is included, but lots of other
+ features are omitted due to lack of the appropriate OS features, APIs,
+ libraries, hardware, or just space: e.g. TCP/IP, floating-point
+ arithmetic, learned scripts. Earlier versions of COHERENT ran on 8086
+ and 80286, but these are to small to build or run C-Kermit, but
+ G-Kermit should be OK (as might be ancient versions of C-Kermit).
+
+ You can actually build a version with floating point support -- just
+ take -DNOFLOAT out of CFLAGS and add -lm to LIBS; NOFLOAT is the
+ default because COHERENT tends to run on old PCs that don't have
+ floating-point hardware. You can also add "-f" to CFLAGS to have it
+ link in the floating-point emulation library. Also I'm not sure why
+ -DNOLEARN is included, since it depends on select(), which COHERENT
+ has.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4. GENERAL UNIX-SPECIFIC HINTS, LIMITATIONS, AND BUGS
+
+ [ [534]Top ] [ [535]Contents ] [ [536]Next ] [ [537]Previous ]
+
+ 4.1. Modem Signals
+
+ There seems to be an escalating demand for the ability to control
+ "dumb serial devices" (such as "smartcard readers", barcode readers,
+ etc) by explicitly manipulating modem signals, particularly RTS. This
+ might have been easy to do in DOS, where there is no operating system
+ standing between the application and the serial device, but it is
+ problematic in Unix, where modem signals are controlled by the serial
+ device driver. If the driver does not provide an API for doing this,
+ then the application can't do it. If it does provide an API, expect it
+ to be totally different on each Unix platform, since there is no
+ standard for this.
+
+ 4.2. NFS Troubles
+
+ Beginning with C-Kermit 6.0, the default C-Kermit prompt includes your
+ current (working) directory; for example:
+
+ [/usr/olga] C-Kermit>
+
+ (In C-Kermit 7.0 the square braces were replaced by round parentheses
+ to avoid conflicts with ISO 646 national character sets.)
+
+ If that directory is on an NFS-mounted disk, and NFS stops working or
+ the disk becomes unavailable, C-Kermit will hang waiting for NFS
+ and/or the disk to come back. Whether you can interrupt C-Kermit when
+ it is hung this way depends on the specific OS. Kermit has called the
+ operating systems's getcwd() function, and is waiting for it to
+ return. Some versions of Unix (e.g. HP-UX 9.x) allow this function to
+ be interrupted with SIGINT (Ctrl-C), others (such as HP-UX 8.x) do
+ not. To avoid this effect, you can always use SET PROMPT to change
+ your prompt to something that does not involve calling getcwd(), but
+ if NFS is not responding, C-Kermit will still hang any time you give a
+ command that refers to an NFS-mounted directory. Also note that in
+ some cases, the uninterruptibility of NFS-dependent system or library
+ calls is considered a bug, and sometimes there are patches. For HP-UX,
+ for example:
+
+ replaced by:
+ HP-UX 10.20 libc PHCO_8764 PHCO_14891/PHCO_16723
+ HP-UX 10.10 libc PHCO_8763 PHCO_14254/PHCO_16722
+ HP-UX 9.x libc PHCO_7747 S700 PHCO_13095
+ HP-UX 9.x libc PHCO_6779 S800 PHCO_11162
+
+ 4.3. C-Kermit as Login Shell
+
+ You might have reason to make C-Kermit the login shell for a specific
+ user, by entering the pathname of Kermit (possibly with command-line
+ switches, such as -x to put it in server mode) into the shell field of
+ the /etc/passwd file. This works pretty well. In some cases, for
+ "ultimate security", you might want to use a version built with
+ -DNOPUSH (see the [538]Configurations Options document for this, but
+ even if you don't, then PUSHing or shelling out from C-Kermit just
+ brings up a new copy of C-Kermit (but warning: this does not prevent
+ the user from explicitly running a shell; e.g. "run /bin/sh"; use
+ NOPUSH to prevent this).
+
+ 4.4. C-Kermit versus screen and splitvt
+
+ C-Kermit file transfers will probably not work if attemped through the
+ "splitvt" or GNU "screen" programs because the screen optimization (or
+ at least, line wrapping, control-character absorption) done by this
+ package interferes with Kermit's packets.
+
+ The same can apply to any other environment in which the user's
+ session is captured, monitored, recorded, or manipulated. Examples
+ include the 'script' program (for making a typescript of a session),
+ the Computronics PEEK package and pksh (at least versions of it prior
+ to 1.9K), and so on.
+
+ You might try the following -- what we call "doomsday Kermit" --
+ settings to push packets through even the densest and most obstructive
+ connections, such as "screen" and "splitvt" (and certain kinds of 3270
+ protocol emulators): Give these commands to BOTH Kermit programs:
+
+ SET FLOW NONE
+ SET CONTROL PREFIX ALL
+ SET RECEIVE PACKET-LENGTH 70
+ SET RECEIVE START 62
+ SET SEND START 62
+ SET SEND PAUSE 100
+ SET BLOCK B
+
+ If it works, it will be slow.
+
+ 4.5. C-Kermit versus DOS Emulators
+
+ On Unix workstations equipped with DOS emulators like SoftPC, watch
+ out for what these emulators do to the serial port drivers. After
+ using a DOS emulator, particularly if you use it to run DOS
+ communications software, you might have to reconfigure the serial
+ ports for use by Unix.
+
+ 4.6. C-Kermit versus Job Control
+
+ Interruption by Ctrl-Z makes Unix C-Kermit try to suspend itself with
+ kill(0,SIGTSTP), but only on platforms that support job control, as
+ determined by whether the symbol SIGTSTP is defined (or on POSIX or
+ SVR4 systems, if syconf(_SC_JOB_CONTROL) or _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL in
+ addition to SIGTSTP). However, if Kermit is running under a login
+ shell (such as the original Bourne shell) that does not support job
+ control, the user's session hangs and must be logged out from another
+ terminal, or hung up on. There is no way Kermit can defend itself
+ against this. If you use a non-job control shell on a computer that
+ supports job control, give a command like "stty susp undef" to fix it
+ so the suspend signal is not attached to any particular key, or give
+ the command SET SUSPEND OFF to C-Kermit, or build C-Kermit with
+ -DNOJC.
+
+ 4.7. Dates and Times
+
+ Unix time conversion functions typically apply locale rules to return
+ local time in terms of any seasonal time zone change in effect for the
+ given date. The diffdate function assumes that the same timezone rules
+ are in effect for both dates, but a date with timezone information
+ will be converted to the local time zone in effect at the given time,
+ e.g., a GMT specification will produce either a Standard Time or
+ Daylight Savings Time, depending on which applies at the given time.
+ An example using the 2001 seasonal change from EDT (-0400) to EST
+ (-0500):
+
+ C-Kermit> DATE 20011028 05:01:02 GMT ; EDT
+ 20011028 01:01:02
+ C-Kermit> DATE 20011028 06:01:02 GMT ; EST
+ 20011028 01:01:02
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ but the implicit change in timezone offset is not recognized:
+
+ C-Kermit> echo \fdiffdate(20011028 05:01:02 GMT, 20011028 06:01:02 GMT)
+ +0:00
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ Date/time arithmetic, offsets, delta times, and timezone support are
+ new to C-Kermit 8.0, and might be expected to evolve and improve in
+ subsequent releases.
+
+ On some platforms, files downloaded with HTTP receive the current
+ timestamp, rather than the HTTP "Last Modified" time (this can be
+ fixed by including utime.h, e.g. in SunOS and Tru64...).
+
+ 4.8. Pseudoterminals
+
+ The SSH and PTY commands work by assigning a pseudoterminal and
+ reading and writing from it. Performance varies according to the
+ specific platform ranging from very fast to very flow.
+
+ SSH and PTY commands can fail if (a) all pseudoterminals are in use;
+ or (b) you do not have read/write access to the pseudoterminal that
+ was assigned. An example of (b) was reported with the Zipslack
+ Slackware Linux distribution, in which the pseudoterminals were
+ created with crw-r--r-- permission, instead of crw-rw-rw-.
+
+ 4.9. Miscellaneous
+
+ * Reportedly, the Unix C-Kermit server, under some conditions, on
+ certain particular systems, fails to log out its login session
+ upon receipt of a BYE command. Before relying on the BYE command
+ working, test it a few times to make sure it works on your system:
+ there might be system configuration or security mechanisms to
+ prevent an inferior process (like Kermit) from killing a superior
+ one (like the login shell).
+ * On AT&T 7300 (3B1) machines, you might have to "stty nl1" before
+ starting C-Kermit. Do this if characters are lost during
+ communications operations.
+ * Under the bash shell (versions prior to 1.07 from CWRU), "pushing"
+ to an inferior shell and then exiting back to Kermit leaves Kermit
+ in the background such that it must be explicitly fg'd. This is
+ reportedly fixed in version 1.07 of bash (and definitely in modern
+ bash versions).
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 5. INITIALIZATION AND COMMAND FILES
+
+ [ [539]Top ] [ [540]Contents ] [ [541]Next ] [ [542]Previous ]
+
+ C-Kermit's initialization file for Unix is .kermrc (lowercase, starts
+ with period) in your home directory, unless Kermit was built with the
+ system-wide initialization-file option (see the [543]C-Kermit for Unix
+ Installation Instructions).
+
+ C-Kermit identifies your home directory based on the environment
+ variable, HOME. Most Unix systems set this variable automatically when
+ you log in. If C-Kermit can't find your initialization file, check
+ your HOME variable:
+
+ echo $HOME (at the Unix prompt)
+
+ or:
+
+ echo \$(HOME) (at the C-Kermit prompt)
+
+ If HOME is not defined, or is defined incorrectly, add the appropriate
+ definition to your Unix .profile or .login file, depending on your
+ shell:
+
+ setenv HOME full-pathname-of-your-home-directory (C-Shell, .login file)
+
+ or:
+
+ HOME=full-pathname-of-your-home-directory (sh, ksh, .profile file)
+ export HOME
+
+ NOTE: Various other operations depend on the correct definition of
+ HOME. These include the "tilde-expansion" feature, which allows you to
+ refer to your home directory as "~" in filenames used in C-Kermit
+ commands, e.g.:
+
+ send ~/.kermrc
+
+ as well as the \v(home) variable.
+
+ Prior to version 5A(190), C-Kermit would look for its initialization
+ file in the current directory if it was not found in the home
+ directory. This feature was removed from 5A(190) because it was a
+ security risk. Some people, however, liked this behavior and had
+ .kermrc files in all their directories that would set up things
+ appropriately for the files therein. If you want this behavior, you
+ can accomplish it in various ways, for example:
+
+ * Create a shell alias, for example:
+ alias kd="kermit -Y ./.kermrc"
+ * Create a .kermrc file in your home directory, whose contents are:
+ take ./.kermrc
+
+ Suppose you need to pass a password from the Unix command line to a
+ C-Kermit script program, in such a way that it does not show up in
+ "ps" or "w" listings. Here is a method (not guaranteed to be 100%
+ secure, but definitely more secure than the more obvious methods):
+
+ echo mypassword | kermit myscript
+
+ The "myscript" file contains all the commands that need to be executed
+ during the Kermit session, up to and including EXIT, and also includes
+ an ASK or ASKQ command to read the password from standard input, which
+ has been piped in from the Unix 'echo' command, but it must not
+ include a CONNECT command. Only "kermit myscript" shows up in the ps
+ listing.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 6. COMMUNICATION SPEED SELECTION
+
+ [ [544]Top ] [ [545]Contents ] [ [546]Next ] [ [547]Previous ]
+
+ Version-7 based Unix implementations, including 4.3 BSD and earlier
+ and Unix systems based upon BSD, use a 4-bit field to record a serial
+ device's terminal speed. This leaves room for 16 speeds, of which the
+ first 14 are normally:
+
+ 0, 50, 75, 110, 134.5, 150, 200, 300, 600, 1200, 1800, 2400, 4800,
+ and 9600
+
+ The remaining two are usually called EXTA and EXTB, and are defined by
+ the particular Unix implementation. C-Kermit determines which speeds
+ are available on your system based on whether symbols for them are
+ defined in your terminal device header files. EXTA is generally
+ assumed to be 19200 and EXTB 38400, but these assumptions might be
+ wrong, or they might not apply to a particular device that does not
+ support these speeds. Presumably, if you try to set a speed that is
+ not legal on a particular device, the driver will return an error, but
+ this can not be guaranteed.
+
+ On these systems, it is usually not possible to select a speed of
+ 14400 bps for use with V.32bis modems. In that case, use 19200 or
+ 38400 bps, configure your modem to lock its interface speed and to use
+ RTS/CTS flow control, and tell C-Kermit to SET FLOW RTS/CTS and SET
+ DIAL SPEED-MATCHING OFF.
+
+ The situation is similar, but different, in System V. SVID Third
+ Edition lists the same speeds, 0 through 38400.
+
+ Some versions of Unix, and/or terminal device drivers that come with
+ certain third-party add-in high-speed serial communication interfaces,
+ use the low "baud rates" to stand for higher ones. For example, SET
+ SPEED 50 gets you 57600 bps; SET SPEED 75 gets you 76800; SET SPEED
+ 110 gets 115200.
+
+ SCO ODT 3.0 is an example where a "baud-rate-table patch" can be
+ applied that can rotate the tty driver baud rate table such that
+ 600=57600 and 1800=115k baud. Similarly for Digiboard
+ multiport/portservers, which have a "fastbaud" setting that does this.
+ Linux has a "setserial" command that can do it, etc.
+
+ More modern Unixes support POSIX-based speed setting, in which the
+ selection of speeds is not limited by a 4-bit field. C-Kermit 6.1
+ incorporates a new mechanism for finding out (at compile time) which
+ serial speeds are supported by the operating system that does not
+ involve editing of source code by hand; on systems like Solaris 5.1,
+ IRIX 6.2, and SCO OSR5.0.4, "set speed ?" will list speeds up to
+ 460800 or 921600. In C-Kermit 7.0 and later:
+
+ 1. If a symbol for a particular speed (say B230400 for 230400 bps)
+ appears in whatever header file defines acceptable serial speeds
+ (e.g. <termbits.h> or <sys/termios.h> or <sys/ttydev.h>, etc), the
+ corresponding speed will appear in C-Kermit's "set speed ?" list.
+ 2. The fact that a given speed is listed in the header files and
+ appears in C-Kermit's list does not mean the driver will accept
+ it. For example, a computer might have some standard serial ports
+ plus some add-on ones with different drivers that accept a
+ different repertoire of speeds.
+ 3. The fact that a given speed is accepted by the driver does not
+ guarantee the underlying hardware can accept it.
+
+ When Kermit is given a "set speed" command for a particular device,
+ the underlying system service is called to set the speed; its return
+ code is checked and the SET SPEED command fails if the return code
+ indicates failure. Regardless of the system service return status, the
+ device's speed is then read back and if it does not match the speed
+ that was requested, an error message is printed and the command fails.
+
+ Even when the command succeeds, this does not guarantee successful
+ operation at a particular speed, especially a high one. That depends
+ on electricity, information theory, etc. How long is the cable, what
+ is its capacitance, how well is it shielded, etc, not to mention that
+ every connection has two ends and its success depends on both of them.
+ (With the obvious caveats about internal modems, is the cable really
+ connected, interrupt conflicts, etc etc etc).
+
+ Note, in particular, that there is a certain threshold above which
+ modems can not "autobaud" -- i.e. detect the serial interface speed
+ when you type AT (or whatever else the modem's recognition sequence
+ might be). Such modems need to be engaged at a lower speed (say 2400
+ or 9600 or even 115200 -- any speed below their autobaud threshold)
+ and then must be given a modem-specific command (which can be found in
+ the modem manual) to change their interface speed to the desired
+ higher speed, and then the software must also be told to change to the
+ new, higher speed.
+
+ For additional information, read [548]Section 9.5 of the Installation
+ Instructions, plus any platform-specific notes in [549]Section 3
+ above.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 7. COMMUNICATIONS AND DIALING
+
+ [ [550]Top ] [ [551]Contents ] [ [552]Next ] [ [553]Previous ]
+
+ 7.1. Serial Ports and Modems
+
+ If you SET LINE to a serial port modem-control device that has nothing
+ plugged in to it, or has a modem connected that is powered off, and
+ you have not given a prior SET MODEM TYPE or SET CARRIER-WATCH OFF
+ command, the SET LINE command is likely to hang. In most cases, you
+ can Ctrl-C out. If not, you'll have to kill C-Kermit from another
+ terminal.
+
+ Similarly, if you give a SET MODEM TYPE HAYES (or USR, or any other
+ modem type besides DIRECT, NONE, or UNKNOWN) and then SET LINE to an
+ empty port, the subsequent close (implicit or explicit) is liable to
+ hang or even crash (through no fault of Kermit's -- the hanging or
+ crashing is inside a system call such as cfsetospeed() or close()).
+
+ The SET CARRIER-WATCH command works as advertised only if the
+ underlying operating system and device drivers support this feature;
+ in particular only if a read() operation returns immediately with an
+ error code if the carrier signal goes away or, failing that, if
+ C-Kermit can obtain the modem signals from the device driver (you can
+ tell by giving a "set line" command to a serial device, and then a
+ "show communications" command -- if modem signals are not listed,
+ C-Kermit won't be able to detect carrier loss, the WAIT command will
+ not work, etc). Of course, the device itself (e.g. modem) must be
+ configured appropriately and the cables convey the carrier and other
+ needed signals, etc.
+
+ If you dial out from Unix system, but then notice a lot of weird
+ character strings being stuck into your session at random times
+ (especially if they look like +++ATQ0H0 or login banners or prompts),
+ that means that getty is also trying to control the same device.
+ You'll need to dial out on a device that is not waiting for a login,
+ or else disable getty on the device.
+
+ As of version 7.0, C-Kermit makes explicit checks for the Carrier
+ Detect signal, and so catches hung-up connections much better than 6.0
+ and earlier. However, it still can not be guaranteed to catch every
+ ever CD on-to-off transition. For example, when the HP-UX version of
+ C-Kermit is in CONNECT mode on a dialed connection and CARRIER-WATCH
+ ON or AUTO, and you turn off the modem, HP-UX is stuck in a read()
+ that never returns. (C-Kermit does not pop back to its prompt
+ automatically, but you can still escape back.)
+
+ If, on the other hand, you log out from the remote system, and it
+ hangs up, and CD drops on the local modem, C-Kermit detects this and
+ pops back to the prompt as it should. (Evidently there can be a
+ difference between CD and DSR turning off at the same time, versus CD
+ turning off while DSR stays on; experimentation with &S0/&S1/&S2 on
+ your modem might produce the desired results).
+
+ When Unix C-Kermit exits, it closes (and must close) the
+ communications device. If you were dialed out, this will most likely
+ hang up the connection. If you want to get out of Kermit and still use
+ Kermit's communication device, you have several choices:
+
+ 1. Shell out from Kermit or suspend Kermit, and refer to the device
+ literally (as in "term -blah -blah < /dev/cua > /dev/cua").
+ 2. Shell out from Kermit and use the device's file descriptor which
+ Kermit makes available to you in the \v(ttyfd) variable.
+ 3. Use C-Kermit's REDIRECT command.
+ 4. Use C-Kermit new EXEC /REDIRECT command.
+
+ If you are having trouble dialing:
+
+ 1. Make sure the dialout line is configured correctly. More about
+ this below.
+ 2. Make sure all necessary patches are installed for your operating
+ system.
+ 3. If you can't dial on a "bidirectional" line, then configure it for
+ outbound-only (remove the getty) and try again. (The mechanisms --
+ if any -- for grabbing bidirectional lines for dialout vary wildly
+ among Unix implementations and releases, and C-Kermit -- which
+ runs on well over 300 different Unix variations -- makes no effort
+ to keep up with them; the recommended method for coping with this
+ situation is to wrap C-Kermit in a shell script that takes the
+ appropriate actions.)
+ 4. Make sure C-Kermit's SET DIAL and SET MODEM parameters agree with
+ the modem you are actually using -- pay particular attention to
+ SET DIAL SPEED-MATCHING.
+ 5. If MODEM HANGUP-METHOD is set to RS232-SIGNAL, change it to
+ MODEM-COMMAND. Or vice-versa.
+ 6. Try SET DIAL HANGUP OFF before the DIAL command. Also, SET DIAL
+ DISPLAY ON to watch what's happening. See [554]Section 8 of the
+ [555]Installation Instructions.
+ 7. Read pages 50-67 of [556]Using C-Kermit.
+ 8. As a last resort, don't use the DIAL command at all; SET CARRIER
+ OFF and CONNECT to the modem and dial interactively, or write a
+ script program to dial the modem.
+
+ Make sure your dialout line is correctly configured for dialing out
+ (as opposed to login). The method for doing this is different for each
+ kind of Unix system. Consult your system documentation for configuring
+ lines for dialing out (for example, Sun SparcStation IPC users should
+ read the section "Setting up Modem Software" in the Desktop SPARC Sun
+ System & Network Manager's Guide; HP-9000 workstation users should
+ consult the manual Configuring HP-UX for Peripherals, etc).
+
+ Symptom: DIAL works, but a subsequent CONNECT command does not.
+ Diagnosis: the modem is not asserting Carrier Detect (CD) after the
+ connection is made, or the cable does not convey the CD signal. Cure:
+ Reconfigure the modem, replace the cable. Workaround: SET CARRIER OFF
+ (at least in System-V based Unix versions).
+
+ For Berkeley-Unix-based systems (4.3BSD and earlier), Kermit includes
+ code to use LPASS8 mode when parity is none, which is supposed to
+ allow 8-bit data and Xon/Xoff flow control at the same time. However,
+ as of edit 174, this code is entirely disabled because it is
+ unreliable: even though the host operating system might (or might not)
+ support LPASS8 mode correctly, the host access protocols (terminal
+ servers, telnet, rlogin, etc) generally have no way of finding out
+ about it and therefore render it ineffective, causing file transfer
+ failures. So as of edit 174, Kermit once again uses rawmode for 8-bit
+ data, and so there is no Xon/Xoff flow control during file transfer or
+ terminal emulation in the Berkeley-based versions (4.3 and earlier,
+ not 4.4).
+
+ Also on Berkeley-based systems (4.3 and earlier), there is apparently
+ no way to configure a dialout line for proper carrier handling, i.e.
+ ignore carrier during dialing, require carrier thereafter, get a fatal
+ error on any attempt to read from the device after carrier drops (this
+ is handled nicely in System V by manipulation of the CLOCAL flag). The
+ symptom is that carrier loss does not make C-Kermit pop back to the
+ prompt automatically. This is evident on the NeXT, for example, but
+ not on SunOS, which supports the CLOCAL flag. This is not a Kermit
+ problem, but a limitation of the underlying operating system. For
+ example, the cu program on the NeXT doesn't notice carrier loss
+ either, whereas cu on the Sun does.
+
+ On certain AT&T Unix systems equipped with AT&T modems, DIAL and
+ HANGUP don't work right. Workarounds: (1) SET DIAL HANGUP OFF before
+ attempting to dial; (2) If HANGUP doesn't work, SET LINE, and then SET
+ LINE <device> to totally close and reopen the device. If all else
+ fails, SET CARRIER OFF.
+
+ C-Kermit does not contain any particular support for AT&T DataKit
+ devices. You can use Kermit software to dial in to a DataKit line, but
+ C-Kermit does not contain the specialized code required to dial out
+ from a DataKit line. If the Unix system is connected to DataKit via
+ serial ports, dialout should work normally (e.g. set line /dev/ttym1,
+ set speed 19200, connect, and then see the DESTINATION: prompt, from
+ which you can connect to another computer on the DataKit network or to
+ an outgoing modem pool, etc). But if the Unix system is connected to
+ the DataKit network through the special DataKit interface board, then
+ SET LINE to a DataKit pseudodevice (such as /dev/dk031t) will not work
+ (you must use the DataKit "dk" or "dkcu" program instead). In C-Kermit
+ 7.0 and later, you can make Kermit connections "though" dk or dkcu
+ using "set line /pty".
+
+ In some BSD-based Unix C-Kermit versions, SET LINE to a port that has
+ nothing plugged in to it with SET CARRIER ON will hang the program (as
+ it should), but it can't be interrupted with Ctrl-C. The interrupt
+ trap is correctly armed, but apparently the Unix open() call cannot be
+ interrupted in this case. When SET CARRIER is OFF or AUTO, the SET
+ LINE will eventually return, but then the program hangs
+ (uninterruptibly) when the EXIT or QUIT command (or, presumably,
+ another SET LINE command) is given. The latter is probably because of
+ the attempt to hang up the modem. (In edit 169, a timeout alarm was
+ placed around this operation.)
+
+ With SET DIAL HANGUP OFF in effect, the DIAL command might work only
+ once, but not again on the same device. In that case, give a CLOSE
+ command to close the device, and then another SET LINE command to
+ re-open the same device. Or rebuild your version of Kermit with the
+ -DCLSOPN compile-time switch.
+
+ The DIAL command says "To cancel: Type your interrupt character
+ (normally Ctrl-C)." This is just one example of where program messages
+ and documentation assume your interrupt character is Ctrl-C. But it
+ might be something else. In most (but not necessarily all) cases, the
+ character referred to is the one that generates the SIGINT signal. If
+ Ctrl-C doesn't act as an interrupt character for you, type the Unix
+ command "stty -a" or "stty all" or "stty everything" to see what your
+ interrupt character is. (Kermit could be made to find out what the
+ interrupt character is, but this would require a lot of
+ platform-dependent coding and #ifdefs, and a new routine and interface
+ between the platform-dependent and platform-independent parts of the
+ program.)
+
+ In general, the hangup operation on a serial communication device is
+ prone to failure. C-Kermit tries to support many, many different kinds
+ of computers, and there seems to be no portable method for hanging up
+ a modem connection (i.e. turning off the RS-232 DTR signal and then
+ turning it back on again). If HANGUP, DIAL, and/or Ctrl-\H do not work
+ for you, and you are a programmer, look at the tthang() function in
+ ckutio.c and see if you can add code to make it work correctly for
+ your system, and send the code to the address above. (NOTE: This
+ problem has been largely sidestepped as of edit 188, in which Kermit
+ first attempts to hang up the modem by "escaping back" via +++ and
+ then giving the modem's hangup command, e.g. ATH0, when DIAL
+ MODEM-HANGUP is ON, which is the default setting.)
+
+ Even when Kermit's modem-control software is configured correctly for
+ your computer, it can only work right if your modem is also configured
+ to assert the CD signal when it is connected to the remote modem and
+ to hang up the connection when your computer drops the DTR signal. So
+ before deciding Kermit doesn't work with your modem, check your modem
+ configuration AND the cable (if any) connecting your modem to the
+ computer -- it should be a straight-through modem cable conducting the
+ signals FG, SG, TD, RD, RTS, CTS, DSR, DTR, CD, and RI.
+
+ Many Unix systems keep aliases for dialout devices; for example,
+ /dev/acu might be an alias for /dev/tty00. But most of these Unix
+ systems also use UUCP lockfile conventions that do not take this
+ aliasing into account, so if one user assigns (e.g.) /dev/acu, then
+ another user can still assign the same device by referring to its
+ other name. This is not a Kermit problem -- Kermit must follow the
+ lockfile conventions used by the vendor-supplied software (cu, tip,
+ uucp).
+
+ The SET FLOW-CONTROL KEEP option should be given *before* any
+ communication (dialing, terminal emulation, file transfer,
+ INPUT/OUTPUT/TRANSMIT, etc) is attempted, if you want C-Kermit to use
+ all of the device's preexisting flow-control related settings. The
+ default flow-control setting is XON/XOFF, and it will take effect when
+ the first communication-related command is given, and a subsequent SET
+ FLOW KEEP command will not necessarily know how to restore *all* of
+ the device's original flow-control settings.
+
+ 7.2. Network Connections
+
+ C-Kermit tries to use the 8th bit for data when parity is NONE, and
+ this generally works on real Unix terminal (tty) devices, but it often
+ does not work when the Unix system is accessed over a network via
+ telnet or rlogin protocols, including (in many cases) through terminal
+ servers. For example, an Encore computer with Annex terminal servers
+ only gives a 7-bit path if the rlogin protocol is selected in the
+ terminal server but it gives the full 8 bits if the proprietary RDP
+ protocol is used.
+
+ If file transfer does not work through a host to which you have
+ rlogin'd, use "rlogin -8" rather than "rlogin". If that doesn't work,
+ tell both Kermit programs to "set parity space".
+
+ The Encore TELNET server does not allow long bursts of input. When you
+ have a TELNET connection to an Encore, tell C-Kermit on the Encore to
+ SET RECEIVE PACKET-LENGTH 200 or thereabouts.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 8. HARDWARE FLOW CONTROL
+
+ [ [557]Top ] [ [558]Contents ] [ [559]Next ] [ [560]Previous ]
+
+ SET FLOW RTS/CTS is available in Unix C-Kermit only when the
+ underlying operating system provides an Application Program Interface
+ (API) for turning this feature on and off under program control, which
+ turns out to be a rather rare feature among Unix systems. To see if
+ your Unix C-Kermit version supports hardware flow control, type "set
+ flow ?" at the C-Kermit prompt, and look for "rts/cts" among the
+ options. Other common situations include:
+
+ 1. The API is available, so "set flow rts/cts" appears as a valid
+ C-Kermit command, but it doesn't do anything because the device
+ driver (part of the operating system) was never coded to do
+ hardware flow control. This is common among System V R4
+ implementations (details below).
+ 2. The API is not available, so "set flow rts/cts" does NOT appear as
+ a valid C-Kermit command, but you can still get RTS/CTS flow
+ control by selecting a specially named device in your SET LINE
+ command. Examples:
+ + NeXTSTEP: /dev/cufa instead of /dev/cua, /dev/cufb instead of
+ /dev/cub (68040 only; "man zs" for further info).
+ + IRIX: /dev/ttyf2 instead of /dev/ttyd2 or /dev/ttym2 ("man 7
+ serial").
+ 3. The API is available, doesn't work, but a workaround as in (2) can
+ be used.
+ 4. The API is available, but Kermit doesn't know about it. In these
+ cases, you can usually use an stty command to enable RTS/CTS on
+ the device, e.g. "stty crtscts" or "stty ctsflow", "stty rtsflow",
+ before starting Kermit, and then tell Kermit to SET FLOW KEEP.
+ 5. No API and no special device drivers. Hardware flow control is
+ completely unavailable.
+
+ System V R4 based Unixes are supposed to supply a <termiox.h> file,
+ which gives Kermit the necessary interface to command the terminal
+ driver to enable/disable hardware flow control. Unfortunately, but
+ predictably, many implementations of SVR4 whimsically place this file
+ in /usr/include/sys rather than /usr/include (where SVID clearly
+ specifies it should be; see SVID, Third Edition, V1, termiox(BA_DEV).
+ Thus if you build C-Kermit with any of the makefile entries that
+ contain -DTERMIOX or -DSTERMIOX (the latter to select
+ <sys/termiox.h>), C-Kermit will have "set flow rts/cts" and possibly
+ other hardware flow-control related commands. BUT... That does not
+ necessarily mean that they will work. In some cases, the underlying
+ functions are simply not coded into the operating system.
+
+ WARNING: When hardware flow control is available, and you enable in
+ Kermit on a device that is not receiving the CTS signal, Kermit can
+ hang waiting for CTS to come up. This is most easily seen when the
+ local serial port has nothing plugged in to it, or is connected to an
+ external modem that is powered off.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9. TERMINAL CONNECTION AND KEY MAPPING
+
+ [ [561]Top ] [ [562]Contents ] [ [563]Next ] [ [564]Previous ]
+
+ C-Kermit is not a terminal emulator. Refer to page 147 of [565]Using
+ C-Kermit, 2nd Edition: "Most versions of C-Kermit -- Unix, VMS,
+ AOS/VS, VOS, etc -- provide terminal connection without emulation.
+ These versions act as a 'semitransparent pipe' between the remote
+ computer and your terminal, terminal emulator, console driver, or
+ window, which in turn emulates (or is) a specific kind of terminal."
+ The environment in which you run C-Kermit is up to you.
+
+ If you are an X Windows user, you should be aware of an alternative to
+ xterm that supports VT220 emulation, from Thomas E. Dickey:
+
+ [566]http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.html
+
+ Unix C-Kermit's SET KEY command currently can not be used with keys
+ that generate "wide" scan codes or multibyte sequences, such as
+ workstation function or arrow keys, because Unix C-Kermit does not
+ have direct access to the keyboard.
+
+ However, many Unix workstations and/or console drivers provide their
+ own key mapping feature. With xterm, for example, you can use
+ 'xmodmap' ("man xmodmap" for details); here is an xterm mapping to map
+ the Sun keyboard to DEC VT200 values for use with VT-terminal oriented
+ applications like VMS EVE:
+
+ keycode 101=KP_0
+ keycode 119=KP_1
+ keycode 120=KP_2
+ keycode 121=KP_3
+ keycode 98=KP_4
+ keycode 99=KP_5
+ keycode 100=KP_6
+ keycode 75=KP_7
+ keycode 76=KP_8
+ keycode 77=KP_9
+ keycode 52=KP_F1
+ keycode 53=KP_F2
+ keycode 54=KP_F3
+ keycode 57=KP_Decimal
+ keycode 28=Left
+ keycode 29=Right
+ keycode 30=KP_Separator
+ keycode 105=KP_F4
+ keycode 78=KP_Subtract
+ keycode 8=Left
+ keycode 10=Right
+ keycode 32=Up
+ keycode 33=Down
+ keycode 97=KP_Enter
+
+ Users of Linux consoles can use loadkeys ("man dumpkeys loadkeys
+ keytables" for details. The format used by loadkeys is compatible with
+ that used by Xmodmap, although it is not definitely certain that the
+ keycodes are compatible for different keyboard types (e.g. Sun vs HP
+ vs PC, etc).
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 10. FILE TRANSFER
+
+ [ [567]Top ] [ [568]Contents ] [ [569]Next ] [ [570]Previous ]
+
+ If uploads (or downloads) fail immediately, give the CAUTIOUS command
+ to Kermit and try again. If they still fail, then try SET PREFIXING
+ ALL. If they still fail, try SET PARITY SPACE. If they still fail, try
+ ROBUST.
+
+ If reception (particularly of large files and/or binary files) begins
+ successfully but then fail constently after a certain amount of bytes
+ have been sent, check:
+
+ * Your ulimit ("ulimit -a")
+ * The amount of available space on the target disk ("df ." or "df -k
+ .")
+ * Your personal disk quota (platform- and site-dependent)
+ * The maximum file size on the receiver's file system (e.g. 2GB in
+ old verions the Linux VFS file system, and/or in applications that
+ have not been recoded to use new "large file" APIs).
+ * If it's an NFS-mounted disk (if so, try uploading to a local disk)
+ * Is there an "idle limit" on the receiving end?
+
+ If none of these seem to explain it, then the problem is not size
+ related, but reflects some clash between the file contents and the
+ characteristics of the connection, in which case follow the
+ instructions in the first paragraph of this section.
+
+ Suppose two copies of Kermit are receiving files into the same
+ directory, and the files have the same name, e.g. "foo.bar". Whichever
+ one starts first opens an output file called "foo.bar". The second one
+ sees there is already a foo.bar file, and so renames the existing
+ foo.bar to foo.bar.~1~ (or whatever). When the first file has been
+ received completely, Kermit goes to change its modification time and
+ permissions to those given by the file sender in the Attribute packet.
+ But in Unix, the APIs for doing this take a filename, not a file
+ descriptor. Since the first Kermit's file has been renamed, and the
+ second Kermit is using the original name, the first Kermit changes the
+ modtime and permissions of the second Kermit's file, not its own.
+ Although there might be a way to work around this in the code, e.g.
+ using inode numbers to keep track of which file is which, this would
+ be tricky and most likely not very portable. It's better to set up
+ your application to prevent such things from happening, which is easy
+ enough using the script language, filename templates, etc.
+
+ Suppose you start C-Kermit with a command-line argument to send or
+ receive a file (e.g. "kermit -r") and then type Ctrl-\c immediately
+ afterwards to escape back and initiate the other end of the transfer,
+ BUT your local Kermit's escape character is not Ctrl-\. In this case,
+ the local Kermit passes the Ctrl-\ to the remote system, and if this
+ is Unix, Ctrl-\ is likely to be its SIGQUIT character, which causes
+ the current program to halt and dump core. Well, just about the first
+ thing C-Kermit does when it starts is to disable the SIGQUIT signal.
+ However, it is still possible for SIGQUIT to cause Kermit to quit and
+ dump core if it is delivered while Kermit is being loaded or started,
+ before the signal can be disabled. There's nothing Kermit itself can
+ do about this, but you can prevent it from happening by disabling
+ SIGQUIT in your Unix session. The command is usually something like:
+
+ stty quit undef
+
+ Unix C-Kermit does not reject incoming files on the basis of size.
+ There appears to be no good (reliable, portable) way to determine in
+ advance how much disk space is available, either on the device, or
+ (when quotas or other limits are involved) to the user.
+
+ Unix C-Kermit discards all carriage returns from incoming files when
+ in text mode.
+
+ If C-Kermit has problems creating files in writable directories when
+ it is installed setuid or setgid on BSD-based versions of Unix such as
+ NeXTSTEP 3.0, it probably needs to be rebuilt with the -DSW_ACC_ID
+ compilation switch.
+
+ If you SET FILE DISPLAY FULLSCREEN, and C-Kermit complains "Sorry,
+ terminal type not supported", it means that the terminal library
+ (termcap or termlib) that C-Kermit was built with does not know about
+ a terminal whose name is the current value of your TERM environment
+ variable. If this happens, but you want to have the fullscreen file
+ transfer display, EXIT from C-Kermit and set a Unix terminal type from
+ among the supported values that is also supported by your terminal
+ emulator, or else have an entry for your terminal type added to the
+ system termcap and/or terminfo database.
+
+ If you attempt to suspend C-Kermit during local-mode file transfer and
+ then continue it in the background (via bg), it will block for "tty
+ output" if you are using the FULLSCREEN file transfer display. This is
+ apparently a problem with curses. Moving a local-mode file transfer
+ back and forth between foreground and background works correctly,
+ however, with the SERIAL, CRT, BRIEF, or NONE file transfer displays.
+
+ If C-Kermit's command parser no longer echoes, or otherwise acts
+ strangely, after returning from a file transfer with the fullscreen
+ (curses) display, and the curses library for your version of Unix
+ includes the newterm() function, then try rebuilding your version of
+ C-Kermit with -DCK_NEWTERM. Similarly if it echoes doubly, which might
+ even happen during a subsequent CONNECT session. If rebuilding with
+ -DCK_NEWTERM doesn't fix it, then there is something very strange
+ about your system's curses library, and you should probably not use
+ it. Tell C-Kermit to SET FILE DISPLAY CRT, BRIEF, or anything else
+ other than FULLSCREEN, and/or rebuild without -DCK_CURSES, and without
+ linking with (termlib and) curses. Note: This problem seemed to have
+ escalated in C-Kermit 7.0, and -DCK_NEWTERM had to be added to many
+ builds that previously worked without it: Linux, AIX 4.1, DG/UX, etc.
+ In the Linux case, it is obviously because of changes in the (n)curses
+ library; the cause in the other cases is not known.
+
+ C-Kermit creates backup-file names (such as "oofa.txt.~1~") based on
+ its knowledge of the maximum filename length on the platform where it
+ is running, which is learned at compile time, based on MAXNAMLEN or
+ equivalent symbols from the system header files. But suppose C-Kermit
+ is receiving files on a Unix platform that supports long filenames,
+ but the incoming files are being stored on an NFS-mounted file system
+ that supports only short names. NFS maps the external system to the
+ local APIs, so C-Kermit has no way of knowing that long names will be
+ truncated. Or that C-Kermit is running on a version of Unix that
+ supports both long-name and short-name file systems simultaneously
+ (such as HP-UX 7.00). This can cause unexpected behavior when creating
+ backup files, or worse. For example, you are sending a group of files
+ whose names are differentiated only by characters past the point at
+ which they would be truncated, each file will overwrite the previous
+ one upon arrival.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 11. EXTERNAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOLS
+
+ [ [571]Top ] [ [572]Contents ] [ [573]Next ] [ [574]Previous ]
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+ 11.1. [575]C-Kermit as an External Protocol
+ 11.2. [576]Invoking External Protocols from C-Kermit
+
+ Unix C-Kermit can be used in conjunction with other communications
+ software in various ways. C-Kermit can be invoked from another
+ communications program as an "external protocol", and C-Kermit can
+ also invoke other communication software to perform external
+ protocols.
+
+ This sort of operation makes sense only when you are dialing out from
+ your Unix system (or making a network connection from it). If the Unix
+ system is the one you have dialed in to, you don't need any of these
+ tricks. Just run the desired software on your Unix system instead of
+ Kermit. When dialing out from a Unix system, the difficulty is getting
+ two programs to share the same communication device in spite of the
+ Unix UUCP lockfile mechanism, which would normally prevent any
+ sharing, and preventing the external protocol from closing (and
+ therefore hanging up) the device when it exits back to the program
+ that invoked it.
+
+ 11.1. C-KERMIT AS AN EXTERNAL PROTOCOL
+
+ [ [577]Top ] [ [578]Contents ] [ [579]Section Contents ] [ [580]Next ]
+
+ (This section deleted; see [581]Using C-Kermit, 2nd Ed, Chapter 14.)
+
+ "pcomm" is a general-purpose terminal program that provides file
+ transfer capabilities itself (X- and YMODEM variations) and the
+ ability to call on external programs to do file transfers (ZMODEM and
+ Kermit, for example). You can tell pcomm the command to send or
+ receive a file with an external protocol:
+ Send Receive
+ ZMODEM sz filename rz
+ Kermit kermit -s filename kermit -r
+
+ pcomm runs external programs for file transfer by making stdin and
+ stdout point to the modem port, and then exec-ing "/bin/sh -c xxx"
+ (where xxx is the appropriate command). However, C-Kermit does not
+ treat stdin and stdout as the communication device unless you instruct
+ it:
+
+
+ Send Receive
+ Kermit kermit -l 0 -s filename kermit -l 0 -r
+
+ The "-l 0" option means to use file descriptor 0 for the communication
+ device.
+
+ In general, any program can pass any open file descriptor to C-Kermit
+ for the communication device in the "-l" command-line option. When
+ Kermit is given a number as the argument to the "-l" option, it simply
+ uses it as a file descriptor, and it does not attempt to close it upon
+ exit.
+
+ Here's another example, for Seyon (a Linux communication program).
+ First try the technique above. If that works, fine; otherwise... If
+ Seyon does not give you a way to access and pass along the file
+ descriptor, but it starts up the Kermit program with its standard i/o
+ redirected to its (Seyon's) communications file descriptor, you can
+ also experiment with the following method, which worked here in brief
+ tests on SunOS. Instead of having Seyon use "kermit -r" or "kermit -s
+ filename" as its Kermit protocol commands, use something like this
+ (examples assume C-Kermit 6.0):
+
+ For serial connections:
+
+ kermit -YqQl 0 -r <-- to receive
+ kermit -YqQl 0 -s filename(s) <-- to send one or more files
+
+ For Telnet connections:
+
+ kermit -YqQF 0 -r <-- to receive
+ kermit -YqQF 0 -s filename(s) <-- to send one or more files
+
+ Command line options:
+
+ Y - skip executing the init file
+ Q - use fast file transfer settings (default in 8.0)
+ l 0 - transfer files using file descriptor 0 for a serial connection
+ F 0 - transfer files using file descriptor 0 for a Telnet connection
+ q - quiet - no messages
+ r - receive
+ s - send
+
+ 11.2. INVOKING EXTERNAL PROTOCOLS FROM C-KERMIT
+
+ [ [582]Top ] [ [583]Contents ] [ [584]Section Contents ] [
+ [585]Previous ]
+
+ (This section is obsolete, but not totally useless. See Chapter 14
+ of [586]Using C-Kermit, 2nd Edition).
+
+ After you have opened a communication link with C-Kermit's SET LINE
+ (SET PORT) or SET HOST (TELNET) command, C-Kermit makes its file
+ descriptor available to you in the \v(ttyfd) variable so you can pass
+ it along to other programs that you RUN from C-Kermit. Here, for
+ example, C-Kermit runs itself as an external protocol:
+
+ C-Kermit>set modem type hayes
+ C-Kermit>set line /dev/acu
+ C-Kermit>set speed 2400
+ C-Kermit>dial 7654321
+ Call complete.
+ C-Kermit>echo \v(ttyfd)
+ 3
+ C-Kermit>run kermit -l \v(ttyfd)
+
+ Other programs that accept open file descriptors on the command line
+ can be started in the same way.
+
+ You can also use your shell's i/o redirection facilities to assign
+ C-Kermit's open file descriptor (ttyfd) to stdin or stdout. For
+ example, old versions of the Unix ZMODEM programs, sz and rz, when
+ invoked as external protocols, expect to find the communication device
+ assigned to stdin and stdout with no option for specifying any other
+ file descriptor on the sz or rz command line. However, you can still
+ invoke sz and rz as exterior protocols from C-Kermit if your current
+ shell ($SHELL variable) is ksh (the Korn shell) or bash (the
+ Bourne-Again shell), which allows assignment of arbitrary file
+ descriptors to stdin and stdout:
+
+ C-Kermit> run rz <&\v(ttyfd) >&\v(ttyfd)
+
+ or:
+
+ C-Kermit> run sz oofa.zip <&\v(ttyfd) >&\v(ttyfd)
+
+ In version 5A(190) and later, you can use C-Kermit's REDIRECT command,
+ if it is available in your version of C-Kermit, to accomplish the same
+ thing without going through the shell:
+
+ C-Kermit> redirect rz
+
+ or:
+
+ C-Kermit> redirect sz oofa.zip
+
+ A complete set of rz,sz,rb,sb,rx,sx macros for Unix C-Kermit is
+ defined in the file ckurzsz.ini. It automatically chooses the best
+ redirection method (but is redundant since C-Kermit 6.0, which now has
+ built-in support for external protocols via its SET PROTOCOL command).
+
+ Note that external protocols can be used on C-Kermit SET LINE or SET
+ HOST connections only if they operate through standard input and
+ standard output. If they open their own connections, Kermit can't
+ redirect them over its own connection.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 12. SECURITY
+
+ [ [587]Top ] [ [588]Contents ] [ [589]Next ] [ [590]Previous ]
+
+ As of version 7.0, C-Kermit supports a wide range of security options
+ for authentication and encryption: Kerberos 4, Kerberos 5 / GSSAPI,
+ SSL/TLS, and SRP. See the separate [591]security document for details.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 13. MISCELLANEOUS USER REPORTS
+
+ [ [592]Top ] [ [593]Contents ] [ [594]Next ] [ [595]Previous ]
+
+Date: Thu, 12 Mar 92 1:59:25 MEZ
+From: Walter Mecky <walter@rent-a-guru.de>
+Subject: Help.Unix.sw
+To: svr4@pcsbst.pcs.com, source@usl.com
+
+PRODUCT: Unix
+RELEASE: Dell SVR4 V2.1 (is USL V3.0)
+MACHINE: AT-386
+PATHNAME: /usr/lib/libc.so.1
+ /usr/ccs/lib/libc.a
+ABSTRACT: Function ttyname() does not close its file descriptor
+DESCRIPTION:
+ ttyname(3C) opens /dev but never closes it. So if it is called
+ often enough the open(2) in ttyname() fails. Because the broken
+ ttyname() is in the shared lib too all programs using it can
+ fail if they call it often enough. One important program is
+ uucico which calls ttyname for every file it transfers.
+
+ Here is a little test program if your system has the bug:
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+main() {
+ int i = 0;
+ while (ttyname(0) != NULL)
+ i++;
+ perror("ttyname");
+ printf("i=%d\n", i);
+}
+
+ If this program runs longer than some seconds you don't have the bug.
+
+ WORKAROUND: None FIX: Very easy if you have source code.
+
+ Another user reports some more explicit symptoms and recoveries:
+
+> What happens is when invoking ckermit we get one of the following
+> error messages:
+> You must set line
+> Not a tty
+> No more processes.
+> One of the following three actions clears the peoblem:
+> shutdown -y -g0 -i6
+> kill -9 the ttymon with the highest PID
+> Invoke sysadm and disable then enable the line you want to use.
+> Turning off respawn of sac -t 300 and going to getty's and uugetty's
+> does not help.
+>
+> Also C-Kermit reports "?timed out closing /dev/ttyxx".
+> If this happens all is well.
+
+------------------------------
+
+ (Note: the following problem also occurs on SGI and probably many
+ other Unix systems):
+
+ From: James Spath <spath@jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu>
+ To: Info-Kermit-Request@cunixf.cc.columbia.edu
+ Date: Wed, 9 Sep 1992 20:20:28 -0400
+ Subject: C-Kermit vs uugetty (or init) on Sperry 5000
+
+ We have successfully compiled the above release on a Unisys/Sperry
+ 5000/95. We used the sys5r3 option, rather than sys5r2 since we have
+ VR3 running on our system. In order to allow dialout access to
+ non-superusers, we had to do "chmod 666 /dev/tty###, where it had been
+ -rw--w--w- (owned by uucp), and to do "chmod +w /usr/spool/locks". We
+ have done text and binary file transfers through local and remote
+ connections.
+
+ The problem concerning uucp ownership and permissions is worse than I
+ thought at first. Apparently init or uugetty changes the file
+ permissions after each session. So I wrote the following C program to
+ open a set of requested tty lines. I run this for any required
+ outgoing line prior to a Kermit session.
+
+ ------ cut here -------
+/* opentty.c -- force allow read on tty lines for modem i/o */
+/* idea from: restrict.c -- System 5 Admin book Thomas/Farrow p. 605 */
+/* /jes jim spath {spath@jhunix.hcj.jhu.edu } */
+/* 08-Sep-92 NO COPYRIGHT. */
+/* this must be suid to open other tty lines */
+
+/* #define DEBUG */
+#define TTY "/dev/tty"
+#define LOK "/usr/spool/locks/LCK..tty"
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+/* allowable lines: */
+#define TOTAL_LINES 3
+static char allowable[TOTAL_LINES][4] = { "200", "201", "300" };
+static int total=TOTAL_LINES;
+int allow;
+
+/* states: */
+#define TTY_UNDEF 0
+#define TTY_LOCK 1
+#define TTY_OKAY 2
+
+main(argc, argv)
+int argc; char *argv[]; {
+ char device[512];
+ char lockdev[512];
+ int i;
+ if (argc == 1) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "usage: open 200 [...]\n");
+ }
+ while (--argc > 0 && (*++argv) != NULL ) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+ fprintf(stderr, "TRYING: %s%s\n", TTY, *argv);
+#endif
+ sprintf(device, "%s%s", TTY, *argv);
+ sprintf(lockdev, "%s%s", LOK, *argv);
+ allow = TTY_UNDEF; i = 0;
+ while (i <= total) { /* look at all defined lines */
+#ifdef DEBUG
+ fprintf(stderr, "LOCKFILE? %s?\n", lockdev);
+#endif
+ if (access(lockdev, 00) == 0) {
+ allow=TTY_LOCK;
+ break;
+ }
+#ifdef DEBUG
+ fprintf(stderr, "DOES:%s==%s?\n", allowable[i], *argv);
+#endif
+ if (strcmp(allowable[i], *argv) == 0)
+ allow=TTY_OKAY;
+ i++;
+ }
+#ifdef DEBUG
+ fprintf(stderr, "allow=%d\n", allow);
+#endif
+ switch (allow) {
+ case TTY_UNDEF:
+ fprintf (stderr, "open: not allowed on %s\n", *argv);
+ break;
+ case TTY_LOCK:
+ fprintf (stderr, "open: device locked: %s\n", lockdev);
+ break;
+ case TTY_OKAY:
+ /* attempt to change mode on device */
+ if (chmod (device, 00666) < 0)
+ fprintf (stderr, "open: cannot chmod on %s\n", device);
+ break;
+ default:
+ fprintf (stderr, "open: FAULT\n");
+ }
+ }
+ exit (0);
+}
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 14. THIRD-PARTY DRIVERS
+
+ [ [596]Top ] [ [597]Contents ] [ [598]Next ] [ [599]Previous ]
+
+ Unix versions, especially those for PCs (SCO, Unixware, etc) might be
+ augmented by third-party communication-board drivers from Digiboard,
+ Stallion, etc. These can sometimes complicate matters for Kermit
+ considerably since Kermit has no way of knowing that it is going
+ through a possibly nonstandard driver. Various examples are listed in
+ the earlier sections of this document; search for Stallion, Digiboard,
+ etc. Additionally:
+
+ * The Stallion Technologies EasyConnection serial board driver does
+ not always report the state of DSR as low. From Stallion (October
+ 1997): "Unfortunately, this is a bug in our driver. We have
+ implemented all of the other TIOMC functions, eg DTR, DCD, RTS and
+ CTS, but not DSR. Our driver should report the actual state of DSR
+ on those of our cards that have a DSR signal. That the driver
+ always reports DSR as not asserted (0), is a bug in the driver.
+ The driver should be either reporting the state of DSR correctly
+ on those cards that support DSR or as always asserted (1) on those
+ cards that do not have a DSR signal. This will be fixed in a
+ future version of our drivers; at this time I cannot say when this
+ will be." And later, "As far as I can tell, we don't support the
+ termios/termiox ioctls that relate specifically to DSR and RI; all
+ the rest are supported. This will, as I mentioned earlier, be
+ fixed in the next release of our ATA software."
+ - World Wide Escalation Support, Stallion Technologies, Toowong
+ QLD, [600]support@stallion.oz.au.
+
+ Later (December 1997, from the same source):
+
+ * We have now released a new version of the ATA software, version
+ 5.4.0. This version fixes the problem with the states of the DSR
+ and RI signals and how they were being reported by the driver.
+ This is the problem that you reported in October. The DSR signal
+ is reported correctly on those cards that support the DSR signal,
+ such as the early revision of the EasyIO card and the
+ EasyConnection 8D4 panel, and as always asserted on those cards
+ that do not support the DSR signal in the hardware. The new driver
+ is available from our Web site, [601]www.stallion.com, in the
+ /drivers/ata5/UnixWare directory.
+
+ [ [602]Top ] [ [603]Contents ] [ [604]C-Kermit Home ] [ [605]C-Kermit
+ 8.0 Overview ] [ [606]Kermit Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 Unix Hints and Tips / [607]The Kermit Project /
+ [608]Columbia University / [609]kermit@columbia.edu
+
+References
+
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+ 2. http://www.columbia.edu/
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+ 234. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x3.2.4.4
+ 235. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x3.2.4.2
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+ 238. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x3.2.4
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+ 240. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x3.2.4.3
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+ 242. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#contents
+ 243. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x3.2.4
+ 244. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x3.2.4.4
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+ 268. http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/
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+ 581. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck60manual.html
+ 582. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#top
+ 583. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#contents
+ 584. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x11
+ 585. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x11.1
+ 586. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck60manual.html
+ 587. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#top
+ 588. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#contents
+ 589. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x13
+ 590. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x11
+ 591. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/security.html
+ 592. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#top
+ 593. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#contents
+ 594. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x14
+ 595. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x12
+ 596. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#top
+ 597. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#contents
+ 598. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x15
+ 599. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#x14
+ 600. mailto:support@stallion.oz.au
+ 601. http://www.stallion.com/
+ 602. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#top
+ 603. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html#contents
+ 604. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 605. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck80.html
+ 606. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 607. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 608. http://www.columbia.edu/
+ 609. mailto:kermit@columbia.edu
--- /dev/null
+
+C-Kermit 8.0 Unix Installation Instructions
+
+ [ [1]Contents ] [ [2]C-Kermit ] [ [3]Kermit Home ]
+
+ Frank da Cruz
+ The Kermit Project
+ Columbia University
+
+ As of C-Kermit version: 8.0.211, 10 April 2004
+ This file last updated: Tue Apr 13 10:14:33 2004 (New York City
+ time)
+
+ IF YOU ARE READING A PLAIN-TEXT version of this document, note that
+ this file is a plain-text dump of a Web page. You can visit the
+ original (and possibly more up-to-date) Web page here:
+
+[4]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+CONTENTS
+
+ [5]OVERVIEW
+
+ 1. [6]INTERNET QUICK START
+ 2. [7]INSTALLING FROM PACKAGES
+ 3. [8]INSTALLING PREBUILT BINARIES
+ 4. [9]BUILDING FROM SOURCE CODE
+ 5. [10]INSTALLING THE KERMIT FILES
+ 6. [11]INSTALLING UNIX C-KERMIT FROM DOS-FORMAT DISKETTES
+ 7. [12]CHECKING THE RESULTS
+ 8. [13]REDUCING THE SIZE OF THE EXECUTABLE PROGRAM IMAGE
+ 9. [14]UNIX VERSIONS
+ 10. [15]DIALING OUT AND COORDINATING WITH UUCP
+ 11. [16]RUNNING UNIX C-KERMIT SETUID OR SETGID
+ 12. [17]CONFIGURING UNIX WORKSTATIONS
+ 13. [18]BIZARRE BEHAVIOR AT RUNTIME
+ 14. [19]CRASHES AND CORE DUMPS
+ 15. [20]SYSLOGGING
+ 16. [21]BUILDING SECURE VERSIONS OF C-KERMIT 8.0
+ 17. [22]INSTALLING C-KERMIT AS AN SSH SERVER SUBSYSTEM
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+OVERVIEW
+
+ [ [23]Top ] [ [24]Contents ] [ [25]Next ]
+
+ WARNING: This document contains notes that have been accumulating
+ since the early 1980s. Many of the products and Unix versions
+ mentioned here have not been heard of in a long while, but that
+ does not necessarily mean they are not still running in some
+ obscure nook.
+
+ This file contains Unix-specific information. A lot of it. Unlike most
+ other packages, C-Kermit tries very hard to be portable to every Unix
+ variety (and every release of each one) known to exist, including many
+ that are quite old, as well as to other platforms like VMS, AOS/VS,
+ VOS, OS-9, the BeBox, the Amiga, etc.
+
+ Since C-Kermit gets so deeply into the file system, i/o system, and
+ other areas that differ radically from one Unix platform to the next,
+ this means that a lot can go wrong when you try to install C-Kermit on
+ (for example) a new release of a particular variety of Unix, in which
+ certain things might have changed that C-Kermit depended upon.
+
+ This file concentrates on installation. For a description of general
+ configuration options for C-Kermit, please read the [26]Configurations
+ Options document. For troubleshooting after installation, see the
+ [27]General Hints and Tips and [28]Unix-Specific Hints and Tips
+ documents. The latter, in particular, contains lots of information on
+ lots of specific Unix platforms. If you want to work on the source
+ code, see the [29]C-Kermit Program Logic Manual
+
+ You may install C-Kermit:
+
+ * From an "[30]install package", if one is available.
+ * As a [31]prebuilt binary, if available, plus accompanying text
+ files.
+ * By building from [32]source code.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+1. INTERNET QUICK START
+
+ [ [33]Top ] [ [34]Contents ] [ [35]Next ] [ [36]Previous ]
+
+ If your Unix computer is on the Internet and it has a C compiler,
+ here's how to download, build, and install C-Kermit directly from the
+ "tarballs" or Zip archives:
+
+ 1. Make a fresh directory and cd to it.
+ 2. Download the C-Kermit source code:
+ [37]ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/archives/cku211.tar.Z
+ (compress format) or
+ [38]ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/archives/cku211.tar.gz
+ (gunzip format).
+ 3. Uncompress the compressed tar file with "uncompress" or "gunzip",
+ according to which type of compressed file you downloaded. (If you
+ don't understand this, you could download a (much larger)
+ uncompressed tar archive directly:
+ [39]ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/archives/cku211.tar
+ 4. Now type "tar xvf cku211.tar" to unpack the individual files from
+ the tar archive.
+ 5. Type "rm cku211.tar" to get rid of the tar archive, which is no
+ longer needed.
+ 6. Read the comments at the top of the makefile to find out which
+ target to use and then type the appropriate "make" command, such
+ as "make linux", "make solaris8", etc.
+ 7. This produces a binary in your current directory called "wermit".
+ Start it by typing "./wermit" and [40]try it out to make sure it
+ works. Then read [41]Section 5 for how to install it, or simply
+ copy the wermit binary to the desired public directory, rename it
+ to kermit, and give it the needed permissions (and, if it is going
+ to be used to dial out, give it the same group and owner and
+ permissions as the cu, tip, or minicom program).
+
+ For secure installations, see [42]Sections 5 and [43]16.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+2. INSTALLING FROM PACKAGES
+
+ [ [44]Top ] [ [45]Contents ] [ [46]Next ] [ [47]Previous ]
+
+ Various Unix varieties -- Linux, Solaris, AIX, etc -- now incorporate
+ the idea of "install packages", and many users expect to find all new
+ applications in this format. A selection of install packages might be
+ available for any given release of C-Kermit, but there is a tradeoff
+ between convenience and safety. Unix presents several notable problems
+ to the builder of install packages:
+
+ a. Since C-Kermit is portable to many non-Unix platforms (VMS, VOS,
+ AOS/VS, etc), some of the files in the C-Kermit distribution do
+ not fit into the Unix application model. In particular, C-Kermit
+ includes some plain text files (described in [48]Section 5) and
+ Unix has no standard place to put such files. Typical Unix package
+ managers do not allow for them. Where should they go, and how will
+ the user know where to find them?
+ b. Installation of any program that will be used to make modem calls
+ requires some important decisions from the installer regarding
+ security and privilege.
+
+ Item (b) is discussed at length in [49]Sections 10 and [50]11 of this
+ document, but the package-related aspects are also given here. The
+ basic problem is that Unix dialout devices and the UUCP "lock files"
+ that regulate contention for them (described in [51]Section 10) are
+ usually protected against "world". Therefore, the install procedure
+ must either run as root in order to give the Kermit binary the
+ required permissions, group, and/or owner, or else the dialout devices
+ and associated directories must be open for group or world reading and
+ writing. Otherwise, the Kermit program just installed WILL NOT WORK
+ for dialing out.
+
+ Thus, a well-crafted installation procedure should present the options
+ and allow the installer to choose the method, if any, for regulating
+ access to the dialout devices:
+
+ a. Check the permissions of the lockfile directory and the dialout
+ devices. If they do not allow group or world R/W access, then:
+ b. "Your UUCP lockfile directory and/or dialout devices require
+ privilege to access. You must either change their permissions or
+ install Kermit with privileges."
+ c. "If you wish to install Kermit with privileges, it will be given
+ the same owner, group, and permissions as the cu program so it can
+ use the dialout devices."
+ d. If they choose (c) but the user is not root, give a message that
+ the install procedure can be run only by root and then quit.
+
+ It should go without saying, of course, that any binaries that are to
+ be included in an install package should be built fresh on the exact
+ platform (e.g. Red Hat 8.0 on Intel) for which the package is
+ targeted; prebuilt binaries ([52]next section) from other sites are
+ likely to have library mismatches. [53]CLICK HERE for more about
+ building C-Kermit install packages.
+
+ The Kermit Project does not have the resources or the expertise to
+ make install packages for every platform. Most install packages,
+ therefore, are contributed by others, and they do not necessarily
+ follow the guidelines given above. Pay attention to what they do.
+
+ If you are an end user who has obtained a C-Kermit install package for
+ a particular platform, you should be aware that some additional steps
+ might needed if you want to use Kermit to dial out. Read [54]Section
+ 10 for details.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+3. INSTALLING PREBUILT BINARIES
+
+ [ [55]Top ] [ [56]Contents ] [ [57]Next ] [ [58]Previous ]
+
+ Hundreds of prebuilt C-Kermit binaries are available on the CDROM in
+ the BINARY tree [NOTE: The C-Kermit CDROM is still for version 7.0],
+ and at our ftp site in the [59]kermit/bin area (with names starting
+ with "ck"), also accessible on the [60]C-Kermit website. To install a
+ prebuilt binary:
+
+ a. Rename the binary to "wermit".
+ b. Make sure it works; some tests are suggested in [61]Section 7.
+ c. Follow steps (b) through (e) in [62]Section 4.
+ d. Install related files as described in [63]Section 5.
+
+ But first... Please heed the following cautions:
+
+ a. If you pick the wrong binary, it won't work (or worse).
+ b. Even when you pick the appropriate binary, it still might not work
+ due to shared-library mismatches, etc. (see [64]Section 4.0).
+ c. Don't expect a binary built on or for version n of your OS to work
+ on version n - x (where x > 0). However, it is usually safe to run
+ a binary built on (or for) an older OS release on a newer one.
+
+ Therefore, it is better to build your own binary from source code
+ ([65]next section) if you can. But since it is increasingly for Unix
+ systems (not to mention VMS and other OS's) to be delivered without C
+ compilers, it is often impractical. In such cases, try the most
+ appropriate prebuilt binary or binaries, and if none of them work,
+ [66]contact us and we'll see what we can do to help.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+4. BUILDING FROM SOURCE CODE
+
+ [ [67]Top ] [ [68]Contents ] [ [69]Next ] [ [70]Previous ]
+
+ Also see: [71]Section 8 and [72]Section 9.
+
+ C-Kermit is designed to be built and used on as many platforms as
+ possible: Unix and non-Unix, old and new (and ancient), ANSI C and
+ K&R. The Unix version does not use or depend on any external tools for
+ building except the "make" utility, the C compiler, and the linker. It
+ does not use any automated configuration tools such as configure,
+ autoconf, automake, libtool, etc. Everything in C-Kermit has been
+ built by hand based on direct experience or reports or contributions
+ from users of each platform.
+
+ The [73]C-Kermit makefile contains the rules for building the program
+ for each of the hundreds of different kinds of Unix systems that
+ C-Kermit attempts to support. It covers all Unix variations since
+ about 1980 -- pretty much everything after Unix V6. Separate makefiles
+ are used for [74]Plan 9 and [75]2.x BSD.
+
+ Prerequisites:
+
+ * The C compiler, linker, and make program must be installed.
+ * The C libraries and header files must be installed (*).
+ * The C-Kermit source code and makefile in your current directory.
+ * The C-Kermit text files ([76]Section 5) in your current directory.
+
+ * This is becoming problematic in this new age of "selective
+ installs" e.g. of Linux packages. C-Kermit builds will often fail
+ because replying "no" to some obscure Linux installation option
+ will result in missing libraries or header files. Ditto on
+ platforms like AIX and Solaris that don't come with C compilers,
+ and then later have gcc installed, but are still missing crucial
+ libraries, like libm (math).
+
+ Plus:
+
+ * For TCP/IP networking support, the sockets library and related
+ header files must be installed.
+ * The math library for floating-point arithmetic support (can be
+ deselected by adding -DNOFLOAT to CFLAGS and removing -lm from
+ LIBS).
+ * Many and varied security libraries for building a secure version
+ (Kerberos, SSL/TLS, SRP, Zlib,...) These are required only if you
+ select a secure target.
+ * For the curses-based fullscreen file-ransfer display, the curses
+ or ncurses header file(s) and library, and probably also the
+ termcap and/or termlib library. Note that the names and locations
+ of these files and libraries are likely to change capriciously
+ with every new release of your Unix product. If you discover that
+ the C-Kermit build procedure fails because your curses and/or
+ termxxx headers or libraries are not named or located as expected,
+ please [77]let us know. In the meantime, work around by installing
+ symlinks.
+ * IMPORTANT: Modern Linux distributions might give you the choice
+ during installation of whether to install the "ncurses development
+ package" (perhaps called "ncurses-devel"). If you did not install
+ it, you won't be able to build C-Kermit with curses support
+ included. In this case, either go back and install ncurses, or
+ else choose (or create) a non-curses makefile target for your
+ platform. To install the ncurses developers tools in Red Hat
+ Linux, do:
+
+mount redhat cdrom
+goto RedHat/RPMS
+rpm -ivh ncurses-devel*.rpm
+or to have the exact name ls ncurse* and load as
+rpm -ivh filename
+then leave the cdrom and unmount it.
+
+ * In AIX you might have to go back and install any or all of:
+
+bos.adt.base
+bos.adt.include
+bos.adt.lib
+bos.adt.libm
+bos.adt.utils
+
+ from the first installation CD.
+
+ The makefile might need to be renamed from ckuker.mak to makefile.
+ Directions:
+
+ a. Type "make xxx" where xxx is the name of the makefile target most
+ appropriate to your platform, e.g. "make linux", "make aix43",
+ etc. Read the [78]comments at the top of the makefile for a
+ complete list of available targets (it's a long list).
+ b. Test the resulting 'wermit' file (see [79]Section 7 for
+ suggestions). If it's OK, proceed; otherwise [80]notify us.
+
+ NOTE: steps (c) through (e) can be accomplished using the
+ [81]makefile 'install' target as described in [82]Section 5.4.
+ c. Rename the 'wermit' file to 'kermit', copy it to the desired
+ binary directory (such as /usr/local/bin or /opt/something), and
+ if it is to be used for dialing out, give it the same owner,
+ group, and permissions as the 'cu' program (IMPORTANT: read
+ [83]Sections 10 and [84]11 for details).
+ d. Install the man page, ckuker.nr, with your other man pages.
+ e. Install the accompanying text files (see [85]Section 5).
+ f. If you want C-Kermit to also offer a Telnet command-line
+ personality, make a symbolic link as follows:
+
+cd directory-where-kermit-binary-is
+ln -s kermit telnet
+
+ If you want C-Kermit to be the default Telnet client, make sure
+ the directory in which you created the symlink is in the PATH
+ ahead of the where the regular Telnet client is.
+ g. If you want C-Kermit to also offer an FTP command-line
+ personality, make a symlink called "ftp" as in (f).
+ h. If you want C-Kermit to also offer an FTTP command-line
+ personality, make a symlink called "http" as in (f).
+ i. If you want to offer an Internet Kermit Service, follow the
+ directions in the [86]IKSD Administrator's Guide.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.0. Special Considerations for C-Kermit 8.0
+
+ [ [87]Top ] [ [88]Contents ] [ [89]Next ]
+
+ Also see: [90]C-Kermit Configuration Options
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+4.1. [91]The Unix Makefile
+4.2. [92]The C-Kermit Initialization File
+4.3. [93]The 2.x BSD Makefile
+4.4. [94]The Plan 9 Makefile
+4.5. [95]Makefile Failures
+
+ (Also see the [96]Configurations Options document, [97]Section 8).
+
+ Lots of new features have been added in versions 7.0 and 8.0 that
+ require access to new symbols, APIs, libraries, etc, and this will no
+ doubt cause problems in compiling, linking, or execution on platforms
+ where 6.0 and earlier built without incident. This section contains
+ what we know as of the date of this file.
+
+ The first category concerns the new Kermit Service Daemon (IKSD; see
+ the [98]IKSD Administrator's Guide for details):
+
+ The wtmp File
+ When C-Kermit is started as an IKSD (under inetd), it makes
+ syslog and wtmp entries, and also keeps its own ftpd-like log.
+ The code assumes the wtmp log is /var/log/wtmp on Linux and
+ /usr/adm/wtmp elsewhere. No doubt this assumption will need
+ adjustment. Use -DWTMPFILE=path to override at compile time
+ (there is also a runtime override). See [99]iksd.html for
+ details.
+
+ UTMP, utsname(), etc
+ C-Kermit 7.0 gets as much info as it can about its job --
+ mainly for IKSD logging -- from utmp. But of course utmp
+ formats and fields differ, and for that matter, there can be
+ two different header files, <utmp.h> and <utmpx.h>. Look for
+ HAVEUTMPX and HAVEUTHOST in [100]ckufio.c and let me know of
+ any needed adjustments.
+
+ Password lookup
+ IKSD needs to authenticate incoming users against the password
+ list. In some cases, this requires the addition of -lcrypt
+ (e.g. in Unixware 2.x). In most others, the crypt functions are
+ in the regular C library. If you get "crypt" as an unresolved
+ symbol at link time, add -lcrypt to LIBS. If your site has
+ local replacement libraries for authentication, you might need
+ a special LIBS clause such as "LIBS=-L/usr/local/lib -lpwent".
+
+ These days most Unix systems take advantage of shadow password
+ files or Plugable Authentication Modules (PAM). If your system
+ uses shadow passwords you must add -DCK_SHADOW to the CFLAGS
+ list. If your system requires PAM you must add -DCK_PAM to the
+ CFLAGS and -lpam -ldl to LIBS.
+
+ getusershell()
+ This is called by the IKSD at login time to see if a user has
+ been "turned off". But many Unix platforms lack this function.
+ In that case, you will get unresolved symbol reports at link
+ time for _getusershell, _endusershell; to work around, add
+ -DNOGETUSERSHELL.
+
+ initgroups()
+ This is called by IKSD after successful authentication. But
+ some platforms do not have this function, so obviously it can't
+ be called there, in which case add -DNOINITGROUPS.
+
+ setreuid(), setreuid(), setregid() not found or "deprecated"
+ Find out what your Unix variety wants you to use instead, and
+ make appropriate substitutions in routine zvpass(), module
+ [101]ckufio.c, and [102]let us know.
+
+ printf()
+ IKSD installs a printf() substitute to allow redirection of
+ printf-like output to the connection. However, this can
+ conflict with some curses libraries. In this case, separate
+ binaries must be built for IKSD and non-IKSD use.
+
+ If you encounter difficulties with any of the above, and you are not
+ interested in running C-Kermit as an IKSD, then simply add NOIKSD to
+ CFLAGS and rebuild. Example:
+
+make sco286
+(get lots of errors)
+make clean
+make sco286 "KFLAGS=-DNOIKSD"
+
+ Some non-IKSD things to watch out for:
+
+ Return type of main()
+ The main() routine is in [103]ckcmai.c. If you get complaints
+ about "main: return type is not blah", define MAINTYPE on the
+ CC command line, e.g.:
+
+make xxx "KFLAGS=-DMAINTYPE=blah
+
+ (where blah is int, long, or whatever). If the complaint is
+ "Attempt to return a value from a function of type void" then
+ add -DMAINISVOID:
+
+make xxx "KFLAGS=-DMAINISVOID=blah
+
+ DNS Service Records
+ This feature allows a remote host to redirect C-Kermit to the
+ appropriate socket for the requested service; e.g. if C-Kermit
+ requests service "telnet" and the host offers Telnet service on
+ port 999 rather than the customary port 23. If you get
+ compile-time complaints about not being able to find
+ <resolv.h>, <netdb.h>, or <arpa/nameser.h>, add -DNO_DNS_SRV to
+ CFLAGS. If you get link-time complaints about unresolved
+ symbols res_search or dn_expand, try adding -lresolve to LIBS.
+
+ \v(ipaddress)
+ If "echo \v(ipaddress)" shows an empty string rather than your
+ local IP address, add -DCKGHNLHOST to CFLAGS and rebuild.
+
+ <sys/wait.h>
+ If this file can't be found at compile time, add -DNOREDIRECT
+ to CFLAGS. This disables the REDIRECT and PIPE commands and
+ anything else that needs the wait() system service.
+
+ syslog()
+ C-Kermit can now write syslog records. Some older platforms
+ might not have the syslog facility. In that case, add
+ -DNOSYSLOG. Others might have it, but require addition of
+ -lsocket to LIBS (SCO OSR5 is an example). See [104]Section 15.
+
+ putenv()
+ If "_putenv" comes up as an undefined symbol, add -DNOPUTENV to
+ CFLAGS and rebuild.
+
+ "Passing arg1 of 'time' from incompatible pointer"
+ This is a mess. See the mass of #ifdefs in the appropriate
+ module, [105]ckutio.c or [106]ckufio.c.
+
+ gettimeofday()
+ Wrong number of arguments. On most platforms, gettimeofday()
+ takes two arguments, but on a handful of others (e.g. Motorola
+ System V/88 V4, SNI Reliant UNIX 5.43, etc) it takes one. If
+ your version of gettimeofday() is being called with two args
+ but wants one, add -DGTODONEARG.
+
+ "Assignment makes pointer from integer without a cast"
+ This warning might appear in [107]ckutio.c or [108]ckufio.c.
+ (or elsewhere), and usually can be traced to the use of a
+ system or library function that returns a pointer but that is
+ not declared in the system header files even though it should
+ be. Several functions are commonly associated with this error:
+
+ + getcwd(): Add -DDCLGETCWD to CFLAGS and rebuild.
+ + popen() : Add -DDCLPOPEN to CFLAGS and rebuild.
+ + fdopen(): Add -DDCLFDOPEN to CFLAGS and rebuild.
+
+ "Operands of = have incompatible types"
+ "Incompatible types in assignment"
+ If this comes from [109]ckcnet.c and comes from a statement
+ involving inet_addr(), try adding -DINADDRX to CFLAGS. If that
+ doesn't help, then try adding -DNOMHHOST.
+
+ Complaints about args to get/setsockopt(), getpeername(),
+ getsockname()
+ These are all in [110]ckcnet.c. Different platforms and OS's
+ and versions of the same OS change this all the time: int,
+ size_t, unsigned long, etc. All the affected variables are
+ declared according to #ifdefs within ckcnet.c, so find the
+ declarations and adjust the #ifdefs accordingly.
+
+ size_t
+ In case of complaints about "unknown type size_t", add
+ -DSIZE_T=int (or other appropriate type) to CFLAGS.
+
+ 'tz' undefined
+ Use of undefined enum/struct/union 'timezone'
+ Left of 'tv_sec' specifies undefined struct/union 'timeval' And
+ similar complaints in [111]ckutio.c: Add -DNOGFTIMER and/or
+ -DNOTIMEVAL.
+
+ Symlinks
+ The new built-in DIRECTORY command should show symlinks like
+ "ls -l" does. If it does not, check to see if your platform has
+ the lstat() and readlink() functions. If so, add -DUSE_LSTAT
+ and -DCKSYMLINK to CFLAGS and rebuild. On the other hand, if
+ lstat() is unresolved at link time, add -DNOLSTAT to CFLAGS. If
+ readlink() is also unresolved, add -DNOSYMLINK.
+
+ realpath()
+ Link-time complains about realpath() -- find the library in
+ which it resides and add it to LIBS (example for Unixware 7.1:
+ "-lcudk70") or add -DNOREALPATH to CFLAGS and rebuild. If built
+ with realpath() but debug log file is truncated or mangled,
+ ditto (some realpath() implementations behave differently from
+ others). If built with realpath() and seemingly random core
+ dumps occur during file path resolution, ditto.
+
+ Failure to locate header file <term.h>
+ Usually happens on Linux systems that have the C compiler
+ installed, but not the ncurses package (see comments about
+ selective installs above). Go back and install ncurses, or use
+ "make linuxnc" (Linux No Curses).
+
+ "Can't find shared library libc.so.2.1"
+ "Can't find shared library libncurses.so.3.0", etc...
+ You are trying to run a binary that was built on a computer
+ that has different library versions than your computer, and
+ your computer's loader is picky about library version numbers.
+ Rebuild from source on your computer.
+
+ Time (struct tm) related difficulties:
+ Errors like the following:
+
+"ckutio.c", line 11994: incomplete struct/union/enum tm: _tm
+"ckutio.c", line 11995: error: cannot dereference non-pointer type
+"ckutio.c", line 11995: error: assignment type mismatch
+"ckutio.c", line 11997: warning: using out of scope declaration: localtime
+"ckutio.c", line 11997: error: unknown operand size: op "="
+"ckutio.c", line 11997: error: assignment type mismatch
+"ckutio.c", line 11998: error: undefined struct/union member: tm_year
+"ckutio.c", line 12000: error: undefined struct/union member: tm_mon
+"ckutio.c", line 12001: error: undefined struct/union member: tm_mday
+"ckutio.c", line 12002: error: undefined struct/union member: tm_hour
+"ckutio.c", line 12003: error: undefined struct/union member: tm_min
+"ckutio.c", line 12004: error: undefined struct/union member: tm_sec
+
+ are due to failure to include the appropriate time.h header
+ files. Unix platforms generally have one or more of the
+ following: <time.h>, <sys/time.h>, and <sys/timeb.h>. Any
+ combination of these might be required. Defaults are set up for
+ each makefile target. The defaults can be corrected on the CC
+ command line by adding the appropriate definition from the
+ following list to CFLAGS:
+
+-DTIMEH Include <time.h>
+-DNOTIMEH Don't include <time.h>
+-DSYSTIMEH Include <sys/time.h>
+-DNOSYSTIMEH Don't include <sys/time.h>
+-DSYSTIMEBH Include <sys/timeb.h>
+-DNOSYSTIMEBH Don't include <sys/timeb.h>
+
+ Note that <sys/timeb.h> is relatively scarce in the System V
+ and POSIX environments; the only platform of recent vintage
+ where it was/is used is OSF/1 and its derivatives (Digital Unix
+ and Tru64 Unix).
+
+ Struct timeval and/or timezone not declared:
+ In some cases, merely including the appropriate time.h header
+ files is still not enough. POSIX.1 does not define the timeval
+ struct, and so the items we need from the header are protected
+ against us by #ifndef _POSIX_SOURCE or somesuch. In this case,
+ we have to declare the timeval (and timezone) structs
+ ourselves. To force this, include -DDCLTIMEVAL in CFLAGS.
+
+ Warnings about dn_expand() Argument #4
+ WARNING: argument is incompatible with prototyp. It's the old
+ char versus unsigned char stupidity again. Try to find a
+ compiler switch like GCC's "-funsigned-char". Failing that, add
+ -DCKQUERYTYPE=xxx to CFLAGS, where xxx is whatever 'man
+ dn_expand' tells you the type of the 4th argument should be
+ (presumably either char or unsigned char; in the latter case
+ use CHAR to avoid confusion caused by multiple words.
+
+ Switch Table Overflow (in [112]ckcuni.c)
+ Add -DNOUNICODE to CFLAGS.
+
+ Compile-time warnings about ck_out() or tgetstr() or tputs():
+ Easy solution: Add -DNOTERMCAP to CFLAGS. But then you lose the
+ SCREEN function. Real solution: Try all different combinations
+ of the following CFLAGS:
+
+-DTPUTSARGTYPE=char -DTPUTSFNTYPE=int
+-DTPUTSARGTYPE=int -DTPUTSFNTYPE=void
+
+ Until the warnings go away, except maybe "ck_outc: return with
+ a value in a function returning void", and in that case also
+ add -DTPUTSISVOID.
+
+ "Passing arg 1 of to tputs() makes pointer from integer without a
+ cast":
+ Add -DTPUTSARG1CONST to CFLAGS.
+
+ "Undefined symbol: dup2"
+ Add -DNOZEXEC to CFLAGS.
+
+ "header file 'termcap.h' not found"
+ Add -DNOHTERMCAP to CFLAGS.
+
+ Other difficulties are generally of the "where is curses.h and what is
+ it called this week?" variety (most easily solved by making symlinks
+ in the include and lib directories), or overzealous complaints
+ regarding type mismatches in function calls because of the totally
+ needless and silly signed versus unsigned char conflict (*), etc. In
+ any case, please send any compilation or linking warnings or errors to
+ the author, preferably along with fixes.
+
+ * C-Kermit does not use the signed property of chars at all
+ anywhere, ever. So if all chars and char *'s can be made unsigned
+ at compile time, as they can in gcc with "-funsigned-char", they
+ should be.
+
+ IMPORTANT: If you find any of these hints necessary for a particular
+ make target (or you hit upon others not listed here), PLEASE SEND A
+ REPORT TO:
+
+[113]kermit-support@columbia.edu
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.1. The Unix Makefile
+
+ [ [114]Top ] [ [115]Contents ] [ [116]Section Contents ] [ [117]Next ]
+ [ [118]Previous ]
+
+ If your distribution does not contain a file with the name "makefile"
+ or "Makefile", then rename the file called ckuker.mak to makefile:
+
+mv ckuker.mak makefile
+
+ Then type "make xxx", where xxx is the platform you want to build
+ C-Kermit for. These are listed in the [119]comments at the top of the
+ makefile. For example, to build C-Kermit for Linux, type:
+
+make linux
+
+ Here are some typical examples:
+
+ Target Description
+ linux Linux, any version on any hardware platform
+ openbsd OpenBSD, any version on any hardware platform
+ aix43 AIX 4.3
+ aix43g AIX 4.3, built with gcc
+ solaris9 Solaris 9
+ solaris9g Solaris 9 built with gcc
+ hpux1100 HP-UX 11-point-anything
+
+ The makefile is quite long, and at least two versions of Unix, SCO
+ Xenix/286 and 2.x BSD, cannot cope with its length. An attempt to
+ "make sco286" gives the message "Make: Cannot alloc mem for env..
+ Stop". Solution: edit away some or all of the nonrelevant material
+ from the makefile. (A separate version of the makefile is provided for
+ BSD 2.x: ckubs2.mak but C-Kermit 8.0 can't be built for BSD 2.x -- it
+ has simply grown too large.)
+
+ Some make programs reportedly cannot handle continued lines (lines
+ ending in backslash (\)). If you have a problem with the makefile, try
+ editing the makefile to join the continued lines (remove the
+ backslashes and the following linefeed).
+
+ Other makefile troubles may occur because tabs in the makefile have
+ somehow been converted to spaces. Spaces and tabs are distinct in Unix
+ makefiles.
+
+ Similarly, carriage returns might have been added to the end of each
+ line, which also proves confusing to most Unix versions of make.
+
+ Check to see if there are comments about your particular version in
+ its makefile target itself. In a text editor such as EMACS or VI,
+ search for the make entry name followed by a colon, e.g. "linux:" (if
+ you really are building C-Kermit for Linux, do this now).
+
+ Check to see if there are comments about your particular version in
+ the [120]ckubwr.txt file ([121]CLICK HERE for the Web version).
+
+ If you have trouble with building [122]ckwart.c, or running the
+ resulting wart preprocessor program on [123]ckcpro.w:
+
+ 1. Just "touch" the [124]ckcpro.c file that comes in the distribution
+ and then give the "make" command again, or:
+ 2. Compile ckwart.c "by hand": cc -o wart ckwart.c, or:
+ 3. Try various other tricks. E.g. one Linux user reported that that
+ adding the "static" switch to the rule for building wart fixed
+ everything:
+
+wart: ckwart.$(EXT)
+ $(CC) -static -o wart ckwart.$(EXT) $(LIBS)
+
+ If your compiler supports a compile-time option to treat ALL chars
+ (and char *'s, etc) as unsigned, by all means use it -- and send me
+ email to let me know what it is (I already know about gcc
+ -funsigned-char).
+
+ To add compilation options (which are explained later in this
+ document) to your makefile target without editing the makefile,
+ include "KFLAGS=..." on the make command line, for example:
+
+make linux KFLAGS=-DNODEBUG
+make bsd "KFLAGS=-DKANJI -DNODEBUG -DNOTLOG -DDYNAMIC -UTCPSOCKET"
+
+ Multiple options must be separated by spaces. Quotes are necessary if
+ the KFLAGS= clause includes spaces. The KFLAGS are added to the end of
+ the CFLAGS that are defined in the selected makefile target. For
+ example, the "bsd" entry includes -DBSD4 -DTCPSOCKET, so the second
+ example above compiles Kermit with the following options:
+
+-DBSD4 -DTCPSOCKET -DKANJI -DNODEBUG -DNOTLOG -DDYNAMIC -UTCPSOCKET
+
+ (Notice how "-UTCPSOCKET" is used to negate the effect of the
+ "-DTCPSOCKET" option that is included in the makefile target.)
+
+ WARNING: Be careful with KFLAGS. If you build C-Kermit, change some
+ files, and then run make again using the same make entry but
+ specifying different KFLAGS than last time, make won't detect it and
+ you could easily wind up with inconsistent object modules, e.g. some
+ of them built with a certain option, others not. When in doubt, "make
+ clean" first to make sure all your object files are consistent.
+ Similarly, if you change CFLAGS, LIBS, or any other items in the
+ makefile, or you rebuild using a different makefile target, "make
+ clean" first.
+
+ If you create a new makefile target, use static linking if possible.
+ Even though this makes your C-Kermit binary bigger, the resulting
+ binary will be more portable. Dynamically linked binaries tend to run
+ only on the exact configuration and version where they were built; on
+ others, invocation tends to fail with a message like:
+
+Can't find shared library "libc.so.2.1"
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.2. The C-Kermit Initialization File
+
+ [ [125]Top ] [ [126]Contents ] [ [127]Section Contents ] [ [128]Next ]
+ [ [129]Previous ]
+
+ (This section is obsolete.) Read [130]Section 5 about the
+ initialization file.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.3. The 2.x BSD Makefile
+
+ [ [131]Top ] [ [132]Contents ] [ [133]Section Contents ] [ [134]Next ]
+ [ [135]Previous ]
+
+ This section is obsolete. C-Kermit 6.0 was the last release that
+ could be built on PDP-11 based BSD versions.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.4. The Plan 9 Makefile
+
+ [ [136]Top ] [ [137]Contents ] [ [138]Section Contents ] [ [139]Next ]
+ [ [140]Previous ]
+
+ Use the separate makefile [141]ckpker.mk. NOTE: The Plan 9 version of
+ C-Kermit 8.0 has not yet been built. There should be no impediment to
+ building it. However, even when built successfully, certain key
+ features are missing, notably TCP/IP networking.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 4.5. Makefile Failures
+
+ [ [142]Top ] [ [143]Contents ] [ [144]Section Contents ] [
+ [145]Previous ]
+
+ First, be sure the source files are stored on your current disk and
+ directory with the right names (in lowercase). Second, make sure that
+ the makefile itself does not contain any lines with leading spaces:
+ indented lines must all start with horizontal TAB, and no spaces.
+
+ Then make sure that your Unix PATH is defined to find the appropriate
+ compiler for your makefile target. For example, on SunOS systems,
+ "make sunos41" builds C-Kermit for the BSD environment, and assumes
+ that /usr/ucb/cc will be used for compilation and linking. If your
+ PATH has /usr/5bin ahead of /usr/ucb, you can have problems at compile
+ or link time (a commonly reported symptom is the inability to find
+ "ftime" during linking). Fix such problems by redefining your Unix
+ PATH, or by specifying the appropriate "cc" in CC= and CC2= statements
+ in your makefile target.
+
+ During edits 166-167, considerable effort went into making C-Kermit
+ compilable by ANSI C compilers. This includes prototyping all of
+ C-Kermit's functions, and including the ANSI-defined system header
+ files for system and library functions, as defined in K&R, second
+ edition: <string.h>, <stdlib.h>, <unistd.h> (except in NeXTSTEP this
+ is <libc.h>), and <sys/stdtypes.h>. If you get warnings about any of
+ these header files not being found, or about argument mismatches
+ involving pid_t, uid_t, or gid_t, look in ckcdeb.h and make
+ amendments. C-Kermit assumes it is being compiled by an ANSI-compliant
+ C compiler if __STDC__ is defined, normally defined by the compiler
+ itself. You can force ANSI compilation without defining __STDC__
+ (which some compilers won't let you define) by including -DCK_ANSIC on
+ the cc command line.
+
+ On the other hand, if your compiler defines __STDC__ but still
+ complains about the syntax of Kermit's function prototypes, you can
+ disable the ANSI-style function prototyping by including -DNOANSI on
+ the command line.
+
+ For SCO OpenServer, UNIX, ODT, and XENIX compilations, be sure to pick
+ the most appropriate [146]makefile target, and be sure you have
+ installed an SCO development system that is keyed to your exact SCO
+ operating system release, down to the minor version (like 2.3.1).
+
+ Also note that SCO distributes some of its libraries in encrypted
+ form, and they must be decrypted before C-Kermit can be linked with
+ them. If not, you might see a message like:
+
+ld: file /usr/lib/libsocket.a is of unknown type: magic number = 6365
+
+ To decrypt, you must supply a key (password) that came with your
+ license. Call SCO for further info.
+
+ If your compiler uses something other than int for the pid (process
+ id) data type, put -DPID_T=pid_t or whatever in your CFLAGS.
+
+ If you get complaints about unknown data types uid_t and gid_t, put
+ -DUID_T=xxx -DGID_T=yyy in your CFLAGS, where xxx and yyy are the
+ appropriate types.
+
+ If your compilation fails because of conflicting or duplicate
+ declarations for sys_errlist, add -DUSE_STRERROR or -DNDSYSERRLIST to
+ CFLAGS.
+
+ If your compilation dies because getpwnam() is being redeclared (or
+ because of "conflicting types for getwpnam"), add -DNDGPWNAM to your
+ CFLAGS. If that doesn't work, then add -DDCGPWNAM to your CFLAGS (see
+ ckufio.c around line 440).
+
+ If the compiler complains about the declaration of getpwnam() during
+ an ANSI C compilation, remove the declaration from ckufio.c or change
+ the argument in the prototype from (char *) to (const char *).
+
+ If you get complaints that getpwuid() is being called with an improper
+ type, put -DPWID_T=xx in your CFLAGS.
+
+ If you get compile-time warnings that t_brkc or t_eofc (tchars
+ structure members, used in BSD-based versions) are undefined, or
+ structure-member- related warnings that might be traced to this fact,
+ add -DNOBRKC to CFLAGS.
+
+ If you get a linker message to the effect that _setreuid or _setregid
+ is not defined, add -DNOSETREU to CFLAGS, or add -DCKTYP_H=blah to
+ CFLAGS to make C-Kermit read the right <types.h>-kind-of-file to pick
+ up these definitions.
+
+ If you get a message that _popen is undefined, add -DNOPOPEN to
+ CFLAGS.
+
+ If you get a complaint at compile time about an illegal
+ pointer-integer combination in ckufio.c involving popen(), or at link
+ time that _popen is an undefined symbol, add the declaration "FILE
+ *popen();" to the function zxcmd() in ckufio.c (this declaration is
+ supposed to be in <stdio.h>). If making this change does not help,
+ then apparently your Unix does not have the popen() function, so you
+ should add -DNOPOPEN to your make entry, in which case certain
+ functions involving "file" i/o to the standard input and output of
+ subprocesses will not be available.
+
+ If your linker complains that _getcwd is undefined, you can add a
+ getcwd() function to ckufio.c, or add it to your libc.a library using
+ ar:
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+char *
+getcwd(buf,size) char *buf; int size; {
+#ifndef NOPOPEN
+#ifdef DCLPOPEN
+ FILE *popen();
+#endif
+ FILE *pfp;
+
+ if (!buf) return(NULL);
+ if (!(pfp = popen("pwd","r"))) return(NULL);
+ fgets(buf,size-2,pfp);
+ pclose(pfp);
+ buf[strlen(buf)-1] = '\0';
+ return((char *)buf);
+#else
+ buf[0] = '\0';
+ return(NULL);
+#endif /* NOPOPEN */
+}
+
+#ifdef NOPOPEN
+FILE *popen(s,t) char *s,*t; {
+ return(NULL);
+}
+#endif /* NOPOPEN */
+
+ If you get complaints about NPROC having an invalid value, add a valid
+ definition for it (depends on your system), as in the cray entry.
+
+ If you get some symbol that's multiply defined, it probably means that
+ a variable name used by Kermit is also used in one of your system
+ libraries that Kermit is linked with. For example, under PC/IX some
+ library has a variable or function called "data", and the variable
+ "data" is also used extensively by Kermit. Rather than edit the Kermit
+ source files, just put a -D in the make entry CFLAGS to change the
+ Kermit symbol at compile time. In this example, it might be
+ -Ddata=xdata.
+
+ Some symbol is defined in your system's header files, but it produces
+ conflicts with, or undesired results from, Kermit. Try undefining the
+ symbol in the makefile target's CFLAGS, for example -UFIONREAD.
+
+ Some well-known symbol is missing from your system header files. Try
+ defining in the makefile target's CFLAGS, for example -DFREAD=1.
+
+ You get many warnings about pointer mismatches. This probably means
+ that Kermit is assuming an int type for signal() when it should be
+ void, or vice-versa. Try adding -DSIG_I (for integer signal()) or
+ -DSIG_V (for void) to CFLAGS. Or just include KFLAGS=-DSIG_V (or
+ whatever) in your "make" command, for example:
+
+make bsd KFLAGS=-DSIG_V
+
+ You get many messages about variables that are declared and/or set but
+ never used. It is difficult to avoid these because of all the
+ conditional compilation in the program. Ignore these messages.
+
+ Some of C-Kermit's modules are so large, or contain so many character
+ string constants, or are so offensive in some other way, that some C
+ compilers give up and refuse to compile them. This is usually because
+ the -O (optimize) option is included in the make entry. If this
+ happens to you, you can (a) remove the -O option from the make entry,
+ which will turn off the optimizer for ALL modules; or (b) compile the
+ offending module(s) by hand, including all the switches from make
+ entry except for -O, and then give the appropriate "make" command
+ again; or (c) increase the value of the -Olimit option, if your
+ compiler supports this option; or (d) change the [147]makefile target
+ to first compile each offending module explicitly without
+ optimization, then compile the others normally (with optimization),
+ for example:
+
+#Fortune 32:16, For:Pro 2.1 (mostly like 4.1bsd)
+ft21:
+ @echo 'Making C-Kermit $(CKVER) for Fortune 32:16 For:Pro 2.1...'
+ $(MAKE) ckuusx.$(EXT) "CFLAGS= -DNODEBUG -DBSD4 -DFT21 -DNOFILEH \
+ -SYM 800 \ -DDYNAMIC -DNOSETBUF -DCK_CURSES $(KFLAGS) -DPID_T=short"
+ $(MAKE) ckuxla.$(EXT) "CFLAGS= -DNODEBUG -DBSD4 -DFT21 -DNOFILEH \
+ -SYM 800 \ -DDYNAMIC -DNOSETBUF -DCK_CURSES $(KFLAGS) -DPID_T=short"
+ $(MAKE) ckudia.$(EXT) "CFLAGS= -DNODEBUG -DBSD4 -DFT21 -DNOFILEH \
+ -SYM 800 \ -DDYNAMIC -DNOSETBUF -DCK_CURSES $(KFLAGS) -DPID_T=short"
+ $(MAKE) wermit "CFLAGS= -O -DNODEBUG -DBSD4 -DFT21 -DNOFILEH -SYM 800 \
+ -DDYNAMIC -DNOSETBUF -DCK_CURSES $(KFLAGS) -DPID_T=short" \
+ "LNKFLAGS= -n -s" "LIBS= -lcurses -ltermcap -lv -lnet"
+
+ As an extreme example, some compilers (e.g. gcc on the DG AViiON) have
+ been known to dump core when trying to compile ckwart.c with
+ optimization. So just do this one "by hand":
+
+cc -o wart ckwart.c
+
+ or:
+
+touch ckcpro.c
+
+ and then give the "make" command again.
+
+ Speaking of wart, it is unavoidable that some picky compilers might
+ generate "statement unreachable" messages when compiling ckcpro.c.
+ Unreachable statements can be generated by the wart program, which
+ generates ckcpro.c automatically from [148]ckcpro.w, which translates
+ lex-like state/input constructions into a big switch/case
+ construction.
+
+ Some function in Kermit wreaks havoc when it is called. Change all
+ invocations of the function into a macro that evaluates to the
+ appropriate return code that would have been returned by the function
+ had it been called and failed, for example: -Dzkself()=0. Obviously
+ not a good idea if the function is really needed.
+
+ If you have just installed SunOS 4.1.2 or 4.1.3, you might find that
+ C-Kermit (and any other C program) fails to link because of unresolved
+ references from within libc. This is because of a mistake in Sun's
+ /usr/lib/shlib.etc files for building the new libc. Change the libc
+ Makefile so that the "ld" lines have "-ldl" at the end. Change the
+ README file to say "mv xccs.multibyte. xccs.multibyte.o" and follow
+ that instruction.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+5. INSTALLING THE KERMIT FILES
+
+ [ [149]Top ] [ [150]Contents ] [ [151]Next ] [ [152]Previous ]
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+5.1. [153]The C-Kermit Initialization File
+5.2. [154]Text Files
+5.3. [155]Installing the Kermit Files
+5.4. [156]The Makefile Install Target
+
+ The C-Kermit executable does not need any external files to run.
+ Unlike, say, the cu program, which on most platforms is useless unless
+ you (as root) edit the /usr/spool/uucp/Systems and
+ /usr/spool/uucp/Devices files to supply whatever obscure and
+ undocumented syntax is required to match some supposedly user-friendly
+ mnemonic to the real pathname of whatever device you want to use,
+ Kermit runs on its own without needing any external configuration
+ files, and lets you refer to device (and network hosts and services)
+ by their own natural undisguised names.
+
+ Nevertheless, a number of external files can be installed along with
+ the C-Kermit executable if you wish. These include configuration and
+ customization files that are read by Kermit as well as documentation
+ files to be read by people. All of this material is (a) optional, and
+ (b) available on the Kermit website:
+
+[157]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+
+ and usually in a more pleasant form, perhaps also with updated
+ content. So if your computer is on the Internet, there is no need to
+ install anything but the Kermit executable if users know how to find
+ the Kermit website (and if they don't, Kermit's "help" command tells
+ them).
+
+ 5.1. The C-Kermit Initialization File
+
+ In C-Kermit 7.0 and earlier, the standard initialization file was a
+ key C-Kermit component because:
+
+ a. It "loaded" the dialing and network directories.
+ b. It defined all the macros and variables for the services
+ directory.
+ c. It defined macros for quickly changing Kermit's file-transfer
+ performance tuning.
+
+ The standard initialization file is quite long (more than 600 lines)
+ and requires noticeable processing time (the slower the computer, the
+ more noticeable), yet few people actually use the services directory,
+ whose definition takes up most of its bulk. Meanwhile, in C-Kermit
+ 8.0, many of the remaining functions of the standard initialization
+ file are now built in; for example, the FAST, CAUTIOUS, and ROBUST
+ commands.
+
+ More to the point, many of the settings that could be made only in the
+ initialization and customization files can now be picked up from
+ environment variables. The first group identifies initialization and
+ directory files:
+
+ CKERMIT_INI
+ The path of your Kermit initialization file, if any. This
+ overrides the built-in search for $HOME/.kermrc.
+
+ K_CHARSET
+ The character set used for encoding local text files.
+ Equivalent to SET FILE CHARACTER-SET.
+
+ K_DIAL_DIRECTORY
+ The full pathname of one or more Kermit dialing directory
+ files. Equivalent to SET DIAL DIRECTORY.
+
+ K_NET_DIRECTORY
+ The full pathname of one or more Kermit network directory
+ files. Equivalent to SET NETWORK DIRECTORY.
+
+ K_INFO_DIRECTORY
+ K_INFO_DIR
+ The full pathname of a directory containing Kermit (if any)
+ containing ckubwr.txt and other Kermit text files. Overrides
+ Kermit's built-in search for this directory.
+
+ The next group is related to dialing modems:
+
+ K_COUNTRYCODE
+ The telephonic numeric country code for this location, e.g. 1
+ for North America or 39 for Italy. It is recommended that this
+ one be set for all users, system-wide. Not only is it used to
+ process portable-format dialing directory entries, but it is
+ also compared against Kermit's built-in list of "tone
+ countries" to see if tone dialing can be used. Equivalent to
+ Kermit's SET DIAL COUNTRY-CODE command.
+
+ K_AREACODE
+ The telephonic numeric area code for this location, e.g. 212
+ for Manhattan, New York, USA. Recommend this one also be set
+ system-wide, so shared portable-format dialing directories will
+ work automatically for everybody. Equivalent to Kermit's SET
+ DIAL AREA-CODE command.
+
+ K_DIAL_METHOD
+ TONE or PULSE. Equivalent to Kermit's SET DIAL METHOD command.
+ If a dial method is not set explicitly (or implicitly from the
+ country code), Kermit does not specify a dialing method, and
+ uses the modem's default method, which tends to be pulse.
+
+ K_INTL_PREFIX
+ The telephonic numeric international dialing prefix for this
+ location. Equivalent to Kermit's SET DIAL INTL-PREFIX command.
+
+ K_LD_PREFIX
+ The telephonic numeric long-distance dialing prefix for this
+ location. Equivalent to Kermit's SET DIAL LD-PREFIX command.
+
+ K_PBX_ICP
+ The telephonic numeric PBX internal call prefix for this
+ location. Equivalent to Kermit's SET DIAL PBX-INSIDE-PREFIX
+ command.
+
+ K_PBX_OCP
+ The telephonic numeric PBX external call prefix for this
+ location. Equivalent to Kermit's SET DIAL PBX-OUTSIDE-PREFIX
+ command.
+
+ K_PBX_XCH
+ The telephonic numeric PBX exchange (first part of the
+ subscriber number). Equivalent to Kermit's SET DIAL
+ PBX-EXCHANGE command.
+
+ K_TF_AREACODE
+ A list of one or more telephonic numeric toll-free area codes.
+
+ K_TF_PREFIX
+ The telephonic numeric toll-free dialing prefix, in case it is
+ different from the long-distance prefix. Equivalent to Kermit's
+ SET DIAL TF-PREFIX command.
+
+ The final group includes well-known environment variables that are
+ also used by Kermit:
+
+ CDPATH
+ Where the CD command should look for relative directory names.
+
+ SHELL
+ The path of your Unix shell. Used by the RUN (!) command to
+ choose the shell to execute its arguments.
+
+ USER
+ Your Unix username.
+
+ EDITOR
+ The name or path of your preferred editor (used by the EDIT
+ command). Equivalent to SET EDITOR.
+
+ BROWSER
+ The name or path of your preferred web browser (used by the
+ BROWSE command). Equivalent to Kermit's SET BROWSER command.
+
+ Does this mean the initialization file can be abolished? I think so.
+ Here's why:
+
+ * Kermit already does everything most people want it to do without
+ one.
+ * Important site-specific customizations can be done with global
+ environment variables.
+ * There is no longer any need for everybody to have to use the
+ standard initialization file.
+ * This means that your initialization file, if you want one, can
+ contain your own personal settings, definitions, and preferences,
+ rather than 600 lines of "standard" setups.
+ * If you still want the services directory, you can either TAKE the
+ standard initialization file (which must be named anything other
+ than $HOME/.kermrc to avoid being executed automatically every
+ time you start Kermit), or you can make it a kerbang script and
+ execute it "directly" (the [158]makefile install target does this
+ for you by putting ckermit.ini in the same directory as the Kermit
+ binary, adding the appropriate Kerbang line to the top, and giving
+ it execute permission).
+
+ In fact, you can put any number of kerbang scripts in your PATH to
+ start up C-Kermit in different ways, to have it adopt certain
+ settings, make particular connections, execute complicated scripts,
+ whatever you want.
+
+ 5.2. Text Files
+
+ These are entirely optional. Many of them are to be found at the
+ Kermit website in HTML form (i.e. as Web pages with clickable links,
+ etc), and very likely also more up to date. Plain-text files that
+ correspond to Web pages were simply "dumped" by Lynx from the website
+ to plain ASCII text. The format is whatever Lynx uses for this
+ purpose. If you wish, you can install them on your computer as
+ described in the [159]next section.
+
+ [160]COPYING.TXT
+ Copyright notice, permissions, and disclaimer.
+
+ [161]ckermit.ini
+ The standard initialization file, intended more for reference
+ (in most cases) than actual use; see [162]Section 5.1.
+
+ [163]ckermod.ini
+ A sample customization file.
+
+ [164]ckermit70.txt
+ Supplement to [165]Using C-Kermit for version 7.0. Available on
+ the Kermit website as:
+ [166]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html
+
+ [167]ckermit80.txt
+ Supplement to [168]Using C-Kermit for version 8.0. Available on
+ the Kermit website as:
+ [169]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html
+
+ [170]ckcbwr.txt
+ The general C-Kermit hints and tips ("beware") file. Available
+ on the Kermit website as:
+ [171]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html
+
+ [172]ckubwr.txt
+ The Unix-specific C-Kermit hints and tips file. Available on
+ the Kermit website as:
+ [173]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html
+
+ [174]ckuins.txt
+ Unix C-Kermit Installation Instructions (this file). Available
+ on the Kermit website as:
+ [175]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html
+
+ [176]ckccfg.txt
+ C-Kermit compile-time configuration options. Available on the
+ Kermit website as:
+ [177]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html
+
+ [178]ckcplm.txt
+ The C-Kermit program logic manual. Available on the Kermit
+ website as:
+ [179]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html
+
+ [180]ca_certs.pem
+ Certificate Authority certificates for secure connections (see
+ [181]Section 16).
+
+ 5.3. Installing the Kermit Files
+
+ There is an "install" target in the [182]makefile that you can use if
+ you wish. However, since every site has its own layout and
+ requirements, it is often better to install the Kermit files by hand.
+ You don't have to use the makefile install target to install C-Kermit.
+ This is especially true since not all sites build C-Kermit from
+ source, and therefore might not even have the makefile. But you should
+ read this section in any case.
+
+ If your computer already has an older version of C-Kermit
+ installed, you should rename it (e.g. to "kermit6" or "kermit7") so
+ in case you have any trouble with the new version, the old one is
+ still available.
+
+ In most cases, you need to be root to install C-Kermit, if only to
+ gain write access to directories in which the binary and manual page
+ are to be copied. The C-Kermit binary should be installed in a
+ directory that is in the users' PATH, but that is not likely to be
+ overwritten when you install a new version of the operating system. A
+ good candidate would be the /usr/local/bin/ directory, but the
+ specific choice is site dependent. Example (assuming the appropriate
+ Kermit binary is stored in your current directory as "wermit", e.g.
+ because you just built it from source and that's the name the makefile
+ gave it):
+
+mv wermit /usr/local/bin/kermit
+chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/kermit
+
+ or (only after you finish reading this section!) simply:
+
+make install
+
+ IMPORTANT: IF C-KERMIT IS TO BE USED FOR DIALING OUT, you must also do
+ something to give it access to the dialout devices and lockfile
+ directories. The 'install' target does not attempt to set Kermit's
+ owner, group, and permissions to allow dialing out. This requires
+ privileges, open eyes, and human decision-making. Please read
+ [183]Sections 10 and [184]11 below, make the necessary decisions, and
+ then implement them by hand as described in those sections.
+
+ You should also install the man page, which is called ckuker.nr, in
+ the man page directory for local commands, such as /usr/man/man1/,
+ renamed appropriately, e.g. to kermit.1. This is also taken care of by
+ "make install".
+
+ Optionally, the text files listed in the [185]previous section can be
+ placed in a publicly readable directory. Suggested directory names
+ are:
+
+/usr/local/doc/kermit/
+/usr/local/lib/kermit/
+/usr/share/lib/kermit/
+/opt/kermit/doc/
+
+ (or any of these without the "/kermit"). Upon startup, C-Kermit checks
+ the following environment variables whose purpose is to specify the
+ directory where the C-Kermit text files are, in the following order:
+
+K_INFO_DIRECTORY
+K_INFO_DIR
+
+ If either of these is defined, C-Kermit checks for the existence of
+ the ckubwr.txt file (Unix C-Kermit Hints and Tips). If not found, it
+ checks the directories listed above (both with and without the
+ "/kermit") plus several others to see if they contain the ckubwr.txt
+ file. If found, various C-Kermit messages can refer the user to this
+ directory.
+
+ Finally, if you want to put the source code files somewhere for people
+ to look at, you can do that too.
+
+ 5.4. The Makefile Install Target
+
+ The makefile "install" target does almost everything for you if you
+ give it the information it needs by setting the variables described
+ below. You can use this target if:
+
+ * You downloaded the [186]complete C-Kermit archive and built
+ C-Kermit from source; or:
+ * You downloaded an [187]individual C-Kermit binary and the
+ [188]C-Kermit text-file archive, and your computer has a "make"
+ command.
+
+ Here are the parameters you need to know:
+
+ BINARY
+ Name of the binary you want to install as "kermit". Default:
+ "wermit".
+
+ prefix
+ (lower case) If you define this variable, its value is
+ prepended to all the following xxxDIR variables (8.0.211 and
+ later).
+
+ DESTDIR
+ If you want to install the Kermit files in a directory
+ structure like /opt/kermit/bin/, /opt/kermit/doc/,
+ /opt/kermit/src/, then define DESTIR as the root of this
+ structure; for example, /opt/kermit. The DESTDIR string should
+ not end with a slash. By default, DESTDIR is not defined. If it
+ is defined, but the directory does not exist, the makefile
+ attempts to create it, which might require you to be root. Even
+ so, this can fail if any segments in the path except the last
+ one do not already exist. WARNING: If the makefile creates any
+ directories, it gives them a mode of 755, and the default owner
+ and group. Modify these by hand if necessary.
+
+ BINDIR
+ Directory in which to install the Kermit binary (and the
+ standard C-Kermit initialization file, if it is found, as a
+ Kerbang script). If DESTDIR is defined, BINDIR must start with
+ a slash. BINDIR must not end with a slash. If DESTDIR is
+ defined, BINDIR is a subdirectory of DESTDIR. If BINDIR does
+ not exist, the makefile attempts to create it as with DESTDIR.
+ Default: /usr/local/bin.
+
+ MANDIR
+ Directory in which to install the C-Kermit manual page as
+ "kermit" followed by the manual-chapter extension (next item).
+ Default: /usr/man/man1. If MANDIR is defined, the directory
+ must already exist.
+
+ MANEXT
+ Extension for the manual page. Default: 1 (digit one).
+
+ SRCDIR
+ Directory in which to install the C-Kermit source code. If
+ DESTDIR is defined, this is a subdirectory of DESTDIR. Default:
+ None.
+
+ CERTDIR
+ For secure builds only: Directory in which to install the
+ ca_certs.pem file. This must be the verification directory used
+ by programs that use the SSL libraries at your site. Default:
+ none. Possibilities include: /usr/local/ssl, /opt/ssl,
+ /usr/lib/ssl, . . . If CERTDIR is defined, the directory
+ must already exist.
+
+ INFODIR
+ Directory in which to install the C-Kermit text files. If
+ DESTDIR is defined, this is a subdirectory of DESTDIR. Default:
+ None. If INFODIR is defined but does not exist, the makefile
+ attempts to create it, as with DESTDIR.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ make install
+ Installs "wermit" as /usr/local/bin/kermit with permissions
+ 755, the default owner and group, and no special privileges.
+ The manual page is installed as /usr/man/man1/kermit.1. Text
+ files are not copied anywhere, nor are the sources.
+
+ make MANDIR= install
+ Just like "make install" but does not attempt to install the
+ manual page.
+
+ make DESTDIR=/opt/kermit BINDIR=/bin SRCDIR=/src INFODIR=/doc install
+ Installs the Kermit binary "wermit" as /opt/kermit/bin/kermit,
+ puts the source code in /opt/kermit/src, and puts the text
+ files in /opt/kermit/doc, creating the directories if they
+ don't already exist, and puts the man page in the default
+ location.
+
+ make BINDIR=/usr/local/bin CERTDIR=/usr/local/ssl install
+ Installs the Kerberized Kermit binary "wermit" as
+ /usr/local/bin/kermit, puts the CA Certificates file in
+ /usr/local/ssl/, and the man page in the normal place.
+
+ For definitive information, see the makefile. The following is
+ excerpted from the 8.0.211 makefile:
+
+# The following symbols are used to specify library and header file locations
+# Redefine them to the values used on your system by:
+# . editing this file
+# . defining the values on the command line
+# . defining the values in the environment and use the -e option
+#
+prefix = /usr/local
+srproot = $(prefix)
+sslroot = $(prefix)
+manroot = $(prefix)
+
+K4LIB=-L/usr/kerberos/lib
+K4INC=-I/usr/kerberos/include
+K5LIB=-L/usr/kerberos/lib
+K5INC=-I/usr/kerberos/include
+SRPLIB=-L$(srproot)/lib
+SRPINC=-I$(srproot)/include
+SSLLIB=-L$(sslroot)/ssl/lib
+SSLINC=-I$(sslroot)/ssl/include
+...
+WERMIT = makewhat
+BINARY = wermit
+DESTDIR =
+BINDIR = $(prefix)/bin
+MANDIR = $(manroot)/man/man1
+MANEXT = 1
+SRCDIR =
+INFODIR =
+CERTDIR =
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+6. INSTALLING UNIX C-KERMIT FROM DOS-FORMAT DISKETTES
+
+ [ [189]Top ] [ [190]Contents ] [ [191]Next ] [ [192]Previous ]
+
+ This section is obsolete. We don't distribute C-Kermit on diskettes
+ any more because (a)there is no demand, and (b) it no longer fits.
+
+ If you received a DOS-format diskette containing a binary executable
+ C-Kermit program plus supporting text files, be sure to chmod +x the
+ executable before attempting to run it.
+
+ In version 5A(190) and later, all the text files on the C-Kermit
+ DOS-format diskettes are in Unix format: LF at the end of each line
+ rather than CRLF. This means that no conversions are necessary when
+ copying to your Unix file system, and that all the files on the
+ diskette, text and binary, can be copied together. The following
+ comments apply to the DOS-format diskettes furnished with version
+ 5A(189) and earlier or to other DOS-format diskettes you might have
+ obtained from other sources.
+
+ If you have received C-Kermit on MS-DOS format diskettes (such as
+ those distributed by Columbia University), you should make sure that
+ your DOS-to-Unix conversion utility (such as "dosread") both: (1)
+ changes line terminators in all files from carriage-return linefeed
+ (CRLF) to just linefeed (LF) (such as "dosread -a") and remove any
+ Ctrl-Z's, and (2) that all filenames are converted from uppercase to
+ lowercase. If these conversions were not done, you can use the
+ following shell script on your Unix system to do them:
+
+---(cut here)---
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# Shell script to convert C-Kermit DOS-format files into Unix format.
+# Lowercases the filenames, strips out carriage returns and Ctrl-Z's.
+#
+x=$1 # the name of the source directory
+y=$2 # the name of the target directory if [ $# -lt 2 ]; then
+ echo "usage: $0 source-directory target-directory"
+ exit 1
+fi
+if cd $1 ; then
+ echo "Converting files from $1 to $2"
+else
+ echo "$0: cannot cd to $1"
+ exit 1
+fi
+for i in *; do
+ j=`echo $i | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'`
+ echo $x/$i =\> $y/$j
+ tr -d '\015\032' < $i > $y/$j
+done
+---(cut here)---
+
+ Cut out this shell script, save it as "convert.sh" (or any other name
+ you prefer), then "chmod +x convert.sh". Then, create a new, empty
+ directory to put the converted files in, and then "convert.sh /xxx
+ /yyy" where /xxx is the name of the directory where the PC-format
+ files are, and /yyy is the name of the new, empty directory. The
+ converted files will appear in the new directory.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+7. CHECKING THE RESULTS
+
+ [ [193]Top ] [ [194]Contents ] [ [195]Next ] [ [196]Previous ]
+
+ First some quick checks for problems that can be easily corrected by
+ recompiling with different options:
+
+ DIRECTORY listing is garbage
+ Permissions, size, and date are random garbage (but the
+ filenames are correct) in a C-Kermit DIRECTORY listing. On some
+ platforms, the lstat() function is present but simply doesn't
+ work; try adding -DNOLSTAT to CFLAGS and rebuild. If that
+ doesn't fix it, also add -DNOLINKBITS. If it's still not fixed,
+ remove -DNOLSTAT and -DNOLINKBITS and add -DNOSYMLINK.
+
+ curses
+ When you make a connection with C-Kermit and transfer files
+ using the fullscreen (curses) file-transfer display, and then
+ get the C-Kermit> prompt back afterwards, do characters echo
+ when you type them? If not, the curses library has altered the
+ buffering of /dev/tty. Try rebuilding with KFLAGS=-DCK_NEWTERM.
+ If it already has -DCK_NEWTERM in CFLAGS, try removing it. If
+ that doesn't help, then rebuild with -DNONOSETBUF (yes, two
+ NO's). If none of this works (and you can't fix the code), then
+ either don't use the fullscreen display, or rebuild with
+ -DNOCURSES.
+
+ Ctrl-L or any SCREEN command crashes C-Kermit:
+ Rebuild with -DNOTERMCAP.
+
+ No prompt after CONNECT:
+ After escaping back from CONNECT mode, does your C-Kermit>
+ prompt disappear? (Yet, typing "?" still produces a command
+ list, etc) In that case, add -DCKCONINTB4CB to CFLAGS and
+ rebuild.
+
+ Here is a more thorough checklist can use to tell whether your version
+ of C-Kermit was built correctly for your Unix system, with hints on
+ how to fix or work around problems:
+
+ a. Start C-Kermit (usually by typing "./wermit" in the directory
+ where you ran the makefile). Do you see the C-Kermit> prompt? If
+ not, C-Kermit incorrectly deduced that it was running in the
+ background. The test is in conbgt() in [197]ckutio.c. If you can
+ fix it for your system, please send in the fix (Hint: read about
+ "PID_T" below). Otherwise, you can force C-Kermit to foreground
+ mode by starting it with the -z command line option, as in "kermit
+ -z", or giving the interactive command SET BACKGROUND OFF.
+ b. When you type characters at the C-Kermit prompt, do they echo
+ immediately? If not, something is wrong with concb() and probably
+ the other terminal mode settings routines in [198]ckutio.c. Be
+ sure you have used the most appropriate make entry.
+ c. At the C-Kermit> prompt, type "send ./?". C-Kermit should list all
+ the files in the current directory. If not, it was built for the
+ wrong type of Unix file system. Details below. In the meantime,
+ try SET WILDCARD-EXPANSION SHELL as a workaround.
+ d. CD to a directory that contains a variety of files, symlinks, and
+ subdirectories and give a DIRECTORY command at the C-Kermit>
+ prompt. Do the permissions, size, and date appear correct? If not
+ see [199]Section 4.0.
+ e. Assuming your platform supports long file names, create a file
+ with a long name in your current directory, e.g.:
+
+$ touch thisisafilewithaveryveryveryveryveryveryveryverylooooooooongname
+
+ (you might need to make it longer than this, perhaps as long as
+ 257 or even 1025 characters).
+ Check with ls to see if your version of Unix truncated the name.
+ Now start C-Kermit and type "send thisis<ESC>". Does Kermit
+ complete the name, showing the same name as ls did? If not, wrong
+ filesystem. Read on.
+ f. Make sure that Kermit has the maximum path length right. Just type
+ SHOW FILE and see what it says about this. If it is too short,
+ there could be some problems at runtime. To correct, look in
+ [200]ckcdeb.h to see how the symbol CKMAXPATH is set and make any
+ needed adjustments.
+ g. Send a file to your new Kermit program from a different Kermit
+ program that is known to work. Is the date/timestamp of the new
+ file identical to the original? If not, adjustments are needed in
+ zstrdt() in [201]ckufio.c.
+ h. Go to another computer (Computer B) from which you can send files
+ to C-Kermit. Connect Computer B to the computer (A) where you are
+ testing C-Kermit. Then:
+ i. Send a file from B to A. Make sure it transferred OK and was
+ created with the the right name.
+ j. Send a file from B to A, specifying an "as-name" that is very,
+ very long (longer than the maximum name length on computer A).
+ Check to make sure that the file was received OK and that its name
+ was truncated to Computer A's maximum length. If not, check the
+ MAXNAMLEN definition in [202]ckufio.c.
+ k. Tell C-Kermit on Computer A to "set receive pathnames relative"
+ and then send it a file from Computer B specifying an as-name that
+ contains several directory segments:
+
+send foo dir1/dir2/dir3/foo
+
+ Check to make sure that dir1/dir2/dir3/foo was created in Computer
+ A's current directory (i.e. that three levels of directories were
+ created).
+ l. Repeat step k, but make each path segment in the pathname longer
+ than Computer A's maximum name length. Make sure each directory
+ name, and the final filename, were truncated properly.
+ m. Type Ctrl-C (or whatever your Unix interrupt character is) at the
+ prompt. Do you get "^C..." and a new prompt? If instead, you get a
+ core dump (this shouldn't happen any more) "rm core" and then
+ rebuild with -DNOCCTRAP added to your CFLAGS. If it did work, then
+ type another Ctrl-C. If this does the same thing as the first one,
+ then Ctrl-C handling is OK. Otherwise, the SIGINT signal is either
+ not getting re-armed (shouldn't happen) or is being masked off
+ after the first time it is caught, in which case, if your Unix is
+ POSIX-based, try rebuilding C-Kermit with -DCK_POSIX_SIG.
+ n. Type Ctrl-Z (or whatever your Unix suspend character is) to put
+ C-Kermit in the background. Did it work? If nothing happened, then
+ (a)your version of Unix does not support job control, or (b) your
+ version of C-Kermit was probably built with -DNOJC. If your
+ session became totally frozen, then you are probably running
+ C-Kermit on a Unix version that supports job control, but under a
+ shell that doesn't. If that's not the case, look in the congm()
+ and psuspend() routines in [203]ckutio.c and see if you can figure
+ out what's wrong. If you can't, rebuild with -DNOJC.
+ o. Give a SET LINE command for a dialout device, e.g. "set line
+ /dev/tty00". If you got some kind of permission or access denied
+ message, go read [204]Section 10 and then come back here.
+ p. After giving a successful SET LINE command, type "show comm" to
+ see the communication parameters. Do they make sense?
+ q. Type "set speed ?" and observe the list of available speeds. Is it
+ what you expected? If not, see [205]Section 2) of the
+ [206]Configurations Options document.
+ r. Give a SET SPEED command to change the device's speed. Did it
+ work? (Type "show comm" again to check.)
+ s. Try dialing out: SET MODEM TYPE , SET LINE , SET SPEED , DIAL . If
+ it doesn't work, keep reading. After dialing, can you REDIAL?
+ t. If your version was built with TCP/IP network support, try the
+ TELNET command.
+ u. Transfer some files in remote mode on incoming asynchronous serial
+ (direct or modem) connections, and on incoming network (telnet,
+ rlogin, terminal server) connections. If you get lots of errors,
+ try different SET FLOW settings on the remote Kermit program.
+ v. Establish a serial connection from C-Kermit to another computer
+ (direct or dialed) and transfer some files. If you have network
+ support, do the same with a network connection.
+ w. If your version was built with fullscreen file transfer display
+ support, check that it works during local-mode file transfer.
+ Also, check C-Kermit's operation afterwards: is the echoing funny?
+ etc etc. If there are problems, see [207]Section 4.
+ x. If your version was built with script programming language
+ support, TAKE the ckedemo.ksc file to give it a workout.
+ y. Does C-Kermit interlock correctly with UUCP-family programs (cu,
+ tip, uucp, etc)? If not, read the section [208]DIALING OUT AND
+ COORDINATING WITH UUCP below.
+ z. Modem signals... Give a SET LINE command to a serial device and
+ then type the SHOW MODEM command. If it says "Modem signals
+ unavailable in this version of Kermit", then you might want to
+ look at the ttgmdm() routine in [209]ckutio.c and add the needed
+ code -- if indeed your version of Unix provides a way to get modem
+ signals (some don't; e.g. modem signals are a foreign concept to
+ POSIX, requiring politically incorrect workarounds).
+ aa. If it says "Modem signals unavailable", then it is likely that the
+ API for getting modem signals is provided, but it doesn't actually
+ do anything (e.g. ioctl(ttyfd,TIOCMGET,&x) returns EINVAL).
+ ab. In any case, it still should be able to manipulate the DTR signal.
+ To test, SET LINE , SET MODEM NONE, and HANGUP. The DTR light
+ should go out momentarily. If it doesn't, see if you can add the
+ needed code for your system to the tthang() routine in
+ [210]ckutio.c.
+ ac. If your version of Kermit has the SET FLOW RTS/CTS command, check
+ to see if it works: give Kermit this command, set your modem for
+ RTS/CTS, transfer some files (using big packet and window sizes)
+ and watch the RTS and CTS lights on the modem. If they go on and
+ off (and Kermit does not get packet errors), then it works. If
+ your version of Kermit does not have this command, but your
+ version of Unix does support hardware flow control, take a look at
+ the tthflow() command in [211]ckutio.c and see if you can add the
+ needed code (see the section on [212]HARDWARE FLOW CONTROL below).
+ (And please [213]send back any added code, so that others can
+ benefit from it and it can be carried forward into future
+ releases.)
+ ad. If C-Kermit starts normally and issues its prompt, echoing is
+ normal, etc, but then after returning from a CONNECT session, the
+ prompt no longer appears, try rebuilding with -DCKCONINTB4CB.
+ ae. (8.0.206 or later) Type some commands at the C-Kermit prompt. Can
+ you use the Up-arrow and Down-arrow keys on your keyboard to
+ access Kermit's command history? If not, and you're a programmer,
+ take a look at the USE_ARROWKEYS sections of ckucmd.c.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+8. REDUCING THE SIZE OF THE EXECUTABLE PROGRAM IMAGE
+
+ [ [214]Top ] [ [215]Contents ] [ [216]Next ] [ [217]Previous ]
+
+ Also see: [218]C-Kermit Configuration Options
+
+ a. Many of C-Kermit's options and features can be deselected at
+ compile time. The greatest savings at the least sacrifice in
+ functionality is to disable the logging of debug information by
+ defining NODEBUG during compilation. See the [219]Configurations
+ Options document for further information.
+ b. Use shared libraries rather than static linking. This is the
+ default on many Unix systems anyway. However, executables built
+ for dynamic linking with shared libraries are generally not
+ portable away from the machine they were built on, so this is
+ recommended if the binary is for your use only.
+ c. Most Unix systems have a "strip" command to remove symbol table
+ information from an executable program image. "man strip" for
+ further information. The same effect can be achieved by including
+ "-s" among the link flags when building C-Kermit.
+ d. SCO, Interactive, and some other Unix versions have an "mcs"
+ command. "mcs -d wermit" can be used to delete the contents of the
+ ".comment" section from the executable program image.
+ e. Many modern optimizers can be instructed to optimize for space
+ rather than execution efficiency. Check the CFLAGS in the makefile
+ target, adjust as desired.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+9. UNIX VERSIONS
+
+ [ [220]Top ] [ [221]Contents ] [ [222]Next ] [ [223]Previous ]
+
+ SECTION CONTENTS
+
+9.1 [224]Standards
+ 9.1.1. [225]POSIX
+ 9.1.2. [226]ANSI C
+ 9.1.3. [227]Other Standards
+9.2. [228]Library Issues
+9.3. [229]Unix File System Peculiarities
+9.4. [230]Hardware Flow Control
+9.5. [231]Terminal Speeds
+9.6. [232]Millisecond Sleeps
+9.7. [233]Nondestructive Input Buffer Peeking
+9.8. [234]Other System-Dependent Features
+9.9. [235]Terminal Interruption
+
+ There are several major varieties of Unix: Bell Laboratories Seventh
+ Edition, AT&T System V, Berkeley Standard Distribution (BSD), and
+ POSIX. Each has many, many subvarieties and descendents, and there are
+ also hybrids that exhibit symptoms of two or more varieties, plus
+ special quirks of their own.
+
+ Seventh edition versions of C-Kermit include the compile-time option
+ -DV7 in the CFLAGS string in the makefile target. Various V7-based
+ implementations are also supported: -DCOHERENT, -DMINIX, etc.
+
+ AT&T-based versions of Unix Kermit include the compile-time option
+ -DATTSV (standing for AT∓T Unix System V). This applies to System
+ III and to System V up to and including Release 2. For System V
+ Release 3, the flag -DSVR3 should be used instead (which also implies
+ -DATTSV). This is because the data type of signal() and several other
+ functions was changed between SVR2 and SVR3. For System V Release 4,
+ include -DSVR4 because of changes in UUCP lockfile conventions; this
+ also implies -DSVR3 and -DATTSV.
+
+ For BSD, the flag -BSDxx must be included, where xx is the BSD version
+ number, for example BSD4 (for version 4.2 or later, using only 4.2
+ features), -DBSD41 (for BSD 4.1 only), -DBSD43 (for 4.3), -DBSD29 (BSD
+ 2.9 for DEC PDP-11s). -DBSD44 is for 4.4BSD, which is the basis of
+ FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, BSDI, and Mac OS X, and which contains many
+ POSIX features, and has little relation to 4.3BSD and earlier.
+
+ For POSIX, include the flag -DPOSIX. POSIX defines a whole new set of
+ terminal i/o functions that are not found in traditional AT&T or
+ Berkeley implementations, and also defines the symbol _POSIX_SOURCE,
+ which is used in many system and library header files, mainly to
+ disable non-POSIX (i.e. useful) features.
+
+ Note (circa 1997): In order to enable serial speeds higher than 38400
+ bps, it is generally necessary to add -DPOSIX (among other things),
+ since the older terminal APIs can not accommodate the new speeds --
+ out o' bits. But this often also means wholesale conversion to POSIX
+ APIs. In general, just try adding -DPOSIX and then see what goes
+ wrong. Be wary of features disappearing: when _POSIX_SOURCE is
+ defined, all sorts of things that were perfectly OK before suddenly
+ become politically incorrect -- like reading modem signals, doing
+ hardware flow control, etc. POSIX was evidently not designed with
+ serial communication in mind!
+
+ Case in point: In UnixWare 7.0, #define'ing POSIX causes strictness
+ clauses in the header files to take effect. These prevent <sys/time.h>
+ from defining the timeval and timezone structs, which are needed for
+ all sorts of things (like select()). Thus, if we want the high serial
+ speeds, we have to circumvent the POSIX clauses.
+
+ Similarly in SCO OpenServer R5.0.4 where, again, we must use the POSIX
+ APIs to get at serial speeds higher than 38400, but then doing so
+ removes hardware flow control -- just when we need it most! In cases
+ like this, dirty tricks are the only recourse (search for SCO_OSR504
+ in [236]ckutio.c for examples).
+
+ For reasons like this, Unix implementations tend to be neither pure
+ AT&T nor pure BSD nor pure POSIX, but a mixture of two or more of
+ these, with "compatibility features" allowing different varieties of
+ programs to be built on the same computer. In general, Kermit tries
+ not to mix and match but to keep a consistent repertoire throughout.
+ However, there are certain Unix implementations that only work when
+ you mix and match. For example, the Silicon Graphics IRIX operating
+ system (prior to version 3.3) is an AT&T Unix but with a BSD file
+ system. The only way you can build Kermit successfully for this
+ configuration is to include -DSVR3 plus the special option -DLONGFN,
+ meaning "pretend I was built with -DBSDxx when it's time to compile
+ file-related code". See the "iris" makefile target.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.1. Standards
+
+ [ [237]Top ] [ [238]Section Contents ] [ [239]Contents ] [ [240]Next ]
+
+ SUBSECTION CONTENTS
+
+9.1.1. [241]POSIX
+9.1.2. [242]ANSI C
+9.1.3. [243]Other Standards
+
+ In edits 166-167 (1988-89), C-Kermit was heavily modified to try to
+ keep abreast of new standards while still remaining compatible with
+ old versions of C and Unix. There are two new standards of interest:
+ ANSI C (as described in Kernighan and Ritchie, "The C Programming
+ Language", Second Edition, Prentice Hall, 1988) and POSIX.1 (IEEE
+ Standard 1003.1 and ISO/IEC 9945-1, 1990, "Portable Operating System
+ Interface"). These two standards have nothing to do with each other:
+ you can build C-Kermit with a non-ANSI compiler for a POSIX system, or
+ for a non-POSIX system with with an ANSI compiler.
+
+ 9.1.1. POSIX
+
+ POSIX.1 defines a repertoire of system functions and header files for
+ use by C language programs. Most notably, the ioctl() function is not
+ allowed in POSIX; all ioctl() functions have been replaced by
+ device-specific functions like tcsetattr(), tcsendbreak(), etc.
+
+ Computer systems that claim some degree of POSIX compliance have made
+ some attempt to put their header files in the right places and give
+ them the right names, and to provide system library functions with the
+ right names and calling conventions. Within the header files,
+ POSIX-compliant functions are supposed to be within #ifdef
+ _POSIX_SOURCE..#endif conditionals, and non-POSIX items are not within
+ these conditionals.
+
+ If Kermit is built with neither -D_POSIX_SOURCE nor -DPOSIX, the
+ functions and header files of the selected version of Unix (or VMS,
+ etc) are used according to the CFLAGS Kermit was built with.
+
+ If Kermit is built with -D_POSIX_SOURCE but not -DPOSIX, then one of
+ the -DBSD or -DATTSV flags (or one that implies them) must also be
+ defined, but it still uses only the POSIX features in the system
+ header files. This allows C-Kermit to be built on BSD or AT&T systems
+ that have some degree of POSIX compliance, but still use BSD or AT&T
+ specific features.
+
+ The dilimma is this: it is often necessary to define _POSIX_SOURCE to
+ get at new or modern features, such as high serial speeds and the APIs
+ to deal with them. But defining _POSIX_SOURCE also hides other APIs
+ that Kermit needs, for example the ones dealing with modem signals
+ (others are listed just below). Thus all sorts of hideous contortions
+ are often required to get a full set of features.
+
+ The POSIX standard does not define anything about uucp lockfiles.
+ "make posix" uses NO (repeat, NO) lockfile conventions. If your
+ POSIX-compliant Unix version uses a lockfile convention such as
+ HDBUUCP (see below), use the "posix" entry, but include the
+ appropriate lockfile option in your KFLAGS on the "make" command line,
+ for example:
+
+make posix "KFLAGS=-DHDBUUCP"
+
+ POSIX.1 also lacks certain other features that Kermit needs. For
+ example:
+
+ * There is no defined way for an application to do wildcard matching
+ of filenames. Kermit uses the inode in the directory structure,
+ but POSIX.1 does not include this concept. (Later POSIX revisions
+ include functions named (I think) glob() and fnmatch(), but these
+ functions are not yet in Kermit, and might not be appropriate in
+ any case.)
+ * There is no POSIX mechanism for sensing or controlling modem
+ signals, nor to enable RTS/CTS or other hardware flow control.
+ * There is no select() for multiplexing i/o, and therefore no
+ TCP/IP.
+ * There is no way to check if characters are waiting in a
+ communications device (or console) input buffer, short of trying
+ to read them -- no select(), ioctl(fd,FIONREAD,blah), rdchk(),
+ etc. This is bad for CONNECT mode and bad for sliding windows.
+ * No way to do a millisecond sleep (no nap(), usleep(), select(),
+ etc).
+ * There is no popen().
+
+ So at this point, there cannot be one single fully functional POSIX
+ form of C-Kermit unless it also has "extensions", as do Linux, QNX,
+ etc.
+
+ More on POSIX (quoting from a newsgroup posting by Dave Butenhof):
+
+ Standards tend to look at themselves as "enabling". So POSIX
+ standards say that, in order to use POSIX functions, a program must
+ define some macro that will put the development environment in
+ "POSIX mode". For the ancient POSIX 1003.1-1990, the symbol is
+ _POSIX_SOURCE. For recent revisions, it's _POSIX_C_SOURCE with an
+ appropriate value. POSIX 1003.1-1996 says that, to use its features
+ in a portable manner, you must define _POSIX_C_SOURCE=199506L
+ before including any header files.
+
+ But for Solaris, or Digital Unix, the picture is different. POSIX
+ is one important but small part of the universe. Yet POSIX
+ unconditionally and unambiguously REQUIRES that, when
+ _POSIX_C_SOURCE=199506L, ALL of the functions and definitions
+ required by the standard, and NO others (except in specific
+ restricted namespaces, specifically "_" followed by an uppercase
+ letter or "__" followed by a lowercase letter) shall be visible.
+ That kinda puts a cramp on BSD and SVID support, because those
+ require names that are not in the "protected" POSIX namespaces.
+ It's ILLEGAL to make those symbols visible, unless you've done
+ something else that's beyond the scope of POSIX to allow the system
+ to infer that you didn't really mean it.
+
+ In most cases, you should just compile, with no standards-related
+ macros defined. The system will make available every interface and
+ definition that isn't incompatible with the "main stream". There
+ may indeed be cases where two standards cross, and you really can't
+ use both together. But, in general, they play nicely together as
+ long as you don't do anything rash -- like telling the system that
+ it's not allowed to let them.
+
+ In the area of threads, both Solaris and Digital Unix support
+ incompatible thread APIs. We have POSIX and DCE, they have POSIX
+ and UI. The nasty areas are in the _r routines and in some aspects
+ of signal behavior. You cannot compile a single source file that
+ uses both semantics. That's life. It sounds as if Solaris defaults
+ to the UI variants, but allows you to define this
+ _POSIX_THREAD_SEMANTICS to get around it. We default to POSIX, and
+ allow you to define _PTHREAD_USE_D4 (automatically defined by the
+ cc "-threads" switch) to select the DCE thread variants. That
+ default, because you're operating outside of any individual
+ standard, is really just a marketing decision.
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.1.2. ANSI C
+
+ [ [244]Top ] [ [245]Contents ] [ [246]Section Contents ] [
+ [247]Subsection Contents ] [ [248]Next ] [ [249]Previous ]
+
+ The major difference between ANSI C and earlier C compilers is
+ function prototyping. ANSI C allows function arguments to be checked
+ for type agreement, and (when possible) type coercion in the event of
+ a mismatch. For this to work, functions and their arguments must be
+ declared before they are called. The form for function declarations is
+ different in ANSI C and non-ANSI C (ANSI C also accepts the earlier
+ form, but then does not do type checking).
+
+ As of edit 167, C-Kermit tries to take full advantage of ANSI C
+ features, especially function prototyping. This removes many bugs
+ introduced by differing data types used or returned by the same
+ functions on different computers. ANSI C features are automatically
+ enabled when the symbol __STDC__ is defined. Most ANSI C compilers,
+ such as GNU CC and the new DEC C compiler define this symbol
+ internally.
+
+ On the downside, ANSI C compilation increases the
+ administrative/bureacratic burden, spewing out countless unneeded
+ warnings about mismatched types, especially when we are dealing with
+ signed and unsigned characters, requiring casts everywhere to shut up
+ the mindless complaints -- there is no use for signed chars in Kermit
+ (or probably anywhere else). Some compilers, mercifully, include a
+ "treat all chars as unsigned" option, and when available it should be
+ used -- not only to stop the warnings, but also to avoid unhelpful
+ sign extension on high-bit characters.
+
+ To force use of ANSI C prototypes, include -DCK_ANSIC on the cc
+ command line. To disable the use of ANSI prototypes, include -DNOANSI.
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.1.3. Other Standards
+
+ [ [250]Top ] [ [251]Contents ] [ [252]Section Contents ] [
+ [253]Subsection Contents ] [ [254]Next ] [ [255]Previous ]
+
+ As the years go by, standards with-which-all-must-comply continue to
+ pile up: AES, XPG2, XPG3, XPG4, FIPS 151-2, successive generations of
+ POSIX, OSF/1, X/Open, Spec 1170, UNIX95, Open Group UNIX98, ISO/IEC
+ 9945 parts 1-4, ISO 9899, 88Open, OS 99, Single Unix Specification
+ (SUS, [256]IEEE 1003.1-2001, not to mention "mature standards" like
+ V7, 4.2/4.3BSD, System V R3 and R4 (SVID2 and SVID3), 4.4BSD (the
+ basis for BSDI, OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, Mac OS X etc), /usr/group,
+ plus assorted seismic pronouncements of the neverending series of
+ ephemeral corporate consortia, not to mention the libc-vs-glibc
+ turmoil in the Linux arena and who knows what else.
+
+ None of these standards simplifies life for portable applications like
+ C-Kermit -- each one is simply one more environment to support (or
+ circumvent, as in many cases these standards do more harm than good by
+ denying access to facilities we need, e.g. as noted in above in
+ [257]9.1.1).
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.2. Library Issues
+
+ [ [258]Top ] [ [259]Contents ] [ [260]Section Contents ] [
+ [261]Subsection Contents ] [ [262]Next ] [ [263]Previous ]
+
+ On most modern platforms, applications are -- and often must be --
+ dynamically linked. This has numerous advantages (smaller executables,
+ ability to patch a library and thereby patch all applications that use
+ it, etc), but also causes some headaches: most commonly, the library
+ ID built into the executable at link time does not match the ID of the
+ corresponding library on the target system, and so the loader refuses
+ to let the application run.
+
+ This problem only gets worse over time. In the Linux and *BSD world,
+ we also have totally different libraries (each with their own names
+ and numbering systems) that cover the same territory; for example,
+ curses vs ncurses, libc versus glibc. Combinations proliferate and any
+ given Unix computer might have any combination. For this reason it is
+ becoming increasingly difficult to produce a "Linux binary" for a
+ given architecture (e.g. PC or Alpha). There has to be a separate
+ binary for (at least) every combination of curses vs ncurses and libc
+ vs glibc.
+
+ In such cases, the best advice is for every user to build C-Kermit
+ from source code on the system where it will run. Too bad most
+ commercial Unix vendors have stopped including C compilers with the
+ operating system!
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.3. Unix File System Peculiarities
+
+ [ [264]Top ] [ [265]Contents ] [ [266]Section Contents ] [ [267]Next ]
+ [ [268]Previous ]
+
+ Normally, including a BSD, System-V, POSIX, or DIRENT flag in the make
+ entry selects the right file system code. But some versions of Unix
+ are inconsistent in this regard, and building in the normal way either
+ gives compiler or linker errors, or results in problems at runtime,
+ typically failure to properly expand wildcard file specifications when
+ you do something like "send *.*", or failure to recognize long
+ filenames, as in "send filewithaveryveryveryveryverylongname".
+
+ C-Kermit is supposed to know about all the various styles of Unix file
+ systems, but it has to be told which one to use when you build it,
+ usually in the makefile target CFLAGS as shown below, but you might
+ also have to add something like -I/usr/include/bsd to CFLAGS, or
+ something like -lbsd to LIBS.
+
+ C-Kermit gives you the following CFLAGS switches to adapt to your file
+ system's peculiarities:
+
+-DDIRENT - #include <dirent.h>
+-DSDIRENT - #include <sys/dirent.h>
+-DNDIR - #include <ndir.h>
+-DXNDIR - #include <sys/ndir.h>
+-DRTU - #include "/usr/lib/ndir.h", only if NDIR and XNDIR not defined.
+-DSYSUTIMH - #include <sys/utime.h> for setting file creation dates.
+-DUTIMEH - #include <utime.h> for setting file creation dates.
+
+ (Note, RTU should only be used for Masscomp RTU systems, because it
+ also selects certain other RTU-specific features.)
+
+ If none of these is defined, then <sys/dir.h> is used. IMPORTANT: If
+ your system has the file /usr/include/dirent.h then be sure to add
+ -DDIRENT to your makefile target's CFLAGS. "dirent" should be used in
+ preference to any of the others, because it supports all the features
+ of your file system, and the others probably don't.
+
+ Having selected the appropriate directory header file, you might also
+ need to tell Kermit how to declare the routines and variables it needs
+ to read the directory. This happens most commonly on AT&T System-V
+ based UNIXes, particularly System V R3 and earlier, that provide long
+ file and directory names (longer than 14 characters). Examples include
+ certain releases of HP-UX, DIAB DNIX, older versions of Silicon
+ Graphics IRIX, and perhaps also MIPS. In this case, try adding
+ -DLONGFN to your makefile target.
+
+ Another problem child is <sys/file.h>. Most Unix C-Kermit versions
+ need to #include this file from within [269]ckufio.c and
+ [270]ckutio.c, but some not only do not need to include it, but MUST
+ not include it because (a) it doesn't exist, or (b) it has already
+ been included by some other header file and it doesn't protect itself
+ against multiple inclusion, or (c) some other reason that prevents
+ successful compilation. If you have compilation problems that seem to
+ stem from including this file, then add the following switch to CFLAGS
+ in your makefile target:
+
+-DNOFILEH
+
+ There are a few odd cases where <sys/file.h> must be included in one
+ of the cku[ft]io.c files, but not the other. In that case, add the
+ aforementioned switch, but go into the file that needs <sys/file.h>
+ and add something like this:
+
+#ifdef XXX /* (where XXX is a symbol unique to your system) */
+#undef NOFILEH
+#endif /* XXX */
+
+ before the section that includes <sys/file.h>.
+
+ Kermit's SEND command expands wildcard characters "?" and "*" itself.
+ Before version 5A, commands like "send *" would send all regular
+ (non-directory) files, including "hidden files" (whose names start
+ with "."). In version 5A, the default behavior is to match like the
+ Bourne shell or the ls command, and not include files whose names
+ start with dot. Such files can still be sent if the dot is included
+ explicitly in the SEND command: "send .oofa, send .*". To change back
+ to the old way and let leading wildcard characters match dot files,
+ include the following in your CFLAGS:
+
+-DMATCHDOT
+
+ (In C-Kermit 6.0, there is also a command to control this at runtime.)
+
+ Complaints about data-type mismatches:
+
+ * If you get compile-time complaints about data type mismatches for
+ process-ID related functions like getpid(), add -DPID_T=pid_t.
+ * If you get compile-time complaints about data type mismatches for
+ user ID related functions like getuid(), add -DUID_T=uid_t.
+ * If you get compile-time complaints about data type mismatches for
+ user-ID related functions like getgid(), add -DGID_T=gid_t.
+ * If you get compile-time complaints about data type mismatches for
+ getpwuid(), add -DPWID_T=uid_t (or whatever it should be).
+
+ File creation dates: C-Kermit attempts to set the creation date/time
+ of an incoming file according to the date/time given in the file's
+ attribute packet, if any. If you find that the dates are set
+ incorrectly, you might need to build Kermit with the -DSYSUTIMEH flag,
+ to tell it to include <sys/utime.h>. If that doesn't help, look at the
+ code in zstrdt() in [271]ckufio.c.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.4. Hardware Flow Control
+
+ [ [272]Top ] [ [273]Contents ] [ [274]Section Contents ] [ [275]Next ]
+ [ [276]Previous ]
+
+ Hardware flow control is a problematic concept in many popular Unix
+ implementations. Often it is lacking altogether, and when available,
+ the application program interface (API) to it is inconsistent from
+ system to system. Here are some examples:
+
+ a. POSIX does not support hardware flow control.
+ b. RTS/CTS flow control support MIGHT be available for System V R3
+ and later if /usr/include/termiox.h exists (its successful
+ operation also depends on the device driver, and the device
+ itself, not to mention the cable, etc, actually supporting it). If
+ your SVR3-or-later Unix system does have this file, add:
+
+-DTERMIOX
+
+ to your CFLAGS. If the file is in /usr/include/sys instead, add:
+
+-DSTERMIOX
+
+ Note that the presence of this file does not guarantee that
+ RTS/CTS will actually work -- that depends on the device-driver
+ implementation (reportedly, many Unix versions treat
+ hardware-flow-control related ioctl's as no-ops).
+ c. Search ("grep -i") through /usr/include/*.h and
+ /usr/include/sys/*.h for RTS or CTS and see what turns up. For
+ example, in SunOS 4.x we find "CRTSCTS". Figuring out how to use
+ it is another question entirely! In IBM AIX RS/6000 3.x, we have
+ to "add" a new "line discipline" (and you won't find uppercase RTS
+ or CTS symbols in the header files).
+ d. NeXTSTEP and IRIX, and possibly others, support hardware flow
+ control, but do not furnish an API to control it, and thus on
+ these systems Kermit has no command to select it -- instead, a
+ special device name must be used. (NeXTSTEP: /dev/cufa instead of
+ /dev/cua; IRIX: /dev/ttyf00)
+
+ See the routine tthflow() in [277]ckutio.c for details. If you find
+ that your system offers hardware flow control selection under program
+ control, you can add this capability to C-Kermit as follows:
+
+ a. See if it agrees with one of the methods already used in
+ tthflow(). if not, add new code, appropriately #ifdef'd.
+ b. Add -DCK_RTSCTS to the compiler CFLAGS in your makefile target or
+ define this symbol within the appropriate #ifdefs in
+ [278]ckcdeb.h.
+
+ To illustrate the difficulties with RTS/CTS, here is a tale from Jamie
+ Watson <jw@adasoft.ch>, who added the RTS/CTS code for the RS/6000,
+ about his attempts to do the same for DEC ULTRIX:
+
+ "The number and type of hardware signals available to/from a serial
+ port vary between different machines and different types of serial
+ interfaces on each machine. This means that, for example, there are
+ virtually no hardware signals in or out available on the DECsystem
+ 3000/3100 series; on the DECsystem 5000/2xx series all modem
+ signals in/out are present on both built-in serial ports; on the
+ DECsystem 5100 some ports have all signals and some only have some;
+ and so on... It looks to me as if this pretty well rules out any
+ attempt to use hardware flow control on these platforms, even if we
+ could figure out how to do it. The confusion on the user level
+ about whether or not it should work for any given platform or port
+ would be tremendous. And then it isn't clear how to use the
+ hardware signals even in the cases where the device supports them."
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.5. Terminal Speeds
+
+ [ [279]Top ] [ [280]Contents ] [ [281]Section Contents ] [ [282]Next ]
+ [ [283]Previous ]
+
+ The allowable speeds for the SET SPEED command are defined in
+ [284]ckcdeb.h. If your system supports speeds that are not listed in
+ "set speed ?", you can add definitions for them to ckcdeb.h.
+
+ Then if the speed you are adding is one that was never used before in
+ Kermit, such as 921600, you'll also need to add the appropriate
+ keywords to spdtab[] in [285]ckuus3.c, and the corresponding case to
+ ttsspd() in [286]ckutio.c.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.6. Millisecond Sleeps
+
+ [ [287]Top ] [ [288]Contents ] [ [289]Section Contents ] [ [290]Next ]
+ [ [291]Previous ]
+
+ There is no standard for millisecond sleeps, but at least five
+ different functions have appeared in various Unix versions that can be
+ used for this purpose: nap() (mostly in System V), usleep() (found at
+ least in SunOS and NeXT OS), select() (found in 4.2BSD and later, and
+ part of any TCP/IP sockets library), nanosleep(), and sginap(). If you
+ have any of these available, pick one (in this order of preference, if
+ you have more than one):
+
+-DSELECT: Include this in CFLAGS if your system has the select() function.
+-DNAP: Include this in CFLAGS if your system has the nap() function.
+-USLEEP: Include this in CFLAGS if your system has the usleep() function.
+
+ NOTE: The nap() function is assumed to be a function that puts the
+ process to sleep for the given number of milliseconds. If your
+ system's nap() function does something else or uses some other units
+ of time (like the NCR Tower 32, which uses clock-ticks), do not
+ include -DNAP.
+
+ Reportedly, all versions of System V R4 for Intel-based computers, and
+ possibly also SVR3.2, include nap() as a kernel call, but it's not in
+ the library. To include code to use it via syscall(3112,x), without
+ having to include Xenix compatibility features, include the following
+ compile-time option:
+
+-DNAPHACK
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.7. Nondestructive Input Buffer Peeking
+
+ [ [292]Top ] [ [293]Contents ] [ [294]Section Contents ] [ [295]Next ]
+ [ [296]Previous ]
+
+ Some AT&T Unix versions have no way to check if input is waiting on a
+ tty device, but this is a very important feature for Kermit. Without
+ it, sliding windows might not work very well (or at all), and you also
+ have to type your escape character to get Kermit's attention in order
+ to interrupt a local-mode file transfer. If your system offers an
+ FIONREAD ioctl, the build procedure should pick that up automatically
+ and use it, which is ideal.
+
+ If your system lacks FIONREAD but has a select() function, this can be
+ used instead. If the build procedure fails to include it (SHOW
+ FEATURES will list SELECT), then you can add it to your CFLAGS:
+
+-DSELECT
+
+ Conversely, if the build procedure tries to use select() when it
+ really is not there, add:
+
+-DNOSELECT
+
+ Note: select() is not part of System V nor of POSIX, but it has been
+ added to various System-V- and POSIX-based systems as an extension.
+
+ Some System-V variations (SCO Xenix/UNIX/ODT and DIAB DNIX) include a
+ rdchk() function that can be used for buffer peeking. It returns 0 if
+ no characters are waiting and 1 if characters are waiting (but unlike
+ FIONREAD, it does not tell the actual number). If your system has
+ rdchk(), add:
+
+-DRDCHK: Include this in CFLAGS if your system has the rdchk() function.
+
+ Otherwise, if your version of Unix has the poll() function (and the
+ /usr/include/poll.h file) -- which appears to be a standard part of
+ System V going back to at least SVR3, include:
+
+-DCK_POLL
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.8. Other System-Dependent Features
+
+ [ [297]Top ] [ [298]Contents ] [ [299]Section Contents ] [ [300]Next ]
+ [ [301]Previous ]
+
+ Systems with <termios.h> might have the symbol IEXTEN defined. This is
+ used to turn "extended features" in the tty device driver on and off,
+ such as Ctrl-O to toggle output flushing, Ctrl-V to quote input
+ characters, etc.
+
+ In most Unix implementations, it should be turned off during Kermit
+ operation, so if [302]ckutio.c finds this symbol, it uses it. This is
+ necessary, at least, on BSDI. On some systems, however, IEXTEN is
+ either misdefined or misimplemented. The symptom is that CR, when
+ typed to the command processor, is echoed as LF, rather than CRLF.
+ This happens (at least) on Convex/OS 9.1. The solution is to add the
+ following symbol to the makefile target's CFLACS:
+
+-DNOIEXTEN
+
+ However, in at least one Unix implementation, QNX 4.21, IEXTEN must be
+ set before hardware flow control can be used.
+
+ In edits 177 and earlier, workstation users noticed a "slow screen
+ writing" phenomenon during interactive command parsing. This was
+ traced to a setbuf() call in [303]ckutio.c that made console (stdout)
+ writes unbuffered. This setbuf() call has been there forever, and
+ could not be removed without some risk. Kermit's operation was tested
+ on the NeXT in edit 178 with the setbuf() call removed, and the
+ slow-writing symptom was cured, and everything else (command parsing,
+ proper wakeup on ?, ESC, Ctrl-U, and other editing characters,
+ terminal emulation, remote-mode and local-mode file transfer, etc)
+ seemed to work as well as or better than before. In subsequent edits,
+ this change was made to many other versions too, with no apparent ill
+ effects. To remove the setbuf() call for your version of Kermit, add:
+
+-DNOSETBUF
+
+ Later reports indicate that adding -DNOSETBUF has other beneficial
+ effects, like cutting down on swapping when Kermit is run on
+ workstations with small memories. But BEWARE: on certain small Unix
+ systems, notably the AT&T 6300 and 3B1 (the very same ones that
+ benefit from NOSETBUF), NOSETBUF seems to conflict with CK_CURSES. The
+ program builds and runs OK, but after once using the curses display,
+ echoing is messed up. In this case, we use a System-V specific
+ variation in the curses code, using newterm() to prevent System V from
+ altering the buffering. See makefile entries for AT&T 6300 and 3B1.
+
+ The Unix version of C-Kermit includes code to switch to file
+ descriptor zero (stdin) for remote-mode file transfer. This code is
+ necessary to prevent Kermit from giving the impression that it is
+ "idle" during file transfers, which, at some sites, can result in the
+ job being logged out in the middle of an active file transfer by
+ idle-job monitors.
+
+ However, this feature can interfere with certain setups; for example,
+ there is a package which substitutes a pty/tty pair for /dev/tty and
+ sets file descriptor 0 to be read-only, preventing Kermit from sending
+ packets. Or... When a Unix shell is invoked under the PICK
+ environment, file descriptor 0 is inoperative.
+
+ To remove this feature and allow Kermit to work in such environments,
+ add the compile-time option:
+
+-DNOFDZERO
+
+ On some versions of Unix, earlier releases of C-Kermit were reported
+ to render a tty device unusable after a hangup operation. Examples
+ include IBM AIX on the RT PC and RS/6000. A typical symptom of this
+ phenomenon is that the DIAL command doesn't work, but CONNECTing to
+ the device and dialing manually do work. A further test is to SET DIAL
+ HANGUP OFF, which should make dialing work once by skipping the
+ pre-dial hangup. However, after the connection is broken, it can't be
+ used any more: subsequent attempts to DIAL the same device don't work.
+ The cure is usually to close and reopen the device as part of the
+ hangup operation. To do this, include the following compile-time
+ option:
+
+-DCLSOPN
+
+ Similarly, there is a section of code in ttopen(), which does another
+ close(open()) to force the O_NDELAY mode change. On some systems, the
+ close(open()) is required to make the mode change take effect, and
+ apparently on most others it does no harm. But reportedly on at least
+ one System V R4 implementation, and on SCO Xenix 3.2, the
+ close(open()) operation hangs if the device lacks carrier, EVEN THOUGH
+ the CLOCAL characteristic has just been set to avoid this very
+ problem. If this happens to you, add this to your CFLAGS:
+
+-DNOCOTFMC
+
+ or, equivalently, in your KFLAGS on the make command line. It stands
+ for NO Close(Open()) To Force Mode Change.
+
+ C-Kermit renames files when you give a RENAME command and also
+ according to the current SET FILE COLLISION option when receiving
+ files. The normal Unix way to rename a file is via two system calls:
+ link() and unlink(). But this leaves open a window of vulnerability.
+ Some Unix systems also offer an atomic rename(oldname,newname)
+ function. If your version of Unix has this function, add the following
+ to your CFLAGS:
+
+-DRENAME
+
+ C-Kermit predefines the RENAME for several Unix versions in
+ [304]ckcdeb.h (SVR4, SUNOS41, BSD44, AIXRS, etc). You can tell if
+ rename() is being used if the SHOW FEATURES command includes RENAME in
+ the compiler options list. If the predefined RENAME symbol causes
+ trouble, then add NORENAME to your CFLAGS. Trouble includes:
+
+ a. Linker complains that _rename is an unresolved symbol.
+ b. Linking works, but Kermit's RENAME command doesn't work (which
+ happens because older versions of rename() might have their
+ arguments reversed).
+
+ If rename() is not used, then Kermit uses link()/unlink(), which is
+ equivalent except it is not atomic: there is a tiny interval in which
+ some other process might "do something" to one of the files or links.
+
+ Some Unix systems (Olivetti X/OS, Amdahl UTS/V, ICL SVR3, etc) define
+ the S_ISREG and S_ISDIR macros incorrectly. This is compensated for
+ automatically in [305]ckufio.c. Other systems might have this same
+ problem. If you get a compile-time error message regarding S_ISREG
+ and/or S_ISDIR, add the following to your CFLAGS:
+
+-DISDIRBUG
+
+ Finally, here's a symbol you should NEVER define:
+
+-DCOMMENT
+
+ It's used for commenting out blocks of code. If for some reason you
+ find that your compiler has COMMENT defined, then add -UCOMMENT to
+ CFLAGS or KFLAGS! Similarly, some header files have been known to
+ define COMMENT, in which case you must add "#undef COMMENT" to each
+ C-Kermit source module, after all the #includes.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ 9.9. Terminal Interruption
+
+ [ [306]Top ] [ [307]Contents ] [ [308]Section Contents ] [ [309]Next ]
+ [ [310]Previous ]
+
+ When C-Kermit enters interactive command mode, it sets a Control-C
+ (terminal keyboard interrupt = SIGINT) trap to allow it to return to
+ the command prompt whenever the user types Control-C (or whatever is
+ assigned to be the interrupt character). This is implemented using
+ setjmp() and longjmp(). On some systems, depending on the machine
+ architecture and C compiler and who knows what else, you might get
+ "Memory fault (coredump)" or "longjmp botch" instead of the desired
+ effect (this should not happen in 5A(190) and later). In that case,
+ add -DNOCCTRAP to your CFLAGS and rebuild the program.
+
+ Job control -- the ability to "suspend" C-Kermit on a Unix system by
+ typing the "susp" character (normally Ctrl-Z) and then resume
+ execution later (with the "fg" command) -- is a tricky business.
+ C-Kermit must trap suspend signals so it can put the terminal back
+ into normal mode when you suspend it (Kermit puts the terminal into
+ various strange modes during interactive command parsing, CONNECT, and
+ file transfer). Supporting code is compiled into C-Kermit
+ automatically if <signal.h> includes a definition for the SIGTSTP
+ signal. HOWEVER... some systems define this signal without supporting
+ job control correctly. You can build Kermit to ignore SIGTSTP signals
+ by including the -DNOJC option in CFLAGS. (You can also do this at
+ runtime by giving the command SET SUSPEND OFF.)
+
+ NOTE: As of version 5A(190), C-Kermit makes another safety check.
+ Even if job control is available in the operating system (according
+ to the numerous checks made in congm()), it will still disable the
+ catching of SIGTSTP signals if SIGTSTP was set to SIG_IGN at the
+ time C-Kermit was started.
+
+ System V R3 and earlier systems normally do not support job control.
+ If you have an SVR3 system that does, include the following option in
+ your CFLAGS:
+
+-DSVR3JC
+
+ On systems that correctly implement POSIX signal handling, signals can
+ be handled more reliably than in Bell, Berkeley, or AT&T Unixes. On
+ systems (such as QNX) that are "strictly POSIX", POSIX signal handling
+ *must* be used, otherwise no signal will work more than once. If you
+ have POSIX-based system and you find that your version of Kermit
+ responds to Ctrl-C (SIGINT) or Ctrl-Z (SIGTSTP) only once, then you
+ should add the following option to your CFLAGS:
+
+-DCK_POSIX_SIG
+
+ But be careful; some POSIX implementations, notably 4.4BSD, include
+ POSIX signal handling symbols and functions as "stubs" only, which do
+ nothing. Look in <signal.h> for sigsetjmp and siglongjmp and read the
+ comments.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+10. DIALING OUT AND COORDINATING WITH UUCP
+
+ [ [311]Top ] [ [312]Contents ] [ [313]Next ] [ [314]Previous ]
+
+ NOTE: Red Hat Linux 7.2 and later include a new API that allows
+ serial-port arbitration by non-setuid/gid programs. This API has
+ not yet been added to C-Kermit. If C-Kermit is to be used for
+ dialing out on Red Hat 7.2 or later, it must still be installed as
+ described in this section and the next.
+
+ The short version:
+
+ In order for C-Kermit to be able to dial out from your Unix
+ computer, you need to give it the same owner, group, and
+ permissions as your other dialout programs, such as cu, tip,
+ minicom, uucp, seyon, etc.
+
+ The long version:
+
+ Make sure your dialout line is correctly configured for dialing out
+ (as opposed to login). The method for doing this is different for each
+ kind of Unix. Consult your system documentation for configuring lines
+ for dialing out (for example, Sun SPARCstation IPC users should read
+ the section "Setting up Modem Software" in the Desktop SPARC Sun
+ System and Network Manager's Guide, or the Terminals and Modems
+ section of the HP manual, "Configuring HP-UX for Peripherals" (e.g.
+ /usr/sbin/sam => Peripheral Devices => Terminals and Modems => Add
+ Modem).
+
+ Unlike most other multiuser, multitasking operating systems, Unix
+ allows multiple users to access the same serial device at the same
+ time, even though there is no earthly reason why two users should do
+ this. When they do, user A will read some of the incoming characters,
+ and user B will read the others. In all likelihood, neither user will
+ see them all. Furthermore, User B can hang up User A's call, etc.
+
+ Rather than change Unix to enforce exclusive access to serial devices
+ such as ttys, Unix developers chose instead to use a "lock file". Any
+ process that wants to open a tty device should first check to see if a
+ file of a certain name exists, and if so, not to open the device. If
+ the file does not exist, the process creates the file and then opens
+ the device. When the process closes the device, it destroys the
+ lockfile. This procedure was originated for use with Unix's UUCP, CU,
+ and TIP programs, and so these lockfiles are commonly called "UUCP
+ lockfiles" (UUCP = Unix-to-Unix Copy Program).
+
+ As you can imagine, this method is riddled with pitfalls:
+
+ * If a process does not observe the prevailing lockfile convention,
+ then it can interfere with other "polite" processes. And in fact,
+ very few Unix applications or commands handle lockfiles at all; an
+ original design goal of Unix was that "everything is a file", and
+ countless utilities operate on files directly (by opening them) or
+ indirectly through redirection of standard i/o, without creating
+ or looking for lockfiles.
+ * If a process crashes while it has the device open, the lockfile is
+ left behind, preventing further processes from using the device.
+ * Various versions of Unix use different names for the lockfiles,
+ put them in different directories, with different owners and
+ groups and permissions, and specify their contents differently.
+ * On a given platform, the lockfile conventions may change from one
+ Unix release to the next (for example, SunOS 4.0 to 4.1) or, in
+ the case of Linux, across different distributions.
+ * The same tty device might have more than one name, and most
+ lockfile conventions don't allow for this. Similarly for symbolic
+ links.
+
+ In an attempt to address the problem of "stale" lockfiles, most UUCP
+ implementations put the PID (Process ID) of the creating process in
+ the lockfile. Thus, another process that wants to open the
+ corresponding device can check not only for the lockfile itself, but
+ also can check the PID for validity. But this doesn't work well
+ either:
+
+ * PIDs are stored in diverse formats that change with every new
+ release (short, integer, long, or string in any of various
+ formats). If the reading program does not follow the same
+ convention as the writing program, it can diagnose a valid PID to
+ be invalid, and therefore not honor the lock.
+ * PIDs recycle. If the lockfile was created by PID 1234, which later
+ crashed without removing the lockfile, and then a new process 1234
+ exists a the time the lockfile is checked, the lockfile will be
+ improperly taken as valid, and access to the device denied
+ unnecessarily.
+
+ Several techniques address the problem of multiple names for the same
+ device:
+
+ * Multiple lockfiles. For example, if the user opens a device
+ through a symlink, a lockfile is created for both the symlink name
+ and the true name (obtained from readlink()). However, when
+ multiple drivers are installed for the same device (e.g. /dev/cua,
+ /dev/cufa, etc), this approach won't work unless all applications
+ *know* all the different names for the same device and make
+ lockfiles for all of them, which is obviously not practical.
+ * Lockfiles whose names are not based on the device name. These
+ lockfiles generally have names like LK.inode/major/minor, where
+ inode, major, and minor are numbers, which will always be the same
+ for any physical device, no matter what its name. This form of
+ lockfile is used in System V R4 and its derivatives, such as
+ Solaris, UnixWare, etc. If lockfiles must be used (as opposed to,
+ say, kernel-based locks), this would seem to be the most effective
+ form.
+
+ Most versions of Unix were not designed to accommodate third-party
+ communications software; thus vendors of these Unix products feel no
+ compunction about changing lockfile conventions from release to
+ release, since they also change their versions of the cu, uucp, tip,
+ etc, programs at the same time to match. And since the source code to
+ these programs might not be published, it is difficult for makers of
+ third-party products like C-Kermit to find out what the new
+ conventions are. It also forces release of new versions of C-Kermit
+ whenever the OS vendor makes a change like this.
+
+ Some Unix vendors have taken a small step to simplify communications
+ application development for their products: the inclusion of lockfile
+ routines in the standard system C runtime libraries to shield the
+ application from the details of lockfile management (IBM AIX is an
+ example). When such routines are used, communications applications do
+ not need modification when lockfile conventions change (although they
+ will need recompiling if the routines are statically linked into the
+ application). In the AIX example, the simple function calls ttylock(),
+ ttyunlock(), and ttylocked() replace hundreds of lines of ugly code in
+ C-Kermit that attempts to keep pace with every release of every Unix
+ product over the last 20 years. Inclusion of ttylock() code occurs
+ when:
+
+-DUSETTYLOCK
+
+ is included in the CFLAGS.
+
+ If such routines are available, they should be used. The rest of this
+ section applies when they are not.
+
+ To fit in with UUCP and other Unix-based communication software,
+ C-Kermit must have the same idea as your system's uucp, cu, and tip
+ programs about what the UUCP lock directory is called, what the
+ lockfile itself is called, and what its contents should be. In most
+ cases, C-Kermit preprocessor flags create the appropriate
+ configuration at compile time if the appropriate makefile target was
+ used (see [315]ckutio.c). The following CFLAGS options can be used to
+ override the built-in configuration:
+
+ -DLCKDIR
+ Tells Kermit that the UUCP lock directory is
+ /usr/spool/uucp/LCK.
+
+ -DACUCNTRL
+ Tells Kermit to use the BSD 4.3 acucntrl() program to turn off
+ getty (login) on the line before using it, and restore getty
+ when done.
+
+ -DHDBUUCP
+ Include this if your system uses Honey DanBer UUCP, in which
+ the lockfile directory and format are relatively standardized.
+
+ -DLOCK_DIR=\\\"/xxx/yyy\\\"
+ Gives the lock directory name explicitly. The triple quoting is
+ necessary. For example:
+
+CFLAGS= -DBSD4 -DLOCK_DIR=\\\"/usr/local/locks\\\" -DNODEBUG
+
+ (NOTE: The triple quoting assumes this is a "top-level" make
+ entry, and not a make entry that calls another one.)
+
+ -DLFDEVNO The lockfile name uses the tty device inode and major and
+ minor
+ numbers: LK.dev.maj.min, as in Sys V R4, e.g. LK.035.044.008.
+
+ When the LK.inode.major.minor form is used, a single lockfile is
+ enough. Otherwise, a single lockfile rarely suffices. For example, in
+ Linux, it is common to have a /dev/modem symbolic link to an actual
+ dialout device, like /dev/cua0 or /dev/ttyS0, whose purpose is to hide
+ the details of the actual driver from the user. So if one user opens
+ /dev/modem, a lockfile called LCK..modem is created, which does not
+ prevent another user from simulataneously opening the same device by
+ its real name.
+
+ On SCO Unix platforms, we have a slightly different problem: the same
+ device is, by convention, known by "lowercase" and "uppercase" names,
+ depending on whether it has modem control. So by convention,
+ communications programs are supposed to create the lockfiles based on
+ the lowercase name. But some programs don't follow this convention. In
+ HP-UX, we have several different names for each serial device. And so
+ on.
+
+ For this reason, on platforms where the LK.inode.major.minor form is
+ not used, C-Kermit also creates a secondary lockfile (which is simply
+ a link to the first) if:
+
+ a. The given device name is a symbolic link. The secondary link is
+ based on the device's real name.
+ b. On SCO: The device name is not a symbolic link, but it contains
+ uppercase letters. The primary link is based on the lowercase
+ name; the secondary link is based on the name that was given.
+ c. On HP-UX: The device name starts with "cu". The primary link is
+ based on the name that was given; the secondary link is based on
+ the corresponding "ttyd" device, e.g. "LCK..cua0p0" and
+ "LCK..ttyd0p0".
+
+ NOTE: symlinks are not handled in HP-UX.
+
+ Honey DanBer (HDB) UUCP, which is becoming increasingly popular, has
+ two characteristics:
+
+ a. Lockfiles are kept in /usr/spool/locks/ (usually).
+ b. A lockfile contains the process id (pid) in ASCII, rather than as
+ an int.
+
+ Non-HDB selections assume the lockfile contains the pid in int form
+ (or, more precisely, in PID_T form, where PID_T is either int or
+ pid_t, depending on your system's C library and header files). (b), by
+ the way, is subject to interpretation: the numeric ASCII string may or
+ may not be terminated by a newline, it may or may not have leading
+ spaces (or zeros), and the number of leading spaces or zeros can
+ differ, and the differences can be significant.
+
+ Even if you build the program with the right lockfile option, you can
+ still have problems when you try to open the device. Here are the
+ error messages you can get from SET LINE, and what they mean:
+
+ a. "Timed out, no carrier." This one is not related to lockfiles. It
+ means that you have SET CARRIER ON xx, where xx is the number of
+ seconds to wait for carrier, and carrier did not appear within xx
+ seconds. Solution: SET CARRIER AUTO or OFF.
+ b. "Sorry, access to lock denied." Kermit has been configured to use
+ lockfiles, but (a)the lockfile directory is write-protected
+ against you, or (b) it does not exist. The "access to lock denied"
+ message will tell you the reason. If the directory does not exist,
+ check to make sure Kermit is using the right name. Just because
+ version n of your Unix used a certain lockfile directory is no
+ gurantee that version n.1 does not use a different one.
+ Workaround: ask the system administrator to install a symbolic
+ link from the old name to the new name. Other solutions: (see
+ below)
+ c. "Sorry, access to tty device denied." The tty device that you
+ specified in your SET LINE command is read/write protected against
+ you. Solution: (see below)
+ d. "Sorry, device is in use." The tty device you have specified is
+ currently being used by another user. A prefatory message gives
+ you an "ls -l" listing of the lockfile, which should show the
+ username of the person who created it, plus a message "pid = nnn"
+ to show you the process id of the user's program. Solutions: try
+ another device, wait until the other user is finished, ask the
+ other user to hurry up, or ask the system manager for help.
+ e. "Sorry, can't open connection: reason". The device cannot be
+ opened for some other reason, which is listed.
+ f. "sh: /usr/lib/uucp/acucntrl: not found". This means your Kermit
+ program was built with the -DACUCNTRL switch, but your computer
+ system does not have the BSD 4.3 acucntrl program. Solution:
+ install the acucntrl program if you have it, or rebuild Kermit
+ without the -DACUCNTRL switch.
+
+ There are two solutions for problems (b) and (c), both of which
+ involve intervention by your Unix system administrator (superuser):
+
+ a. Have the superuser change the permission of the lockfile directory
+ and to the tty devices so that everyone on the system has
+ read/write permission.
+
+su% chmod 777 /usr/spool/locks (or whatever the path is)
+su% chmod 666 /dev/ttyXX
+
+ One risk here is that people can write lots of junk into the
+ lockfile directory, delete other people's files in the lockfile
+ directory, and intercept other people's data as it goes in and out
+ of the tty device. The major danger here would be intercepting a
+ privileged password. Of course, any user could write a short,
+ ordinary, unprivileged program to do exactly the same thing if the
+ tty device was world read/writeable. The other risk as that
+ telephone calls are not controlled -- anybody on your system can
+ make them, without having to belong to any particular group, and
+ this could run up your phone bill.
+ b. Use groups to regulate access. Normally the lockfile directory and
+ and the dialout devices will have the same group (such as uucp).
+ If so, then put everybody who's allowed to dial out into that
+ group, and make sure that the lockfile directory and the tty
+ devices have group read AND write permission. Example:
+
+su% chmod 770 /usr/spool/locks (or whatever the path is)
+su% chmod 660 /dev/ttyXX
+
+ User whatever tool is available on your platform to add users to
+ the appropropriate group (e.g. edit the /etc/group file).
+ c. Have the superuser change Kermit to run setuid and/or setgid to
+ the owner and/or group of the lockfile directory and the tty
+ devices if necessary), typically uucp (see [316]next section), but
+ NOT root. Example:
+
+su% chown uucp kermit - or - chgrp uucp kermit
+su% chmod u+s kermit (setuid) - or - chmod g+s kermit (setgid)
+
+ and then make sure the lockfile directory, and the tty devices,
+ have owner (setuid) and/or group (setgid) write permission. For
+ example:
+
+su% chmod o+rwx /usr/spool/uucp
+su% chown uucp /dev/ttyXX ; chmod 600 /dev/ttyXX
+
+ In some cases, the owner and group must be distinct; the key point
+ is that read/write access is required to both the UUCP lockfile
+ directory and the tty itself.
+
+ If you make C-Kermit setuid or setgid to root, it refuses to run:
+
+Fatal: C-Kermit setuid to root!
+
+ Example:
+
+crw-r----- 1 uucp uucp 5, 67 Feb 11 06:23 /dev/cua3
+drwxrwxr-x 3 root uucp 1024 Feb 11 06:22 /var/lock
+
+ requires suid uucp to get read/write access on /dev/cua3 and sgid to
+ get read/write access on /var/lock (since you can't set Kermit's uid
+ or gid to root).
+
+ The reason Kermit can't be setuid or setgid to root has to do with
+ the fact that some Unix OS's can't switch user or group IDs in that
+ case. Unfortunately, the prohibition against making Kermit setuid
+ or setgid to root means that Unix C-Kermit can't be used to make
+ rlogin connections by non-root users. (The rlogin port is
+ privileged, which is why the regular rlogin command is setuid root
+ -- which is safe because the rlogin program never has to create or
+ access files like Kermit does.)
+
+ For the lockfile mechanism to achieve its desired purpose --
+ prevention of access to the same tty device by more than one process
+ at a time -- ALL programs on a given computer that open, read or
+ write, and close tty devices must use the SAME lockfile conventions.
+ Unfortunately, this is often not the case. Here is a typical example
+ of how this can go wrong: In SunOS 4.0 and earler, the lockfile
+ directory was /usr/spool/uucp; in 4.1 it was changed to
+ /var/spool/locks in the quest for political correctness. Consequently,
+ any third-party programs (such as C-Kermit) that were not modified to
+ account for this change, recompiled, and reinstalled, did not use the
+ same lockfiles as uucp, tip, etc, and so the entire purpose of the
+ lockfile is defeated.
+
+ What if your Unix system does not have UUCP installed? For example,
+ you have a Unix workstation, and you do not use uucp, cu, or tip, or
+ UUCP was not even supplied with your version of Unix (QNX is an
+ example). In this case, you have two choices:
+
+ a. If there may be more than one person running Kermit at the same
+ time, competing for the same tty device, then create a special
+ lockfile directory just for Kermit, for example,
+ /usr/spool/kermit, and make sure you have read/write access to it.
+ Then add the following to your makefile target CFLAGS, as shown
+ earlier:
+
+-DLOCK_DIR=\\\"/usr/spool/kermit\\\"
+
+ b. If you are the only user on your workstation, and no other
+ processes will ever be competing with Kermit for the dialout tty
+ device, then add -DNOUUCP to your makefile target's CFLAGS and
+ rebuild Kermit.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+11. RUNNING UNIX C-KERMIT SETUID OR SETGID
+
+ [ [317]Top ] [ [318]Contents ] [ [319]Next ] [ [320]Previous ]
+
+ Even if you don't intend to run C-Kermit setuid, somebody else might
+ come along and chown and chmod it after it has been built. You should
+ be sure that it is built correctly to run setuid on your system. For
+ POSIX and AT&T Unix based versions, you don't have to do anything
+ special.
+
+ For 4.2 and 4.3 BSD-based Unix versions, you normally need not add
+ anything special to the makefile. The program assumes that the
+ setreuid() and setregid() functions are available, without which we
+ cannot switch back and forth between real and effective uids. If
+ "make" complains that _setreuid or _setregid is/are not defined, add
+ -DNOSETREU to CFLAGS. In this case it is very likely (but not certain)
+ that you cannot protect ttys and lockfiles against people and have
+ them run Kermit setuid.
+
+ If make does not complain about this, you should find out whether your
+ BSD version (4.3 or other systems like SunOS 4.x that claim to include
+ BSD 4.3 compatibility) includes the saved-setuid feature (see long
+ notes under edit 146 in ckc178.upd). If it does, then add -DSAVEDUID
+ to CFLAGS.
+
+ IMPORTANT NOTE: Most Unix system documentation will not give you
+ the required information. To determine whether your Unix system
+ supplies the the saved-original-effective-user/group-id feature,
+ use the ckuuid.c program. Read and follow the instructions in the
+ comments at the beginning.
+
+ C-Kermit for 4.4BSD-based systems automatically use sete[ug]id(). See
+ [321]ckutio.c.
+
+ If you have a version of Unix that is not BSD-based, but which
+ supplies the setreuid() and setregid() functions, and these are the
+ only way to switch between real and effective uid, add -DSETREUID to
+ your makefile target.
+
+ WARNING: There are two calls to access() in [322]ckufio.c, by which
+ Kermit checks to see if it can create an output file. These calls
+ will not work correctly when (a)you have installed C-Kermit setuid
+ or setgid on a BSD-based Unix system, and (b) the
+ saved-original-effective-uid/gid feature is not present, and (c)
+ the access() function always checks what it believes to be the real
+ ID rather than the effective ID. This is the case, for example, in
+ Olivetti X/OS and in NeXTSTEP. In such cases, you can force correct
+ operation of access() calls by defining the symbol SW_ACC_ID at
+ compile time in CFLAGS.
+
+ If you have a version of Unix that does not allow a process to switch
+ back and forth between its effective and real user and group ids
+ multiple times, you probably should not attempt to run Kermit setuid,
+ because once having given up its effective uid or gid (which it must
+ do in order to transfer files, fork a shell, etc) it can never get it
+ back, and so it can not use the original effective uid or gid to
+ create or delete uucp lockfiles. In this case, you'll either have to
+ set the permissions on your lockfile directory to make them publicly
+ read/writable, or dispense with locking altogether.
+
+ MORAL: Are you thoroughly sickened and/or frightened by all that you
+ have just read? You should be. What is the real answer? Simple. Serial
+ devices -- such as ttys and magnetic tapes -- in Unix should be opened
+ with exclusive access only, enforced by the Unix kernel. Shared access
+ has no conceivable purpose, legitimate or otherwise, except by
+ privileged system programs such as getty. The original design dates
+ from the late 1960s, when Unix was developed for laboratory use under
+ a philosophy of trust by people within shouting distance of each other
+ -- but even then, no useful purpose was served by this particular form
+ of openness; it was probably more of a political statement. Since the
+ emergence of Unix from the laboratory into the commercial market, we
+ have seen every vestige of openness -- but this one -- stripped away.
+ I'd like to see some influential Unix maker take the bold step of
+ making the simple kernel change required to enforce exclusive access
+ to serial devices. (Well, perhaps not so simple when bidirectionality
+ must also be a goal -- but then other OS's like VMS solved this
+ problem decades ago.)
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+12. CONFIGURING UNIX WORKSTATIONS
+
+ [ [323]Top ] [ [324]Contents ] [ [325]Next ] [ [326]Previous ]
+
+ On desktop workstations that are used by only the user at the console
+ keyboard, C-Kermit is always used in local mode. But as delivered,
+ C-Kermit runs in remote mode by default. To put it in local mode at
+ startup, you can put a SET LINE command in your .mykermrc.
+
+ You can also build C-Kermit to start up in local mode by default. To
+ do this, include the following in the CFLAGS in your makefile target:
+
+-DDFTTY=\\\"/dev/ttyxx\\\"
+
+ where ttyxx is the name of the device you will be using for
+ communications. Presently there is no way of setting the default modem
+ type at compile time, so use this option only for direct lines.
+
+ C-Kermit does not work well on certain workstations if it is not run
+ from within a terminal window. For example, you cannot start C-Kermit
+ on a NeXT by launching it directly from NeXTstep. Similarly for Sun
+ workstations in the Open Windows environment. Run Kermit in a terminal
+ window.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+13. BIZARRE BEHAVIOR AT RUNTIME
+
+ [ [327]Top ] [ [328]Contents ] [ [329]Next ] [ [330]Previous ]
+
+ See the "beware file",
+
+ [331]ckubwr.txt, for hints about runtime misbehavior. This section
+ lists some runtime problems that can be cured by rebuilding C-Kermit.
+
+ The program starts, but there is no prompt, and certain operations
+ don't work (you see error messages like "Kermit command error in
+ background execution"). This is because Kermit thinks it is running in
+ the background. See conbgt() in [332]ckutio.c. Try rebuilding Kermit
+ with:
+
+ -DPID_T=pid_t
+
+ added to your CFLAGS. If that doesn't help, find out the actual data
+ type for pids (look in types.h or similar file) and use it in place of
+ "pid_t", for example:
+
+ -DPID_T=short
+
+ Unexplainable and inappropriate error messages ("Sockets not supported
+ on this device", etc) have been traced in at least one case to a lack
+ of agreement between the system header files and the actual kernel.
+ This happened because the GNU C compiler (gcc) was being used. gcc
+ wants to have ANSI-C-compliant header files, and so part of the
+ installation procedure for gcc is (or was) to run a shell script
+ called "fixincludes", which translates the system's header files into
+ a separate set of headers that gcc likes. So far so good. Later, a new
+ version of the operating system is installed and nobody remembers to
+ run fixincludes again. From that point, any program compiled with gcc
+ that makes use of header files (particularly ioctl.h) is very likely
+ to misbehave. Solution: run fixincludes again, or use your system's
+ regular C compiler, libraries, and header files instead of gcc.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+14. CRASHES AND CORE DUMPS
+
+ [ [333]Top ] [ [334]Contents ] [ [335]Next ] [ [336]Previous ]
+
+ If C-Kermit constitently dumps core at the beginning of a file
+ transfer, look in SHOW FEATURES for CKREALPATH. If found, rebuild with
+ -DNOREALPATH and see if that fixes the problem (some UNIXes have
+ realpath() but it doesn't work).
+
+ Total failure of the Kermit program can occur because of bad memory
+ references, bad system calls, or problems with dynamic memory
+ allocation. First, try to reproduce the problem with debugging turned
+ on: run Kermit with the -d command-line option (for example, "wermit
+ -d") and then examine the resulting debug.log file. The last entry
+ should be in the vicinity of the crash. In VMS, a crash automatically
+ produces a "stack dump" which shows the routine where the crash
+ occurs. In some versions of Unix, you can get a stack dump with "adb"
+ -- just type "adb wermit core" and then give the command "$c", then
+ Ctrl-D to quit (note: replace "wermit" by "kermit" or by the full
+ pathname of the executable that crashed if it is not in the current
+ directory). Or use gdb to get a backtrace, etc.
+
+ In edit 186, one implementation, UNISYS 5000/95 built with "make
+ sys5r3", has been reported to run out of memory very quickly (e.g.
+ while executing a short initialization file that contains a SET DIAL
+ DIRECTORY command). Debug logs show that malloc calls are failing,
+ reason unknown. For this and any other implementation that gives error
+ messages about "malloc failure" or "memory allocation failure",
+ rebuild the program *without* the -DDYNAMIC CFLAGS definition, for
+ example:
+
+make sys5r3 KFLAGS=-UDYNAMIC
+
+ As of edit 169, C-Kermit includes a malloc() debugging package which
+ you may link with the Kermit program to catch runtime malloc errors.
+ See the makefile entries for sunos41md and nextmd for examples of how
+ to select malloc debugging. Once you have linked Kermit with the
+ malloc debugger, it will halt with an informative message if a
+ malloc-related error occurs and, if possible, dump core. For this
+ reason, malloc-debugging versions of Kermit should be built without
+ the "-s" link option (which removes symbols, preventing analysis of
+ the core dump). You have several ways to track down the malloc error:
+ Analyze the core dump with adb. Or reproduce the problem with "log
+ debug" and then look at the code around the last debug.log entry. If
+ you have gcc, build the program with "-g" added to CFLAGS and then
+ debug it with gdb, e.g.
+
+gdb wermit
+break main
+run
+.. set other breakpoints or watchpoints
+continue
+
+ Watchpoints are especially useful for finding memory leaks, but they
+ make the program run about a thousand times slower than usual, so
+ don't set them until the last possible moment. When a watchpoint is
+ hit, you can use the "where" command to find out which C-Kermit source
+ statement triggered it.
+
+ If you have the Pure Software Inc "Purify" product, see the sunos41cp
+ makefile entry for an example of how to use it to debug C-Kermit.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+15. SYSLOGGING
+
+ [ [337]Top ] [ [338]Contents ] [ [339]Next ] [ [340]Previous ]
+
+ "Syslogging" means recording selected in the system log via the Unix
+ syslog() facility, which is available in most Unix versions.
+ Syslogging is not done unless C-Kermit is started with:
+
+--syslog:n
+
+ on the command-line, where n is a number greater than 0 to indicate
+ the level of syslogging. See [341]Section 4.2 of the [342]IKSD
+ Administrator's Guide for details.
+
+ Obviously you can't depend on users to include --syslog:3 (or
+ whatever) on the command line every time they start C-Kermit, so if
+ you want certain kinds of records to be recorded in the system log,
+ you can build C-Kermit with forced syslogging at the desired level,
+ e.g.:
+
+make linux KFLAGS=-DSYSLOGLEVEL=2
+
+ Levels 2 and 3 are the most likely candidates for this treatment.
+ Level 2 forces logging of all successful dialout calls (e.g. for
+ checking against or phone bills), and level 3 records all connections
+ (SET LINE or SET HOST / TELNET / RLOGIN, etc) so you can see who is
+ connecting out from your system, and to where.
+
+ Level 2 and 3 records are equivalent to those in the connection log;
+ see the [343]C-Kermit 7.0 Supplement) for a detailed description of
+ the connection log.
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+16. BUILDING SECURE VERSIONS OF C-KERMIT 8.0
+
+ [ [344]Top ] [ [345]Contents ] [ [346]Next ] [ [347]Previous ]
+
+ C-Kermit 7.0 and later may be built with Kerberos(TM) and/or SRP(TM)
+ (Secure Remote Password) and/or SSL/TLS security for strong
+ authentication and encryption of Internet connections. These security
+ methods require external libraries that, in their binary forms, are
+ restricted from export by USA law. See the [348]Kermit Security
+ Reference) for details. C-Kermit binaries themselves are likewise
+ restricted; the C-Kermit binaries that are available for public
+ download on the Internet are not allowed to contain the security
+ options.
+
+ Sample makefile entries are provided for Linux and many other
+ operating systems. A list of secure makefile entries is included in
+ the Makefile. Complete instructions on building C-Kermit 8.0 with MIT
+ Kerberos; Secure Remote Password; and/or OpenSSL can be found in the
+ [349]Kermit Security Reference.
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 comes with a current list of Certificate Authority
+ certificates, including one for the Kermit Project that can be used
+ for authentication to Columbia's [350]Internet Kermit Service (IKSD).
+ You can use C-Kermit 7.0 or later to access Columbia's IKSD securely
+ by installing the Kermit Project certificate in
+ /usr/local/ssl/cert.pem (or the appropriate location based upon the
+ installation of OpenSSL on your system). You can find a copy of the
+ certificates file at:
+
+[351]ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ca_certs.pem
+ __________________________________________________________________________
+
+17. INSTALLING C-KERMIT AS AN SSH SERVER SUBSYSTEM
+
+ [ [352]Top ] [ [353]Contents ] [ [354]Previous ]
+
+ This requires C-Kermit 8.0.206 or later and an SSH v2 server. If you
+ list C-Kermit as a Subsystem in the SSH v2 server configuration file
+ (as, for example, SFTP is listed), users can make SSH connections
+ direct to a Kermit server as explained here:
+
+[355]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/skermit.html
+
+ The name and location of the SSH server configuration file depends on
+ your platform, which SSH product(s) you have, etc. C-Kermit itself
+ must be referred to in this file as "kermit-sshsub". On the host,
+ install the C-Kermit 8.0.211 binary in the normal way. Then, in the
+ same directory as the C-Kermit binary, make a symbolic link:
+
+ln -s kermit kermit-sshsub
+
+ (Note: the "make install" makefile target does this for you.) Then in
+ the sshd configuration file, add a line:
+
+Subsystem kermit /some/path/kermit-sshsub
+
+ (where /some/path is the fully specified directory where the symlink
+ is.) This is similar to the line that sets up the SFTP susbsystem.
+ Example:
+
+Subsystem sftp /usr/local/libexec/sftp-server
+Subsystem kermit /usr/local/bin/kermit-sshsub
+
+ The mechanics might vary for other SSH servers; "man sshd" for
+ details. The method shown here is used because the OpenSSH server does
+ not permit the subsystem invocation to include command-line options.
+ C-Kermit would have no way of knowing that it should enter Server mode
+ if it were not called by a special name.
+
+ [ [356]Top ] [ [357]Contents ] [ [358]C-Kermit Home ] [ [359]C-Kermit
+ 8.0 Overview ] [ [360]Kermit Home ]
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 Unix Installation Instructions / The Kermit Project /
+ Columbia University / 10 April 2004
+
+References
+
+ 1. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 2. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 3. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
+ 4. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html
+ 5. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x0
+ 6. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x1
+ 7. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x2
+ 8. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x3
+ 9. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4
+ 10. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5
+ 11. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x6
+ 12. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x7
+ 13. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x8
+ 14. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9
+ 15. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x10
+ 16. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x11
+ 17. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x12
+ 18. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x13
+ 19. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x14
+ 20. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x15
+ 21. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x16
+ 22. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x16
+ 23. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 24. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 25. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x1
+ 26. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html
+ 27. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html
+ 28. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html
+ 29. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html
+ 30. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x2
+ 31. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/x3
+ 32. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4
+ 33. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 34. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 35. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x2
+ 36. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x0
+ 37. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/archives/cku211.tar.Z
+ 38. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/archives/cku211.tar.gz
+ 39. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/archives/cku211.tar
+ 40. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x7
+ 41. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5
+ 42. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5
+ 43. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x16
+ 44. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 45. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 46. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x3
+ 47. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x1
+ 48. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5
+ 49. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#X10
+ 50. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x11
+ 51. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x10
+ 52. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x3
+ 53. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck80packages.html
+ 54. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x10
+ 55. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 56. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 57. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4
+ 58. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x2
+ 59. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/bin/
+ 60. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck80binaries.html
+ 61. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x7
+ 62. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#build
+ 63. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5
+ 64. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4
+ 65. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4
+ 66. mailto:kermit@columbia.edu
+ 67. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 68. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 69. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5
+ 70. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x3
+ 71. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x8
+ 72. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9
+ 73. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/makefile
+ 74. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckpker.mk
+ 75. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckubsd.mak
+ 76. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5
+ 77. mailto:kermit-support@columbia.edu
+ 78. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/makefile
+ 79. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x7
+ 80. mailto:kermit-support@columbia.edu
+ 81. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/makefile
+ 82. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5.4
+ 83. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x10
+ 84. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x11
+ 85. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5
+ 86. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/iksd.html
+ 87. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 88. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 89. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.1
+ 90. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html
+ 91. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.1
+ 92. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.2
+ 93. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.3
+ 94. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.4
+ 95. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.5
+ 96. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html
+ 97. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x8
+ 98. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/iksd.html
+ 99. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/iksd.html
+ 100. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckufio.c
+ 101. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckufio.c
+ 102. mailto:kermit-support@columbia.edu
+ 103. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcmai.c
+ 104. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x15
+ 105. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 106. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckufio.c
+ 107. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 108. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckufio.c
+ 109. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcnet.c
+ 110. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcnet.c
+ 111. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 112. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcuni.c
+ 113. mailto:kermit-support@columbia.edu
+ 114. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 115. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 116. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4
+ 117. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.2
+ 118. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.0
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+ 120. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckubwr.txt
+ 121. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html
+ 122. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckwart.c
+ 123. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcpro.w
+ 124. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcpro.c
+ 125. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 126. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 127. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4
+ 128. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.3
+ 129. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.1
+ 130. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5
+ 131. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 132. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 133. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4
+ 134. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.4
+ 135. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.2
+ 136. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 137. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 138. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4
+ 139. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.5
+ 140. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.3
+ 141. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckpker.mk
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+ 143. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
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+ 145. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.4
+ 146. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/makefile
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+ 148. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcpro.w
+ 149. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 150. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 151. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x6
+ 152. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4
+ 153. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5.1
+ 154. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5.2
+ 155. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5.3
+ 156. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5.4
+ 157. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
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+ 159. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5.3
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+ 164. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckermit70.txt
+ 165. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck60manual
+ 166. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html
+ 167. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckermit80.txt
+ 168. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck60manual
+ 169. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html
+ 170. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcbwr.txt
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+ 172. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckubwr.txt
+ 173. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html
+ 174. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckuins.txt
+ 175. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html
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+ 177. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html
+ 178. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcplm.txt
+ 179. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html
+ 180. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ca_certs.pem
+ 181. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x16"
+ 182. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/makefile
+ 183. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x?
+ 184. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x11
+ 185. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5.2
+ 186. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html#download
+ 187. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck80binaries.html
+ 188. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html#download
+ 189. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 190. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 191. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x7
+ 192. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x5
+ 193. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 194. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 195. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x8
+ 196. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x6
+ 197. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 198. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 199. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4.0
+ 200. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcdeb.h
+ 201. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckufio.c
+ 202. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckufio.c
+ 203. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 204. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x10
+ 205. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html#x2
+ 206. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html
+ 207. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x4
+ 208. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x10
+ 209. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 210. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 211. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 212. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.4
+ 213. mailto:kermit-support@columbia.edu
+ 214. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 215. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 216. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9
+ 217. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x7
+ 218. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html
+ 219. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckccfg.html
+ 220. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 221. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 222. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x10
+ 223. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x8
+ 224. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.1
+ 225. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.1.1
+ 226. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.1.2
+ 227. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.1.3
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+ 229. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.3
+ 230. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.4
+ 231. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.5
+ 232. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.6
+ 233. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.7
+ 234. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.8
+ 235. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.9
+ 236. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
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+ 238. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9
+ 239. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 240. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.2
+ 241. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.1.1
+ 242. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.1.2
+ 243. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.1.3
+ 244. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 245. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
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+ 247. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.1
+ 248. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.1.3
+ 249. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.1.1
+ 250. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 251. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 252. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9
+ 253. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.1
+ 254. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.2
+ 255. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.1.2
+ 256. http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904975/
+ 257. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.1.1
+ 258. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
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+ 267. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.4
+ 268. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.2
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+ 270. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 271. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckufio.c
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+ 278. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcdeb.h
+ 279. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
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+ 285. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckuus3.c
+ 286. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
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+ 290. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.7
+ 291. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.5
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+ 295. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.8
+ 296. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.6
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+ 300. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.9
+ 301. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.7
+ 302. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 303. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 304. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckcdeb.h
+ 305. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckufio.c
+ 306. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 307. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 308. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9
+ 309. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x10
+ 310. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9.8
+ 311. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 312. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 313. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x11
+ 314. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x9
+ 315. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 316. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x11
+ 317. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 318. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 319. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x12
+ 320. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x10
+ 321. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 322. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckufio.c
+ 323. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 324. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 325. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x13
+ 326. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x11
+ 327. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 328. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 329. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x14
+ 330. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x12
+ 331. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckubwr.txt
+ 332. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ckutio.c
+ 333. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 334. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 335. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x15
+ 336. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x13
+ 337. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 338. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 339. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x16
+ 340. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x14
+ 341. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/iksd.html#x4.2
+ 342. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/iksd.html
+ 343. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit2.html
+ 344. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 345. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 346. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x17
+ 347. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x15
+ 348. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/security.html
+ 349. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/security80.html
+ 350. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/cuiksd.html
+ 351. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/ca_certs.pem
+ 352. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 353. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 354. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#x16
+ 355. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/skermit.html
+ 356. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#top
+ 357. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html#contents
+ 358. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 359. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck80.html
+ 360. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
--- /dev/null
+
+C-KERMIT 8.0 UNIX MANUAL PAGE AND TUTORIAL
+
+ Frank da Cruz, Christine M. Gianone
+ [1]The Kermit Project, [2]Columbia University
+
+ [ [3]PDF version ] [ [4]Nroff version ]
+
+ This document is intended to give the beginner sufficient
+ information to make basic (if not advanced) use of C-Kermit 8.0.
+ Although it might be rather long for a Unix manual page (about 1600
+ lines), it's still far shorter than the C-Kermit manual, which
+ should be consulted for advanced topics such as customization,
+ character-sets, scripting, etc. We also attempt to provide a clear
+ structural overview of C-Kermit's many capabilities, functional
+ areas, states, and modes and their interrelation, that should be
+ helpful to beginners and veterans alike, as well as to those
+ upgrading to the new release.
+
+ Most recent update: 24 October 2002
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ CONTENTS
+ * [5]DESCRIPTION
+ * [6]SYNOPSIS
+ * [7]OPTIONS
+ * [8]COMMAND LANGUAGE
+ * [9]INITIALIZATION FILE
+ * [10]MODES OF OPERATION
+ * [11]MAKING CONNECTIONS
+ * [12]TRANSFERRING FILES WITH KERMIT
+ * [13]KERMIT CLIENT/SERVER CONNECTIONS
+ * [14]KERMIT'S BUILT-IN FTP AND HTTP CLIENTS
+ * [15]INTERNET KERMIT SERVICE
+ * [16]SECURITY
+ * [17]ALTERNATIVE COMMAND-LINE PERSONALITIES
+ * [18]LICENSE
+ * [19]OTHER TOPICS
+ * [20]DOCUMENTATION AND UPDATES
+ * [21]FILES
+ * [22]AUTHORS
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ DESCRIPTION [ [23]Top ] [ [24]Contents ] [ [25]Next ]
+
+ [26]C-Kermit is an all-purpose communications software package from
+ the [27]Kermit Project at [28]Columbia University that:
+
+ * Is portable to many platforms, Unix and non-Unix alike.
+ * Can make both serial and network connections.
+ * Can conduct interactive terminal sessions over its connection.
+ * Can transfer text or binary files over the same connection.
+ * Can convert text-file character sets in terminal mode or file
+ transfer.
+ * Is customizable in every aspect of its operation.
+
+ C-Kermit is a modem program, a Telnet client, an Rlogin client, an FTP
+ client, an HTTP client, and on selected platforms, also an X.25
+ client. It can make its own secure Internet connections using
+ IETF-approved security methods including Kerberos IV, Kerberos V,
+ SSL/TLS, and SRP and it can also make SSH (Secure Shell) connections
+ through your external SSH client application. It can be the far-end
+ file-transfer or client/server partner of your desktop Kermit client.
+ It can also accept incoming dialed and network connections. It can
+ even be installed as an Internet service on its own standard TCP
+ socket, 1649 [[29]RFC2839, [30]RFC2840].
+
+ And perhaps most important, everything you can do "by hand"
+ (interactively) with C-Kermit, can be "scripted" (automated) using its
+ built-in cross-platform transport-independent script programming
+ language, which happens to be identical to its interactive command
+ language.
+
+ This manual page offers an overview of C-Kermit 8.0 for Unix ("Unix"
+ is an operating system family that includes AIX, DG/UX, FreeBSD,
+ HP-UX, IRIX, Linux, Mac OS X, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Open Server, Open Unix,
+ QNX, Solaris, SunOS, System V R3, System V R4, Tru64 Unix, Unixware,
+ Xenix, and many others). For thorough coverage, please consult the
+ published C-Kermit manual and supplements (see [31]DOCUMENTATION
+ below). For further information about C-Kermit, Kermit software for
+ other platforms, and Kermit manuals, visit the Kermit Project website:
+
+ [32]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+
+ This is a longer-than-average manual page, and yet it barely scratches
+ the surface. Don't be daunted. C-Kermit is a large and complex
+ package, evolving over decades of practice and experience, but that
+ doesn't mean it's hard to learn or use. Its most commonly used
+ functions are explained here with pointers to additional information
+ elsewhere.
+
+ [ [33]Kermit Home ] [ [34]C-Kermit Home ] [ [35]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ SYNOPSIS [ [36]Top ] [ [37]Contents ] [ [38]Next ] [ [39]Previous ]
+
+ Usage: kermit [filename] [-x arg [-x arg]...[-yyy]..] [ {=,--,+} text
+ ] ]
+ Or: kermit URL
+
+ * -x is an option requiring an argument;
+ * -y is an option with no argument.
+
+ If the first command-line argument is the name of a file,
+ interactive-mode commands are executed from the file. The '=' (or
+ "--") argument tells Kermit not to parse the remainder of the command
+ line, but to make the words following '=' available as \%1, \%2, ...
+ \%9. The "+" argument is like "=" but for use in "kerbang scripts"
+ (explained [40]below). A second command-line format allows the one and
+ only argument to be a [41]Telnet, FTP, HTTP, or IKSD URL.
+
+ Order of execution:
+
+ 1. [42]The command file (if any).
+ 2. [43]The initialization file, if any, unless suppressed with -Y.
+ 3. [44]The customization file (if it is executed by the
+ initialization file).
+ 4. [45]The command-line URL (if any, and if so, execution stops
+ here).
+ 5. [46]Command-line options (if any).
+ 6. [47]Interactive commands.
+
+ Some command-line options can cause actions (such as -s to send a
+ file); others just set parameters. If any action options are included
+ on the command line, Kermit exits when finished unless also given the
+ -S ("stay") option. If no action options are given, no initialization
+ or command files contained an EXIT or QUIT command, and no fatal
+ errors occurred, Kermit issues its prompt and waits for you to type
+ commands.
+
+ Bear in mind that C-Kermit can be built with selected features
+ disabled, and also that certain features are not available on all
+ platforms. For example, C-Kermit can't be built with TCP/IP support
+ on a platform that does not have TCP/IP header files and libraries
+ (and even if Kermit does include TCP/IP support, it can't be used
+ to make TCP/IP connections on a computer that does not have a
+ TCP/IP stack installed). If your version of C-Kermit lacks a
+ feature mentioned here, use its SHOW FEATURES command to see what
+ might have been excluded.
+
+ C-Kermit has three kinds of commands: regular single-letter
+ command-line options, extended-format command-line options, and
+ interactive commands.
+
+ [ [48]Kermit Home ] [ [49]C-Kermit Home ] [ [50]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ OPTIONS [ [51]Top ] [ [52]Contents ] [ [53]Next ] [ [54]Previous ]
+
+ Like most Unix commands, C-Kermit can be be given options on the
+ command line. But C-Kermit also can be used interactively by giving it
+ [55]commands composed of words, which are more intuitive than cryptic
+ command-line options, and more flexible too. In other words, you don't
+ have to use C-Kermit's command-line options, but they are available if
+ you want to. (By the same token, you don't have to use its interactive
+ commands either -- you can use either or both in any combination.)
+
+ C-Kermit is generally installed in the PATH as "kermit", and therefore
+ is invoked by typing the word "kermit" (lowercase) at the shell
+ prompt, and then pressing the Return or Enter key. If you wish to
+ include command-line options, put them after the word "kermit" but
+ before pressing Return or Enter, separated by spaces, for example:
+
+ $ kermit -s ckermit.tar.gz
+
+ ('$' is the shell prompt; "kermit -s ckermit.tar.gz" is what you type,
+ followed by Return or Enter.)
+
+ Here is a list of C-Kermit's single-letter command-line options, which
+ start with a single dash (-), in ASCII ("alphabetical") order.
+ Alphabetic case is significant (-A is not the same as -a). The Action?
+ column contains Y for action options and N for non-action options.
+ Option Action? Description
+ -0 N (digit zero) 100% transparent Connect state for "in-the-middle"
+ operation: 8 bits, no parity, no escape character, everything passes
+ through.
+ -8 N (digit eight) Connection is 8-bit clean (this is the default in
+ C-Kermit 8.0). Equivalent to the EIGHTBIT command, which in turn is a
+ shortcut for SET TERMINAL BYTESIZE 8, SET COMMAND BYTESIZE 8, SET
+ PARITY NONE.
+ -9 arg N (digit nine) Make a connection to an FTP server. Equivalent
+ to the FTP OPEN command.
+ Argument: IP-address-or-hostname[:optional-TCP-port].
+ NOTE: C-Kermit also has a separate FTP command-line personality, with
+ regular FTP-like command-line syntax. [56]More about this below.
+ -A N Kermit is to be started as an Internet service (IKSD) (only from
+ inetd.conf).
+ -B N Kermit is running in Batch or Background (no controlling
+ terminal). To be used in case Kermit doesn't automatically sense its
+ background status. Equivalent to the SET BACKGROUND ON command.
+ -C arg N Interactive-mode Commands to be executed.
+ Argument: Commands separated by commas, list in doublequotes.
+ -D arg N Delay before starting to send in Remote mode. Equivalent to
+ the SET DELAY command.
+ Argument: Number of seconds.
+ -E N Exit automatically when connection closes. Equivalent to SET EXIT
+ ON-DISCONNECT ON.
+ -F arg N Use an open TCP connection.
+ Argument: Numeric file descriptor of open TCP connection.
+ Also see: -j, -J.
+ -G arg Y Get file(s) from server, send contents to standard output,
+ which normally would be piped to another process.
+ Argument: Remote file specification, in quotes if it contains
+ metacharacters.
+ Also see: -g, -k.
+ -H N Suppress program startup Herald and greeting.
+ -I N Tell Kermit it has a reliable connection, to force streaming to
+ be used where it normally would not be. Equivalent to the SET RELIABLE
+ ON command.
+ -J arg N "Be like Telnet." Like -j but implies -E.
+ Argument: IP hostname/address optionally followed by service.
+ NOTE: C-Kermit also has a separate Telnet command-line personality,
+ with regular Telnet-like command-line syntax. [57]More about this
+ below.
+ -L N Recursive directory descent for files in -s option.
+ -M arg N My user name (for use with Telnet, Rlogin, FTP, etc).
+ Equivalent to the SET LOGIN USER command.
+ Argument: Username string.
+ -O Y (Uppercase letter O) Be a server for One command only. Also see:
+ -x.
+ -P N Don't convert file (Path) names of transferred files. Equivalent
+ to SET FILE NAMES LITERAL.
+ -Q N Quick Kermit protocol settings. Equivalent to the FAST command.
+ This is the default in C-Kermit 7.0 and later.
+ -R N Remote-only (this just makes IF REMOTE true).
+ -S N Stay (enter command parser after action options).
+ -T N Force Text mode for file transfer; implies -V. Equivalent to SET
+ TRANSFER MODE MANUAL, SET FILE TYPE TEXT.
+ -V N Disable automatic per-file text/binary switching. Equivalent to
+ SET TRANSFER MODE MANUAL.
+ -Y N Skip (don't execute) the initialization file.
+ -a arg N As-name for file(s) in -s, -r, or -g.
+ Argument: As-name string (alternative filename). When receiving files,
+ this can be a directory name.
+ -b arg N Speed for serial device. Equivalent to SET SPEED.
+ Argument: Numeric Bits per second for serial connections.
+ -c Y Enter Connect state before transferring files.
+ -d N Create a debug.log file with detailed debugging information (a
+ second -d adds timestamps). Equivalent to LOG DEBUG but takes effect
+ sooner.
+ -e arg N Maximum length for incoming Kermit file-transfer packets.
+ Equivalent to SET RECEIVE PACKET-LENGTH.
+ Argument: Length in bytes.
+ -f Y Send a FINISH command to a Kermit server.
+ -g arg N Get file(s) from a Kermit server.
+ Argument: File specification on other computer, in quotes if it
+ contains metacharacters. Equivalent to GET.
+ Also see: -a, -G, -r.
+ -h Y Print Help text for single-letter command-line options (pipe thru
+ 'more' to prevent scrolling).
+ -i N Force binary (Image) mode for file transfer; implies -V.
+ Equivalent to SET TRANSFER MODE MANUAL, SET FILE TYPE BINARY.
+ -j arg N Make a TCP/IP connection.
+ Argument: IP host name/address and optional service name or number.
+ Equivalent to the TELNET command.
+ Also see: -J, -F.
+ -k Y Receive file(s) to standard output, which normally would be piped
+ to another process.
+ Also see: -r, -G.
+ -l arg N (Lowercase letter L) Make a connection on the given serial
+ communications device. Equivalent to the SET LINE (SET PORT) command.
+ Argument: Serial device name, e.g. /dev/ttyS0.
+ -m arg N Modem type for use with the -l device. Equivalent to the SET
+ MODEM TYPE command.
+ Argument: Modem name as in SET MODEM TYPE command, e.g. "usrobotics".
+ -n Y Enter Connect state after transferring files (historical).
+ -p arg N Parity. Equivalent to the SET PARITY command.
+ Argument: One of the following: e(ven), o(dd), m(ark), n(one),
+ s(pace).
+ -q N Quiet (suppress most messages). Equivalent to SET QUIET ON.
+ -r Y Receive file(s). Equivalent to the RECEIVE command.
+ Argument: (none, but see -a)
+ -s arg N Send file(s).
+ Argument: One or more local file specifications. Equivalent to the
+ SEND command.
+ Also see: -a.
+ -t N (Historical) Xon (Ctrl-Q) Turnaround character for half-duplex
+ connections (used on serial linemode connections to old mainframes).
+ Equivalent to SET DUPLEX HALF, SET HANDSHAKE XON.
+ -v arg N Window size for Kermit protocol (ignored when streaming).
+ Equivalanet to SET WINDOW-SIZE.
+ Argument: Number, 1 to 32.
+ -w N Incoming files Write over existing files. Equivalent to SET FILE
+ COLLISION OVERWRITE.
+ -x Y Enter server mode. Equivalent to the SERVER command. Also see:
+ -O.
+ -y arg N Alternative initialization file.
+ Argument: Filename.
+ -z N Force foreground behavior. To be used in case Kermit doesn't
+ automatically sense its foreground status. Equivalent to the SET
+ BACKGROUND OFF command.
+
+ Extended command-line options (necessary because single-letter ones
+ are about used up) start with two dashes (--), with words rather than
+ single letters as option names. If an extended option takes an
+ argument, it is separated from the option word by a colon (:).
+ Extended options include:
+ Option Description
+ --bannerfile:filename File to display upon startup or IKSD login.
+ --cdfile:filename File to be sent for display to the client when
+ server changes directory (filename is relative to the changed-to
+ directory).
+ --cdmessage:{on,off} Enable/disable the server CD message feature.
+ --help Prints usage message for extended options.
+ --helpfile:filename Designates a file containing custom text to
+ replace the top-level HELP command.
+ --nointerrupts Disables keyboard interrupts.
+ --noperms Disables the Kermit protocol file Permissions attribute, to
+ prevent transmission of file permissions (protection) from sender to
+ receiver.
+
+ Plus several other [58]IKSD-Only options.
+
+ See the [59]file-transfer section for examples of command-line
+ invocation.
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ COMMAND LANGUAGE [ [60]Top ] [ [61]Contents ] [ [62]Next ] [ [63]Previous ]
+
+ * [64]Command Files, Macros, and Scripts
+ * [65]Command List
+
+ C-Kermit's interactive command language is the subject of a
+ [66]622-page book and another several hundred pages of updates, far
+ too much for a manual page. But it's not hard to get started. At the
+ shell prompt, just type "kermit" to get C-Kermit's interactive command
+ prompt:
+
+ $ kermit
+ (/current/directory) C-Kermit>
+
+ Begin by typing "help" (and then press the Return or Enter key) for a
+ top-level overview, read it, and go from there. Your second command
+ should probably be "intro" (introduction). Note the prompt shows your
+ current directory (unless you tell Kermit to prompt you with something
+ else).
+
+ Interactive commands are composed mainly of regular English words,
+ usually in the form of imperative sentences, such as:
+
+ send oofa.txt
+
+ which tells Kermit to send (transfer) the file whose name is oofa.txt,
+ or:
+
+ set transfer mode automatic
+
+ which sets Kermit's "transfer mode" to "automatic" (whatever that
+ means).
+
+ While typing commands, you can abbreviate, ask for help (by pressing
+ the "?" key anywhere in a command), complete keywords or filenames
+ (with the Tab or Esc key), and edit your typing with Backspace or
+ Delete, Ctrl-W, Ctrl-U, etc. You can also recall previous commands,
+ save your command history, and who knows what else. Give the INTRO
+ command for details.
+
+ C-Kermit has hundreds of commands, and they can be issued in infinite
+ variety and combinations, including commands for:
+
+ * Making connections (SET LINE, DIAL, TELNET, SSH, FTP, CONNECT,
+ ...)
+ * Breaking connections (HANGUP, CLOSE)
+ * Transferring files (SEND, GET, RECEIVE, MOVE, RESEND, ...)
+ * Establishing preferences (SET)
+ * Displaying preferences (SHOW)
+ * Managing local files (CD, DELETE, MKDIR, DIRECTORY, RENAME, TYPE,
+ ...)
+ * Managing remote files (RCD, RDEL, RMKDIR, RDIR, ...)
+ * Using local files (FOPEN, FCLOSE, FREAD, FWRITE)
+ * Programming (TAKE, DEFINE, IF, FOR, WHILE, SWITCH, DECLARE, ...)
+ * Interacting with the user (ECHO, ASK, ...)
+ * Interacting with a remote computer (INPUT, OUTPUT, ...)
+ * Interacting with local programs (RUN, EXEC, PTY, ...)
+ * Logging things (LOG SESSION, LOG PACKETS, LOG DEBUG, ...)
+
+ And of course QUIT or EXIT to get out and HELP to get help, and for
+ programmers: loops, decision making, variables, arrays, associative
+ arrays, integer and floating point arithmetic, macros, built-in and
+ user-defined functions, string manipulation, pattern matching, block
+ structure, scoping, recursion, and all the rest. To get a list of all
+ C-Kermit's commands, type a question mark (?) at the prompt. To get a
+ description of any command, type HELP followed by the name of the
+ command, for example:
+
+ help send
+
+ The command interruption character is Ctrl-C (hold down the Ctrl key
+ and press the C key).
+
+ The command language "escape character", used to introduce variable
+ names, function invocations, and so on, is backslash (\). If you need
+ to include a literal backslash in a command, type two of them, e.g.:
+
+ get c:\\k95\\k95custom.ini
+
+ Command Files, Macros, and Scripts
+
+ A file containing Kermit commands is called a Kermit command file or
+ Kermit script. It can be executed with Kermit's TAKE command:
+
+ (/current/dir) C-Kermit> take commandfile
+
+ (where "commandfile" is the name of the command file). Please don't
+ pipe a command file into Kermit's standard input (which might or might
+ not work); if you have Kermit commands in a file, tell Kermit to TAKE
+ the file.
+
+ In Unix only, a Kermit command file can also be executed directly by
+ including a "kerbang" line as the first line of the file:
+
+ #!/usr/local/bin/kermit +
+
+ That is, a top line that starts with "#!", followed immediately by the
+ full path of the Kermit executable, and then, if the Kermit script is
+ to be given arguments on the command line, a space and a plus sign.
+ The script file must also have execute permission:
+
+ chmod +x commandfile
+
+ Except for the " +" part, this is exactly the same as you would do for
+ a shell script, a Perl script, etc. Here's a simple but useless
+ example script that regurgitates its arguments (up to three of them):
+
+ #!/usr/local/bin/kermit +
+ if defined \%1 echo "Argument 1: \%1"
+ if defined \%2 echo "Argument 2: \%2"
+ if defined \%3 echo "Argument 3: \%3"
+ if defined \%4 echo "etc..."
+ exit
+
+ If this file is stored in your current directory as "commandfile",
+ then:
+
+ ./commandfile one two three four five
+
+ prints:
+
+ Argument 1: one
+ Argument 2: two
+ Argument 3: three
+ etc...
+
+ This illustrates the basic structure of a standalone Kermit script:
+ the "kerbang line", then some commands. It should end with "exit"
+ unless you want the Kermit prompt to appear when it is finished. \%1
+ is the first argument, \%2 the second, and so on.
+
+ You can also create your own commands by defining named macros
+ composed of other Kermit commands (or macros). Here's a simple
+ example:
+
+ define mydial {
+ set modem type usrobotics
+ set port /dev/ttyS0
+ if fail end 1
+ set speed 57600
+ dial \%1
+ if success connect
+ }
+
+ This shows how you can combine many commands into one command,
+ "mydial" in this case (you can use any name you like, provided it does
+ not clash with the name of a built-in command). When this macro
+ definition is in effect, you can type commands like:
+
+ mydial 7654321
+
+ and it executes all the commands in macro definition, substituting the
+ first operand ("7654321") for the formal parameter ("\%1") in the
+ definition. This saves you from having to type lots of commands every
+ time you want to make a modem call.
+
+ One way to have the macro definition in effect is to type the
+ definition at the Kermit prompt. Another way is to store the
+ definition in a file and TAKE the file. If you want the the definition
+ to be in effect automatically every time you start Kermit, put the
+ definition in your initialization or customization file (explained
+ [67]below).
+
+ Here's a somewhat more ambitious example:
+
+ define mydelete {
+ local trash
+ assign trash \v(home)trashcan/
+ if not defined \%1 end 1 "Delete what?"
+ if wild \%1 end 1 "Deleting multiple files is too scary"
+ if not exist \%1 end 1 "I can't find \%1"
+ if not directory \m(trash) {
+ mkdir \m(trash)
+ if fail end 1 "No trash can"
+ }
+ rename /list \%1 \m(trash)
+ }
+ define myundelete {
+ local trash
+ assign trash \v(home)trashcan/
+ if not defined \%1 end 1 "Undelete what?"
+ if wild \%1 end 1 "Undeleting multiple files is too hard"
+ if not directory \m(trash) end 1 "No trash can"
+ if not exist \m(trash)\%1 end 1 "I can't find \%1 in trash can"
+ rename /list \m(trash)\%1 .
+ }
+
+ These macros are not exactly production quality (they don't handle
+ filenames that include path segments, they don't handle multiple
+ files, etc), but you get the idea: you can pass arguments to macros,
+ they can check them and make other kinds of decisions, and the
+ commands themselves are relatively intuitive and intelligible.
+
+ If you put the above lines into your initialization or customization
+ file, you'll have MYDELETE and MYUNDELETE commands available every
+ time you start Kermit, at least as long as you don't suppress
+ execution of the initialization file. (Exercise for the reader: Make
+ these macros generally useful: remove limitations, add trashcan
+ display, browsing, emptying, etc.)
+
+ Kerbang scripts execute without the initialization file. This to keep
+ them portable and also to make them start faster. If you want to write
+ Kerbang scripts that depend on the initialization file, include the
+ command
+
+ take \v(home).kermrc
+
+ at the desired spot in the script. By the way, \v(xxx) is a built-in
+ variable (xxx is the variable name, "home" in this case). To see what
+ built-in variables are available, type "show variables" at the
+ C-Kermit prompt. To see what else you can show, type "show ?". \m(xxx)
+ is a user defined variable (strictly speaking, it is a macro used as a
+ variable).
+
+ Command List
+
+ C-Kermit has more than 200 top-level commands, and some of these, such
+ as SET, branch off into hundreds of subcommands of their own, so it's
+ not practical to describe them all here. Instead, here's a concise
+ list of the most commonly used top-level commands, grouped by
+ category. To learn about each command, type "help" followed by the
+ command name, e.g. "help set". Terms such as Command state and Connect
+ state are explained in subsequent sections.
+
+ Optional fields are shown in [ italicized brackets ]. filename means
+ the name of a single file. filespec means a file specification that is
+ allowed to contain wildcard characters like '*' to match groups of
+ files. options are (optional) switches like /PAGE, /NOPAGE, /QUIET,
+ etc, listed in the HELP text for each command. Example:
+
+ send /recursive /larger:10000 /after:-1week /except:*.txt *
+
+ which can be read as "send all the files in this directory and all the
+ ones underneath it that are larger than 10000 bytes, no more than one
+ week old, and whose names don't end with ".txt".
+
+ Basic Commands
+ HELP Requests top-level help.
+ HELP command Requests help about the given command.
+ INTRODUCTION Requests a brief introduction to C-Kermit.
+ LICENSE Displays the C-Kermit software copyright and license.
+ VERSION Displays C-Kermit's version number.
+ EXIT [ number ] Exits from Kermit with the given status code.
+ Synonyms: QUIT, E, Q.
+ TAKE filename [ parameters... ] Executes commands from the
+ given file.
+ LOG item [ filename ] Keeps a log of the given item in the
+ given file.
+ [ DO ] macro [ parameters... ] Executes commands from the
+ given macro.
+ SET parameter value Sets the given parameter to the given
+ value.
+ SHOW category Shows settings in a given category.
+ STATUS Tells whether previous command succeeded or failed.
+ DATE [ date-and/or-time ] Shows current date-time or interprets
+ given date-time.
+ RUN [ extern-command [ parameters... ] Runs the given external
+ command. Synonym: !.
+ EXEC [ extern-command [ params... ] Kermit overlays itself with
+ the given command.
+ SUSPEND Stops Kermit and puts it in the background. Synonym: Z.
+
+ Local File Management
+ TYPE [ options ] filename Displays the contents of the given
+ file.
+ MORE [ options ] filename Equivalent to TYPE /PAGE (pause after
+ each screenful).
+ CAT [ options ] filename Equivalent to TYPE /NOPAGE.
+ HEAD [ options ] filename Displays the first few lines of a
+ given file.
+ TAIL [ options ] filename Displays the last few lines of a
+ given file.
+ GREP [ options ] pattern filespec Displays lines from files
+ that match the pattern. Synonym: FIND.
+ DIRECTORY [ options ] [ filespec ] Lists files (built-in, many
+ options).
+ LS [ options ] [ filespec ] Lists files (runs external "ls"
+ command).
+ DELETE [ options ] [ filespec ] Deletes files. Synonym: RM.
+ PURGE [ options ] [ filespec ] Removes backup (*.~n~) files.
+ COPY [ options ] [ filespecs... ] Copies files. Synonym: CP.
+ RENAME [ options ] [ filespecs... ] Renames files. Synonym: MV.
+ CHMOD [ options ] [ filespecs... ] Changes permissions of
+ files.
+ TRANSLATE filename charsets filename ] Converts file's
+ character set. Synonym: XLATE.
+ CD Changes your working directory to your home directory.
+ CD directory Changes your working directory to the one given.
+ CDUP Changes your working directory one level up.
+ PWD Displays your working directory.
+ BACK Returns to your previous working directory.
+ MKDIR [ directory ] Creates a directory.
+ RMDIR [ directory ] Removes a directory.
+
+ Making Connections
+ SET LINE [ options ] devicename Opens the named serial
+ port. Synonym: SET PORT.
+ OPEN LINE [ options ] devicename Same as SET LINE. Synonym:
+ OPEN PORT.
+ SET MODEM TYPE [ name ] Tells Kermit what kind of modem is on
+ the port.
+ DIAL [ number ] Tells Kermit to dial the given phone number
+ with the modem.
+ REDIAL Redials the most recently dialed phone number.
+ ANSWER Waits for and answers an incoming call on the modem.
+ AUTHENTICATE [ parameters... ] Performs secure authentication
+ on a TCP/IP connection.
+ SET NETWORK TYPE { TCP/IP, X.25, ... } Selects network type for
+ subsequent SET HOST commands.
+ SET HOST [ options ] host [ port ] Opens a network connection
+ to the given host and port.
+ SET HOST [ options ] * port Waits for an incoming TCP/IP
+ connection on the given port.
+ TELNET [ options ] host Opens a Telnet connection to the host
+ and enters Connect state.
+ RLOGIN [ options ] host Opens an Rlogin connection to the host
+ and enters Connect state.
+ IKSD [ options ] host Opens a connection to an Internet Kermit
+ Service.
+ SSH [ options ] host Opens an SSH connection to the host and
+ enters Connect state.
+ FTP OPEN host [ options ] Opens an FTP connection to the host.
+ HTTP [ options ] OPEN host Opens an HTTP connection to the
+ host.
+ PTY external-command Runs the command on a pseudoterminal as if
+ it were a connection.
+ PIPE external-command Runs the command through a pipe as if it
+ were a connection.
+
+ Using Connections
+ CONNECT [ options ] Enters Connect
+ (terminal) state. Synonym: C.
+ REDIRECT command Redirects the given external command over the
+ connection.
+ TELOPT command Sends a Telnet protocol command (Telnet
+ connections only).
+ Ctrl-\C "Escapes back" from Connect state to Command state.
+ Ctrl-\B (In Connect state) Sends a BREAK signal (serial or
+ Telnet).
+ Ctrl-\! (In Connect state) Enters inferior shell; "exit" to
+ return.
+ Ctrl-\? (In Connect state) Shows a menu of other escape-level
+ options.
+ Ctrl-\Ctrl-\ (In Connect state) Type two Ctrl-Backslashes to
+ send one of them.
+ SET ESCAPE [ character ] Changes Kermit's Connect-state escape
+ character.
+
+ Closing Connections
+ HANGUP Hangs up the currently open serial-port or network
+ connection.
+ CLOSE Closes the currently open serial-port or network
+ connection.
+ SET LINE (with no devicename) Closes the currently
+ open serial-port or network connection.
+ SET HOST (with no hostname) Closes the currently open
+ serial-port or network connection.
+ FTP CLOSE Closes the currently open FTP connection.
+ HTTP CLOSE Closes the currently open HTTP connection.
+ EXIT Also closes all connections. Synonym: QUIT.
+ SET EXIT WARNING OFF Suppresses warning about open connections
+ on exit or close.
+
+ File Transfer
+ SEND [ options ] filename [ as-name ] Sends the given file.
+ Synonym: S.
+ SEND [ options ] filespec Sends all files that match.
+ RESEND [ options ] filespec Resumes an interupted SEND from the
+ point of failure.
+ RECEIVE [ options ] [ as-name ] Waits passively for files to
+ arrive. Synonym: R.
+ LOG TRANSACTIONS [ filename ] Keeps a record of file transfers.
+ FAST Use fast file-transfer settings (default).
+ CAUTIOUS Use cautious and less fast file-transfer settings.
+ ROBUST Use ultra-conservative and slow file-transfer settings.
+ STATISTICS [ options ] Gives statistics about the most recent
+ file transfer.
+ WHERE After transfer: "Where did my files go?".
+ TRANSMIT [ options ] [ filename ] Sends file without protocol.
+ Synonym: XMIT.
+ LOG SESSION [ filename ] Captures remote text or files without
+ protocol.
+ SET PROTOCOL [ name... ] Tells Kermit to use an external
+ file-transfer protocol.
+ FTP { PUT, MPUT, GET, MGET, ... } FTP client commands.
+ HTTP { PUT, GET, HEAD, POST, ... } HTTP client commands.
+
+ Kermit Server
+ ENABLE, DISABLE Controls which features
+ can be used by clients.
+ SET SERVER Sets parameters prior to entering Server state.
+ SERVER Enters Server state.
+
+ Client of Kermit or FTP Server
+ [ REMOTE ] LOGIN [ user password ] Logs in to a Kermit server
+ or IKSD that requires it.
+ [ REMOTE ] LOGOUT Logs out from a Kermit server or IKSD.
+ SEND [ options ] filename [ as-name ] Sends the given file to
+ the server. Synonyms: S, PUT.
+ SEND [ options ] filespec Sends all files that match.
+ RESEND [ options ] filespec Resumes an interupted SEND from the
+ point of failure.
+ GET [ options ] remote-filespec Asks the server to send the
+ given files. Synonym: G.
+ REGET [ options ] remote-filespec Resumes an interrupted GET
+ from the point of failure.
+ REMOTE CD [ directory ] Asks server to change its working
+ directory. Synonym: RCD.
+ REMOTE PWD [ directory ] Asks server to display its working
+ directory. Synonym: RPWD.
+ REMOTE DIRECTORY [ filespec... ] Asks server to send a
+ directory listing. Synonym: RDIR.
+ REMOTE DELETE [ filespec... ] Asks server to delete files.
+ Synonym: RDEL.
+ REMOTE [ command... ] (Many other commands: "remote ?" for a
+ list).
+ MAIL [ options ] filespec Sends file(s) to be delivered as
+ e-mail (Kermit only).
+ FINISH Asks the server to exit server state (Kermit only).
+ BYE Asks the server to log out and close the connection.
+
+ Script Programming
+ DEFINE, DECLARE, UNDEFINE, UNDECLARE, ASSIGN, EVALUATE,
+ SEXPRESSION, ARRAY, SORT, INPUT, OUTPUT, IF, FOR, WHILE,
+ SWITCH, GOTO, ECHO, ASK, GETC, GETOK, ASSERT, WAIT, SLEEP,
+ FOPEN, FREAD, FWRITE, FCLOSE, STOP, END, RETURN, LEARN, SHIFT,
+ TRACE, VOID, INCREMENT, DECREMENT, ... For these and many more
+ you'll need to consult the [68]manual and supplements, and/or
+ visit the [69]Kermit Script Library, which also includes a
+ brief tutorial. Hint: HELP LEARN to find out how to get Kermit
+ to write simple scripts for you.
+
+ Many of Kermit's commands have synonyms, variants, relatives, and so
+ on. For example, MSEND is a version of SEND that accepts a list of
+ file specifications to be sent, rather than just one file
+ specification, and MPUT is a synonym of MSEND. MOVE means to SEND and
+ then DELETE the source file if successful. MMOVE is like MOVE, but
+ accepts a list of filespecs, and so on. These are described in the
+ [70]full documentation.
+
+ Use question mark to feel your way through an unfamiliar command, as
+ in this example (the part you type is underlined):
+
+ C-Kermit> remote ? One of the following:
+ assign delete help login print rename space
+ cd directory host logout pwd rmdir type
+ copy exit kermit mkdir query set who
+ C-Kermit> remote set ? One of the following:
+ attributes file retry transfer
+ block-check receive server window
+ C-Kermit> remote set file ? One of the following:
+ character-set incomplete record-length
+ collision names type
+ C-Kermit> remote set file names ? One of the following:
+ converted literal
+ C-Kermit> remote set file names literal
+ C-Kermit>
+
+ This is called menu on demand: you get a menu when you want one, but
+ menus are not forced on you even when know what you're doing. Note
+ that you can also abbreviate most keywords, and you can complete them
+ with the Tab or Esc key. Also note that ? works for filenames too, and
+ that you can use it in the middle of a keyword or filename, not just
+ at the beginning. For example, "send x?" lists all the files in the
+ current directory whose names start with 'x'.
+
+ [ [71]Kermit Home ] [ [72]C-Kermit Home ] [ [73]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ INITIALIZATION FILE [ [74]Top ] [ [75]Contents ] [ [76]Next ] [ [77]Previous
+ ]
+
+ In its default configuration, C-Kermit executes commands from a file
+ called .kermrc in your home directory when it starts, unless it is
+ given the -Y or -y command-line option. Custom configurations might
+ substitute a shared system-wide initialization file. The SHOW FILE
+ command tells what initialization file, if any, was used. The standard
+ initialization file "chains" to an individual customization file,
+ .mykermc, in the home directory, in which each user can establish
+ her/his own preferences, define macros, and so on.
+
+ Since execution of the initialization file (at least the standard one)
+ makes C-Kermit take longer to start, it might be better not to have an
+ initialization file, especially now that Kermit's default startup
+ configuration is well attuned to modern computing and networking -- in
+ other words, you no longer have do anything special to make Kermit
+ transfers go fast. So instead of having an initialization file that is
+ executed every time Kermit starts, you might consider making one or
+ more kerbang scripts (with names other that .kermrc) that do NOT
+ include an "exit" command, and invoke those when you need the
+ settings, macro definitions, and/or scripted actions they contain, and
+ invoke C-Kermit directly when you don't.
+
+ To put it another way... We still distribute the standard
+ initialization file since it's featured in the manual and backwards
+ compatibility is important to us. But there's no harm in not using it
+ if you don't need the stuff that's in it (services directory, dialing
+ directory, network directory, and associated macro definitions). On
+ the other hand, if there are settings or macros you want in effect
+ EVERY time you use Kermit, the initialization file (or the
+ customization file it chains to) is the place to put them, because
+ that's the only place Kermit looks for them automatically each time
+ you start it.
+
+ [ [78]Kermit Home ] [ [79]C-Kermit Home ] [ [80]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ MODES OF OPERATION [ [81]Top ] [ [82]Contents ] [ [83]Next ] [ [84]Previous ]
+
+ Kermit is said to be in Local mode if it has made a connection to
+ another computer, e.g. by dialing it or establishing a Telnet
+ connection to it. The other computer is remote, so if you start
+ another copy of Kermit on the remote computer, it is said to be in
+ Remote mode (as long as it has not made any connections of its own).
+ The local Kermit communicates over the communications device or
+ network connection, acting as a conduit between the the remote
+ computer and your keyboard and screen. The remote Kermit is the
+ file-transfer partner to the local Kermit and communicates only
+ through its standard input and output.
+
+ At any moment, a Kermit program can be in any of the following states.
+ It's important to know what they are and how to change from one to the
+ other.
+
+ Command state
+
+ In this state, Kermit reads commands from:
+
+ + Your keyboard; or:
+ + A file, or:
+ + A macro definition.
+
+ You can exit from Command state back to Unix with the EXIT or
+ QUIT command (same thing). You can enter Connect state with any
+ of various commands (CONNECT, DIAL, TELNET, etc). You can enter
+ file transfer state with commands like SEND, RECEIVE, and GET.
+ You can enter Server state with the SERVER command. The TAKE
+ command tells Kermit to read and execute commands from a file.
+ The (perhaps implied) DO command tells Kermit to read and
+ execute commands from a macro definition. While in Command
+ state, you can interrupt any command, macro, or command file by
+ typing Ctrl-C (hold down the Ctrl key and press the C key);
+ this normally brings you back to the prompt.
+
+ Shell state
+
+ You can invoke an inferior shell or external command from the
+ Kermit command prompt by using the PUSH, RUN (!), EDIT, or
+ BROWSE command. While the inferior shell or command is active,
+ Kermit is suspended and does nothing. Return to Kermit Command
+ state by exiting from the inferior shell or application.
+
+ Connect state
+
+ In this state, which can be entered only when in Local mode
+ (i.e. when Kermit has made a connection to another computer),
+ Kermit is acting as a terminal to the remote computer. Your
+ keystrokes are sent to the remote computer and characters that
+ arrive over the communication connection are displayed on your
+ screen. This state is entered when you give a CONNECT, DIAL,
+ TELNET, RLOGIN, or IKSD command. You can return to command
+ state by logging out of the remote computer, or by typing:
+
+ Ctrl-\c
+
+ That is: Hold down the Ctrl key and press the backslash key,
+ then let go of the Ctrl key and press the C key. This is called
+ escaping back. Certain other escape-level commands are also
+ provided; type Ctrl-\? for a list. For example, you can enter
+ Shell state with:
+
+ Ctrl-\!
+
+ To send a Ctrl-\ to the host while in Connect state, type two
+ of them in a row. See HELP CONNECT and HELP SET ESCAPE for more
+ info.
+
+ Local file-transfer state
+
+ In this state, Kermit is sending packets back and forth with
+ the other computer in order to transfer a file or accomplish
+ some other file-related task. And at the same time, it is
+ displaying its progress on your screen and watching your
+ keyboard for interruptions. In this state, the following
+ single-keystroke commands are accepted:
+
+ X Interrupt the current file and go on to the next (if any).
+ Z Interrupt the current file and skip all the rest.
+ E Like Z but uses a "stronger" protocol (use if X or Z don't
+ work).
+ Ctrl-C Interrupt file-transfer mode (use if Z or E don't
+ work).
+
+ Kermit returns to its previous state (Command or Connect) when
+ the transfer is complete or when interrupted successfully by X,
+ Z, E, or Ctrl-C (hold down the Ctrl key and press the C key).
+
+ Remote file-transfer state
+
+ In this state, Kermit is exchanging file-transfer packets with
+ its local partner over its standard i/o. It leaves this state
+ automatically when the transfer is complete. In case you find
+ your local Kermit in Connect state and the remote one in
+ File-transfer state (in which it seems to ignore your
+ keystrokes), you can usually return it to command state by
+ typing three Ctrl-C's in a row. If that doesn't work, return
+ your local Kermit to Command state (Ctrl-\ C) and type
+ "e-packet" and then press the Return or Enter key; this forces
+ a fatal Kermit protocol error.
+
+ Remote Server state
+
+ This is like Remote File-transfer state, except it never
+ returns automatically to Command state. Rather, it awaits
+ further instructions from the client program; that is, from
+ your Local Kermit program. You can return the Remote Server to
+ its previous state by issuing a "finish" command to the client,
+ or if you are in Connect state, by typing three Ctrl-C's in a
+ row. You can tell the server job to log out and break the
+ connection by issuing a "bye" command to the client.
+
+ Local Server state
+
+ Like Remote-Server state, but in local mode, and therefore with
+ its file-transfer display showing, and listening for single-key
+ commands, as in Local File-transfer state. Usually this state
+ is entered automatically when a remote Kermit program gives a
+ GET command.
+
+ C-Kermit, Kermit 95, and MS-DOS Kermit all can switch automatically
+ from Connect state to Local File-transfer state when you initiate a
+ file transfer from the remote computer by starting Kermit and telling
+ it to send or get a file, in which case, Connect state is
+ automatically resumed after the file transfer is finished.
+
+ Note that C-Kermit is not a terminal emulator. It is a communications
+ application that you run in a terminal window (e.g. console or Xterm).
+ The specific emulation, such as VT100, VT220, Linux Console, or Xterm,
+ is provided by the terminal window in which you are running C-Kermit.
+ Kermit 95 and MS-DOS Kermit, on the other hand, are true terminal
+ emulators. Why is C-Kermit not a terminal emulator? [85]CLICK HERE to
+ read about it.
+
+ [ [86]Kermit Home ] [ [87]C-Kermit Home ] [ [88]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ MAKING CONNECTIONS [ [89]Top ] [ [90]Contents ] [ [91]Next ] [ [92]Previous ]
+
+ Here is how to make different kinds of connections using interactive
+ Kermit commands (as noted above, you can also make connections with
+ command-line options). Note that you don't have to make connections
+ with Kermit. It can also be used on the far end of a connection as the
+ remote file transfer and management partner of your local
+ communications software.
+
+ Making a Telnet Connection
+
+ At the C-Kermit command prompt, simply type:
+
+ telnet foo.bar.com ; Substitute desired host name or address.
+ telnet xyzcorp.com 3000 ; You can also include a port number.
+
+ If the connection is successful, Kermit automically enters
+ Connect state. When you logout from the remote host, Kermit
+ automatically returns to its prompt. More info: HELP TELNET,
+ HELP SET TELNET, HELP SET TELOPT. Also see the [93]IKSD section
+ below.
+
+ Making an Rlogin connection
+
+ This is just like Telnet, except you have to be root to do it
+ because Rlogin uses a privileged TCP port:
+
+ rlogin foo.bar.com ; Substitute desired host name or address.
+
+ More info: HELP RLOGIN.
+
+ Making an SSH Connection
+
+ Unlike Telnet and Rlogin, SSH connections are not built-in, but
+ handled by running your external SSH client through a
+ pseudoterminal. Using C-Kermit to control the SSH client gives
+ you all of Kermit's features (file transfer, character-set
+ conversion, scripting, etc) over SSH.
+
+ ssh foo.bar.com ; Substitute desired host name or address.
+
+ More info: HELP SSH, HELP SET SSH.
+
+ Dialing with a Modem
+
+ If it's an external modem, make sure it is connected to a
+ usable serial port on your computer with a regular
+ (straight-through) modem cable, and to the telephone jack with
+ a telephone cable, and that it's turned on. Then use these
+ commands:
+
+ set modem type usrobotics ; Or other supported type
+ set line /dev/ttyS0 ; Specify device name
+ set speed 57600 ; Or other desired speed
+ set flow rts/cts ; Most modern modems support this
+ set dial method tone ; (or pulse)
+ dial 7654321 ; Dial the desired number
+
+ Type "set modem type ?" for a list of supported modem types. If
+ you omit the SET MODEM TYPE command, the default type is
+ "generic-high-speed", which should work for most modern
+ AT-command-set modems. If the line is busy, Kermit redials
+ automatically. If the call does not succeed, use "set dial
+ display on" and try it again to watch what happens. If the call
+ succeeds, Kermit enters Connect state automatically and returns
+ to its prompt automatically when you log out from the remote
+ computer or the connection is otherwise lost.
+
+ You can also dial from a modem that is accessible by Telnet,
+ e.g. to a reverse terminal server. In this case the command
+ sequence is:
+
+ set host ts.xxx.com 2000 ; Terminal-server and port
+ set modem type usrobotics ; Or other supported type
+ set dial method tone ; (or pulse)
+ dial 7654321 ; Dial the desired number
+
+ If the terminal server supports the Telnet Com Port Option,
+ [94]RFC 2217, you can also give serial-port related commands
+ such as SET SPEED, SET PARITY, and so on, and Kermit relays
+ them to the terminal server using the protocol specified in the
+ RFC.
+
+ More info: HELP SET MODEM, HELP SET LINE, HELP SET SPEED, HELP
+ SET FLOW, HELP DIAL, HELP SET DIAL, HELP SET MODEM, HELP SET
+ CARRIER-WATCH, SHOW COMMUNICATIONS, SHOW MODEM, SHOW DIAL.
+
+ Direct Serial Port
+
+ Connect the two computers, A and B, with a null modem cable (or
+ two modem cables interconnected with a null-modem adapter or
+ modem eliminator). From Computer A:
+
+ set modem type none ; There is no modem
+ set line /dev/ttyS0 ; Specify device name
+ set carrier-watch off ; If DTR and CD are not cross-connected
+ set speed 57600 ; Or other desired speed
+ set flow rts/cts ; If RTS and CTS are cross-connected
+ set flow xon/xoff ; If you can't use RTS/CTS
+ set parity even ; (or "mark" or "space", if necessary)
+ set stop-bits 2 ; (rarely necessary)
+ connect ; Enter Connect (terminal) state
+
+ This assumes Computer B is set up to let you log in. If it
+ isn't, you can run a copy of Kermit on Computer B and follow
+ approximately the same directions. More info: As above plus
+ HELP CONNECT.
+
+ With modems or direct serial connections, you might also have to "set
+ parity even" (or "mark" or "space") if it's a 7-bit connection.
+
+ Of the connection types listed above, only one can be open at a time.
+ However, any one of these can be open concurrently with an [95]FTP or
+ HTTP session. Each connection type can be customized to any desired
+ degree, scripted, logged, you name it. See the manual.
+
+ NOTE: On selected platforms, C-Kermit also can make X.25 connections.
+ See the manual for details.
+
+ [ [96]Kermit Home ] [ [97]C-Kermit Home ] [ [98]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ TRANSFERRING FILES WITH KERMIT [ [99]Top ] [ [100]Contents ] [ [101]Next ] [
+ [102]Previous ]
+
+ * [103]Downloading Files
+ * [104]Uploading Files
+ * [105]Kermit Transfers the Old-Fashioned Way
+ * [106]If File Transfer Fails
+ * [107]Advanced Kermit File Transfer Features
+ * [108]Non-Kermit File Transfer
+
+ There is a [109]widespread and persistent belief that Kermit is a slow
+ protocol. This is because, until recently, it used conservative tuning
+ by default to make sure file transfers succeeded, rather than failing
+ because they overloaded the connection. Some extra commands (or
+ command-line options, like -Q) were needed to make it go fast, but
+ nobody bothered to find out about them. Also, it takes two to tango:
+ most non-Kermit-Project Kermit protocol implementations really ARE
+ slow. The best file-transfer partners for C-Kermit are: another copy
+ of [110]C-Kermit (7.0 or later) and [111]Kermit 95. These combinations
+ work well and they work fast by default. MS-DOS Kermit is good too,
+ but you have to tell it to go fast (by giving it the FAST command).
+
+ Furthermore, all three of these Kermit programs support "autodownload"
+ and "autoupload", meaning that when they are in Connect state and a
+ Kermit packet comes in from the remote, they automatically switch into
+ file transfer mode.
+
+ And plus, C-Kermit and K95 also switch automatically between text and
+ binary mode for each file, so there is no need to "set file type
+ binary" or "set file type text", or to worry about files being
+ corrupted because they were transferred in the wrong mode.
+
+ What all of these words add up to is that now, when you use up-to-date
+ Kermit software from the Kermit Project, file transfer is not only
+ fast, it's ridiculously easy. You barely have to give any commands at
+ all.
+
+ Downloading Files
+
+ Let's say you have [112]Kermit 95, [113]C-Kermit, or
+ [114]MS-DOS Kermit on your desktop computer, with a connection
+ to a Unix computer that has C-Kermit installed as "kermit". To
+ download a file (send it from Unix to your desktop computer),
+ just type the following command at your Unix shell prompt:
+
+ kermit -s oofa.txt
+
+ (where oofa.txt is the filename). If you want to send more than
+ one file, you can put as many filenames as you want on the
+ command line, and they can be any combination of text and
+ binary:
+
+ kermit -s oofa.txt oofa.zip oofa.html oofa.tar.gz
+
+ and/or you can use wildcards to send groups of files:
+
+ kermit -s oofa.*
+
+ If you want to send a file under an assumed name, use:
+
+ kermit -s friday.txt -a today.txt
+
+ This sends the file friday.txt but tells the receiving Kermit
+ that its name is today.txt. In all cases, as noted, when the
+ file transfer is finished, your desktop Kermit returns
+ automatically to Connect state. No worries about escaping back,
+ re-connecting, text/binary mode switching. Almost too easy,
+ right?
+
+ Uploading Files
+
+ To upload files (send them from your desktop computer to the
+ remote Unix computer) do the same thing, but use the -g (GET)
+ option instead of -s:
+
+ kermit -g oofa.txt
+
+ This causes your local Kermit to enter server mode; then the
+ remote Kermit program requests the named file and the local
+ Kermit sends it and returns automatically to Connect state when
+ done.
+
+ If you want to upload multiple files, you have have use shell
+ quoting rules, since these aren't local files:
+
+ kermit -g "oofa.txt oofa.zip oofa.html oofa.tar.gz"
+ kermit -g "oofa.*"
+
+ If you want to upload a file but store it under a different
+ name, use:
+
+ kermit -g friday.txt -a today.txt
+
+ Kermit Transfers the Old-Fashioned Way
+
+ If your desktop communications software does not support
+ autoupload or autodownload, or it does not include Kermit
+ server mode, the procedure requires more steps.
+
+ To download a file, type:
+
+ kermit -s filename
+
+ on the host as before, but if nothing happens automatically in
+ response to this command, you have to switch your desktop
+ communications software into Kermit Receive state. This might
+ be done by escaping back using keyboard characters or hot keys
+ (Alt-x is typical) and/or with a command (like RECEIVE) or a
+ menu. When the file transfer is complete, you have to go back
+ to Connect state, Terminal emulation, or whatever terminology
+ applies to your desktop communications software.
+
+ To upload a file, type:
+
+ kermit -r
+
+ on the host (rather than "kermit -g"). This tells C-Kermit to
+ wait passively for a file to start arriving. Then regain the
+ attention of your desktop software (Alt-x or whatever) and
+ instruct it to send the desired file(s) with Kermit protocol.
+ When the transfer is finished, return to the Connect or
+ Terminal screen.
+
+ If File Transfer Fails
+
+ Although every aspect of Kermit's operation can be finely
+ tuned, there are also three short and simple "omnibus tuning"
+ commands you can use for troubleshooting:
+
+ FAST
+ Use fast file-transfer settings. This has been the
+ default since C-Kermit 7.0 now that most modern computers
+ and connections support it. If transfers fail with fast
+ settings, try . . .
+
+ CAUTIOUS
+ Use cautious but not paranoid settings. File transfers,
+ if they work, will go at medium speed. If not, try . . .
+
+ ROBUST
+ Use the most robust, resilient, conservative, safe, and
+ reliable settings. File transfers will almost certainly
+ work, but they will be quite slow (of course this is a
+ classic tradeoff; ROBUST was C-Kermit's default tuning in
+ versions 6.0 and earlier, which made everybody think
+ Kermit protocol was slow). If ROBUST doesn't do the
+ trick, try again with SET PARITY SPACE first in case it's
+ not an 8-bit connection.
+
+ Obviously the success and performance of a file transfer also
+ depends on C-Kermit's file transfer partner. Up-to-date, real
+ [115]Kermit Project partners are recommended because they
+ contain the best Kermit protocol implementations and because
+ [116]we can support them in case of trouble.
+
+ If you still have trouble, consult Chapter 10 of [117]Using
+ C-Kermit, or send email to [118]kermit-support@columbia.edu.
+
+ Advanced Kermit File-Transfer Features
+
+ Obviously there is a lot more to Kermit file transfer,
+ including all sorts of interactive commands, preferences,
+ options, logging, debugging, troubleshooting, and anything else
+ you can imagine but that's what the [119]manual and updates are
+ for. Here are a few topics you can explore if you're interested
+ by Typing HELP for the listed commands:
+
+ Logging transfers:
+ LOG TRANSACTIONS (HELP LOG)
+
+ Automatic per-file text/binary mode switching:
+ SET TRANSFER MODE { AUTOMATIC, MANUAL } (HELP SET
+ TRANSFER).
+
+ Cross-platform recursive directory tree transfer:
+ SEND /RECURSIVE, GET /RECURSIVE (HELP SEND, HELP GET).
+
+ File collision options:
+ SET FILE COLLISION { OVERWRITE, BACKUP, DISCARD, ... }
+ (HELP SET FILE).
+
+ Update mode (only transfer files that changed since last time):
+ SET FILE COLLISION UPDATE (HELP SET FILE).
+
+ Filename selection patterns:
+ (HELP WILDCARD).
+
+ Flexible file selection:
+ SEND (or GET) /BEFORE /AFTER /LARGER /SMALLER /TYPE
+ /EXCEPT, ...
+
+ Character-set conversion:
+ SET { FILE, TRANSFER } CHARACTER-SET, ASSOCIATE, ...
+
+ File/Pathname control:
+ SET { SEND, RECEIVE } PATHNAMES, SET FILE NAMES.
+
+ Atomic file movement:
+ SEND (or GET) /DELETE /RENAME /MOVE-TO
+
+ Transferring to/from standard i/o of other commands:
+ SEND (or GET) /COMMAND
+
+ Recovery of interrupted transfer from point of failure:
+ RESEND, REGET (HELP RESEND, HELP REGET).
+
+ Non-Kermit File Transfer
+
+ You can also use C-Kermit to transfer files with FTP or HTTP
+ Internet protocols; [120]see below.
+
+ On a regular serial or Telnet connection where the other
+ computer doesn't support Kermit protocol at all, you have
+ several options. For example, if your desktop communications
+ software supports Zmodem, use "rz" and "sz" on the host rather
+ than Kermit. But if Kermit is your desktop software, and you
+ are using it to make calls or network connections to other
+ computers that don't support Kermit protocol (or that don't
+ have a good implementation of it), then if your computer also
+ has external X, Y, or Zmodem programs that are redirectable,
+ Kermit can use them as external protocols. HELP SET PROTOCOL
+ for details.
+
+ You can also capture "raw" data streams from the other computer
+ with LOG SESSION (HELP LOG and HELP SET SESSION-LOG for
+ details), and you can upload files without any protocol at all
+ with TRANSMIT (HELP TRANSMIT, HELP SET TRANSMIT).
+
+ [ [121]Kermit Home ] [ [122]C-Kermit Home ] [ [123]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ KERMIT CLIENT/SERVER CONNECTIONS [ [124]Top ] [ [125]Contents ] [ [126]Next ]
+ [ [127]Previous ]
+
+ On any kind of connection you can make with Kermit -- serial, TCP/IP,
+ X.25, etc -- you can set up a convenient client/server relationship
+ between your Kermit client (the one that made the connection) and the
+ Kermit program on the far end of the connection (the remote Kermit) by
+ putting the remote Kermit in server mode. This is normally done by
+ giving it a SERVER command, or by starting it with the -x command-line
+ option. In some cases ([128]Internet Kermit Service, SSH connections
+ to a Kermit subsystem, or specially configured hosts), there is
+ already a Kermit server waiting on the far end. Here is a quick
+ synopsis of the commands you can give to the client for interacting
+ with the server:
+
+ SEND [ switches ] filename
+ Sends the named file to the server. The filename can include
+ wildcards. Lots of switches are available for file selection,
+ etc. Type HELP SEND at the client prompt for details.
+
+ GET [ switches ] filename
+ Asks the server to send the named file. The filename can
+ include wildcards. Type HELP GET at the client prompt for
+ details.
+
+ BYE
+ Terminates the server and closes your connection to it.
+
+ FINISH
+ Terminates the server. If you started the server yourself, this
+ leaves the remote host at its shell prompt. If it was a
+ dedicated server (such as IKSD or an SSH subsystem), FINISH is
+ equivalent to BYE.
+
+ SET LOCUS { LOCAL, REMOTE, AUTO }
+ (C-Kermit 8.0.201 and later, K95 1.1.21 and later) This tells
+ the client whether file-management commands like CD, PWD,
+ DIRECTORY, DELETE, MKDIR, etc, should be executed locally or by
+ the server. In this type of connection, the default is LOCAL.
+ Use SET LOCUS REMOTE if you want Kermit to behave like an FTP
+ client, in which case these commands are executed remotely, and
+ their local versions must have an L prefix: LCD, LPWD,
+ LDIRECTORY, etc. When LOCUS is LOCAL, then the remote versions
+ must have an R prefix: RCD, RPWD, RDIRECTORY, etc. HELP SET
+ LOCUS for details. SHOW COMMAND to see current locus.
+
+ The following commands are affected by SET LOCUS:
+
+ CD, LCD, RCD
+ Change (working, current) directory. HELP CD for details.
+
+ CDUP, LCDUP, RCDUP
+ CD one level up.
+
+ DIRECTORY, LDIRECTORY, RDIRECTORY
+ Produce a directory listing. Many options are available for local
+ listings. HELP DIRECTORY for details.
+
+ DELETE, LDELETE, RDELETE
+ Deletes files or directories. Many options available, HELP DELETE.
+
+ RENAME, LRENAME, RRENAME
+ Renames files or directories. Many options available, HELP RENAME.
+
+ MKDIR, LMKDIR, RMKDIR
+ Creates a directory. HELP MKDIR.
+
+ RMDIR, LRMDIR, RRMDIR
+ Removes a directory. HELP RMDIR. There are dozens -- maybe hundreds --
+ of other commands, described in the built-in help, on the website,
+ and/or in the published or online manuals. But even if you don't have
+ access to documentation, you can "set locus remote" and then use
+ pretty much the same commands you would use with any FTP client.
+
+ [ [129]Kermit Home ] [ [130]C-Kermit Home ] [ [131]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ KERMIT'S BUILT-IN FTP AND HTTP CLIENTS [ [132]Top ] [ [133]Contents ] [
+ [134]Next ] [ [135]Previous ]
+
+ Kermit's FTP client is like the regular Unix FTP client that you're
+ used to, but with some differences:
+
+ * It has lots more commands and features.
+ * You can have an FTP session and a regular Kermit serial or Telnet
+ session open at the same time.
+ * FTP sessions can be fully automated.
+
+ By default Kermit's FTP client tries its best to present the same user
+ interface as a regular FTP client: PUT, GET, DIR, CD, BYE, etc, should
+ work the same, even though some of these commands have different
+ meaning in Kermit-to-Kermit connections; for example, CD, DIR, RENAME,
+ etc, in Kermit act locally, whereas in FTP they are commands for the
+ server. This might cause some confusion, but as in all things Kermit,
+ you have total control:
+
+ * The [136]SET LOCUS command lets you specify where file management
+ commands should be executed -- locally or remotely -- for any kind
+ of connection.
+ * Any FTP command can be prefixed with the word "FTP" to remove any
+ ambiguity.
+
+ Pending publication of the next edition of the manual, the Kermit FTP
+ client is thoroughly documented at the Kermit Project website:
+
+ [137]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ftpclient.html
+
+ You also can use HELP FTP and HELP SET FTP to get descriptions of
+ Kermit's FTP-related commands.
+
+ The HTTP client is similar to the FTP one, except you prefix each
+ command with HTTP instead of FTP: HTTP OPEN, HTTP GET, HTTP PUT, HTTP
+ CLOSE, etc. Type HELP HTTP for details, or visit the to view the
+ [138]manual supplements. HTTP connections can be open at the same time
+ as regular serial or Telnet connections and FTP connections. So Kermit
+ can manage up to three types connections simultaneously.
+
+ [ [139]Kermit Home ] [ [140]C-Kermit Home ] [ [141]C-Kermit FAQ ] [
+ [142]FTP Client ] [ [143]HTTP Client ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ INTERNET KERMIT SERVICE [ [144]Top ] [ [145]Contents ] [ [146]Next ] [
+ [147]Previous ]
+
+ C-Kermit can be configured and run as an Internet service (called
+ IKSD), similar to an FTP server (FTPD) except you can (but need not)
+ interact with it directly, plus it does a lot more than an FTP server
+ can do. The TCP port for IKSD is 1649. It uses Telnet protocol.
+ C-Kermit can be an Internet Kermit Server, or it can be a client of an
+ IKSD. You can make connections from C-Kermit to an IKSD with any of
+ the following commands:
+
+ telnet foo.bar.edu 1649
+ telnet foo.bar.edu kermit ; if "kermit" is listed in /etc/services
+ iksd foo.bar.edu
+
+ The IKSD command is equivalent to a TELNET command specifying port
+ 1649. For more information about making and using connections to an
+ IKSD, see:
+
+ [148]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/cuiksd.html
+
+ You can run an Internet Kermit Service on your own computer too (if
+ you are the system administrator). For instructions, see:
+
+ [149]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/iksd.html
+
+ [ [150]Kermit Home ] [ [151]C-Kermit Home ] [ [152]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ SECURITY [ [153]Top ] [ [154]Contents ] [ [155]Next ] [ [156]Previous ]
+
+ All of C-Kermit's built-in TCP/IP networking methods (Telnet, Rlogin,
+ IKSD, FTP, and HTTP) can be secured by one or more of the following
+ IETF-approved methods:
+
+ * MIT Kerberos IV
+ * MIT Kerberos V
+ * SSL/TLS
+ * Stanford SRP
+
+ For complete instructions see:
+
+ [157]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/security.html
+
+ And as noted previously, you can also make SSH connections with
+ C-Kermit if you already have an SSH client installed.
+
+ [ [158]Kermit Home ] [ [159]C-Kermit Home ] [ [160]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ ALTERNATIVE COMMAND-LINE PERSONALITIES [ [161]Top ] [ [162]Contents ] [
+ [163]Next ] [ [164]Previous ]
+
+ When invoked as "kermit" or any other name besides any of the special
+ ones, C-Kermit has the command-line options described above in the
+ [165]OPTIONS section. However, if you invoke C-Kermit using any of the
+ following names:
+
+ telnet Telnet client
+ ftp FTP client
+ http HTTP client
+ https Secure HTTP client
+
+ Kermit's command-line personality changes to match. This can be done
+ (among other ways) with symbolic links (symlinks). For example, if you
+ want C-Kermit to be your regular Telnet client, or the Telnet helper
+ of your Web browser, you can create a link like the following in a
+ directory that lies in your PATH ahead of the regular telnet program:
+
+ ln -s /usr/local/bin/kermit telnet
+
+ Now when you give a "telnet" command, you are invoking Kermit instead,
+ but with its Telnet command-line personality so, for example:
+
+ telnet xyzcorp.com
+
+ Makes a Telnet connection to xyzcorp.com, and Kermit exits
+ automatically when the connection is closed (just like the regular
+ Telnet client). Type "telnet -h" to get a list of Kermit's
+ Telnet-personality command-line options, which are intended to be as
+ compatible as possible with the regular Telnet client.
+
+ Similarly for FTP:
+
+ ln -s /usr/local/bin/kermit ftp
+
+ And now type "ftp -h" to see its command-line options, and use command
+ lines just like you would give your regular FTP client:
+
+ ftp -n xyzcorp.com
+
+ but with additional options allowing an entire session to be specified
+ on the command line, as explained in the C-Kermit [166]FTP client
+ documentation.
+
+ And similarly for HTTP:
+
+ ln -s /usr/local/bin/kermit http
+ ./http -h
+ ./http www.columbia.edu -g kermit/index.html
+
+ Finally, if Kermit's first command-line option is a Telnet, FTP, IKSD,
+ or HTTP URL, Kermit automatically makes the appropriate kind of
+ connection and, if indicated by the URL, takes the desired action:
+
+ kermit telnet:xyzcorp.com ; Opens a Telnet session
+ kermit telnet://olga@xyzcorp.com ; Ditto for user olga
+ kermit ftp://olga@xyzcorp.com/public/oofa.zip ; Downloads a file
+ kermit kermit://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/READ.ME ; Ditto for IKSD
+ kermit iksd://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/READ.ME ; (This works too)
+ kermit http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html ; Grabs a web page
+ kermit https://wwws.xyzcorp.com/secret/plan.html ; Grabs a secure web pag
+e
+
+ [ [167]Kermit Home ] [ [168]C-Kermit Home ] [ [169]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ LICENSE [ [170]Top ] [ [171]Contents ] [ [172]Next ] [ [173]Previous ]
+
+ C-Kermit has an unusual license, but a fair and sensible one given
+ that the Kermit Project must support itself out of revenue: it's not a
+ BSD license, not GPL, not Artistic, not commercial, not shareware, not
+ freeware. It can be summed up like this: if you want C-Kermit for your
+ own use, you can download and use it without cost or license (but we'd
+ appreciate it if you would purchase the manual). But if you want to
+ sell C-Kermit or bundle it with a product or otherwise distribute it
+ in a commercial setting EXCEPT WITH AN OPEN-SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM
+ DISTRIBUTION such as Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, or OpenBSD, you must
+ license it. To see the complete license, give the LICENSE command at
+ the prompt, or see the COPYING.TXT file distributed with C-Kermit 7.0
+ or later, or download it from
+ [174]ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/c-kermit/COPYING.TXT. Send
+ licensing inquiries to [175]kermit@columbia.edu.
+
+ [ [176]Kermit Home ] [ [177]C-Kermit Home ] [ [178]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ OTHER TOPICS [ [179]Top ] [ [180]Contents ] [ [181]Next ] [ [182]Previous ]
+
+ There's way more to C-Kermit than we've touched on here --
+ troubleshooting, customization, character sets, dialing directories,
+ sending pages, script writing, and on and on, all of which are covered
+ in the manual and updates and supplements. For the most up-to-date
+ information on documentation (or updated documentation itself) visit
+ the Kermit Project website:
+
+ [183]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+
+ There you will also find [184]Kermit software packages for other
+ platforms: different Unix varieties, Windows, DOS, VMS, IBM
+ mainframes, and many others: 20+ years' worth.
+
+ [ [185]Kermit Home ] [ [186]C-Kermit Home ] [ [187]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ DOCUMENTATION AND UPDATES [ [188]Top ] [ [189]Contents ] [ [190]Next ] [
+ [191]Previous ]
+
+ The manual for C-Kermit is:
+
+ 1. Frank da Cruz and Christine M. Gianone, [192]Using C-Kermit,
+ Second Edition, Digital Press / Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn, MA,
+ 1997, 622 pages, ISBN 1-55558-164-1. This is a printed book. It
+ covers C-Kermit 6.0.
+ 2. The C-Kermit 7.0 Supplement:
+ [193]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit70.html
+ 3. The C-Kermit 8.0 Supplement:
+ [194]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit80.html
+
+ The C-Kermit home page is here:
+
+ [195]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+
+ Visit this page to learn about new versions, Beta tests, and other
+ news; to read case studies and tutorials; to download source code,
+ install packages, and [196]prebuilt binaries for many platforms. Also
+ visit:
+
+ [197]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/scriptlib.html
+ The Kermit script library and tutorial
+
+ [198]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/newfaq.html
+ The Kermit FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions about Kermit)
+
+ [199]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckfaq.html
+ The C-Kermit FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions about C-Kermit)
+
+ [200]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/security.html
+ The Kermit security reference.
+
+ [201]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/telnet.html
+ C-Kermit Telnet client documentation.
+
+ [202]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/studies.html
+ Case studies.
+
+ [203]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcbwr.html
+ General C-Kermit Hints and Tips.
+
+ [204]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckubwr.html
+ Unix C-Kermit Hints and Tips.
+
+ [205]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckvbwr.html
+ VMS C-Kermit Hints and Tips.
+
+ [206]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckuins.html
+ Unix C-Kermit Installation Instructions
+
+ [207]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckvins.html
+ VMS C-Kermit Installation Instructions
+
+ [208]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/support.html
+ Technical support.
+
+ [209]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/k95tutorial.html
+ Kermit 95 tutorial (this document).
+
+ [210]comp.protocols.kermit.misc
+ The Kermit newsgroup (unmoderated).
+
+ [ [211]Kermit Home ] [ [212]C-Kermit Home ] [ [213]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ FILES [ [214]Top ] [ [215]Contents ] [ [216]Next ] [ [217]Previous ]
+
+ [218]COPYING.TXT
+ C-Kermit license.
+
+ [219]~/.kermrc
+ Initialization file.
+
+ [220]~/.mykermrc
+ Customization file.
+
+ ~/.kdd
+ Kermit dialing directory (see manual).
+
+ ~/.knd
+ Kermit network directory (see manual).
+
+ ~/.ksd
+ Kermit services directory (see manual).
+
+ [221]ckuins.html
+ Installation instructions for Unix.
+
+ [222]ckcbwr.html
+ General C-Kermit bugs, hints, tips.
+
+ [223]ckubwr.html
+ Unix-specific C-Kermit bugs, hints, tips.
+
+ [224]ckcplm.html
+ C-Kermit program logic manual.
+
+ [225]ckccfg.html
+ C-Kermit compile-time configuration options.
+
+ ssh
+ (in your PATH) SSH connection helper.
+
+ rz, sz, etc.
+ (in your PATH) external protocols for XYZmodem.
+
+ /var/spool/locks (or whatever)
+ UUCP lockfile for dialing out (see [226]installation
+ instructions).
+
+ [ [227]Kermit Home ] [ [228]C-Kermit Home ] [ [229]C-Kermit FAQ ]
+ ________________________________________________________________________
+
+ AUTHORS [ [230]Top ] [ [231]Contents ] [ [232]Previous ]
+
+ Frank da Cruz and Jeffrey E Altman
+ The Kermit Project - Columbia Univerity
+ 612 West 115th Street
+ New York NY 10025-7799
+ USA
+
+ 1985-present, with contributions from hundreds of others all over the
+ world.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+
+ C-Kermit 8.0 Unix Manual Page and Tutorial /
+ [233]kermit@columbia.edu / 24 October 2002
+
+References
+
+ 1. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+ 2. http://www.columbia.edu/
+ 3. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.pdf
+ 4. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/test/text/ckuker.nr
+ 5. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#description
+ 6. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#synopsis
+ 7. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#options
+ 8. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#commands
+ 9. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#initfile
+ 10. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#modes
+ 11. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#connections
+ 12. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#transfer
+ 13. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#server
+ 14. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#ftp
+ 15. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#iksd
+ 16. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#security
+ 17. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#personae
+ 18. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#license
+ 19. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#other
+ 20. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#documentation
+ 21. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#files
+ 22. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#authors
+ 23. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#top
+ 24. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#contents
+ 25. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#synopsis
+ 26. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 27. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+ 28. http://www.columbia.edu/
+ 29. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2839.txt
+ 30. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2840.txt
+ 31. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#documentation
+ 32. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+ 33. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+ 34. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 35. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckfaq.html
+ 36. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#top
+ 37. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#contents
+ 38. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#options
+ 39. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#synopsis
+ 40. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#kerbang
+ 41. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#personae
+ 42. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#kerbang
+ 43. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#initfile
+ 44. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#initfile
+ 45. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#personae
+ 46. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#options
+ 47. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#commands
+ 48. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+ 49. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 50. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckfaq.html
+ 51. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#top
+ 52. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#contents
+ 53. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#commands
+ 54. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#description
+ 55. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#commands
+ 56. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#personae
+ 57. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#personae
+ 58. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#iksd
+ 59. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#transfer
+ 60. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#top
+ 61. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#contents
+ 62. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#initfile
+ 63. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#options
+ 64. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#kerbang
+ 65. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#cmdlist
+ 66. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#documentation
+ 67. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#initfile
+ 68. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#documentation
+ 69. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckscripts.html
+ 70. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#documentation
+ 71. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+ 72. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 73. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckfaq.html
+ 74. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#top
+ 75. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#contents
+ 76. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#modes
+ 77. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#commands
+ 78. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+ 79. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 80. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckfaq.html
+ 81. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#top
+ 82. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#contents
+ 83. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#connections
+ 84. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#initfile
+ 85. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckfaq.html#term
+ 86. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+ 87. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 88. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckfaq.html
+ 89. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#top
+ 90. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#contents
+ 91. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#transfer
+ 92. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#modes
+ 93. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#iksd
+ 94. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2217.txt
+ 95. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#ftp
+ 96. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+ 97. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 98. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckfaq.html
+ 99. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#top
+ 100. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#contents
+ 101. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#server
+ 102. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#connections
+ 103. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#download
+ 104. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#upload
+ 105. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#oldfashioned
+ 106. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#trouble
+ 107. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#advanced
+ 108. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#nonkermit
+ 109. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/kermit.html#notslow
+ 110. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 111. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/k95.html
+ 112. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/k95.html
+ 113. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
+ 114. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/mskermit.html
+ 115. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
+ 116. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/support.html
+ 117. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckmanual.html
+ 118. mailto:kermit-support@columbia.edu
+ 119. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#documentation
+ 120. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html#ftp
+ 121. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
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projects / ckermit.git / commitdiff